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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZmHhqgSgVPxVnX9DSpRwzJC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240015</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores de Risco para Infec&#231;&#227;o do S&#237;tio Cir&#250;rgico P&#243;s Cirurgia Card&#237;aca Pedi&#225;trica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1964-8291</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garrido</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Quaresma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5561-999X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lamas</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;/IDOMED</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;/IDOMED, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cristiane da Cruz Lamas &#8226;</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 5&#186; andar. CEP <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cristianelamas@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240015</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o de Ferida Cir&#250;rgica</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Staphylococus Aureus</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Imunodefici&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Escore de RACHS</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Infec&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica s&#227;o eventos adversos importantes que podem aumentar a morbidade e a mortalidade nesses pacientes. A maioria dos trabalhos descrevem a incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o entre 0,5 e 8%, mas alguns estudos em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa a m&#233;dia, citam taxas de at&#233; 48%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os principais microrganismos envolvidos s&#227;o <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, estafilococos coagulase -negativa e ocasionalmente Gram negativos hospitalares. Em pa&#237;ses de renda alta observa-se o predom&#237;nio do Gram positivos de pele, enquanto em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa a m&#233;dia ocorre um aumento da frequ&#234;ncia dos Gram negativos hospitalares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>H&#225; diverg&#234;ncias entre os fatores de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica, pois s&#227;o poucos os trabalhos contemplando essa popula&#231;&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio ou condi&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao paciente, temos como fatores de risco crian&#231;as mais jovens, principalmente com idade abaixo de 12 meses, a presen&#231;a de imunodefici&#234;ncias, per&#237;odos prolongados de interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e o uso pr&#233;vio de antimicrobianos (ambos por alterarem a microbiota colonizadora) e a desnutri&#231;&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a pr&#233; e p&#243;s operat&#243;rio, temos como fatores de risco a inadequa&#231;&#227;o da antibioticoprofilaxia, quebras da t&#233;cnica ass&#233;ptica, tempo elevado de <italic>bypass</italic> cardiopulmonar(&gt;105 minutos) e clampeamento da aorta (&gt;85 minutos), sangramento excessivo nas primeiras 24h, transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, reabordagem por sangramento, t&#243;rax aberto no p&#243;s operat&#243;rio, ocorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es nosocomiais (pneumonia e infec&#231;&#245;es de corrente sangu&#237;nea principalmente) e a perman&#234;ncia de dispositivos invasivos como drenos e fios de marcapasso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os autores do artigo foco deste mini editorial obtiveram tr&#234;s fatores de risco na an&#225;lise multivariada de seu estudo de centro &#250;nico (INCOR), caso-controle, na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, nos anos de 2011 a 2018, em crian&#231;as de 0 a 19 anos incompletos: idade menor que 2 anos, s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica e pontua&#231;&#227;o na escala de RACHS &#8805; 3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Todos estes fatores j&#225; foram descritos em estudos publicados na literatura. Tanto a idade precoce, quanto a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas, levam a estados de imunodefici&#234;ncia. A primeira por imaturidade do sistema imune e a segunda por altera&#231;&#245;es na imunidade celular, humoral e na capacidade de fagocitose. A condi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica mais encontrada foi a s&#237;ndrome de Down. O terceiro fator preditivo foi a pontua&#231;&#227;o elevada na escala de RACHS, que &#233; um modelo preditor de mortalidade baseado na complexidade dos procedimentos paliativos e corretivos das cirurgias cong&#234;nitas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Escores altos est&#227;o relacionados a procedimentos complexos, que levam a tempos cir&#250;rgicos prolongados causando um insulto inflamat&#243;rio maior no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Foi descrito pelos autores que valores mais elevados de prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR-T) no grupo controle foram significantes na an&#225;lise multivariada, sendo um fator protetor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A raz&#227;o para tal efeito protetor seria atividade opsonizante da PCR-T para microrganismos como o <italic>Staphylococcus aureus.</italic> &#201; bem descrito o aumento da PCR-T, assim como outros marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (procalcitonina), ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca. Estudos prospectivos observacionais que abordaram a quest&#227;o mostraram que houve pico da PCR-T cerca de 48 a 72 hs. ap&#243;s o procedimento, mas que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer valores que diferenciassem entre infec&#231;&#227;o e o estado inflamat&#243;rio neste per&#237;odo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir o papel desses marcadores no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica.</p>
