<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zPhYB6ZqgMZfQRL9kV8QHgj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220469</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resultados Perinatais e Seguimento em Longo Prazo de Tumores Card&#237;acos Fetais: Estudo de Coorte Hist&#243;rica de 30 Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4557-0694</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Marcondes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brizot</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Lourdes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Rossana Pulcineli Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Werther Brunow de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ikari</surname>
            <given-names>Nana Miura</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peres</surname>
            <given-names>Stella Verzinhasse</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiologia e Ecocardiografia Fetal Pedi&#225;trica e Materna</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ECOKID &#8211; Cardiologia e Ecocardiografia Fetal Pedi&#225;trica e Materna, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fabricio Marcondes Camargo</bold> &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; R. Dr. Ov&#237;dio Pires de Campos, 225. CEP <postal-code>05403-010</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>fabricio.camargo@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220469</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Seguimento de coorte retrospectiva de 30 anos que se aproxima da hist&#243;ria natural dos tumores card&#237;acos diagnosticados no feto uma vez que nenhum caso foi submetido &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a morbidade e mortalidade perinatal e em longo prazo em fetos com diagn&#243;stico de tumor card&#237;aco. Como objetivo secund&#225;rio avaliar os fatores que influenciaram os resultados perinatais e p&#243;s-natais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectiva envolvendo 74 gestantes com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico fetal de tumor card&#237;aco acompanhadas em dois servi&#231;os de refer&#234;ncia no per&#237;odo de maio de 1991 a novembro de 2021. Foi realizada an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados por meio de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%), mediana e intervalos interquartis. Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas com os resultados perinatais e p&#243;s-natais, foi aplicado o teste exato de Fisher. O c&#225;lculo da sobrevida global foi realizado pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e a compara&#231;&#227;o de curvas pelo teste de <italic>log-rank</italic>. O tempo de seguimento, calculado em meses, foi definido a partir da data de alta do hospital &#224; data do status atual (vivo/censura ou &#243;bito). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi de 5% (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>o rabdomioma &#233; o tipo mais frequente (85%) de tumor card&#237;aco; apresenta alta morbidade (79,3%) e mortalidade geral de 17,4%; a presen&#231;a de hidropisia fetal preditiva de &#243;bito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de hidropisia fetal teve impacto na mortalidade, sendo fator importante para aconselhamento e estabelecimento de progn&#243;stico. A maioria dos &#243;bitos ocorrem antes da alta hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Neoplasias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico Pr&#233;-Natal</kwd>
        <kwd>Rabdomioma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20220469-20469-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios s&#227;o raramente observados no &#250;tero ou no p&#243;s-natal. A incid&#234;ncia &#233; de 0,009% em rastreamentos ultrassonogr&#225;ficos de baixo e alto risco, e aumenta para 0,2% em centros de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia pedi&#225;trica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mais de 90% dos tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios s&#227;o benignos e podem se originar do peric&#225;rdio ou do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Dos cinco tipos histol&#243;gicos de tumores card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos, os rabdomiomas s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 60 a 86% dos tumores, seguidos por teratomas e fibromas, enquanto hemangiomas e hamartomas s&#227;o extremamente raros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de tumores card&#237;acos no feto pode levar a acometimentos hemodin&#226;micos significativos que influenciam na morbidade e na mortalidade fetal e p&#243;s-natal, como hidropisia, arritmia e obstru&#231;&#227;o aos fluxos de via de entrada e de sa&#237;da ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a preval&#234;ncia de esclerose tuberosa associada ao rabdomioma card&#237;aco fetal, &#233; alta, estimada entre 50 e 80%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Portanto, o achado de tumor card&#237;aco &#233; importante indicador na investiga&#231;&#227;o de esclerose tuberosa, doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica que al&#233;m do acometimento card&#237;aco apresenta manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas neurol&#243;gicas, renais, oftalmol&#243;gicas e dermatol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A morbidade mais significativa, principalmente quando associada &#224; esclerose tuberosa, relaciona-se com as altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema nervoso central, incluindo crises convulsivas, atraso no desenvolvimento e transtornos do espectro autista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, houve um aumento not&#225;vel no diagn&#243;stico fetal de tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios. Parte desse aumento pode ser atribu&#237;do aos avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas de imagem que conseguem diagnosticar e classificar com alta acur&#225;cia os v&#225;rios tipos histol&#243;gicos de tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Poucos s&#227;o os estudos que avaliam os resultados perinatais e em longo prazo dos fetos com tumores card&#237;acos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O presente estudo tem como objetivo contribuir a preencher esta lacuna, relatando dados referentes &#224; morbidade e mortalidade, bem como os fatores que influenciaram nesses desfechos. Al&#233;m disso, a grande contribui&#231;&#227;o desta s&#233;rie &#233; se aproximar da hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a uma vez que nenhum caso de interrup&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o foi encontrado.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectivo entre maio de 1991 e novembro de 2021, envolvendo dados de fetos com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de tumor card&#237;aco examinados em dois centros de refer&#234;ncia em Ecocardiografia Fetal (Unidade de Ecocardiografia e Cardiologia Fetal do Departamento de Obstetr&#237;cia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, HCFMUSP, e Cl&#237;nica e Instituto de Ensino e pesquisa da Ecokid). Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Hospitalar (CAAE: 93022218.9.0000.0068).</p>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de 30 anos de estudo, foram avaliadas 30 915 gestantes no Setor de Ecocardiografia Fetal do HCFMUSP e 46 671 gestantes na Cl&#237;nica Ecokid, com 74 fetos acometidos por tumores card&#237;acos.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o compreenderam casos fetos que tiveram confirma&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-natal ecocardiogr&#225;fica (no caso dos nascidos vivos) ou anatomopatol&#243;gica (no caso dos &#243;bitos fetais). Nos dois servi&#231;os os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados com o mesmo protocolo de seguimento, uma vez que os profissionais respons&#225;veis pelas avalia&#231;&#245;es pertenciam aos dois locais. Todos os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados e revisados por apenas dois profissionais com forma&#231;&#227;o em Ecocardiografia Fetal e forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica em cardiologia pedi&#225;trica (F.M.C e L.M.L.).</p>
      <p>Os tumores foram classificados de acordo com o aspecto ecocardiogr&#225;fico em termos de ecogenicidade (homog&#234;neo ou c&#237;stico), limites de bordas (delimitadas ou irregulares), assim como n&#250;mero (solit&#225;rio ou m&#250;ltiplo), localiza&#231;&#227;o e dimens&#227;o (maior ou menor que 20mm). Foi considerado o diagn&#243;stico de rabdomioma quando existiam massas de aspecto homog&#234;neo e dimens&#245;es vari&#225;veis, m&#250;ltiplas em sua maioria, mas podendo estar solit&#225;rias, sem fluxos em seu interior. Por outro lado, foram consideradas como fibroma as massas solit&#225;rias hiperecog&#234;nicas com calcifica&#231;&#227;o e degenera&#231;&#227;o c&#237;stica em seu interior. Os teratomas mostraram ecogenicidade mais complexa, com cistos e partes s&#243;lidas mescladas com calcifica&#231;&#245;es e o &#250;nico caso de hemangioma mostrou, como descrito na literatura, ser vascularizado e localizado em &#225;trio direito. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> mostra os exemplos dos tipos de tumores card&#237;acos fetais diagnosticados por ecocardiografia fetal.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exemplos dos tipos de tumores card&#237;acos fetais diagnosticados por ecocardiografia fetal. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AO: aorta.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20220469-20469-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m foi avaliada a repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica do tumor principalmente quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de hidropisia, obstru&#231;&#227;o aos fluxos de entrada e de sa&#237;da do cora&#231;&#227;o e arritmia. A hidropisia fetal foi definida pela presen&#231;a de derrames em duas ou mais cavidades na aus&#234;ncia de aloimuniza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Para quantificar a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal evolutivamente, foi utilizado o escore cardiovascular de James Huhta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> onde foram avaliadas a presen&#231;a de hidropisia, o &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico, a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o padr&#227;o de Doppler arterial e venoso.</p>
      <p>Os aparelhos de ultrassom utilizados para os exames ao longo do tempo foram Toshiba 270, HDI 3000 (Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothell, WA, USA) e aparelhos da marca GE (Voluson 730 Expert, GE Voluson E8, S6 expert e E10). Foram utilizados transdutores setoriais e convexos de 5,0MHz e 3,5MHz. O cora&#231;&#227;o fetal foi examinado por meio de m&#233;todos padronizados de imagem bidimensional, Modo M, Doppler espectral (onda pulsada) e fluxo Doppler colorido. O ritmo card&#237;aco foi determinado por meio da an&#225;lise da s&#237;stole mec&#226;nica da parede atrial e ventricular pelo Doppler pulsado.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de tumor fetal, as gestantes cujos fetos n&#227;o apresentavam acometimento hemodin&#226;mico foram acompanhadas mensalmente. Naquelas em que havia algum acometimento hemodin&#226;mico, como hidropisia e/ou arritmia, o acompanhamento foi semanal ou quinzenal, conforme a gravidade de cada caso. Al&#233;m disso, as gestantes tamb&#233;m foram acompanhadas no pr&#233;-natal de alto risco na institui&#231;&#227;o. O parto era programado para ser realizado com 39 semanas e o tipo de parto seguia a indica&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica.</p>
