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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">B4m6Gk45X8MwRfPMTfSdthQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230819</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Do Ateroma ao &#205;ndice Aterog&#234;nico, Evid&#234;ncias Seculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1187-8690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Precoma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1059-4589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Luiz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Angelina Caron</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande do Sul</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Angelina Caron, Campina Grande do Sul, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; Faculdade de Medicina, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Wang</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Rua Santo Amaro, 213. CEP <postal-code>31270-901</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rwang@terra.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230819</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ateroma</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Les&#245;es do Sistema Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Coenzima A</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A descoberta da aterosclerose foi descrita pela primeira vez pelo paleont&#243;logo austr&#237;aco Johan N. Nepomuk Czemark quando observou grandes placas calcificadas na art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica ascendente em m&#250;mias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Outros colegas investigadores tiveram descobertas semelhantes, mas um caso espec&#237;fico ganhou aten&#231;&#227;o. Murphy et al., em 2003, usando tomografia computadorizada, revelaram em uma m&#250;mia de 5.300 anos placas ateroscler&#243;ticas na aorta, coron&#225;rias, car&#243;tidas e art&#233;rias il&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No in&#237;cio de 1900, foi publicado um n&#250;mero significativo de estudos sobre aterosclerose. Destaque para Alexander I. Ignatowski, que publicou em 1908 um estudo pioneiro associando alimentos com colesterol total (CT) elevado ao aumento da aterosclerose em modelo animal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em 1910, Adolf Windaus, que ganharia o pr&#234;mio Nobel de qu&#237;mica em 1928, demonstrou que as placas ateroscler&#243;ticas tinham 25 vezes mais colesterol do que uma parede arterial normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em 1912, Nikolau N. Anitschkow e Semen Chalatov replicaram o trabalho de Ignatowski, demonstrando que em coelhos alimentados com uma dieta rica em colesterol purificado, uma maior incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es vasculares estava associada a n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol plasm&#225;tico. Al&#233;m disso, estabeleceram a presen&#231;a de elementos celulares, incluindo macr&#243;fagos, linf&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas lisas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na &#233;poca, em 1904, numerosos autores estudaram as bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas da aterosclerose, termo introduzido pelo patologista Felix Marchand, que indicava o conte&#250;do lip&#237;dico nas les&#245;es arteriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s essa descoberta, surgiram duas teorias opostas tentando explicar a inflama&#231;&#227;o base da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, uma de Rudolf Virchow e outra de Carl von Rokitansky.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outra descoberta inovadora foi feita por Rudolph Schoenheimer em 1933, quando comprovou que os animais podiam sintetizar colesterol e que essa s&#237;ntese poderia ser inibida, trazendo &#224; tona o conceito que levou &#224; descoberta do receptor de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-R).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na d&#233;cada de 50, foram descobertos aspectos biol&#243;gicos da liga&#231;&#227;o entre a mol&#233;cula de colesterol e a Coenzima A, chamando a aten&#231;&#227;o para o Pr&#234;mio Nobel de Fisiologia de 1964 para Konrad Block e Feodor Lynen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A partir dessas descobertas, a "Era do Colesterol" terminou, dando espa&#231;o &#224; "Era LDL-C". Essa fase foi resultado da pesquisa de John Gofman em 1955 que determinou as lipoprote&#237;nas pela sua densidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A partir de 1973, Goldstein e Brown publicaram uma s&#233;rie de artigos sobre a atividade da enzima HMG CoA redutase, o LDL-c e seus receptores. Esses estudos pioneiros foram premiados em 1986 com o pr&#234;mio Nobel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Naquela &#233;poca, Akira Endo j&#225; havia conhecido as estatinas do fungo do arroz, sendo esta a primeira subst&#226;ncia comercializada em 1976.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ao longo do s&#233;culo, com todo esse conhecimento acumulado, surgiram estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos para estabelecer os fatores de risco em escala populacional para a aterosclerose. O estudo principal foi a coorte de Framingham iniciada ap&#243;s a Segunda Guerra Mundial. At&#233; hoje &#233; uma das coortes que gerou maior n&#250;mero de artigos sobre o assunto. A maioria dos conceitos utilizados hoje na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foram determinados a partir do estudo de Framingham.</p>
