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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BTN5dK8w7BvzKYbzqfhvTSB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230179</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mapeamento do Potencial da Superf&#237;cie Corporal durante a Despolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Atletas com Intervalo PQ Prolongado ap&#243;s Exerc&#237;cio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5802-3753</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ivonina</surname>
            <given-names>Natalya I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6140-1252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ivonin</surname>
            <given-names>Alexey G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6108-1444</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roshchevskaya</surname>
            <given-names>Irina M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Comparative Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Syktyvkar</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="RU">Federa&#231;&#227;o Russa</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Comparative Cardiology &#8211; Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar &#8211; Federa&#231;&#227;o Russa</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Natalya I. Ivonina</bold> &#8226; Department of Comparative Cardiology &#8211; Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences &#8211; 24 Kommunisticheskaya str. Syktyvkar <postal-code>167982</postal-code> &#8211; Federa&#231;&#227;o Russa. E-mail: <email>panteleeva.n.14@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230179</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O prolongamento do intervalo PQ, geralmente associado a um atraso na condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, pode estar relacionado a altera&#231;&#245;es na propaga&#231;&#227;o do impulso intraventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar, por meio do mapeamento do potencial de superf&#237;cie corporal (BSPM), o processo de despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em atletas com intervalos PQ prolongados em repouso e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu 7 esquiadores cross-country com intervalo PQ superior a 200 ms (grupo PQ Prolongado) e 7 com intervalo PQ inferior a 200 ms (grupo PQ Normal). O BSPM de 64 deriva&#231;&#245;es unipolares do tronco foi realizado antes (Pr&#233;-Ex) e ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico de bicicleta (P&#243;s-Ex). Mapas equipotenciais da superf&#237;cie corporal foram analisados durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Comparado com atletas com PQ Normal, o primeiro e o segundo per&#237;odos de posi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel dos potenciais card&#237;acos na superf&#237;cie do tronco foram mais longos, e a forma&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de potencial &#8220;sela&#8221; ocorreu mais tarde, no Pr&#233;-Ex, nos atletas com PQ Prolongado. No P&#243;s-Ex, o grupo PQ Prolongado apresentou um encurtamento do primeiro e segundo per&#237;odos de distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial est&#225;veis e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no tempo de aparecimento do fen&#244;meno &#8220;sela&#8221; em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Pr&#233;-Ex (para valores pr&#243;ximos aos do Normal -Grupo PQ). Al&#233;m disso, no P&#243;s-Ex, a primeira invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial e a dura&#231;&#227;o total da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em atletas com PQ Prolongado diminu&#237;ram em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Pr&#233;-Ex e com valores semelhantes em atletas com PQ Normal. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com atletas com PQ Normal, a segunda invers&#227;o foi mais longa no Pr&#233;-Ex e P&#243;s-Ex em atletas com PQ Prolongado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Atletas com PQ prolongado apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas nas caracter&#237;sticas temporais do BSPM durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, tanto em repouso quanto ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, em compara&#231;&#227;o com atletas com PQ normal.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventr&#237;culos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste Ergom&#233;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Mapeamento do Potencial da Superf&#237;cie Corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230179-30179-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o regular intensiva em esportes resulta em altera&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas e estruturais no cora&#231;&#227;o que podem se manifestar no eletrocardiograma (ECG) de superf&#237;cie.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Um intervalo PQ prolongado (mais de 200 ms) &#233; apresentado nos ECGs dos atletas em 7,5 a 37,1% dos casos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e refere-se a altera&#231;&#245;es comuns no ECG relacionadas ao treinamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em atletas, um intervalo PQ prolongado est&#225; associado a uma desacelera&#231;&#227;o na condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (AV) e &#233; chamado de &#8220;bloqueio AV de primeiro grau&#8221;. Este atraso na condu&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; AV em atletas treinados pode ser consequ&#234;ncia do aumento da atividade vagal ou de altera&#231;&#245;es intr&#237;nsecas no n&#243; AV; diminui com o aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A resolu&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio AV de primeiro grau assintom&#225;tico com exerc&#237;cio confirma sua origem funcional e exclui qualquer significado patol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em alguns casos, o prolongamento do intervalo PQ pode estar relacionado ao atraso na condu&#231;&#227;o no sistema His-Purkinje.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os sinais de lentid&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular s&#227;o o alargamento do complexo QRS e/ou aumento do tempo de pico da onda R (RWPT) no ECG nas deriva&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ao mesmo tempo, verificou-se que a ativa&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos come&#231;a antes mesmo do aparecimento do complexo QRS no ECG padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Portanto, um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o &#233; informativo o suficiente para estudar a fase inicial da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, refletindo a propaga&#231;&#227;o da excita&#231;&#227;o principalmente atrav&#233;s do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos.</p>
      <p>O mapeamento do potencial da superf&#237;cie corporal (BSPM), baseado no registro s&#237;ncrono de potenciais card&#237;acos de m&#250;ltiplas deriva&#231;&#245;es na superf&#237;cie do tronco, &#233; uma modalidade n&#227;o invasiva para avaliar a atividade bioel&#233;trica card&#237;aca e permite an&#225;lises mais complexas e extensas do que as t&#233;cnicas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pelo BSPM incluem os componentes espaciais, temporais e de amplitude do sinal de ECG e s&#227;o usadas em ambientes experimentais e cl&#237;nicos para detec&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico de diversas condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Anteriormente, a BSPM foi aplicada para investigar a ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular em pacientes com anormalidades na condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Estudos de despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular por meio da BSPM no bloqueio AV de primeiro grau n&#227;o foram realizados em atletas.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi fornecer a primeira caracteriza&#231;&#227;o detalhada do processo de despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em atletas com intervalo PQ prolongado em repouso e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio usando BSPM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>O estudo envolveu pilotos de esqui cross-country do sexo masculino altamente treinados. Todos os participantes receberam uma explica&#231;&#227;o detalhada do estudo e o consentimento por escrito foi obtido de cada participante. Todos os participantes, no momento do estudo, n&#227;o apresentavam doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas ou cardiovasculares e n&#227;o faziam uso de medicamentos nem consumiam bebidas energ&#233;ticas. Nenhum dos participantes se exercitou nas 24 horas anteriores aos procedimentos.</p>
        <p>De acordo com os resultados da an&#225;lise preliminar do ECG, dois grupos foram formados a partir dos participantes. O primeiro grupo (PQ Prolongado) incluiu atletas (n=7) com dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PQ no ECG de repouso superior a 200 ms com ritmo sinusal est&#225;vel sem alargamento do complexo QRS, caracter&#237;stico do bloqueio AV de primeiro grau.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O segundo grupo (Normal-PQ) consistiu em atletas (n=7) cujo intervalo PQ em estado de repouso n&#227;o excedeu 200 ms, o que era t&#237;pico para uma pessoa n&#227;o atleta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia bidimensional foi realizada com os indiv&#237;duos em repouso em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, utilizando um scanner LOGIC P5 com transdutor de 5 MHz (General Electric Co, Waukesha, Wisconsin, EUA). As imagens card&#237;acas obtidas nos modos M e B na posi&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o paraesternal eixo longo e quatro c&#226;maras, de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> foram utilizadas para medir o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), -di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito (DDVD), espessura da parede septal intraventricular (EPSI) e espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (EPVE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Registro e an&#225;lise da atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos ao estudo quando estavam sentados. ECGs unipolares foram registrados a partir de 64 eletrodos espa&#231;ados uniformemente nas superf&#237;cies ventral e dorsal do tronco, desde as clav&#237;culas at&#233; a borda inferior do t&#243;rax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>). Os eletrodos foram fixados em 8 fileiras, cada uma contendo 8 eletrodos. Simultaneamente aos ECGs unipolares da superf&#237;cie do tronco, os ECGs foram registrados em deriva&#231;&#245;es bipolares padr&#227;o dos membros, cujos eletrodos foram colocados nos pulsos e tornozelos. O terminal central de Wilson (uma m&#233;dia dos potenciais dos membros) foi utilizado como refer&#234;ncia para deriva&#231;&#245;es unipolares. Os dados foram adquiridos utilizando um sistema customizado para mapeamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico (largura de banda de 0,05 &#8211; 1000 Hz, taxa de amostragem de 4000 Hz e precis&#227;o de 16 bits). A qualidade da visualiza&#231;&#227;o do sinal foi verificada antes do registro. Canais com n&#237;veis de ru&#237;do excessivos foram exclu&#237;dos de an&#225;lises posteriores. Os potenciais card&#237;acos foram registrados no estado inicial (em repouso) (Pr&#233;-Ex) e dentro de 1 minuto ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (P&#243;s-Ex).