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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mC7Mw85YXbgMwXNYx9kNP9J</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230755</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia da Gen&#233;tica no Desenvolvimento da Hipertens&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2664-6921</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beuren</surname>
            <given-names>Thais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thais Beuren</bold> &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>thaisbeuren@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230755</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica prim&#225;ria &#233; uma das doen&#231;as mais comuns em todo o mundo, estimando-se que afete 20% das mulheres e 25% dos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; um fator de risco para metade das dez principais causas de morte, incluindo a l&#237;der do ranking, doen&#231;a cardiovascular, seguida de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> H&#225; muitos anos, grandes esfor&#231;os v&#234;m sendo feitos para desvendar os mecanismos que contribuem para esta condi&#231;&#227;o que - apesar de silenciosa - pode ser devastadora. Alguns advogam que a hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; uma doen&#231;a, e sim uma s&#237;ndrome, que apresenta etiologia individual variada e tem como sinal comum a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Alguns fatores previamente associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria j&#225; s&#227;o bem estabelecidos, por exemplo obesidade, tabagismo, desequil&#237;brio do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA), estresse mental, entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os fatores gen&#233;ticos, no entanto, t&#234;m influ&#234;ncia vaga e complexa no desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o. Apesar de v&#225;rios estudos dedicados ao esclarecimento do o assunto, seu car&#225;ter polig&#234;nico torna cada caso &#250;nico no que diz respeito ao impacto de cada fator predisponente. V&#225;rios polimorfismos em diferentes genes foram apontados como correlacionados com hipertens&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> incluindo o polimorfismo C825T da subunidade &#946;3 da prote&#237;na G (GNB3) (rs5443:C&gt;T). As prote&#237;nas de liga&#231;&#227;o a nucleot&#237;deos guanina (prote&#237;nas G) s&#227;o expressas na maioria dos tecidos humanos e funcionam como transdutores em vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular, regulando uma ampla variedade de processos fisiol&#243;gicos. O alelo 825T foi previamente associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o e &#224; obesidade; no entanto, alguns estudos foram controversos e as frequ&#234;ncias do alelo T diferiram entre diferentes etnias (fT&#8776;0,8 em africanos negros, fT&#8776;0,45 em asi&#225;ticos e fT&#8776;0,3 em brancos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo de Agostini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> teve como objetivo caracterizar uma amostra de 155 hipertensos brasileiros para avaliar a preval&#234;ncia do polimorfismo C825T e correlacion&#225;-lo com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Diferente da maioria dos estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o grupo n&#227;o encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre a gen&#233;tica variante e hipertens&#227;o. A identifica&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o dos hipertensos basearam-se exclusivamente em dados de entrevistas em prontu&#225;rios (uso ou n&#227;o de medicamento anti-hipertensivo e registro ou n&#227;o registro de diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio), o que pode ter interferido em seus achados. Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado anteriormente que a frequ&#234;ncia do alelo T pode variar entre as etnias, assim como a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o. Dessa forma, embora a ideia de caracterizar geneticamente a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira como uma unidade seja interessante, a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira &#233; uma das mais heterog&#234;neas do globo. Portanto, olhar paralelamente para os grupos &#233;tnicos de forma separada, poderia enriquecer a an&#225;lise. O perfil metab&#243;lico tamb&#233;m foi comparado entre os grupos e encontrou associa&#231;&#245;es positivas de hipertensos apresentando o polimorfismo com n&#237;veis mais elevados de triglicer&#237;deos, glicose, &#225;cido &#250;rico e obesidade, semelhantes a relatos anteriores. A elucida&#231;&#227;o das vias da hipertens&#227;o &#233; um assunto muito complexo, especialmente no que diz respeito &#224; gen&#233;tica, pelo que cada esfor&#231;o para identificar fatores predisponentes acrescenta uma nova pe&#231;a valiosa a este quebra-cabe&#231;as.</p>