      <p>A confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica dos tipos de tumores foi realizada no per&#237;odo neonatal por meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica e resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica al&#233;m de an&#225;lise anatomopatol&#243;gica nos casos que foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia ou que evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito. Foi utilizada a nomenclatura preconizada no &#250;ltimo consenso de classifica&#231;&#227;o de tumores do peric&#225;rdio e do cora&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, em 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado no p&#243;s-natal tiveram seguimento ambulatorial com cardiologista pedi&#225;trico e os que tiveram diagn&#243;stico de esclerose tuberosa tamb&#233;m foram acompanhados por neurologistas pedi&#225;tricos.</p>
      <p>Morbidade foi definida como necessidade de tratamento do paciente em unidade de terapia intensiva, tratamento medicamentoso p&#243;s-natal com antiarr&#237;tmico, anticonvulsivante ou inibidores da mTOR (everolimus ou sirolimus), necessidade de cirurgia p&#243;s-natal, acometimento neurol&#243;gico, e diagn&#243;stico de esclerose tuberosa. Foi considerado acometimento neurol&#243;gico a presen&#231;a de uma das seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: esclerose tuberosa, crises convulsivas e atraso no neurodesenvolvimento. Os diagn&#243;sticos de esclerose tuberosa, crise convulsiva e atraso no neurodesenvolvimento foram obtidos do prontu&#225;rio e na entrevista, pela ficha de acompanhamento.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados por meio de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%). O denominador indica o n&#250;mero de casos em que foram obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es &#224;quela vari&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise inferencial dos dados foram inclu&#237;dos apenas os fetos com rabdomioma. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi analisada pelo teste de Komolgorov-Smirnov para verificar a normalidade e, como os dados n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os dados foram descritos em valores medianos e intervalos interquartis. O teste pela Binomial foi aplicado para identificar a diferen&#231;a entre as propor&#231;&#245;es dos sexos. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis independentes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados de &#243;bito e esclerose tuberosa, foi aplicado o teste exato de Fisher. O c&#225;lculo da sobrevida global (SG) foi realizado pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e a compara&#231;&#227;o de curvas pelo teste de <italic>log-rank</italic>. O tempo de seguimento calculado em meses foi definido a partir da data de alta do hospital &#224; data do status atual (vivo/censura ou &#243;bito).</p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi de 5% (p&lt;0,05). Os dados foram analisados no programa SPSS vers&#227;o 20 para Windows.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es das avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas na ocasi&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de rabdomioma fetal foram: suspeita de tumor (n=42, 68,8%), arritmia fetal (n=9, 14,7%), suspeita de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (n=7, 11,5%), exame de rotina (n=3,5%).</p>
      <p>Dos 74 casos descritos, houve confirma&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica em 12 casos (16,2%), 7 deles ap&#243;s o &#243;bito e dois deles ap&#243;s cirurgia. Entretanto, a aus&#234;ncia de estudo histol&#243;gico n&#227;o invalida a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, uma vez que os estudos demonstram que o diagn&#243;stico &#233; realizado em sua grande maioria pelos exames de imagem, cl&#237;nico e gen&#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um procedimento invasivo para diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o &#233; isento de riscos.</p>
      <p>Foram encontrados 11 casos agrupados como formas raras: seis (8,1%) fibromas, quatro (6,4%) teratomas e um (1,3%) hemangioma. Os rabdomiomas foram o mais frequente, somando um total de 63 fetos (85,1%).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Fibroma</title>
        <p>Seis casos de fibroma foram confirmados, dois destes evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito. Em ambos os casos, o tumor era grande, localizado na parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O primeiro faleceu com um ano de vida aguardando transplante card&#237;aco e o segundo evoluiu para &#243;bito com tr&#234;s dias de vida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1.a</xref>), antes da alta hospitalar. Os outros quatro casos est&#227;o vivos, n&#227;o realizaram cirurgia e continuam em seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teratoma</title>
        <p>Dos quatro casos de teratoma, tr&#234;s evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito, dois fetais e um neonatal. Todos apresentavam derrame peric&#225;rdico importante e hidropisia fetal, sendo um deles submetido &#224; pun&#231;&#227;o do derrame, que provocou expans&#227;o da massa tumoral e &#243;bito dois dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, com 25 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o. Um paciente encontra-se vivo e assintom&#225;tico ap&#243;s ex&#233;rese do tumor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1.b</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hemangioma</title>
        <p>O &#250;nico caso de hemangioma foi diagnosticado com 24 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o, nasceu com 38 semanas em hospital refer&#234;ncia em cirurgia card&#237;aca infantil. Era um tumor vascular localizado no &#225;trio direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1.c</xref>), nutrido por uma f&#237;stula proveniente da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). O paciente est&#225; bem, em seguimento cont&#237;nuo com cardiologista pedi&#225;trico, sem medica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemangioma no &#225;trio direito nutrido por uma fistula proveniente da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20220469-20469-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rabdomioma</title>
        <p>Os rabdomiomas foram o tipo diagnosticado mais frequente, somando um total de 63 fetos (85,1%). A mediana da idade gestacional na ocasi&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico do rabdomioma foi de 32 (13 &#8211; 39) semanas. A mediana da idade materna na &#233;poca do diagn&#243;stico foi de 29 (15 &#8211; 39) anos. Hist&#243;ria familiar de esclerose tuberosa esteve presente em 18% (11/63) dos casos com diagn&#243;stico de rabdomioma.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos tumores (92,3%) esteve localizado nos ventr&#237;culos, eram m&#250;ltiplos (77%) e, aproximadamente um 45% apresentavam um di&#226;metro maior que 20mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1.d</xref>). Cinquenta e oito (92%) foram nascidos vivos com mediana da idade gestacional no parto de 38 (37-39) semanas e o tipo de parto mais frequente foi a ces&#225;rea, em 81,8% (45/55) dos casos. As frequ&#234;ncias de rec&#233;m-nascidos do sexo masculino e do feminino foram similares, 52,5% (31/59) e 47,5% (28/59) respectivamente (p = 0,79). O escore de Apgar menor ou igual a sete foi observado em 7,7% (4/52) dos nascidos vivos.</p>
        <p>Cinquenta pacientes (83,3%) evolu&#237;ram com algum tipo de morbidade. A mediana do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 10 (5-19) dias (5-19), a maioria (95,7) foi admitido em UTI neonatal. Desse total, 16,1% necessitaram de cirurgia e 88,7% receberam alta.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de medica&#231;&#227;o, 51,9% (27/52) dos pacientes necessitaram de tratamento ap&#243;s o nascimento, quatro deles necessitaram de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, 20 necessitaram de drogas com a&#231;&#227;o no sistema nervoso central, como anticonvulsivantes e antipsic&#243;ticos e tr&#234;s deles receberam inibidores da mTOR, como sirolimus e everolimus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). O acometimento neurol&#243;gico estava registrado no prontu&#225;rio de 77,8% (35/45) dos pacientes, seja pela presen&#231;a, muitas vezes concomitante, do atraso do neurodesenvolvimento e de crises convulsivas. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o tempo de seguimento foram obtidas em 53 casos com mediana de tempo de seguimento de 70 (12-174,3) meses. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ultrassonogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico fetal de rabdomioma.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Paciente submetido ao tratamento com inibidor de mTOR antes e depois do nascimento. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20220469-20469-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ultrassonogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico fetal de rabdomioma</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="49%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N, %</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28/59 (47,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31/59 (52,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico familiar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11/63 (17,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hidropisia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9/63 (14,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13/49 (26,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de tumores</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#218;nico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14/61 (23,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#250;ltiplos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47/61 (77,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Esclerose tuberosa</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32/44 (72,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Localiza&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4/63 (6,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ventricular</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58/63 (92,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial e ventricular</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1/63 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro &gt; 20mm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24/54 (44,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Desfecho</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Vivo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52/63 (82,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#211;bito<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11/63 (17,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>O denominador indica o n&#250;mero de casos em que foram obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es referentes &#224; vari&#225;vel.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Inclu&#237;dos &#243;bitos fetais, &#243;bitos neonatais precoces e &#243;bitos tardios.