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Posi&#231;&#245;es dos eletrodos na superf&#237;cie do tronco. B) Mapa equipotencial instant&#226;neo da superf&#237;cie corporal durante o complexo QRS. A &#225;rea de potenciais positivos &#233; de cor quente e a &#225;rea de potenciais negativos &#233; de cor fria. Os sinais &#8220;+&#8221; e &#8220;-&#8221; denotam a localiza&#231;&#227;o dos extremos positivos e negativos, respectivamente. Abaixo do mapa, s&#227;o mostrados o ECG<sub>II</sub> com um marcador de tempo (linha vertical), o tempo relativo ao pico da onda RII e as amplitudes dos extremos positivos (m&#225;x.) e negativos (m&#237;n.). &#192; direita do mapa, a escala de cores &#233; mostrada. A parte esquerda do mapa representa a superf&#237;cie ventral do corpo e a direita representa a superf&#237;cie dorsal do corpo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230179-30179-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Com base nos ECGs do tronco, foram constru&#237;dos mapas equipotenciais da superf&#237;cie corporal, refletindo a distribui&#231;&#227;o espacial dos potenciais card&#237;acos em qualquer momento do ciclo card&#237;aco em um padr&#227;o plano da superf&#237;cie do tronco alinhado a um plano retangular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>). Os mapas de potencial de superf&#237;cie corporal (BSPMs) analisaram a localiza&#231;&#227;o espacial e as trajet&#243;rias de mudan&#231;a das &#225;reas e extremos de potenciais positivos e negativos na superf&#237;cie do t&#243;rax durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Foram determinados o tempo de in&#237;cio e t&#233;rmino da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (de acordo com padr&#227;o t&#237;pico de distribui&#231;&#227;o de potencial) e o tempo de in&#237;cio e t&#233;rmino da primeira e segunda invers&#245;es de &#225;reas e extremos. A invers&#227;o foi definida como uma mudan&#231;a na posi&#231;&#227;o m&#250;tua das &#225;reas de potenciais positivos e negativos na superf&#237;cie tor&#225;cica. As caracter&#237;sticas temporais dos BSPMs foram apresentadas em ms em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pico da onda R<sub>II</sub> (at&#233; o pico R<sub>II</sub> &#8211; com sinal negativo). Posteriormente, foram calculadas a dura&#231;&#227;o de ambas as invers&#245;es, a dura&#231;&#227;o dos per&#237;odos de posi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel dos potenciais card&#237;acos na superf&#237;cie corporal e a dura&#231;&#227;o total da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O primeiro per&#237;odo de estabilidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o do potencial card&#237;aco foi desde o in&#237;cio da despolariza&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o in&#237;cio da primeira invers&#227;o. O segundo per&#237;odo de estabilidade ocorreu ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o da primeira invers&#227;o antes do in&#237;cio da segunda invers&#227;o. O terceiro per&#237;odo de estabilidade ocorreu ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o da segunda invers&#227;o antes da conclus&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos BSPMs. Al&#233;m disso, determinamos o tempo desde o in&#237;cio da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular at&#233; a conclus&#227;o da primeira invers&#227;o dos potenciais card&#237;acos, que foi acompanhada pela forma&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de potenciais em &#8220;sela&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No ECG<sub>II</sub> foram analisadas as dura&#231;&#245;es da onda P, R-R, PQ (PR), QRS (RS) e intervalo QT, e o intervalo QT corrigido (QTc) foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Bazett. Nas deriva&#231;&#245;es unipolares do BSPM correspondentes &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos V<sub>1</sub> e V<sub>5</sub> do ECG convencional, calculamos o RWPT, que foi medido desde o in&#237;cio do complexo QRS at&#233; o pico da onda R. Para cada participante, as caracter&#237;sticas do ECG padr&#227;o e os BSPMs foram determinadas a partir de tr&#234;s a cinco batimentos no Pr&#233;-Ex e P&#243;s-Ex.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cios</title>
        <p>Os participantes receberam um monitor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com cinta tor&#225;cica (RS200, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia) e realizaram um teste de capacidade f&#237;sica de trabalho (PWC170) em uma bicicleta ergom&#233;trica EX 1 (Kettler GmbH, Ense-Parsit, Alemanha). Os sujeitos foram instru&#237;dos a manter uma cad&#234;ncia de pedalada constante entre 70 e 80 rpm durante todo o teste. Ap&#243;s uma carga de trabalho inicial de 1,5 W/kg, a carga de trabalho foi aumentada a cada 2 minutos com base na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos &#250;ltimos 10 segundos. O teste foi conclu&#237;do ao se aproximar de uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 170 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o pacote de software Statistica (vers&#227;o 10.0, StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, EUA). A normalidade cont&#237;nua dos dados foi verificada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk, que constatou que os dados estavam alocados dentro da curva Gaussiana. Portanto, as compara&#231;&#245;es intragrupos foram realizadas por meio de testes-t pareados, e as compara&#231;&#245;es intergrupos foram analisadas por meio de testes-t n&#227;o pareados. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05. Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). O tamanho amostral de (n = 7) por grupo proporcionou poder de 90% com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% nos protocolos de c&#225;lculo do tempo de forma&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de potencial &#8220;sela&#8221; nos BSPMs no Pr&#233;-Ex.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do participante</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais foram compar&#225;veis em ambos os grupos de atletas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos atletas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">PQ-Normal<break/> (n = 7)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">PQ prolongado<break/> (n = 7)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade (ano)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20,2&#177;3,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">22,3&#177;5,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">178,2&#177;3,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">177,7&#177;4,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Massa corporal (kg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">74,2&#177;7,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">76,0&#177;4,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,0 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,9&#177;0,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">59 &#177; 4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63&#177;12</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">54,1&#177;1,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">56,2&#177;4,2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">DDVD (mm)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26,2&#177;2,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27,3&#177;4,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">EPSId (mm)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10,5&#177;0,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10,2&#177;0,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LVPWTd (mm)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9,9&#177;0,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9,2&#177;0,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. PQ normal: atletas com intervalo PQ normal; PQ prolongado: atletas com intervalo PQ prolongado; ASC: superf&#237;cie corporal; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; bpm: batimentos por minuto; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito; EPSId: espessura da parede do septo intraventricular na di&#225;stole; LVPWTd: espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na di&#225;stole.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros de ECG</title>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros de ECG s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PQ<sub>II</sub> em atletas com PQ prolongado foi significativamente maior no Pr&#233;-Ex do que em indiv&#237;duos com PQ normal. Comparado ao Pr&#233;-Ex, o intervalo PQ<sub>II</sub> foi menor no P&#243;s-Ex em ambos os grupos. No P&#243;s-Ex, o intervalo PQ<sub>II</sub> em atletas com PQ prolongado permaneceram mais tempo do que em indiv&#237;duos com PQ normal. A dura&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos R-R<sub>II</sub> e QT<sub>II</sub> nos atletas dos grupos estudados n&#227;o diferiu no Pr&#233;-Ex. Comparados ao Pr&#233;-Ex, os Intervalos R-R<sub>II</sub> e QT<sub>II</sub> foram mais curtos no P&#243;s-Ex em ambos os grupos. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as intergrupo entre a dura&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos R-R<sub>II</sub> e QT<sub>II</sub> no P&#243;s-Ex. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as inter e intragrupos nas dura&#231;&#245;es da Onda P<sub>II</sub>, QRS<sub>II</sub>, QTc<sub>II</sub>, RWPT<sub>V1</sub> e RWPT<sub>V5</sub>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros de ECG em atletas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">PQ-Normal (n = 7)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">PQ prolongado (n = 7)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Pr&#233;-Ex</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">P&#243;s-Ex</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Pr&#233;-Ex</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">P&#243;s-Ex</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">R-R<sub>II</sub> (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1028,3&#177;60,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">540,4&#177;72,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">***</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">975,1&#177;186,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">575,0&#177;81,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Onda P<sub>II</sub> (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">98,6&#177;9,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">95,7&#177;6,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">99,1&#177;12,2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">96,6&#177;7,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">PQ<sub>II</sub> (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">152,6&#177;12,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">141,9&#177;8,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">208,1&#177;4,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">160,4 &#177; 6,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">***</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">QRS<sub>II</sub> (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">92,1&#177;4,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">87,0&#177;6,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">86,9&#177;10,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">87,6&#177;9,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">QT<sub>II</sub> (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">413,1&#177;24,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">295,6&#177;25,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">***</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">407,1&#177;61,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">330,3&#177;35,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">QTc<sub>II</sub> (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">407,8&#177;25,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">403,6&#177;20,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">413,7&#177;40,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">436,6&#177;38,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">RWPT<sub>V1</sub> (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28,3&#177;6,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24,1&#177;3,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26,0&#177;6,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24,3&#177;3,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">RWPT<sub>V5</sub> (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">32,3&#177;4,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29,6&#177;4,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">32,6&#177;4,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34,0&#177;4,6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. PQ normal: atletas com intervalo PQ normal; PQ prolongado: atletas com intervalo PQ prolongado; Pr&#233;-Ex: estado inicial; P&#243;s-Ex: 1 minuto a partir da cessa&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio; RWPT: hor&#225;rio de pico da onda R.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,01,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,001 vs. Pr&#233;-Ex;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>p&lt; 0,001 vs. PQ normal ao mesmo tempo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas espaciais do BSPM</title>