    <p>O par&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia para os &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos foi a raz&#227;o entre o colesterol total (CT) e a lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), denominado &#237;ndice de Castelli (CT/HDL-C), em 1983.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Esse &#237;ndice tamb&#233;m estabelece a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o LDL -C e HDL-C (LDL-C/HDL-C). O objetivo deles era prever o risco cardiovascular proposto por Mill&#225;n e Pint&#243;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outro &#237;ndice importante foi o de triglicer&#237;deos e HDL (TG/HDL), proposto por Gaziano. O &#237;ndice TG/HDL elevado foi associado a maior risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) em pacientes menores de 76 anos internados por IM e sem doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Luz e colaboradores demonstraram em 374 pacientes aumento progressivo do risco de doen&#231;a CV, avaliados pelo &#237;ndice de Friesinger, com maiores quartis da rela&#231;&#227;o TG/HDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Associados aos &#237;ndices ateroscler&#243;ticos, temos hoje alguns m&#233;todos progn&#243;sticos aprimorados, como por exemplo, a perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica que utiliza oximetria de pulso para avaliar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, demonstrada por Menezes e colaboradores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo de Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> utilizou diferentes &#237;ndices ateroscler&#243;ticos, Castelli I (IC-I, CT/HDL-C), Castelli II (IC-II, LDL-C/HDL-C), &#237;ndice combinado de lipoprote&#237;nas (CLI)(CTxTGxLDL/HDL), o &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico plasm&#225;tico &#237;ndice (PAI) obtido a partir do log10(TG/HDL), e &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica no intervalo de 90-12 segundos (&#916;IPP90-120) para avaliar seu valor como preditores de aterosclerose cl&#237;nica. No estudo evidenciou-se que o PAI e o &#916;IPP90-120 foram preditores superiores em todos os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica quando o ponto de corte foi &gt;0,06 e &#8804;56,6, respectivamente. A associa&#231;&#227;o foi consistente entre os tr&#234;s modelos, com diminui&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do efeito &#224; medida que os ajustes foram mais refinados. Ambos os &#237;ndices apresentaram AUC aceit&#225;vel, em torno de 80%, com grande valor preditivo negativo, em torno de 85% para ambos.</p>
    <p>No &#250;ltimo s&#233;culo, observaram-se fases importantes do conhecimento sobre CT e LDL-C com evid&#234;ncias de alta qualidade desses biomarcadores na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco CV. O estudo de Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> acrescentou mais evid&#234;ncias relacionadas aos &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos que refinam a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, aumentando a capacidade dos m&#233;dicos de tratar os pacientes de maneira individualizada.</p>
    <p>Embora existam evid&#234;ncias robustas sobre biomarcadores para a previs&#227;o de resultados cardiovasculares, os m&#233;dicos ainda precisam desmistificar postagens nas redes sociais, artigos que n&#227;o s&#227;o revisados por pares e outras fontes que tentam antagonizar as evid&#234;ncias atuais sem o devido rigor cient&#237;fico, tornando mais dif&#237;cil p&#244;r em pr&#225;tica a medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Uso de &#205;ndices Aterog&#234;nicos como M&#233;todos de Avalia&#231;&#227;o das Doen&#231;as Ateroscler&#243;ticas Cl&#237;nicas</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>From Atheroma to Atherogenic Index, Secular Evidence</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1187-8690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Precoma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1059-4589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Luiz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande do Sul</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Angelina Caron, Campina Grande do Sul, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; Faculdade de Medicina, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Wang</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Rua Santo Amaro, 213. Postal Code <postal-code>31270-901</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>rwang@terra.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Atheroma</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque, Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, X-Ray Cmputed/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular System Injuries</kwd>
        <kwd>Coenzyme A</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The discovery of atherosclerosis was first described by the Austrian paleontologist Johan N. Nepomuk Czemark when he observed great calcified plaques in the ascending thoracic artery in mummies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Other fellow researchers had similar findings, but one particular case gained attention. Murphy et al., in 2003, using computer tomography, revealed in a 5300-year-old mummy atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta, coronaries, carotids, and iliac arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In early 1900, a significant number of studies about atherosclerosis were published. Highlight for Alexander I. Ignatowski, who published in 1908 a pioneer study associating high total cholesterol (TC) foods with enhanced atherosclerosis in an animal model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In 1910, Adolf Windaus, who would win a Nobel prize in chemistry in 1928, demonstrated that the atherosclerotic plaques had 25 times more cholesterol than