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, est&#225; a descri&#231;&#227;o dos casos de rabdomioma que evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito. Dos tr&#234;s casos de &#243;bito fetal, em dois casos ocorreu associa&#231;&#227;o de massas tumorais gigantes, arritmia e hidropisia. Destes dois fetos com altera&#231;&#227;o de ritmo, um apresentou taquicardia supraventricular e o outro feto com 15 semanas apresentou bloqueio atrioventricular tipo 2:1. Apenas um caso apresentou massa tumoral gigante, sem arritmia ou hidropisia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos casos de rabdomioma que evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Casos</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IG-Dx</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Tumor &#8805; 20mm</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Arritmia</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Hidropisia</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Tipo de &#243;bito</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ONNP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">OF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ONNP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">OT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ONNP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ONNP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N*</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">OF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">OT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">OF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">OT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ONNP</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>N: n&#227;o; S: sim; IG-DX: idade gestacional no diagn&#243;stico de tumor; ONNP: &#243;bito neonatal precoce; OF: &#243;bito fetal; OT: &#243;bito tardio; tumor gigante em feto com idade gestacional precoce.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dos cinco &#243;bitos neonatais precoces, dois deles foram submetidos &#224; ex&#233;rese do tumor e evolu&#237;ram com arritmia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Os outros tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram morte s&#250;bita antes da alta hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Dos tr&#234;s &#243;bitos tardios, em um paciente identificou-se como causa de &#243;bito aos 13 dias de vida o acometimento hemodin&#226;mico grave em rabdomioma gigante que impossibilitou a extra&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; o segundo &#243;bito aos seis meses de vida foi por morte s&#250;bita em casa, com hip&#243;tese diagnostica de arritmia; e o terceiro &#243;bito ocorreu aos 16 anos de idade devido &#224;s consequ&#234;ncias debilitantes graves da esclerose tuberosa por acometimento neurol&#243;gico, interna&#231;&#245;es recorrentes e evolu&#231;&#227;o para sepse.</p>
        <p>A Figura Central apresenta a curva de Kaplan-Meier da probabilidade de sobrevida global (SG) acumulada dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico fetal de rabdomioma agrupados em tr&#234;s diferentes d&#233;cadas. Observa-se uma melhora da sobrevida da d&#233;cada de 1990 para as demais d&#233;cadas de 2000. A taxa de SG no primeiro per&#237;odo (1991 &#8211; 2000) foi de 54,5%, para o segundo per&#237;odo a taxa de SG foi de 91,7%, enquanto no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo a taxa de SG foi de 100% (p=0,002).</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de fetos com os desfechos est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>. A hidropisia esteve presente em 14,3% dos casos e esteve associada ao &#243;bito (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de fetos com diagn&#243;stico de rabdomiomas e os desfechos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000;" valign="middle">Desfecho</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Vivo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#211;bito</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico familiar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (82,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (81,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (18,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Hidropisia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49 (94,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (45,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (5,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (54,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Arritmia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (79,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (33,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (20,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (66,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de tumores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#218;nico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (11,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#250;ltiplos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39 (75,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (88,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Tamanho de tumor</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 20mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (58,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (45,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 20mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (41,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (54,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Esclerose tuberosa</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (72,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (100)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>* <italic>Teste Exato de Fisher.</italic></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora os tumores card&#237;acos sejam raros, o n&#250;mero de casos detectados vem aumentando significativamente durante as &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, n&#227;o s&#243; devido &#224; melhora do n&#237;vel de rastreamento pelo ultrassom, mas tamb&#233;m pelas melhorias t&#233;cnicas dos equipamentos de imagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma fetal com diagn&#243;stico de tumor card&#237;aco fetal foi realizado ap&#243;s uma triagem inicial e suspeita cl&#237;nica de tumor. A incid&#234;ncia de tumores card&#237;acos fetais &#233; de 0,009% em rastreamentos ultrassonogr&#225;ficos de baixo e alto risco e aumenta para 0,2% em centros de referencia em cardiologia pedi&#225;trica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, 8 em cada 10000 gestantes avaliadas tiveram diagn&#243;stico fetal de rabdomioma.</p>
      <p>Os principais achados do presente estudo envolvendo casu&#237;stica de rabdomiomas card&#237;acos fetais foram: o rabdomioma &#233; o tipo mais frequente (85%) de tumor card&#237;aco; apresenta alta morbidade (79,3%) e mortalidade geral relevante (17,4%), sendo a presen&#231;a de hidropisia fetal preditiva de &#243;bito.</p>
      <p>Apesar de os rabdomiomas serem considerados histologicamente benignos, sua morbidade reside no fato de serem associados &#224; esclerose tuberosa, doen&#231;a profundamente debilitante, respons&#225;vel por causar convuls&#245;es em 80% dos pacientes (incluindo espasmos infantis em aproximadamente 1/3) e atraso no desenvolvimento (incluindo transtorno do espectro autista) em mais de 60% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Embora em nossa s&#233;rie, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre rabdomioma card&#237;aco e esclerose tuberosa tenha sido de 72,7%, semelhante aos resultados previamente descritos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> reconhecemos que este n&#250;mero poderia ser maior se tiv&#233;ssemos tido acesso aos m&#233;todos de diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico pela an&#225;lise de DNA para os genes TSC1 e TSC2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Por limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas e econ&#244;micas, apenas quatro casos de nossa s&#233;rie foram confirmados geneticamente.</p>
      <p>O uso de inibidores de mTOR nos casos de rabdomiomas com acometimento hemodin&#226;mico j&#225; &#233; uma realidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> com excelentes resultados n&#227;o somente na redu&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es do tumor, como tamb&#233;m no controle de sintomas neurol&#243;gicos debilitantes da esclerose tuberosa. Em 2006 surgiu o primeiro relato de uso de inibidores de mTOR em pacientes com esclerose tuberosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, apenas tr&#234;s casos utilizaram o inibidor de mTOR, com regress&#227;o significativa das les&#245;es ap&#243;s duas semanas de terapia.</p>
      <p>A taxa de mortalidade geral foi de 17,4%. A presen&#231;a de hidropisia fetal foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditiva de &#243;bito. Interessante foi a observa&#231;&#227;o da melhora da taxa de sobrevida p&#243;s-natal nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, que subiu de 64,3% entre 1991 e 2000 para 91,7% entre 2001 e 2010 e para 87,5% entre 2011 e 2021. Parte desse aumento pode ser atribu&#237;do aos avan&#231;os no manejo e tratamento dos tumores card&#237;acos no per&#237;odo perinatal e a longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Apesar de alguns estudos associarem a arritmia e o tamanho das massas tumorais como fatores de mau progn&#243;stico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> observamos que, isoladamente, esses fatores n&#227;o contribu&#237;ram para a piora do progn&#243;stico, mas sim quando evolu&#237;ram para um quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal grave, em sua maior express&#227;o representada pela hidropisia fetal.</p>
      <p>Em um dos casos de &#243;bito, o diagn&#243;stico de rabdomioma foi realizado com 13 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o. Este feto apresentava bloqueio atrioventricular 2:1 e hist&#243;rico familiar de um parente de primeiro grau portador de esclerose tuberosa oligossintom&#225;tica (irm&#227;). Este hist&#243;rico confirmou a presen&#231;a de uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica familiar grave que embora com expressividade vari&#225;vel, apresentou alto grau de penetr&#226;ncia, impactando no planejamento de futuras gesta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo incluem o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de casos para a an&#225;lise mais elaborada em alguns aspectos, como a associa&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do tumor com os resultados e a an&#225;lise de sobrevida. Alem disso, o teste gen&#233;tico em pacientes com esclerose tuberosa e a confirma&#231;&#227;o anatomopatol&#243;gica dos tumores foram realizados em um n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes. Entretanto, esses fatores n&#227;o limitaram as conclus&#245;es obtidas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de hidropisia fetal teve impacto na mortalidade, sendo fator importante para aconselhamento e estabelecimento de progn&#243;stico. O n&#250;mero relevante de pacientes com seguimento tardio, assim como a aus&#234;ncia de interrup&#231;&#227;o nesta s&#233;rie quando se compara com a maioria das publica&#231;&#245;es que apresentam esse vi&#233;s, faz com que este estudo se aproxime da hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a, fato n&#227;o descrito anteriormente na literatura m&#233;dica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Fabricio Marcondes Camargo pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Vitor Guerra</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geipel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krapp</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Germer</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gembruch</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Perinatal Diagnosis of Cardiac Tumors</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1046/j.1469-0705.2001.00314.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Geipel A, Krapp M, Germer U, Becker R, Gembruch U. Perinatal Diagnosis of Cardiac Tumors. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001;17(1):17-21. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2001.00314.x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tyebally</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhattacharyya</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mughrabi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hussain</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manisty</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Tumors: JACC CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