        <p>No estado inicial, os padr&#245;es espaciais dos BSPMs durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular eram id&#234;nticos em ambos os grupos de atletas. A distribui&#231;&#227;o do potencial de superf&#237;cie corporal, correspondente ao in&#237;cio da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, foi observada antes do in&#237;cio da onda Q(R) no ECG<sub>II</sub>. Neste momento, o extremo positivo de pequena amplitude (0,01 &#8211; 0,03 mV) foi registrado na regi&#227;o da clav&#237;cula ou esterno, e o extremo negativo foi localizado no dorso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>). Ent&#227;o, a &#225;rea de potenciais card&#237;acos positivos expandiu-se por toda a superf&#237;cie anterior, e os potenciais negativos &#8211; por toda a superf&#237;cie posterior do tronco, enquanto as amplitudes dos extremos aumentaram. Durante a subida da onda R<sub>II</sub>, observamos a primeira invers&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial&#8211; quando o m&#225;ximo deslocou-se para a esquerda na parte frontal do tronco, e o m&#237;nimo desapareceu nas costas e apareceu sob a clav&#237;cula direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>). O movimento adicional do m&#237;nimo para baixo levou a um desvio da &#225;rea negativa na forma de uma &#8220;sela&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2C</xref>). Ap&#243;s a forma&#231;&#227;o do fen&#244;meno de &#8220;sela&#8221; nos BSPMs, indicando a conclus&#227;o da primeira invers&#227;o dos potenciais card&#237;acos, seguiu-se um per&#237;odo de prazo de posi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel das &#225;reas potenciais na superf&#237;cie do t&#243;rax. Durante a descida da onda R<sub>II</sub>, a segunda invers&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial foi observada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">E</xref>). A &#225;rea positiva deslocou-se para as costas e por cima do ombro at&#233; a parte superior do t&#243;rax, e a &#225;rea negativa espalhou-se por toda a parte frontal do tronco. A conclus&#227;o da segunda invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial foi seguida por mais um per&#237;odo de posi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel dos potenciais card&#237;acos, que continuou at&#233; a conclus&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Ao final da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (onda S<sub>II</sub> ascendente), o padr&#227;o espacial de distribui&#231;&#227;o de potencial n&#227;o se alterou, enquanto as amplitudes dos extremos diminu&#237;ram (para 0,01 &#8211; 0,02 mV) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2F</xref>). Ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, os padr&#245;es espaciais da BSPM durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em atletas de ambos os grupos n&#227;o se alteraram substancialmente em compara&#231;&#227;o com o estado inicial.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mapas equipotenciais representativos da superf&#237;cie corporal durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular no mesmo atleta com intervalo PQ prolongado. A) O in&#237;cio da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. B) O in&#237;cio da primeira invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial. C) A forma&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de potencial &#8220;sela&#8221; (a conclus&#227;o da primeira invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial). D) O in&#237;cio da segunda invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial. E) A conclus&#227;o da segunda invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial. F) A conclus&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Pr&#233;-Ex: estado inicial; P&#243;s-Ex: 1 minuto ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exerc&#237;cio. &#192; direita de cada mapa, o ECG<sub>II</sub> &#233; mostrado com um marcador de tempo (linha vertical). As designa&#231;&#245;es nos mapas s&#227;o as mesmas da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230179-30179-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas temporais do BSPM</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas temporais do BSPM s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. No Pr&#233;-Ex, o in&#237;cio da primeira e segunda invers&#245;es das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial em atletas com PQ Prolongado foi mais tardio do que em indiv&#237;duos com PQ Normal. Comparado ao Pr&#233;-Ex, o in&#237;cio da primeira invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial foi posteriormente no P&#243;s-Ex em atletas com PQ Normal. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Pr&#233;-Ex, um in&#237;cio mais tardio da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, um in&#237;cio mais precoce e uma conclus&#227;o mais precoce da segunda invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial foram revelados no P&#243;s-Ex em atletas com PQ Prolongado. No P&#243;s-Ex, os atletas com PQ Prolongado tiveram um in&#237;cio mais tardio da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, um in&#237;cio mais tardio da primeira invers&#227;o, um in&#237;cio mais tardio e uma conclus&#227;o mais precoce da segunda invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial em compara&#231;&#227;o com atletas com PQ Normal.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas temporais da BSPM em atletas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">PQ-Normal (n = 7)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">PQ prolongado (n = 7)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Pr&#233;-Ex</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">P&#243;s-Ex</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Pr&#233;-Ex</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">P&#243;s-Ex</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">In&#237;cio da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;42,4 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;39,9&#177;3,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;44,8 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;34,7 &#177; 3,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">In&#237;cio da primeira invers&#227;o (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;29,4 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;27,4&#177;3,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">***</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;22,9 &#177; 5,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;20,2 &#177; 6,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Conclus&#227;o da primeira invers&#227;o (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;9,0 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;8,5 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;6,4 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;7,4 &#177; 6,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">In&#237;cio da segunda invers&#227;o (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;2,0 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;2,6 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7,1&#177;0,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,8 &#177; 2,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Conclus&#227;o da segunda invers&#227;o (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19,4&#177;4,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18,4&#177;2,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19,4&#177;2,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13,8 &#177; 2,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Conclus&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">37,4&#177;4,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39,9&#177;3,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40,8&#177;5,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">37,9&#177;3,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. O tempo &#233; mostrado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pico da onda RII. PQ normal: atletas com intervalo PQ normal; PQ prolongado: atletas com intervalo PQ prolongado; Pr&#233;-Ex: estado inicial; P&#243;s-Ex: 1 minuto ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,01,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,001 vs. Pr&#233;-Ex;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,01,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,001 vs. PQ normal ao mesmo tempo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e suas fases individuais s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>. No Pr&#233;-Ex, dos atletas com PQ Prolongado, o primeiro e segundo per&#237;odos de distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial card&#237;aco est&#225;veis foram mais longos, e a segunda invers&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial foi mais curta do que em Atletas com PQ normal. Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao Pr&#233;-Ex, n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas na dura&#231;&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e em suas fases individuais no P&#243;s-Ex em indiv&#237;duos com PQ Normal. Comparada ao Pr&#233;-Ex, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o do primeiro e segundo per&#237;odos das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial est&#225;veis, bem como uma redu&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o da primeira invers&#227;o e a dura&#231;&#227;o total da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram reveladas no P&#243;s-Ex em atletas com PQ Prolongado. No P&#243;s-Ex, a dura&#231;&#227;o total da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e a dura&#231;&#227;o da primeira e segunda invers&#245;es em atletas com PQ Prolongado foram menores do que em Atletas com PQ normal.