    <p>A fim de reduzir essas infec&#231;&#245;es alguns autores sugerem a abordagem sistem&#225;tica das crian&#231;as que ser&#227;o submetidas a cirurgia. &#201; proposto a ado&#231;&#227;o de <italic>bundles</italic>, ou conjunto de medidas, que contenham aquelas mais relevantes para preven&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o; s&#227;o estas: otimiza&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, uso correto da antibioticoprofilaxia, o preparo da pele com clorexidina, a troca de luvas pelo cirurgi&#227;o ap&#243;s esternotomia e antes do fechamento do esterno, o controle glic&#234;mico no pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s operat&#243;rio, a cobertura est&#233;ril da ferida operat&#243;ria por 48 hs, e, por fim, a redu&#231;&#227;o de outras infec&#231;&#245;es nosocomiais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A compreens&#227;o desses fatores de risco e a ado&#231;&#227;o das medidas preventivas &#233; essencial para melhorar os resultados em cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica e reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Fatores de Risco para Infec&#231;&#227;o da Ferida Operat&#243;ria em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia Card&#237;aca Pedi&#225;trica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection after Pediatric Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1964-8291</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garrido</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Quaresma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5561-999X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lamas</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;/IDOMED, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Cristiane da Cruz Lamas &#8226;</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 5&#186; andar. Postal Code <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>cristianelamas@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Congenital/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgical Wound Infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Staphylococus Aureus</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>RACHS Score</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Infections after pediatric cardiac surgery are important adverse events that can increase morbidity and mortality in these patients. Most studies describe the incidence of infection as between 0.5 and 8%, but some studies in low- to middle-income countries report rates of up to 48%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The main microorganisms involved are <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and occasionally hospital-acquired Gram negatives. In high-income countries, there is a predominance of skin-colonizing Gram-positives, while in low- to middle-income countries, there is an increase in the frequency of hospital-acquired Gram-negatives. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>There are divergences between the risk factors for infection in pediatric cardiac surgery, as there are few studies dedicated to this population. In regard to pre-operative conditions or those inherent to the patient, we have as risk factors being a younger child, especially those under 12 months of age, the presence of immunodeficiencies, prolonged periods of pre-operative hospitalization and previous use of antimicrobials (the latter two conditions because they alter the colonizing microbiota) and malnutrition. Pre and post operative risk factors are the inadequacy of antibiotic prophylaxis, breaches of aseptic technique, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time (&gt;105 minutes) and aortic clamping time (&gt;85 minutes), excessive bleeding in the first 24 hours, blood transfusion, early chest reexploration due to operative bleeding, occurrence of nosocomial infections (pneumonia and bloodstream infections mainly) and the presence of invasive devices such as drains and pacemaker wires.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The article in discussion in this short editorial reported three risk factors in the multivariate analysis of their single-center study (INCOR), case-control, in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, from 2011 to 2018, in children aged 0 to 19 incomplete years: age less than 2 years, the presence of a genetic syndrome and a RACHS scale score &#8805; 3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> All these factors have already been described in studies published in the literature. Both early age and the presence of genetic syndromes lead to immunodeficiency states. The first is due to the immaturity of the immune system, and the second due to changes in cellular and humoral immunity and the capacity for phagocytosis. The most common genetic condition was Down syndrome. The third predictive factor was a high score on the RACHS scale, which is a mortality prediction model based on the complexity of palliative and corrective procedures in congenital surgeries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> High scores are related to complex procedures, which lead to prolonged surgical times, causing a greater inflammatory insult in the post-operative period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The authors report that higher values of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the control group were significant in the multivariate analysis, being a protective factor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The reason for such a protective effect would be the opsonizing activity of CRP for microorganisms such as <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. The increase in CRP, as well as other inflammatory markers (procalcitonin), after cardiac surgery is well described. Prospective observational studies that addressed the issue showed that CRP peaks approximately 48 to 72 hours after the procedure, but it was not possible to establish values that differentiated between infection and the inflammatory state during this period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> More studies are needed to define the role of these markers in the post-operative period of pediatric cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>In order to reduce these infections, some authors suggest a systematic approach to children who undergo surgery. Bundles, or specific sets of measures, are proposed; these contain the most relevant measures for preventing infection. These bundles involve optimization of nutritional status pre-operatively, correct use of antibiotic prophylaxis, preparation of the skin with chlorhexidine, change of gloves by the surgeon after sternotomy and before closing the sternum, glycemic control pre-, intra- and post-operatively, sterile coverage of the surgical wound for 48 hours, and, finally, the reduction of other nosocomial infections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Understanding these risk factors and adopting preventive measures is essential to improve results in pediatric cardiac surgery and to reduce the incidence of infectious complications.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection in Patients Undergoing Pediatric Cardiac Surgery</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