          <source>JACC CardioOncol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>293</fpage>
          <lpage>311</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jaccao.2020.05.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Tyebally S, Chen D, Bhattacharyya S, Mughrabi A, Hussain Z, Manisty C, et al. Cardiac Tumors: JACC CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol. 2020;2(2):293-311. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2020.05.009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Allan</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hornberger</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharland</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Textbook of Fetal Cardiology</source>
          <publisher-loc>Londres</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Greenwich Medical Media</publisher-name>
          <year>2000</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Allan LD, Hornberger LK, Sharland GK. Textbook of Fetal Cardiology. Londres: Greenwich Medical Media; 2000.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yinon</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chitayat</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blaser</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seed</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amsalem</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoo</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal Cardiac Tumors: a Single-Center Experience of 40 Cases</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>941</fpage>
          <lpage>949</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/pd.2590</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Yinon Y, Chitayat D, Blaser S, Seed M, Amsalem H, Yoo SJ, et al. Fetal Cardiac Tumors: a Single-Center Experience of 40 Cases. Prenat Diagn. 2010;30(10):941-9. doi: 10.1002/pd.2590.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeng</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Value of Prenatal Echocardiographic Examination in the Diagnosis of Fetal Cardiac Tumors</article-title>
          <source>Oncol Lett</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>1555</fpage>
          <lpage>1559</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3892/ol.2015.4061</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Yu Q, Zeng W, Zhou A, Zhu W, Liu J. Clinical Value of Prenatal Echocardiographic Examination in the Diagnosis of Fetal Cardiac Tumors. Oncol Lett. 2016;11(2):1555-9. doi: 10.3892/ol.2015.4061.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pavlicek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klaskova</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapralova</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prochazka</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vrtel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gruszka</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal Heart Rhabdomyomatosis: a Single-Center Experience</article-title>
          <source>J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>701</fpage>
          <lpage>707</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14767058.2019.1613365</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Pavlicek J, Klaskova E, Kapralova S, Prochazka M, Vrtel R, Gruszka T, et al. Fetal Heart Rhabdomyomatosis: a Single-Center Experience. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2021;34(5):701-7. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1613365.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Niewiadomska-Jarosik</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sta&#324;czyk</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janiak</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jarosik</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moll</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zamojska</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal Diagnosis and Follow-Up Of 23 Cases of Cardiac Tumors</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>882</fpage>
          <lpage>887</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/pd.2586</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Niewiadomska-Jarosik K, Sta&#324;czyk J, Janiak K, Jarosik P, Moll JJ, Zamojska J, et al. Prenatal Diagnosis and Follow-Up Of 23 Cases of Cardiac Tumors. Prenat Diagn. 2010;30(9):882-7. doi: 10.1002/pd.2586.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chao</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chao</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>YC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsieh</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcome of Antenatally Diagnosed Cardiac Rhabdomyoma: Case Series and a Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>289</fpage>
          <lpage>295</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/uog.5264</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Chao AS, Chao A, Wang TH, Chang YC, Chang YL, Hsieh CC, et al. Outcome of Antenatally Diagnosed Cardiac Rhabdomyoma: Case Series and a Meta-Analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;31(3):289-95. doi: 10.1002/uog.5264.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bejiqi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Retkoceri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bejiqi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatally Diagnosis and Outcome of Fetuses with Cardiac Rhabdomyoma - Single Centre Experience</article-title>
          <source>Open Access Maced J Med Sci</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>196</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3889/oamjms.2017.040</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Bejiqi R, Retkoceri R, Bejiqi H. Prenatally Diagnosis and Outcome of Fetuses with Cardiac Rhabdomyoma - Single Centre Experience. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017;5(2):193-6. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.040.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Behram</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#287;lak</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Acar</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sezer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bornaun</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#199;orbac&#305;o&#287;lu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal Cardiac Tumors: Prenatal Diagnosis, Management and Prognosis in 18 Cases</article-title>
          <source>J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>255</fpage>
          <lpage>259</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2020.2019.0180</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Behram M, O&#287;lak SC, Acar Z, Sezer S, Bornaun H, &#199;orbac&#305;o&#287;lu A, et al. Fetal Cardiac Tumors: Prenatal Diagnosis, Management and Prognosis in 18 Cases. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2020;21(4):255-9. doi: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2020.2019.0180.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pavlicek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klaskova</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapralova</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prochazka</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vrtel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gruszka</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal Heart Rhabdomyomatosis: a Single-Center Experience</article-title>
          <source>J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>701</fpage>
          <lpage>707</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14767058.2019.1613365</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Pavlicek J, Klaskova E, Kapralova S, Prochazka M, Vrtel R, Gruszka T, et al. Fetal Heart Rhabdomyomatosis: a Single-Center Experience. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2021;34(5):701-7. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1613365.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Altmann</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiver</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henrich</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weichert</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Outcome of Prenatally Suspected Cardiac Rhabdomyomas of the Fetus</article-title>
          <source>J Perinat Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>74</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1515/jpm-2019-0246</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Altmann J, Kiver V, Henrich W, Weichert A. Clinical Outcome of Prenatally Suspected Cardiac Rhabdomyomas of the Fetus. J Perinat Med. 2019;48(1):74-81. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2019-0246.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okmen</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ekici</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hortu</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Imamoglu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ucar</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ergenoglu</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcomes of Antenatally Diagnosed Fetal Cardiac Tumors: a 10-Year Experience at a Single Tertiary Referral Center</article-title>
          <source>J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>3489</fpage>
          <lpage>3494</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14767058.2020.1822316</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Okmen F, Ekici H, Hortu I, Imamoglu M, Ucar B, Ergenoglu AM, et al. Outcomes of Antenatally Diagnosed Fetal Cardiac Tumors: a 10-Year Experience at a Single Tertiary Referral Center. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(18):3489-94. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1822316.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Margossian</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moon-Grady</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sallee</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldmuntz</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association Between Cardiac Tumors and Tuberous Sclerosis in the Fetus And Neonate</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>487</fpage>
          <lpage>489</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00677-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Tworetzky W, McElhinney DB, Margossian R, Moon-Grady AJ, Sallee D, Goldmuntz E, et al. Association Between Cardiac Tumors and Tuberous Sclerosis in the Fetus And Neonate. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(4):487-9. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00677-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gusman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Servaes</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feygin</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Degenhardt</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Epelman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multimodal Imaging in the Prenatal Diagnosis of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex</article-title>