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dura&#231;&#245;es da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e suas fases individuais em atletas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">PQ-Normal (n = 7)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">PQ prolongado (n = 7)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Pr&#233;-Ex</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">P&#243;s-Ex</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Pr&#233;-Ex</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">P&#243;s-Ex</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">79,7&#177;6,2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">79,8&#177;5,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">85,6&#177;6,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72,6 &#177; 5,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Primeiro per&#237;odo est&#225;vel (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12,9&#177;3,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12,5&#177;2,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21,9&#177;5,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14,5&#177;3,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Primeira invers&#227;o(ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20,4&#177;3,2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18,9&#177;3,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16,5&#177;7,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12,8 &#177; 5,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Segundo per&#237;odo est&#225;vel (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7,0&#177;3,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5,9&#177;3,2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13,5&#177;7,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10,2&#177;8,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Segunda invers&#227;o(ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21,4&#177;6,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21,1&#177;4,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12,2&#177;2,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11,0&#177;2,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Terceiro per&#237;odo est&#225;vel (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18,0&#177;4,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21,4&#177;1,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21,4&#177;5,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24,1&#177;2,8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. PQ normal: atletas com normal intervalo PQ normal; PQ prolongado: atletas com intervalo PQ prolongado; Pr&#233;-Ex: estado inicial; P&#243;s-Ex: 1 minuto ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,01 vs. Pr&#233;-Ex.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,01,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,001 vs. PQ normal ao mesmo tempo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O tempo de forma&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o potencial &#8220;em forma de sela&#8221; nos atletas &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura Central</xref>. Comparada com Atletas com PQ normal, a forma&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de potencial &#8220;sela&#8221; no Pr&#233;-Ex ocorreu posteriormente em atletas com PQ Prolongado (p &lt; 0,05). No P&#243;s-Ex, em Atletas com PQ normal, o tempo de forma&#231;&#227;o do fen&#244;meno &#8220;sela&#8221; nas BSPMs n&#227;o se alterou significativamente. No P&#243;s-Ex, em atletas com PQ Prolongado, a hora do aparecimento da &#8220;sela&#8221; diminuiu em compara&#231;&#227;o com Pr&#233;-Ex (p &lt; 0,01) e n&#227;o diferiu dos atletas com PQ normal.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, a atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em atletas saud&#225;veis, do sexo masculino, altamente treinados e com intervalo PQ prolongado em repouso e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, utilizando eletrocardiografia convencional e BSPM.</p>
      <p>No estado inicial, o intervalo PQ<sub>II</sub> em atletas com PQ prolongado foi significativamente maior do que em atletas com PQ normal. De acordo com os dados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> esses resultados podem ser principalmente devidos a uma desacelera&#231;&#227;o na condu&#231;&#227;o AV em indiv&#237;duos com PQ prolongado. Ap&#243;s o teste de esfor&#231;o, ambos atletas com PQ normal e atletas com PQ prolongado demonstraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o do PQ em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado inicial. O encurtamento do intervalo PQ<sub>II</sub> ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio em atletas com PQ Prolongado, segundo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> indicou a natureza funcional de seu alongamento em repouso e sugeriu o car&#225;ter benigno da lentid&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o AV nesse grupo de indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      <p>Anatomicamente, o local do atraso na condu&#231;&#227;o AV que pode resultar em bloqueio de primeiro grau pode incluir os &#225;trios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nesses casos, a onda P no ECG ser&#225; alargada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, no Pr&#233;-Ex, a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P<sub>II</sub> n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos. Consequentemente, o prolongamento do intervalo PQ<sub>II</sub> no ECG de repouso em atletas com PQ Prolongado n&#227;o parecia ser devido a um atraso na condu&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
      <p>Um intervalo PR prolongado em combina&#231;&#227;o com um complexo QRS largo (mais de 120 ms) geralmente est&#225; associado a um atraso no sistema His-Purkinje.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular tardia tamb&#233;m &#233; caracterizada por um aumento do RWPT em deriva&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas do ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Neste estudo espec&#237;fico, as dura&#231;&#245;es do complexo QRS<sub>II</sub>, RWPT<sub>V1</sub> e RWPT<sub>V5</sub> nos atletas dos grupos estudados em repouso n&#227;o distinguiram e n&#227;o excederam limites cl&#237;nicos normais para adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Portanto, de acordo com o ECG padr&#227;o, o alongamento do intervalo PQ<sub>II</sub> no grupo PQ Prolongado n&#227;o foi acompanhado por condu&#231;&#227;o lenta atrav&#233;s dos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos. Para uma an&#225;lise mais detalhada da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos atletas dos grupos comparados, utilizamos a abordagem BSPM.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, os principais padr&#245;es de propaga&#231;&#227;o do impulso el&#233;trico atrav&#233;s do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e ativa&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em funcionamento em humanos j&#225; foram identificados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> a exibi&#231;&#227;o desses processos na superf&#237;cie do t&#243;rax tamb&#233;m tem sido estudada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> O in&#237;cio da ativa&#231;&#227;o no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ocorre sincronicamente em tr&#234;s regi&#245;es do subendoc&#225;rdio, que crescem e, 15&#8211;20 ms ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da ativa&#231;&#227;o, se fundem em uma &#225;rea. Ent&#227;o, a onda de ativa&#231;&#227;o se espalha ao longo do septo interventricular em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;pice do cora&#231;&#227;o e se move atrav&#233;s do tecido ventricular em dire&#231;&#227;o endo-epic&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Na superf&#237;cie do corpo, o in&#237;cio da ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; refletido pelo aparecimento de uma pequena &#225;rea positiva na regi&#227;o precordial e uma &#225;rea negativa na esc&#225;pula ou axila esquerda. Em seguida, o m&#225;ximo se desloca para o lado esquerdo e para baixo, e o m&#237;nimo passa para o ombro direito, de onde desce para a regi&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice xifoide. Nesse momento, a &#225;rea negativa forma uma &#8220;sela&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> O aparecimento do fen&#244;meno &#8220;sela&#8221; nos BSPMs corresponde ao avan&#231;o da onda de excita&#231;&#227;o para o subepic&#225;rdio dos ventr&#237;culos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em algumas pessoas, o aparecimento de &#8220;sela&#8221; coincide com a fase ascendente da onda R no ECG<sub>II</sub>, em outros &#8211; com seu pico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a forma&#231;&#227;o da &#8220;sela&#8221;, nota-se uma localiza&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel das &#225;reas de potenciais positivos e negativos, o que corresponde &#224; despolariza&#231;&#227;o da massa principal do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular. Durante a descida da onda R<sub>II</sub>, a localiza&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas potenciais muda novamente &#8211; a &#225;rea positiva moveu-se para as costas e parte superior do t&#243;rax e a &#225;rea negativa espalhou-se por toda a parte anterior do t&#243;rax. Esse processo &#233; explicado por uma mudan&#231;a na dire&#231;&#227;o da excita&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s das paredes livres at&#233; as bases dos ventr&#237;culos. At&#233; a conclus&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o padr&#227;o espacial da distribui&#231;&#227;o de potencial da superf&#237;cie corporal permanece quase inalterado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Neste estudo, as localiza&#231;&#245;es das &#225;reas e extremos positivos e negativos e sua din&#226;mica nas BSPMs durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em atletas com intervalos PQ prolongados e normais no estado inicial foram semelhantes &#224;s de uma pessoa n&#227;o atleta.</p>
      <p>Foi demonstrado anteriormente que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o leva a altera&#231;&#245;es nos padr&#245;es espaciais do BSPM durante o complexo QRS em uma pessoa saud&#225;vel e destreinada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico de bicicleta em atletas com PQ normal e PQ prolongado, a din&#226;mica das &#225;reas e os extremos nas BSPMs durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos n&#227;o diferiram e foram t&#237;picos do estado de repouso. Isso permite aos autores do presente estudo conclu&#237;rem que em atletas com intervalo PQ prolongado quando expostos ao exerc&#237;cio, os principais padr&#245;es de passagem da excita&#231;&#227;o pelo sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e funcionamento do mioc&#225;rdio dos ventr&#237;culos permaneceram essencialmente inalterados.</p>
      <p>Ao analisar os par&#226;metros temporais das BSPM nos atletas dos grupos estudados em repouso, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as na dura&#231;&#227;o global da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Por&#233;m, nos atletas do grupo PQ Prolongado em repouso, o primeiro e o segundo per&#237;odos de distribui&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel do potencial card&#237;aco foram mais longos do que nos atletas do grupo PQ Normal. Esses resultados sugeriram que a desacelera&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o AV em atletas com PQ Prolongado em repouso foi acompanhada por um aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o da excita&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular e das camadas subendoc&#225;rdicas do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular (o primeiro per&#237;odo est&#225;vel nos BSPMs), e excita&#231;&#227;o da massa principal dos ventr&#237;culos (o segundo per&#237;odo est&#225;vel nas BSPMs). Ao mesmo tempo, o alongamento das duas fases de despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular mencionadas acima no grupo PQ Prolongado foi compensado pelo encurtamento da segunda invers&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de potencial e, como resultado, a dura&#231;&#227;o total da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos. Ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, os atletas do grupo PQ Prolongado apresentaram encurtamento do primeiro e segundo per&#237;odos da posi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel dos potenciais card&#237;acos na superf&#237;cie corporal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado inicial (para valores pr&#243;ximos aos dos atletas PQ Normal), o que poderia indicar o car&#225;ter funcional do prolongamento desses per&#237;odos de repouso. Al&#233;m disso, ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio em atletas com PQ Prolongado, a dura&#231;&#227;o da primeira invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial e a dura&#231;&#227;o global da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular diminu&#237;ram em compara&#231;&#227;o com o estado inicial e com os mesmos valores em atletas com PQ Normal. As causas exatas dessas mudan&#231;as n&#227;o s&#227;o claras e s&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas para estabelec&#234;-las.