    <p>A conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre o valor da avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica na assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica no Brasil ainda est&#225; longe do ideal em diversas &#225;reas, inclusive na cardiologia. Al&#233;m da barreira do seu alto custo, existe a ideia comum de que o perfil gen&#233;tico n&#227;o gera impacto significativo no manejo cl&#237;nico. Ainda que a pesquisa caminhe frequentemente com pequenos passos, toda contribui&#231;&#227;o &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia e deve ser incentivada. O grupo de Agostini abordou uma das condi&#231;&#245;es mais impactantes do mundo e trouxe grande conhecimento do ponto de vista gen&#233;tico &#8211; um campo no qual pesquisadores e profissionais de sa&#250;de brasileiros est&#227;o em fase de desenvolvimento e necessitam incentivo para explorar. Nesse contexto, independente dos poss&#237;veis achados finais, seu estudo significa contribui&#231;&#227;o valiosa e inovadora para a comunidade cient&#237;fica brasileira.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Variante da Subunidade Beta 3 da Prote&#237;na G (GNB3) Est&#225; Associada a Altera&#231;&#245;es Bioqu&#237;micas em Pacientes Brasileiros com Hipertens&#227;o</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of Genetics on Hypertension Development</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2664-6921</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beuren</surname>
            <given-names>Thais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Thais Beuren</bold> &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>thaisbeuren@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Primary hypertension is one of the most common diseases worldwide, estimated to affect 20% of females and 25% of males.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is a risk factor for half of the ten leading causes of death globally, including the ranking leader, cardiovascular disease, and right next to it, brain, and kidney disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> For a long time, major efforts have been made to unravel the mechanisms that contribute to this - mostly &#8211; silent but devastating condition. Some advocate that hypertension is not a disease but a syndrome; a condition with multiple etiological factors which have as common sign an elevated blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Amongst intrinsic and environmental factors related to primary hypertension, some are already well established, e.g., obesity, smoking, disbalance of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), mental stress, etc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The role of genetics in this scenario, nevertheless, has a vague and complex-to-characterize influence on hypertension development. Despite several studies dedicated to enlighten the matter, its polygenic nature makes every case unique regarding the impact of each predisposing factor. Several polymorphisms in different genes were pointed to correlate with hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> including the G-protein &#946;3 subunit (GNB3) C825T polymorphism (rs5443:C&gt;T). Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are expressed in most human tissues and function as transductors in intracellular signaling pathways, regulating a wide variety of physiological processes. The 825T allele was previously associated with hypertension and obesity; however, a few studies were controversial, and the frequencies of the T allele differed amongst different ethnicities (fT&#8776;0,8 in black Africans, fT&#8776;0,45 in Asians, and fT&#8776;0,3 in whites).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study by Agostini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> aimed to characterize a sample of 155 hypertensive Brazilian individuals in order to assess the prevalence of the C825T polymorphism and correlate it with clinical features.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Unlike most of the other studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> the group found no association between the genetic variant and hypertension. The identification and selection of hypertensive subjects were based solely on interview data from medical records (use or not of anti-hypertensive medication and register or lack of register of a previous diagnosis), which might have interfered with their findings. Also, it was shown previously that the frequency of the T allele between ethnicities is often not equal, as well as hypertension prevalence. Thus, even though the idea of genetically characterizing the Brazilian population as a unity can be interesting, the Brazilian population is one of the most heterogeneous in the globe. Therefore, looking at ethnical groups separately could have enriched the analysis. The metabolic profile was also compared between groups and found positive associations of hypertensive individuals presenting the polymorphism with higher levels of triglycerides, glucose, uric acid, and obesity, similar to previous reports. The elucidation of hypertension pathways is a very complex subject, especially regarding genetics, so every effort to identify predisposing factors adds a new valuable piece to this puzzle.</p>
      <p>The awareness about the value of genetic assessment in medical care in Brazil is still far from ideal in several areas, including cardiology. Besides the barrier of its high cost, there is the common idea that genetic profiling will not have a significant impact on clinical management. Even though research frequently walks with small steps, every contribution is of extreme importance and must be encouraged. The group of Ms. Agostini approached one of the most impacting conditions worldwide and brought great insight into the genetics point of view - a field in which Brazilian researchers and health care professionals are still developing and need incentive to explore. In this context, regardless of any possible outcome, their study mean a valuable and innovative contribution to Brazilian scientific development.</p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: G Protein Subunit Beta 3 (GNB3) Variant Is Associated with Biochemical Changes in Brazilian Patients with Hypertension</p>
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