          <source>Case Rep Pediatr</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>2012</volume>
          <fpage>925646</fpage>
          <lpage>925646</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2012/925646</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Gusman M, Servaes S, Feygin T, Degenhardt K, Epelman M. Multimodal Imaging in the Prenatal Diagnosis of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Case Rep Pediatr. 2012;2012:925646. doi: 10.1155/2012/925646.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kwiatkowska</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wa&#322;doch</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer-Szary</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pota&#380;</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grzybiak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Tumors in Children: a 20-Year Review of Clinical Presentation, Diagnostics and Treatment</article-title>
          <source>Adv Clin Exp Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>319</fpage>
          <lpage>326</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17219/acem/62121</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Kwiatkowska J, Wa&#322;doch A, Meyer-Szary J, Pota&#380; P, Grzybiak M. Cardiac Tumors in Children: a 20-Year Review of Clinical Presentation, Diagnostics and Treatment. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017;26(2):319-26. doi: 10.17219/acem/62121.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Norton</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chauhan</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dashe</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Clinical Guideline #7: Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>212</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>127</fpage>
          <lpage>139</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ajog.2014.12.018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Norton ME, Chauhan SP, Dashe JS. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Clinical Guideline #7: Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(2):127-39. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.12.018.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huhta</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for the Evaluation of Heart Failure in the Fetus with or without Hydrops</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>274</fpage>
          <lpage>286</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00246-003-0591-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Huhta JC. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Heart Failure in the Fetus with or without Hydrops. Pediatr Cardiol. 2004;25(3):274-86. doi: 10.1007/s00246-003-0591-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burke</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavora</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The 2015 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Heart and Pericardium</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Oncol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>452</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jtho.2015.11.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Burke A, Tavora F. The 2015 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Heart and Pericardium. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(4):441-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jtho.2015.11.009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>QC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peng</surname>
              <given-names>QH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal Echocardiographic Differential Diagnosis of Fetal Cardiac Tumors</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>165</fpage>
          <lpage>171</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/uog.979</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Zhou QC, Fan P, Peng QH, Zhang M, Fu Z, Wang CH. Prenatal Echocardiographic Differential Diagnosis of Fetal Cardiac Tumors. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;23(2):165-71. doi: 10.1002/uog.979.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Northrup</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krueger</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Diagnostic Criteria Update: Recommendations of the 2012 Iinternational Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Neurol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>243</fpage>
          <lpage>254</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Northrup H, Krueger DA. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Diagnostic Criteria Update: Recommendations of the 2012 Iinternational Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference. Pediatr Neurol. 2013;49(4):243-54. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.001.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>YD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiac Rhabdomyoma: a Single-Center Experience</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>249</volume>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.03.051</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Zhen L, Yang YD, He Y, Pan M, Han J, Yang X, et al. Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiac Rhabdomyoma: a Single-Center Experience. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;249:7-10. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.03.051.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mariscal-Mendiz&#225;bal</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sevilla-Montoya</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alaez-Verson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monroy-Mu&#241;oz</surname>
              <given-names>IE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;rez-Dur&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical and Genetic Description of Patients with Prenatally Identified Cardiac Tumors</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>998</fpage>
          <lpage>1004</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/pd.5521</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Mariscal-Mendiz&#225;bal LF, Sevilla-Montoya R, Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a AJ, Alaez-Verson C, Monroy-Mu&#241;oz IE, P&#233;rez-Dur&#225;n J, et al. Clinical and Genetic Description of Patients with Prenatally Identified Cardiac Tumors. Prenat Diagn. 2019;39(11):998-1004. doi: 10.1002/pd.5521.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hao</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal Cardiac Tumor: Echocardiography, Clinical Outcome and Genetic Analysis in 53 Cases</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>103</fpage>
          <lpage>109</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/uog.19108</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 Chen J, Wang J, Sun H, Gu X, Hao X, Fu Y, et al. Fetal Cardiac Tumor: Echocardiography, Clinical Outcome and Genetic Analysis in 53 Cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;54(1):103-9. doi: 10.1002/uog.19108.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lucchesi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiappa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giordano</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mari</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genitori</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sardi</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sirolimus in Infants with Multiple Cardiac Rhabdomyomas Associated with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex</article-title>
          <source>Case Rep Oncol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>425</fpage>
          <lpage>430</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000490662</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Lucchesi M, Chiappa E, Giordano F, Mari F, Genitori L, Sardi I. Sirolimus in Infants with Multiple Cardiac Rhabdomyomas Associated with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Case Rep Oncol. 2018;11(2):425-30. doi: 10.1159/000490662.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pluym</surname>
              <given-names>ID</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sklansky</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afshar</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holliman</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devore</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal Cardiac Rhabdomyomas Treated with Maternal Sirolimus</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>358</fpage>
          <lpage>364</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/pd.5613</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Pluym ID, Sklansky M, Wu JY, Afshar Y, Holliman K, Devore GR, et al. Fetal Cardiac Rhabdomyomas Treated with Maternal Sirolimus. Prenat Diagn. 2020;40(3):358-64. doi: 10.1002/pd.5613.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barnes</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Procaccini</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crino</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blakemore</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sekar</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sagaser</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Maternal Sirolimus Therapy for Fetal Cardiac Rhabdomyomas</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>378</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1844</fpage>
          <lpage>1845</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMc1800352</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Barnes BT, Procaccini D, Crino J, Blakemore K, Sekar P, Sagaser KG, et al. Maternal Sirolimus Therapy for Fetal Cardiac Rhabdomyomas. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(19):1844-5. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1800352.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vachon-Marceau</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guerra</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaeggi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chau</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Mieghem</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>In-utero Treatment of Large Symptomatic Rhabdomyoma with Sirolimus</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>420</fpage>
          <lpage>421</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/uog.20196</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Vachon-Marceau C, Guerra V, Jaeggi E, Chau V, Ryan G, Van Mieghem T. In-utero Treatment of Large Symptomatic Rhabdomyoma with Sirolimus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;53(3):420-1. doi: 10.1002/uog.20196.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roh</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sirolimus Therapy for Fetal Cardiac Rhabdomyoma in a Pregnant Woman with Tuberous Sclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol Sci</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>280</fpage>
          <lpage>284</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5468/ogs.2019.62.4.280</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Park H, Chang CS, Choi SJ, Oh SY, Roh CR. Sirolimus Therapy for Fetal Cardiac Rhabdomyoma in a Pregnant Woman with Tuberous Sclerosis. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2019;62(4):280-4. doi: 10.5468/ogs.2019.62.4.280.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferdman</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rapid Regression of Prenatally Identified Intrapericardial Giant Rhabdomyomas with Sirolimus</article-title>