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> descreveram os padr&#245;es de BSPM durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pessoas com dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o no sistema His-Purkinje. Em pacientes com bloqueio completo de ramo direito (BRD), o avan&#231;o da excita&#231;&#227;o no subepic&#225;rdio ventricular (que se reflete pela forma&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de potencial &#8220;sela&#8221; nos BSPMs) &#233; observado 44 ms ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da ativa&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos, em pacientes com BRD incompleto &#8211; 38 ms ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Neste estudo, em atletas do grupo PQ-Prolongado no estado inicial, foi observado o aparecimento do fen&#244;meno &#8220;sela&#8221; em 38,4 &#177; 3,6 ms ap&#243;s in&#237;cio da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Em outras palavras, foi quase o mesmo que em pessoas com BRD incompleto,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> e significativamente mais tardio do que em uma pessoa saud&#225;vel n&#227;o treinada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> e em atletas do grupo PQ Normal em nosso estudo (33,4 &#177; 1,8 ms). Ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, o tempo de aparecimento do fen&#244;meno &#8220;sela&#8221; em atletas com PQ Prolongado diminuiu significativamente (para 27,3 &#177; 8,7 ms a partir do in&#237;cio da ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular) e n&#227;o diferiu mais daquele em atletas com PQ Normal (31,4 &#177; 4,0 ms). Essa situa&#231;&#227;o confirmou a origem funcional das altera&#231;&#245;es nas caracter&#237;sticas temporais dos BSPMs durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos em atletas com prolongamento do intervalo PQ em repouso.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A estimativa visual do movimento de &#225;reas de potenciais positivos e negativos nos BSPMs, em vez de c&#225;lculos assistidos por computador, pode ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o. O n&#250;mero de atletas em nosso estudo foi relativamente pequeno. Uma popula&#231;&#227;o esportiva maior forneceria resultados mais precisos. O estudo incluiu atletas de resist&#234;ncia de alto n&#237;vel (esquiadores cross-country) e os resultados podem diferir dependendo de qualquer especializa&#231;&#227;o esportiva.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, atletas com intervalos PQ prolongados demonstraram diferen&#231;as essenciais nos par&#226;metros temporais dos BSPMs durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em repouso e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, em compara&#231;&#227;o com atletas com valores normais de dura&#231;&#227;o PQ. Esses achados podem contribuir para a compreens&#227;o do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica em atletas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 01/2022. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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        <article-title>Body Surface Potential Mapping during Ventricular Depolarization in Athletes with Prolonged PQ Interval after Exercise</article-title>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Syktyvkar</named-content>
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          <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Comparative Cardiology &#8211; Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar &#8211; Russian Federation</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Natalya I. Ivonina</bold> &#8226; Department of Comparative Cardiology &#8211; Komi Science Centre of the Ural. Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences &#8211; 24 Kommunisticheskaya str. Syktyvkar <postal-code>167982</postal-code> &#8211; Russian Federation. E-mail: <email>panteleeva.n.14@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Prolongation of the PQ interval, generally associated with an atrioventricular conduction delay, may be related to changes in intraventricular impulse spreading.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess, using body surface potential mapping (BSPM), the process of ventricular depolarization in athletes with prolonged PQ intervals at rest and after exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study included 7 cross-country skiers with a PQ interval of more than 200 ms (Prolonged-PQ group) and 7 with a PQ interval of less than 200 ms (Normal-PQ group). The BSPM from 64 unipolar torso leads was performed before (Pre-Ex) and after the bicycle exercise test (Post-Ex). Body surface equipotential maps were analyzed during ventricular depolarization. The significance level was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Compared to Normal-PQ athletes, the first and second periods of the stable position of cardiac potentials on the torso surface were longer, and the formation of the &#8220;saddle&#8221; potential distribution occurred later, at Pre-Ex, in Prolonged-PQ athletes. At Post-Ex, the Prolonged-PQ group showed a shortening of the first and second periods of stable potential distributions and a decrease in appearance time of the &#8220;saddle&#8221; phenomenon relative to Pre-Ex (to the values near to those of the Normal-PQ group). Additionally, at Post-Ex, the first inversion of potential distributions and the total duration of ventricular depolarization in Prolonged-PQ athletes decreased compared to Pre-Ex and with similar values in Normal-PQ athletes. Compared to Normal-PQ athletes, the second inversion was longer at Pre-Ex and Post-Ex in Prolonged-PQ athletes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Prolonged-PQ athletes had significant differences in the temporal characteristics of BSPM during ventricular depolarization both at rest and after exercise as compared to Normal-PQ athletes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Ventricles</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Surface Potential Mapping</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230179-30179-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Regular intensive participation in sports results in electrical and structural alterations within the heart that can manifest on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A prolonged (more than 200 ms) PQ interval is presented in athletes&#8217; ECGs from 7.5 to 37.1% of cases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and refers to common and training-related ECG changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In athletes, a prolonged PQ interval is associated with a slowdown in atrioventricular (AV) conduction and is referred to as a &#8220;first-degree AV block&#8221;. This delay in AV nodal conduction in trained athletes may be a consequence of increased vagal activity or intrinsic changes in the AV node; it decreases with increasing heart rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Resolution of asymptomatic first-degree AV block with exercise confirms its functional origin and excludes any pathological significance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In some cases, prolongation of the PQ interval may be related to delayed conduction in the His-Purkinje system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Signs of slowing intraventricular conduction are the widening of the QRS complex and/or an increase in the R-wave peak time (RWPT) on the ECG in standard leads.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> At the same time, it was found that the activation of the heart ventricles begins even before the appearance of the QRS complex on a standard ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Therefore, a 12-lead ECG is not informative enough to study the initial phase of ventricular depolarization, reflecting the propagation of excitation mainly through the conducting system of the heart ventricles.</p>
        <p>Body surface potential mapping (BSPM), based on synchronous registration of cardiac potentials from multiple leads on the torso surface, is a non-invasive modality to assess cardiac bioelectric activity and allows more complex and extensive analysis than the standard electrocardiographic techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The information provided by BSPM includes the spatial, temporal, and amplitude components of the ECG signal and is used in both experimental and clinical settings for the detection and diagnosis of various pathological conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Previously, BSPM was applied in order to investigate the ventricular electrical activation in patients with intraventricular conduction abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Studies of ventricular depolarization by means of BSPM in first-degree AV block have not been conducted in athletes.</p>
        <p>The purpose of the present study was to provide the first detailed characterization of the ventricular depolarization process in athletes with a prolonged PQ interval at rest and after exercise by using BSPM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>The study involved highly trained male cross-country ski racers. All participants received a detailed explanation of the study, and written consent was obtained from each participant. All participants, at the time of the study, did not have chronic or cardiovascular diseases and did not take medication or consume energy drinks. None of the participants exercised in the 24 hours before the procedures.</p>
          <p>According to the results of the preliminary ECG analysis, two groups were formed from the participants. The first group (Prolonged-PQ) included athletes (n=7) with a PQ interval duration on the resting ECG of more than 200 ms with stable sinus rhythm without widening of the QRS complex, which is characteristic of first-degree AV block.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The second group (Normal-PQ) consisted of athletes (n=7) whose resting state PQ interval did not exceed 200 ms, which was typical for a non-athlete person.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed with the subjects resting in a left lateral decubitus position, using a LOGIC P5 scanner with a 5 MHz transducer (General Electric Co, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA). The heart images obtained in M- and B-modes in the standard parasternal long-axis and four chambers position, according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> were used to measure end-diastolic left ventricular diameter (LVEDD), end-diastolic right ventricular diameter (RVEDD), intraventricular septal wall thickness (IVST) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Registration and analysis of the electrical activity of the heart</title>