a normal artery wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In 1912, Nikolau N. Anitschkow and Semen Chalatov replicated Ignatowski's work, demonstrating that in rabbits fed with a high purified cholesterol diet, a higher incidence of vascular injuries was associated with high levels of plasma cholesterol. Beyond that, they established the presence of cellular elements, including macrophages, lymphocytes, and smooth cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At the time, in 1904, numerous authors studied the pathophysiology basis of atherosclerosis, a term that was introduced by the pathologist Felix Marchand, who indicated the lipid content in arterial injuries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Following this discovery, two opposite theories surged trying to explain the inflammatory basis of the atherosclerotic plaque, one from Rudolf Virchow and the other from Carl von Rokitansky.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another groundbreaking discovery was made by Rudolph Schoenheimer in 1933, when he proved that animals could synthesize cholesterol and that this synthesis could be inhibited, bringing up the concept that led to the discovery of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the fifties, biological aspects of the ligation between the cholesterol molecule and Coenzyme A were discovered, calling attention to the Nobel Prize award in Physiology in 1964 for Konrad Block and Feodor Lynen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Since these discoveries, the "Cholesterol Era" came to an end, giving space to the "LDL-C Era". This phase was the result of John Gofman's research in 1955 that determined the lipoproteins by their density.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Beginning in 1973, Goldstein and Brown published a series of articles about the HMG CoA reductase enzyme activity, the LDL-c, and receptors. Over these pioneering studies, they were awarded in 1986 with a Nobel prize.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> At that time, Akira Endo had already learned about the statins from the rice fungus, being this the first substance commercialized in 1976.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Over the century with all this knowledge accumulated, epidemiological studies surged to establish the risk factors on a populational scale for atherosclerosis. The main study was the Framingham cohort that started after the Second World War. Until today is one of the cohorts that generated the highest number of articles about the subject. Most of the concepts used today in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases were determined from the Framingham study.</p>
      <p>The benchmark for the atherogenic indexes was the ratio between the total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), called the Castelli index (TC/HDL-C), in 1983.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This index also sets up the relation between LDL-C and HDL-C (LDL-C/HDL-C). The purpose of them was to predict the cardiovascular risk as proposed by Mill&#225;n and Pint&#243;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another important index was the triglycerides and HDL (TG/HDL), proposed by Gaziano. The high TG/HDL index was associated with a higher risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in patients under 76 years old admitted by MI and without previous coronary disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Luz and collaborators demonstrated in 374 patients a progressive risk increase in CV disease, evaluated by the Friesinger index, with higher quartiles of TG/HDL ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Associated with the atherosclerotic indexes, today we have some enhanced prognostic methods, for example, the peripheral perfusion that uses pulse oximetry to evaluate endothelial dysfunction, demonstrated by Menezes and collaborators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study by Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> used different atherosclerotic indexes, Castelli I (IC-I, TC/HDL-C), Castelli II (IC-II, LDL-C/HDL-C), combined lipoprotein index (CLI)(CTxTGxLDL/HDL), the plasmatic atherogenic index (PAI) obtained from log10(TG/HDL), and the peripheral perfusion index in the 90-12 seconds interval (&#916;IPP90-120) to evaluate their value as predictors of clinical atherosclerosis. In the study, it was evidenced that the PAI and &#916;IPP90-120 were superior predictors in all logistic regression models when the cutoff was &gt;0,06 and &#8804;56.6, respectively. The association was consistent within the three models, with a decrease in the effect size as the adjustments were more refined. Both indexes had an acceptable AUC, around 80%, with a great negative predictive value, roughly 85% for both.</p>
      <p>In the last century, it was observed important phases of the knowledge regarding TC and LDL-C with high-quality evidence of these biomarkers in predicting CV risk. The study from Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> added more evidence related to atherogenic indexes that refine risk stratification, enhancing the ability of clinicians to treat patients in an individualized manner.</p>
      <p>Even though robust evidence about biomarkers for the prediction of CV outcomes is available, clinicians still have to demystify posts on social media, articles that are not peer-reviewed, and other sources that try to antagonize with the current evidence without proper scientific rigor, making it harder to put in practice evidence-based medicine.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Use of Atherogenic Indices as Assessment Methods of Clinical Atherosclerotic Diseases</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