          <source>CASE (Phila)</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>258</fpage>
          <lpage>261</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.case.2018.07.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30 Patel C, Abraham S, Ferdman D. Rapid Regression of Prenatally Identified Intrapericardial Giant Rhabdomyomas with Sirolimus. CASE (Phila). 2018;2(6):258-61. doi: 10.1016/j.case.2018.07.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Franz</surname>
              <given-names>DN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leonard</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tudor</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chuck</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Care</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sethuraman</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rapamycin causes regression of astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis complex</article-title>
          <source>Ann Neurol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>490</fpage>
          <lpage>498</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ana.20784</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>31 Franz DN, Leonard J, Tudor C, Chuck G, Care M, Sethuraman G, et al. Rapamycin causes regression of astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis complex. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(3):490-8. doi: 10.1002/ana.20784.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bissler</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCormack</surname>
              <given-names>FX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elwing</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chuck</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leonard</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sirolimus for Angiomyolipoma in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex or Lymphangioleiomyomatosis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>358</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>140</fpage>
          <lpage>151</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa063564</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32 Bissler JJ, McCormack FX, Young LR, Elwing JM, Chuck G, Leonard JM, et al. Sirolimus for Angiomyolipoma in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex or Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(2):140-51. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa063564.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Franz</surname>
              <given-names>DN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belousova</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sparagana</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bebin</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frost</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuperman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and Safety of Everolimus for Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas Associated with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (EXIST-1): a Multicentre, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>381</volume>
          <issue>9861</issue>
          <fpage>125</fpage>
          <lpage>132</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61134-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>33 Franz DN, Belousova E, Sparagana S, Bebin EM, Frost M, Kuperman R, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Everolimus for Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas Associated with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (EXIST-1): a Multicentre, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9861):125-32. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61134-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saffari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Br&#246;sse</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiemer-Kruel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilken</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kreuzaler</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hahn</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety and Efficacy of Mtor Inhibitor Treatment in Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Under 2 Years of Age - a Multicenter Retrospective Study</article-title>
          <source>Orphanet J Rare Dis</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>96</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13023-019-1077-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>34 Saffari A, Br&#246;sse I, Wiemer-Kruel A, Wilken B, Kreuzaler P, Hahn A, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Mtor Inhibitor Treatment in Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Under 2 Years of Age - a Multicenter Retrospective Study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2019;14(1):96. doi: 10.1186/s13023-019-1077-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perinatal Results and Long-Term Follow-Up of Fetal Cardiac Tumors: A 30-Year Historical Cohort Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4557-0694</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Marcondes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brizot</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Lourdes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Rossana Pulcineli Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Werther Brunow de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ikari</surname>
            <given-names>Nana Miura</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peres</surname>
            <given-names>Stella Verzinhasse</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ECOKID &#8211; Cardiologia e Ecocardiografia Fetal Pedi&#225;trica e Materna, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Fabricio Marcondes Camargo</bold> &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; R. Dr. Ov&#237;dio Pires de Campos, 225. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-010</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>fabricio.camargo@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>This was a 30-year retrospective cohort study that approximates closely to the natural history of cardiac tumors diagnosed in the fetus, since there was no case of pregnancy interruption</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess morbidity and mortality in the perinatal period and at long term in fetuses diagnosed with cardiac tumor. Our secondary objective was to assess the evaluating factors of perinatal and postnatal results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was a retrospective cohort study with 74 pregnant women with an echocardiographic diagnosis of fetal cardiac tumor at two referral centers between May 1991 and November 2021. A descriptive analysis was performed, and data were expressed as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies, median and interquartile range. Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the association of echocardiographic characteristics and clinical manifestations with perinatal and postnatal results. Global survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the curves were compared by the log-rank test. The time of follow-up, calculated in months, corresponded to the time elapsed from hospital discharge to current status (survived/ censoring or death). The level of significance was set at 5% (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Rhabdomyoma is the most common type of cardiac tumor (85%), with a high morbidity (79.3%) and overall mortality of 17.4%. The presence of fetal hydrops was a predictor of death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The presence of fetal hydrops had an impact on mortality, and hence is an important factor in counselling and determining the prognosis. Most deaths occurred before hospital discharge.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Prenatal Diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Rhabdomyoma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Primary cardiac tumors are rarely found in utero or in the postnatal period. The incidence of these tumors is 0.009% in low and high-risk ultrasound and increases to 0.2% in referral centers for pediatric cardiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>More than 90% of primary cardiac tumors are benign and originate in the pericardium or in the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Of the five histological types of congenital cardiac tumors, rhabdomyomas account for 60%-86% of tumors, followed by teratomas and fibromas, whereas hemangiomas and hamartomas are extremely rare.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The presence of cardiac tumors in the fetus may cause important hemodynamic changes that affect both fetal and postnatal morbidity and mortality, including hydrops, arrythmia and ventricular inflow and outflow obstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Besides, the prevalence of tuberous sclerosis associated with fetal cardiac rhabdomyomas is high, estimated to be between 50 and 80%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Therefore, the detection of cardiac tumor is an important marker in the investigation of tuberous sclerosis, which is a genetic disease with neurological, renal, ophthalmological and dermatological manifestations in addition to cardiac ones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Significant morbidity, especially when associated with tuberous sclerosis, is related to changes in the central nervous system, including convulsions, developmental delay, and autism spectrum disorder.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the last decade, fetal diagnosis of primary cardiac tumors has tremendously increased. This is partially due to advances in imaging techniques that enable accurate diagnosis and histological classification of different tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Few studies have evaluated long-term and perinatal outcomes of fetuses with cardiac tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The present study aims to help to fill this gap, by presenting data of morbidity and mortality, and influencing factors of these outcomes. Besides, the major contribution of this series is to describe a scenario that approximates closely to the natural course of disease, since there was no case of pregnancy interruption.</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20220469-20469-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a retrospective cohort study conducted between May 1991 and November 2021, involving fetuses with an echocardiographic diagnosis of cardiac tumors at two referral centers for fetal echocardiography (Division of Echocardiography and Fetal Cardiology of the Department of Obstetrics of the General Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School, HCFMUSP and the Ecokid education and research institute). This study was approved by the ethics committee of the hospital (CAAE: 93022218.9.0000.0068).</p>
        <p>During the 30-year study period, 30,915 pregnant women were evaluated at the Division of Echocardiography of the HCFMUSP, and 46,671 at Ecokid, with 74 fetuses with cardiac tumors.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria included fetuses with confirmed postnatal echocardiographic (in live births) or anatomopathological diagnosis (fetal deaths). At the two institutions, echocardiograms were performed by the same examiners who worked at both centers following the same follow-up protocol. All echocardiograms were performed and revised by two pediatric cardiologists, experienced in fetal echocardiography (F.M.C and L.M.L.).</p>