          <p>Subjects underwent study when they were sitting. Unipolar ECGs were recorded from 64 electrodes evenly spaced on the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the torso from the collarbones to the lower edge of the chest (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1A</xref>). The electrodes were attached to 8 rows, each containing 8 electrodes. Simultaneously with unipolar ECGs from the torso surface, ECGs were recorded in standard bipolar limb leads, the electrodes of which were placed on the wrists and ankles. The Wilson's central terminal (an average of the limb potentials) was used as a reference for unipolar leads. The data were acquired using a custom-designed system for electrophysiological mapping (bandwidth of 0.05 &#8211; 1000 Hz, sampling rate of 4000 Hz, and accuracy of 16 bits). The quality of the signal visualization was checked before registration. Channels with excessive noise levels were excluded from further analysis. Cardiac potentials were recorded in the initial state (at rest) (Pre-Ex) and within 1 minute after the cessation of exercise (Post-Ex).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Positions of electrodes on the torso surface. B) Instantaneous body surface equipotential map during QRS complex. The area of positive potentials is warm-colored, and the area of negative potentials is cold-colored. The signs &#8220;+&#8221; and &#8220;&#8211;&#8221; denote the location of the positive and negative extrema, respectively. Below the map, the ECG<sub>II</sub> with a time marker (vertical line), the time relative to the R<sub>II</sub>-wave peak, and the amplitudes of the positive (max) and negative (min) extrema are shown. To the right of the map, the color scale is shown. The left part of the map represents the ventral body surface, and the right represents the dorsal body surface.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230179-30179-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Based on torso ECGs, body surface equipotential maps were constructed, reflecting the spatial distribution of heart potentials at any given moment of the cardiac cycle on a flat pattern of the torso surface aligned to a rectangular plane (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1B</xref>). Body surface potential maps (BSPMs) analyzed the spatial location and shifting trajectories of the areas and extrema of positive and negative potentials on the thorax surface during ventricular depolarization. The time of the onset and completion of the ventricular depolarization (according to typical potential distribution pattern) and the time of the beginning and completion of the first and second inversions of areas and extrema were determined. Inversion was defined as a change in the mutual position of the areas of positive and negative potentials on the thoracic surface. Temporal characteristics of the BSPMs were presented in ms relative to the peak of R<sub>II</sub>-wave (up to the R<sub>II</sub>-peak &#8211; with a minus sign). Subsequently, the duration of both inversions, the duration of the periods of the stable position of cardiac potentials on the body surface, and the total duration of ventricular depolarization were calculated. The first period of stability of the cardiac potential distribution was from the onset of the depolarization up to the beginning of the first inversion. The second period of stability was after the completion of the first inversion before the beginning of the second inversion. The third period of stability was after the completion of the second inversion before the completion of ventricular depolarization on the BSPMs. In addition, we determined the time from the onset of ventricular depolarization to the completion of the first inversion of cardiac potentials, which was accompanied by the formation of &#8220;saddle&#8221; potential distribution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>On the ECG<sub>II</sub>, the durations of the P-wave, R-R, PQ (PR), QRS (RS), and QT intervals were analyzed, and the corrected QT interval (QTc) was calculated using Bazett's formula. In the unipolar BSPM leads corresponded to the position of the V<sub>1</sub> and V<sub>5</sub> electrodes of the conventional ECG, we calculated the RWPT, which was measured from the onset of the QRS complex to the R-wave peak. For each participant, characteristics of standard ECG and BSPMs were determined from the three to five beats at Pre-Ex and Post-Ex.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise protocol</title>
          <p>The participants received a heart rate monitor with a chest belt (RS200, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) and performed a physical work capacity test (PWC<sub>170</sub>) on a bicycle ergometer EX 1 (Kettler GmbH, Ense-Parsit, Germany). The subjects were instructed to maintain a constant pedaling cadence between 70 and 80 rpm throughout the test. After an initial workload of 1.5 W/kg, the workload was increased every 2 minutes based on the heart rate within the last 10 seconds of the actual stage. The test was completed upon approaching a heart rate of 170 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using a Statistica software package (Version 10.0, StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA). Continuous data normality was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test, which found that the data were allocated within the Gaussian curve. Therefore, intragroup comparisons were performed by means of paired t-tests, and intergroup comparisons were analyzed by means of unpaired t-tests. The significance level was set at <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05. Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). The sample size of (n = 7) per group provided 90% power with a 5% significance level in protocols of calculating the time of formation of &#8220;saddle&#8221; potential distribution on BSPMs at Pre-Ex.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participant characteristics</title>
          <p>Baseline clinical characteristics were comparable in both groups of athletes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics of athletes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Normal-PQ <break/>(n = 7)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Prolonged-PQ<break/> (n = 7)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Age (year)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">20.2&#177;3.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">22.3&#177;5.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Height (cm)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">178.2&#177;3.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">177.7&#177;4.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Body mass (kg)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">74.2&#177;7.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">76.0&#177;4.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.0 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.9&#177;0.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">59 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">63&#177;12</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">LVEDD (mm)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">54.1&#177;1.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">56.2&#177;4.2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">RVEDD (mm)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26.2&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">27.3&#177;4.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">IVSTd (mm)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">10.5&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">10.2&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">LVPWTd (mm)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9.9&#177;0.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9.2&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD. Normal-PQ: athletes with normal PQ interval; Prolonged-PQ: athletes with prolonged PQ interval; BSA: body surface area; HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; RVEDD: right ventricular end-diastolic diameter; IVSTd: intraventricular septal wall thickness at diastole; LVPWTd: left ventricular posterior wall thickness at diastole.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ECG parameters</title>
          <p>ECG parameters are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>. The duration of the PQ<sub>II</sub> interval in Prolonged-PQ athletes was significantly higher at Pre-Ex than in Normal-PQ individuals. Compared to Pre-Ex, the PQ<sub>II</sub> interval was shorter at Post-Ex in both groups. At Post-Ex, the PQ<sub>II</sub> interval in Prolonged-PQ athletes remained longer than in Normal-PQ athletes. The duration of the R-R<sub>II</sub> and QT<sub>II</sub> intervals in the athletes of the studied groups did not differ at Pre-Ex. Compared to Pre-Ex, the R-R<sub>II</sub> and QT<sub>II</sub> intervals were shorter at Post-Ex in both groups. No intergroup differences were observed between the duration of the intervals R-R<sub>II</sub> and QT<sub>II</sub> at Post-Ex. There were no inter- and intragroup differences in the durations of P<sub>II</sub>-wave, QRS<sub>II</sub>, QTc<sub>II</sub>, RWPT<sub>V1</sub>, and RWPT<sub>V5</sub>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ECG parameters in athletes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Normal-PQ (n = 7)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Prolonged-PQ (n = 7)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Pre-Ex</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Post-Ex</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Pre-Ex</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Post-Ex</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">R-R<sub>II</sub> (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1028.3&#177;60.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">540.4&#177;72.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">***</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">975.1&#177;186.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">575.0&#177;81.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">P<sub>II</sub>-wave (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">98.6&#177;9.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">95.7&#177;6.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">99.1&#177;12.2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">96.6&#177;7.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">PQ<sub>II</sub> (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">152.6&#177;12.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">141.9&#177;8.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">208.1&#177;4.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">160.4 &#177; 6.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">***</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">QRS<sub>II</sub> (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">92.1&#177;4.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">87.0&#177;6.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">86.9&#177;10.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">87.6&#177;9.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">QT<sub>II</sub> (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">413.1&#177;24.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">295.6&#177;25.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">***</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">407.1&#177;61.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">330.3&#177;35.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">QTc<sub>II</sub> (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">407.8&#177;25.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">403.6&#177;20.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">413.7&#177;40.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">436.6&#177;38.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">RWPT<sub>V1</sub> (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">28.3&#177;6.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">24.1&#177;3.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26.0&#177;6.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">24.3&#177;3.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">RWPT<sub>V5</sub> (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">32.3&#177;4.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">29.6&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">32.6&#177;4.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">34.0&#177;4.6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD. Normal-PQ: athletes with normal PQ interval; Prolonged-PQ: athletes with prolonged PQ interval; Pre-Ex: initial state; Post-Ex: 1 minute from the cessation of exercise; RWPT: R-wave peak time.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.01,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <label>***</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.001 vs. Pre-Ex;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <label>&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.001 vs. Normal-PQ at the same time.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Spatial BSPM characteristics</title>