        <p>Tumors were classified according to echocardiographic features in terms of echogenicity (homogenous or cystic), tumor borders (well-defined or irregular), number (solitary or multiple), location and size (larger or smaller than 20mm). Rhabdomyomas were defined as homogeneous masses of variable size, multiple (mostly) or solitary, with no flow within them. Fibroma was defined as hyperechogenic solitary masses, with calcification and cystic degeneration. Teratomas showed complex echogenicity with cystic and solid components associated with calcifications, and the only case of hemangioma showed, as described in the literature, to be vascularized and localized in the right atrium. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref> shows examples of the types of fetal cardiac tumors diagnosed by fetal echocardiography.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Examples of the types of fetal cardiac tumors diagnosed by fetal echocardiography. RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; AO: aorta.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20220469-20469-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In addition, hemodynamic repercussion of the tumor was assessed, particularly for the presence of hydrops, ventricular inflow and outflow obstruction, and arrythmia. Fetal hydrops was defined as the presence of abnormal fetal fluid collections in two or more cavities in the absence of alloimmunization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> To quantify the progression of fetal heart failure, we used the score proposed by James Huhta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> which included hydrops, cardiothoracic ratio, cardiac function and arterial and venous waveforms.</p>
        <p>The ultrasound devices used in the study were Toshiba 270, HDI 3000 (Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothell, WA, USA) and GE ultrasound systems (Voluson 730 Expert, GE Voluson E8, S6 expert and E10). Both sector and convex (5.0 and 3.5MHz) probes were used. The fetal heart was examined by two-dimensional, M-mode, (pulsed-wave) spectral Doppler, and Doppler color flow imaging. Cardiac rhythm was determined by analysis of mechanical systole of the atrial and ventricular walls by pulsed Doppler.</p>
        <p>After the diagnosis of fetal tumor, pregnant women without hemodynamic compromise were followed-up monthly, and those who had hemodynamic compromise, such as hydrops and arrythmia, were followed-up weekly or fortnightly, according to case severity. They also received high-risk prenatal care. Delivery was planned to occur at 39 weeks&#8217; gestation and the type of delivery depended on obstetric indication.</p>
        <p>Diagnostic confirmation of the tumors was carried out in the neonatal period by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging, in addition to anatomopathological analysis of patients who underwent surgery or died. Tumors were classified following the 2015 WHO classification of tumors of the heart and pericardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients with a confirmed diagnosis in the postnatal period received outpatient care with a pediatric cardiologist and patients who had a diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis were also followed by pediatric neurologists.</p>
        <p>Morbidity was defined as need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission, postnatal treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs, anticonvulsants or mTOR inhibitors (everolimus and sirolimus), need for postnatal surgery, neurological impairment, and diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis. As neurological impairment, the presence of the following conditions was considered: tuberous sclerosis, convulsion, neurodevelopmental disorders. Data on the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis was obtained patients&#8217; medical records and the follow-up form used in the interview.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>A descriptive analysis of the data was performed using absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies. The denominator indicates the number of cases related to the variable of interest.</p>
          <p>In the inferential analysis of data, only fetuses with rhabdomyoma were included. Distribution of quantitative variables was analyzed by the Komolgorov-Smirnov test for normality. As data did not show a normal distribution, data were described as median and interquartile range. The binomial test was used to identify differences in sex distribution. Independent variables related to death and tuberous sclerosis were compared using the Fisher's exact test. Global survival (GS) was calculated by the Kaplan Meier and the curves were compared using the log-rank test. The time of follow-up, calculated in months, corresponded to the time elapsed from hospital discharge to current status (survived/ censoring or death).</p>
          <p>The significance level was set at 5% (p&lt;0.05). Data were analyzed using the SPSS software for Windows, version 20.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Indications for echocardiogram at the time fetal rhabdomyoma was diagnosed were suspicion of tumor (n=42, 68.8%), fetal arrhythmia (n=9, 14.7%), suspicion of congenial heart disease (n=7, 11.5%), routine examination (n=3, 5%).</p>
        <p>Of the 74 cases described, 12 (16.2%) underwent biopsy, which confirmed the histological diagnosis, seven after death and two after surgery. However, the absence of a histological study does not invalidate the diagnosis, since studies have shown that diagnosis is mostly made by imaging, clinical and genetic tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Besides, the use of an invasive diagnosis procedure is not risk-free.</p>
        <p>Eleven cases of rare tumors were found: six (8.1%) fibromas, four (6.4%) teratomas and one (1.3%) hemangioma. Rhabdomyomas were the most common type, with a total of 63 fetuses (85.1%).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Fibroma</title>
          <p>There were six confirmed cases of fibroma, two of them progressed to death. In both cases, the tumor was large and located on the posterior wall of the left ventricle. The first case died at the age of one year while waiting for a heart transplant, and the second died three days after birth (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1a</xref>), before hospital discharge. The other four cases survived, did not undergo surgery and are still in clinical follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teratoma</title>
          <p>Of the four cases of teratoma, three died (two fetuses and one neonatal case). All cases showed important pericardial effusion and fetal hydrops; one underwent puncture that led to expansion of tumor mass and death two days following the procedure, at 25 weeks of gestation. One patient is alive and asymptomatic after tumor excision (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1b</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hemangioma</title>
          <p>The only case of hemangioma, diagnosed at 24 weeks of gestation, was born at 38 weeks&#8217; gestation in a referral hospital for pediatric cardiac surgery. It was a vascular tumor, located in the right atrium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1c</xref>), fed by a fistula in the right coronary artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). The patient is well, followed by a pediatric cardiologist, without medications.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Right atrial hemangioma fed by a fistula in the right coronary artery. RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20220469-20469-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rhabdomyoma</title>
          <p>Rhabdomyomas were the most common type of tumor, diagnosed in 63 fetuses (85.1%). Median gestational age at the diagnosis of rhabdomyomas was 32 (13-39) weeks. Median mother age at the diagnosis was 29 (15-39) years. Family history of tuberous sclerosis was present in 18% (11/63) of patients diagnosed with rhabdomyoma.</p>
          <p>Most tumors (92.3%) were located in the ventricles, most were multiple (77%) and approximately 45% had a diameter greater than 20mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1.d</xref>). Fifty-eight were born alive, with a median gestational age of 38 (37-39) weeks, and the most common type of delivery was cesarean (81.8%; 45/55). The frequency of male and female newborns was not different, 52.5% (31/59) and 47.5% (28/59) respectively (p = 0.79). An Apgar score less than or equal to seven was observed in 7.7% (4/52) of live-born infants.</p>
          <p>Fifty patients (83.3%) experienced some type of morbidity. Median hospital stay was 10 (5-19) days, and most patients were admitted to neonatal ICU. Of these patients (n=50), 16.1% required surgery and 88.7% were discharged.</p>
          <p>Regarding the use of medications, 51.9% (27/52) required treatment after birth. Four needed antiarrhythmic drugs, 20 required drugs with an action on the central nervous system (e.g., anticonvulsants and antipsychotics) and three received mTOR inhibitors such as everolimus and sirolimus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>). Neurological impairment was recorded in the medical chart of 77.8% (35/45) of patients, as neurodevelopmental disorders and convulsions, often concomitant. Information regarding the follow-up period was obtained from 53 cases with a median follow-up time of 70 (12-174,3) months. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> shows the distribution of clinical and ultrasonographic characteristics of patients with fetal echocardiographic diagnosis of rhabdomyoma.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Patient undergoing treatment with mTOR inhibitor before and after birth. RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20220469-20469-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of clinical and ultrasonographic characteristics of patients with fetal echocardiographic diagnosis of rhabdomyoma</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="49%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N, %</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Female</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28/59 (47.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Male</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">31/59 (52.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Family history</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11/63 (17.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hydrops</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9/63 (14.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Arrythmia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13/49 (26.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Number of tumors</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Solitary</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14/61 (23.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Multiple</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47/61 (77.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Tuberous sclerosis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">32/44 (72.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Localization</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4/63 (6.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">58/63 (92.