          <p>In the initial state, the spatial patterns of the BSPMs during ventricular depolarization were identical in both groups of athletes. The body surface potential distribution, corresponding to the beginning of ventricular depolarization, was observed before the onset of the Q(R)-wave on ECG<sub>II</sub>. At this time, the positive extremum of small amplitude (0.01 &#8211; 0.03 mV) was recorded in the region of the clavicle or sternum, and the negative extremum was located on the back (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2A</xref>). Then, the area of positive cardiac potentials expanded over the entire anterior surface, and negative potentials &#8211; over the entire posterior surface of the torso, while the amplitudes of extrema increased. During the upslope of R<sub>II</sub>-wave, we observed the first inversion of potential distributions &#8211; when the maximum moved to the left down the front side of the torso, and the minimum disappeared on the back and appeared under the right collarbone (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2B</xref>). Further movement of the minimum downward led to a deflection of the negative area in the form of a &#8220;saddle&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2C</xref>). After the formation of the &#8220;saddle&#8221; phenomenon on the BSPMs, indicating the completion of the first inversion of cardiac potentials, a period of stable position of potential areas on the thorax surface followed. During the downslope of R<sub>II</sub>-wave, the second inversion of potential distributions was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">E</xref>). The positive area moved to the back and over the shoulder to the upper chest, and the negative area spread over the entire front part of the torso. The completion of the second inversion of potential distributions was followed by a further period of stable position of cardiac potentials, which continued until the completion of ventricular depolarization. By the end of ventricular depolarization (upslope S<sub>II</sub>-wave), the spatial pattern of potential distribution did not alter, while the amplitudes of extrema decreased (to 0.01 &#8211; 0.02 mV) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2F</xref>). After exercise, the spatial BSPM patterns during ventricular depolarization in athletes of both groups did not change substantially in comparison with the initial state.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative body surface equipotential maps during ventricular depolarization in the same athlete with prolonged PQ interval. A) The onset of ventricular depolarization. B) The beginning of the first inversion of potential distributions. C) The formation of the &#171;saddle&#187; potential distribution (the completion of the first inversion of potential distributions). D) The beginning of the second inversion of potential distributions. E) The completion of the second inversion of potential distributions. F) The completion of ventricular depolarization. Pre-Ex: initial state; Post-Ex: 1 minute from cessation of exercise. To the right of each map, ECG<sub>II</sub> is shown with a time marker (vertical line). The designations on the maps are the same as in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230179-30179-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Temporal BSPM characteristics</title>
          <p>Temporal BSPM characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>. At Pre-Ex, the beginning of the first and second inversions of potential distributions in Prolonged-PQ athletes was later than in Normal-PQ individuals. Compared to Pre-Ex, the beginning of the first inversion of potential distributions was later at Post-Ex in Normal-PQ athletes. Compared to Pre-Ex, a later onset of ventricular depolarization, an earlier beginning, and an earlier completion of the second inversion of potential distributions were revealed at Post-Ex in Prolonged-PQ athletes. At Post-Ex, Prolonged-PQ athletes had a later onset of ventricular depolarization, a later beginning of the first inversion, a later beginning, and an earlier completion of the second inversion of potential distributions compared to Normal-PQ athletes.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Temporal BSPM characteristics in athletes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Normal-PQ (n = 7)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Prolonged-PQ (n = 7)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Pre-Ex</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Post-Ex</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Pre-Ex</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Post-Ex</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Onset of ventricular depolarization (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;42.4 &#177; 4.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;39.9&#177;3.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;44.8 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;34.7 &#177; 3.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">**</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Beginning of the first inversion (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;29.4 &#177; 3.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;27.4&#177;3.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">***</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;22.9 &#177; 5.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;20.2 &#177; 6.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Completion of the first inversion (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;9.0 &#177; 2.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;8.5 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;6.4 &#177; 7.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;7.4 &#177; 6.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Beginning of the second inversion (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;2.0 &#177; 3.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8211;2.6 &#177; 2.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">7.1&#177;0.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.8 &#177; 2.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">**</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Completion of the second inversion (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">19.4&#177;4.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">18.4&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">19.4&#177;2.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">13.8 &#177; 2.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">**</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Completion of ventricular depolarization (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">37.4&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">39.9&#177;3.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">40.8&#177;5.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">37.9&#177;3.7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN25">
                <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD. The time is shown relative to the R<sub>II</sub>-wave peak. Normal-PQ: athletes with normal PQ interval; Prolonged-PQ: athletes with prolonged PQ interval; Pre-Ex: initial state; Post-Ex: 1 minute from cessation of exercise.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN26">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.01,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN27">
                <label>***</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.001 vs. Pre-Ex;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN28">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN29">
                <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.01,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN30">
                <label>&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.001 vs. Normal-PQ at the same time.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The duration of ventricular depolarization and its individual phases are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>. At Pre-Ex, of Prolonged-PQ athletes, the first and second periods of stable cardiac potential distributions were longer, and the second inversion of potential distributions was shorter than in Normal-PQ athletes. Compared to Pre-Ex, no statistically significant changes in the duration of ventricular depolarization and its individual phases were observed at Post-Ex in Normal-PQ individuals. Compared to Pre-Ex, a decrease in the duration of the first and second periods of the stable potential distributions, as well as a reduction in the duration of the first inversion and the total duration of ventricular depolarization, were revealed at Post-Ex in Prolonged-PQ athletes. At Post-Ex, the total duration of ventricular depolarization and the duration of the first and second inversions in Prolonged-PQ athletes were less than in Normal-PQ athletes.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Durations of ventricular depolarization and its individual phases in athletes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Normal-PQ (n = 7)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Prolonged-PQ (n = 7)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Pre-Ex</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Post-Ex</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Pre-Ex</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Post-Ex</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Ventricular depolarization (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">79.7&#177;6.2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">79.8&#177;5.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">85.6&#177;6.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">72.6 &#177; 5.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">**</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">First stable period (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">12.9&#177;3.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">12.5&#177;2.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">21.9&#177;5.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">14.5&#177;3.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">First inversion (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">20.4&#177;3.2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">18.9&#177;3.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">16.5&#177;7.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">12.8 &#177; 5.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">*</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Second stable period (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">7.0&#177;3.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5.9&#177;3.2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">13.5&#177;7.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">10.2&#177;8.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Second inversion (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">21.4&#177;6.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">21.1&#177;4.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">12.2&#177;2.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">11.0&#177;2.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Third stable period (ms)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">18.0&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">21.4&#177;1.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">21.4&#177;5.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">24.1&#177;2.8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN31">