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial and ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1/63 (1.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Diameter &gt; 20mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24/54 (44.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Outcome</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Survived</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52/63 (82.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Died<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11/63 (17.5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>The denominator indicates the number of cases related to the variable of interest;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>fetal deaths, early neonatal deaths and late deaths.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> describes the progression of patients with rhabdomyoma who progressed to death. In two of the three cases of fetal death, an association of giant tumor, arrythmia and hydrops was observed. Of these fetuses that presented altered cardiac rhythm, one had supraventricular tachycardia and the other fetus, at 15 weeks of age, presented 2:1 atrioventricular block. Only one patient had giant tumor, with no arrythmia or hydrops.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Description of the cases of rhabdomyoma that progressed to death</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Cases</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Gestational age at diagnosis</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Tumor &#8805; 20mm</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Arrythmia</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Hydrops</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Type of death</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Y</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">END</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Y</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Y</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Y</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">END</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Y</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Y</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">LD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">END</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Y</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">END</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Y</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">OT</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Y</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Y</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">LD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">END</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>N: no; Y: yes; END: early neonatal death; FD: fetal death; LD: late death;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>giant tumor at early gestational age.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Two of the five early neonatal deaths underwent tumor excision and developed arrhythmia after surgery. The other three patients had sudden death before being discharged.</p>
          <p>Three cases of late deaths were identified; one patient died at 13 days of age due to severe hemodynamic impairment and giant rhabdomyoma which made surgical excision difficult; the second patient died at six months of age due to sudden death, with diagnostic hypothesis of arrhythmia; the third patient died at the age of 16 years due to severe debilitating consequences of tuberous sclerosis, recurrent hospitalizations and development of sepsis.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref> (Central Illustration) presents Kaplan Meier curves of accumulated global survival (GS) probability of patients with echocardiographic diagnosis of rhabdomyoma grouped into three decades. There was an improvement in survival from 1990 to decades of 2000. In the first period (1991-2000), GS rate was 54.5%, in the second period 91.7%, and in the third period 100% (p=0.002).</p>
          <p>Association of clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the fetuses with the outcomes is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>. Hydrops was present in 14.3% of the cases and associated with death (p=0.001).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association of clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the fetuses diagnosed with rhabdomyomas and outcomes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="24%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Outcome</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Survival</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Death</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Family history</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">No</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (82.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (81.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (17.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (18.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Hydrops</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">No</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">49 (94.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (45.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (54.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Arrhythmia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">No</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (79.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (33.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (20.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (66.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Number of tumors</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">0.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Solitary</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (11.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Multiple</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">39 (75.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (88.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Tumor size</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">0.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 20mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (58.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (45.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 20mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (41.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (54.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Tuberous sclerosis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="top">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">No</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (72.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (100)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Fisher's exact test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Fetal echocardiogram with diagnosis of fetal heart tumor was performed after initial screening and clinical suspicion of tumor. The incidence of fetal heart tumors is 0.009% in low- and high-risk ultrasound screenings and increases to 0.2% in pediatric cardiology reference centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In our study, 8 out of every 10,000 pregnant women evaluated had a fetal diagnosis of rhabdomyoma.</p>
        <p>Although cardiac tumors are rare, the number of diagnosed cases has significantly increased over the last decades, not only due to improvements in the performance of ultrasound screening, but also to technical advances in imaging devices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The main findings of the present study, involving cases of fetal cardiac rhabdomyomas were: rhabdomyoma is the most common (85%) type of cardiac tumor, with a high morbidity (79.3%) and relevant overall mortality (17.4%), with the presence of fetal hydrops as a predictor of death.</p>
        <p>Although rhabdomyomas are histologically benign, their morbidity is due to the association with tuberous sclerosis, a severely debilitating condition, responsible for causing convulsion in 80% of patients (including autism spectrum disorder) in more than 60% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Although we found an association between cardiac rhabdomyoma and tuberous sclerosis of 72.7% in our series, which is similar to previously reported results,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> we understand that this number could be higher, if we could have performed DNA analysis for the TSC1 and TSC2 genes in the diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Due to technical and economical limitations, only four cases in our series were genetically confirmed.</p>
        <p>The use of mTOR inhibitors in rhabdomyoma with hemodynamic compromise is already a reality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> with excellent results not only in reducing tumor size, but also in the control of debilitating neurological symptoms of tuberous sclerosis. In 2006, the first report of the use of mTOR inhibitors in patients with tuberous sclerosis appeared.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In our studied population, mTOR inhibitors were used in only three cases, with significant regression of the lesions after two weeks of therapy.</p>
        <p>The overall mortality rate was 17.4%. The presence of hydrops fetalis was the only variable predictive of death. Interestingly, postnatal survival rates have increased in the last decades, from 64.3% between 1991 and 2000 to 91.7% between 2001 and 2010, and to 87.5% between 2011 and 2021. Part of such increase may be attributed to advances in the management and treatment of cardiac tumors in the perinatal period and in long term.</p>
        <p>Although some studies have correlated arrhythmia and the size of tumor masses with poor prognosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> we found that these factors alone did not contribute to a worse prognosis, but rather, it happened when they progressed to severe fetal heart failure, mostly manifested by fetal hydrops.</p>
        <p>In one of the cases of death, the diagnosis of rhabdomyoma was made at 13 weeks of gestation. This fetus had 2:1 atrioventricular block and a family history of a first-degree relative with oligosymptomatic tuberous sclerosis (sister). This confirmed the presence of a severe familial genetic disease, which despite variable expressivity, has a high level of penetrance, affecting the planning of pregnancy.</p>
        <p>Limitations of our study include the relatively small number of cases that limited the possibility of some more detailed analyses, such as the association of echocardiographic characteristics of the tumor with the results, and a survival analysis. Besides, genetic tests in patients with tuberous sclerosis and anatomopathological confirmation of the tumors were carried out in a small number of patients; however, these factors did not affect our conclusions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The presence of fetal hydrops had an impact on mortality, and hence is an important factor in counselling and determining the prognosis. With the relevant number of patients in long-term follow-up and the lack of interruption of the series as compared with most of publications with this bias, the present study approximates closely to the natural history of the disease, which had not been previously described in the medical literature.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fabricio Marcondes Camargo, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