                <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD. Normal-PQ: athletes with normal PQ interval; Prolonged-PQ: athletes with prolonged PQ interval; Pre-Ex: initial state; Post-Ex: 1 minute from cessation of exercise.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN32">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN33">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.01 vs. Pre-Ex.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN34">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN35">
                <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.01,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN36">
                <label>&#8224;&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.001 vs. Normal-PQ at the same time.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The time of formation of &#8220;saddle-shaped&#8221; potential distribution in athletes is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Central Illustration</xref>. Compared to Normal-PQ athletes, the formation of the &#8220;saddle&#8221; potential distribution at Pre-Ex was later in Prolonged-PQ athletes (p &lt; 0.05). At Post-Ex, in Normal-PQ athletes, the time of formation of the &#8220;saddle&#8221; phenomenon on BSPMs did not change significantly. At Post-Ex, in Prolonged-PQ athletes, the time of appearance of the &#8220;saddle&#8221; decreased compared to Pre-Ex (p &lt; 0.01) and did not differ from that in Normal-PQ athletes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, the electrical activity of the heart was evaluated during ventricular depolarization in healthy, highly trained male athletes with prolonged PQ interval at rest and after physical exercise by using conventional electrocardiography and BSPM.</p>
        <p>In the initial state, the PQ<sub>II</sub> interval in Prolonged-PQ athletes was significantly longer than in Normal-PQ athletes. In accordance with data,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> these results may be primarily due to a slowdown in AV conduction in Prolonged-PQ individuals. After exercise testing, both Normal-PQ and Prolonged-PQ athletes demonstrated a decrease in the PQ duration relative to the initial state. The PQ<sub>II</sub> interval shortening after exercise in Prolonged-PQ athletes, according to,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> indicated the functional nature of its lengthening at rest and suggested the benign character of AV conduction slowing in this group of subjects.</p>
        <p>Anatomically, the site of AV conduction delay that can result in first-degree block may include atria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In such cases, the P-wave on the ECG will be widened.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In our study, at Pre-Ex, the P<sub>II</sub>-wave duration did not differ between the groups. Hence, prolongation of the PQ<sub>II</sub> interval on the resting ECG in Prolonged-PQ athletes did not appear to be due to an atrial conduction delay.</p>
        <p>A prolonged PR interval in combination with a wide QRS complex (more than 120 ms) is usually associated with a delay in the His-Purkinje system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Delayed intraventricular conduction is also characterized by an increase in the RWPT in specific ECG leads.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In this particular study, the durations of the QRS<sub>II</sub> complex, RWPT<sub>V1,</sub> and RWPT<sub>V5</sub> in the athletes of the studied groups at rest did not distinguish and did not exceed clinical normal limits for adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Hence, according to the standard ECG, the elongation of the PQ<sub>II</sub> interval in the Prolonged-PQ group was not accompanied by slowed conduction through the heart ventricles. For a more detailed analysis of ventricular depolarization in the athletes of the compared groups, we used the BSPM approach.</p>
        <p>Nowadays, the main patterns of electrical impulse propagation through the cardiac conduction system and activation of the working myocardium in humans have been already identified,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> the display of these processes on the surface of the chest has been studied as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The beginning of activation in the left ventricle occurs synchronously in three regions of the subendocardium, which grow and, 15&#8211;20 ms after the onset of activation, merge into one area. Then, the activation wave spreads along the interventricular septum towards the apex of the heart and moves through the ventricular tissue in an endo-epicardial direction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> On the surface of the body, the beginning of ventricular activation is reflected by the appearance of a small positive area in the precordial region and a negative area in the scapula or left armpit. Then, the maximum shifts to the left side and lower, and the minimum passes to the right shoulder, from where it descends into the xiphoid process area. At that time, the negative area forms a &#8220;saddle&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The appearance of a &#8220;saddle&#8221; phenomenon on the BSPMs corresponds to the breakthrough of the excitation wave to the subepicardium of the ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In some people, the &#8220;saddle&#8221; appearance coincides with the upslope phase of the R-wave on the ECG<sub>II</sub>, in others &#8211; with its peak.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> After the formation of the &#8220;saddle&#8221;, a stable location of the areas of positive and negative potentials is noted, which corresponds to the depolarization of the main mass of the ventricular myocardium. During the R<sub>II</sub>-wave downslope, the location of potential areas changes again &#8211; the positive area moved to the back and the upper chest and the negative area spread over the entire anterior chest. This process is explained by a change in the direction of the excitation through the free walls to the bases of the ventricles. Until the completion of ventricular depolarization, the spatial pattern of the body surface potential distribution remains almost unchanged.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In this study, the locations of the positive and negative areas and extrema and their dynamics on BSPMs during ventricular depolarization in athletes with prolonged and normal PQ intervals in the initial state were similar to those in a non-athlete person.</p>
        <p>It was previously shown that physical exercise does not lead to changes in the spatial BSPM patterns during the QRS complex in an untrained, healthy person.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> After the bicycle exercise test in Normal-PQ and Prolonged-PQ athletes, the dynamics of areas and extrema on BSPMs during depolarization of the ventricles did not differ and were typical for the resting state. This allows the authors of the present study to conclude that in athletes with a prolonged PQ interval when exposed to exercise, the main patterns of the passage of the excitation through the conducting system and working myocardium of the ventricles remained essentially unchanged.</p>
        <p>When analyzing the temporal parameters of BSPMs in athletes of the studied groups at rest, no differences were found in the overall duration of ventricular depolarization. However, in the athletes of the Prolonged-PQ group at rest, the first and second periods of stable cardiac potential distributions were longer than in the athletes of the Normal-PQ group. These results suggested that the slowing down of AV conduction in Prolonged-PQ athletes at rest was accompanied by an increase in the duration of both excitation of the interventricular septum and subendocardial layers of the ventricular myocardium (the first stable period on BSPMs), and excitation of the main mass of ventricles (the second stable period on BSPMs). At the same time, the elongation of the two above-mentioned ventricular depolarization phases at the Prolonged-PQ group was compensated by the shortening of the second inversion of potential distribution, and as a result, the total duration of ventricular depolarization did not differ between the groups. After exercise, the athletes of the Prolonged-PQ group showed a shortening of the first and second periods of the stable position of cardiac potentials on the body surface relative to the initial state (to the values close to those in Normal-PQ athletes), which could indicate the functional character of the lengthening of these periods at rest. In addition, after exercise in Prolonged-PQ athletes, the duration of the first inversion of potential distributions and the overall duration of ventricular depolarization decreased compared to the initial state and with the same values in Normal-PQ athletes. The exact causes of these changes are unclear, and further research is needed to establish them.</p>
        <p>Previous studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> described the BSPM patterns during ventricular depolarization in persons with conduction disturbances in the His-Purkinje system. In patients with a complete right bundle branch block (RBBB), the breakthrough of the excitation on the ventricular subepicardium (which is reflected by the formation of the &#8220;saddle&#8221; potential distribution on the BSPMs) is noted at 44 ms after the onset of activation of the heart ventricles, in patients with incomplete RBBB &#8211; at 38 ms after the onset of ventricular activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In this study, in athletes of the Prolonged-PQ group in the initial state, the appearance of the &#8220;saddle&#8221; phenomenon was observed at 38.4 &#177; 3.6 ms after the beginning of ventricular depolarization. In other words, it was almost the same as in people with incomplete RBBB,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and significantly later than in an untrained healthy person<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> and in athletes of the Normal-PQ group in our study (33.4 &#177; 1.8 ms). After exercise, the time of the &#8220;saddle&#8221; phenomenon appearance in Prolonged-PQ athletes significantly decreased (to 27.3 &#177; 8.7 ms from the onset of ventricular activation) and no longer differed from that in Normal-PQ athletes (31.4 &#177; 4.0 ms). This situation confirmed the functional origin of changes in the temporal characteristics of BSPMs during depolarization of the ventricles in athletes with prolongation of the PQ interval at rest.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Visual estimation of the movement of areas of positive and negative potentials on the BSPMs instead of computer-assisted calculations may be a limitation. The number of athletes in our study was relatively small. A larger sports population would provide more precise results. The study included top-level endurance athletes (cross-country skiers), and results may differ based on any sport specialization.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, athletes with prolonged PQ intervals demonstrated the essential differences in the temporal parameters of BSPMs during ventricular depolarization at rest and after exercise as compared to athletes with normal PQ duration values. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the process of cardiac electrical remodeling in athletes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the protocol number 01/2022. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
