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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KSqSpLJBXrYBNKY4839h6wc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230441</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desempenho do Escore SHARPEN e do &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson para Predi&#231;&#227;o de Mortalidade durante a Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar e ap&#243;s a Alta na Endocardite Infecciosa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6703-8471</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Giusti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1521-6608</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pivatto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6055-6682</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Filippini</surname>
            <given-names>Filippe Barcellos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dannenhauer</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Paglioli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seroiska</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bischoff</surname>
            <given-names>Helena Marcon</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Birk</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe Schmidt</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Terra</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sganzerla</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3314-9712</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miglioranza</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Haertel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (HCPA), RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o (HNSC), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Unimed Porto Alegre Cooperativa M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unimed Porto Alegre Cooperativa M&#233;dica, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o em Imagem Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (ICFUC-RS) &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o em Imagem Cardiovascular, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital M&#227;e de Deus</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital M&#227;e de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sofia Giusti Alves</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90410-000, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>sofiagiustia@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230441</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Desempenho do Escore SHARPEN e do &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson para Predi&#231;&#227;o de Mortalidade durante a Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar e ap&#243;s a Alta na Endocardite Infecciosa</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/KSqSpLJBXrYBNKY4839h6wc/72c9bdaf04c014346167fdb73e50d8cc54e39eb7.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/KSqSpLJBXrYBNKY4839h6wc/ac258f7c122c59853c110f28a03a7077ddbe2c53.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/KSqSpLJBXrYBNKY4839h6wc/3b5fda454ad07088d6eea9c9a10aede9eb295389.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O SHARPEN foi o primeiro escore desenvolvido especificamente para a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com endocardite infecciosa (EI), independentemente da realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Analisar a capacidade do escore SHARPEN na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar e mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta e compar&#225;-la &#224; do &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson (ICC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo retrospectivo do tipo coorte incluindo interna&#231;&#245;es por EI (segundo os crit&#233;rios de Duke modificados) entre 2000 e 2016. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC-ROC) foi calculada para avaliar a capacidade preditiva. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier e regress&#227;o de Cox foram realizadas. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Estudamos 179 interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. A mortalidade hospitalar foi 22,3%; 68 (38,0%) foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. Os escores SHARPEN e ICC (mediana e intervalo interquartil) foram, respectivamente, 9(7-11) e 3(2-6). O escore SHARPEN mostrou melhor predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar em compara&#231;&#227;o ao ICC nos pacientes n&#227;o operados (AUC-ROC 0,77 vs. 0,62, p = 0,003); n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a no grupo total (p=0,26) ou nos pacientes operados (p=0,41). Escore SHARPEN &gt;10 na admiss&#227;o foi associado a uma menor sobrevida hospitalar no grupo total (HR 3,87; p &lt; 0,001), nos pacientes n&#227;o operados (HR 3,46; p = 0,006) e de pacientes operados (HR 6,86; p &lt; 0,001) patients. ICC &gt; 3 na admiss&#227;o foi associada a pior sobrevida hospitalar nos grupos total (HR 3,0; p = 0,002), de pacientes operados (HR 5,57; p = 0,005), mas n&#227;o nos pacientes n&#227;o operados (HR 2,13; p = 0,119). A sobrevida ap&#243;s a alta foi pior nos pacientes com SHARPEN &gt; 10 (HR 3,11; p &lt; 0,001) e ICC &gt; 3 (HR 2,63; p &lt; 0,001) na interna&#231;&#227;o; contudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na capacidade preditiva entre esses grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O SHARPEN escore foi superior ao ICC na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar nos pacientes n&#227;o operados. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os escores quanto &#224; mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Endocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Sobrevida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A endocardite infecciosa (EI) tem uma alta incid&#234;ncia, com 1,5-11,6 casos por 100 000 pessoas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e taxas de mortalidade hospitalar que variam entre 17,5% e 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Pacientes que sobrevivem ao primeiro epis&#243;dio de EI continuam apresentando mortalidade e morbidade elevadas, principalmente no primeiro ano de alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Mudan&#231;as recentes no perfil epidemiol&#243;gico da EI podem haver contribu&#237;do para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e da mortalidade elevada. A incid&#234;ncia de EI tem aumentado em pacientes com fatores de risco para eventos adversos, tais como idade avan&#231;ada, comorbidades, pr&#243;teses valvares, e dispositivos card&#237;acos; al&#233;m disso, um aumento de casos de endocardite nosocomial tem sido relatado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando o impacto da EI na sa&#250;de, a otimiza&#231;&#227;o de sua avalia&#231;&#227;o e de seu tratamento &#233; essencial. H&#225; evid&#234;ncia de melhora nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos com o uso de um uma estrat&#233;gia de alarme multidisciplinar e protocolos padronizados de EI com base na gravidade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco baseada em um escore pode auxiliar no encaminhamento de pacientes de alto risco para centros especializados ou de terapia intensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Considerando que a cirurgia precoce est&#225; associada a menor mortalidade por EI, os escores de risco podem ser &#250;teis para direcionar a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ainda, sua aplica&#231;&#227;o para predi&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o por EI pode ajudar a identificar os pacientes que se beneficiariam de um acompanhamento mais pr&#243;ximo ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios escores de risco cir&#250;rgicos foram desenvolvidos especificamente para EI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e comparados com escores de risco cir&#250;rgicos tradicionais, como o EuroSCORE e o escore STS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No entanto, esses escores n&#227;o foram validados em pacientes n&#227;o operados, que representam quase 50% de todas as interna&#231;&#245;es por EI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>, ou na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em longo prazo. O estudo <italic>The ICE-Prospective Cohort Study</italic> &#233; o &#250;nico que avaliou a mortalidade por EI ap&#243;s a alta, a qual foi determinada aos seis meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Assim, &#233; necess&#225;rio melhorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos pacientes sob tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>SHARPEN &#233; um escore de risco para EI desenvolvido por Chee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> para predizer mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Nosso estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico do escore SHARPEN durante a interna&#231;&#227;o por EI tanto em pacientes operados como n&#227;o operados, al&#233;m de comparar seu desempenho com o &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson (ICC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Pacientes e m&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico do tipo coorte incluindo todos os casos de EI ativa (em tratamento com antibi&#243;tico)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> entre 2000 e 2016 em pacientes com idade &#8805; 18 anos. Foram inclu&#237;dos somente os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico definitivo de EI de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Duke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Nossa institui&#231;&#227;o &#233; um hospital escola p&#250;blico terci&#225;rio localizado no sul do Brasil. O hospital tem 784 leitos e o acesso &#224; sa&#250;de &#233; concedido exclusivamente pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, principalmente para pacientes de baixa renda. Uma m&#233;dia de 30-60 substitui&#231;&#245;es de v&#225;lvula s&#227;o realizadas por ano na institui&#231;&#227;o. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa.</p>
      <p>Interna&#231;&#245;es por EI foram identificadas pelo c&#243;digo da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as, 10&#170; revis&#227;o (CID-10)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> registrado no resumo da alta ou em qualquer outro momento durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Os seguintes c&#243;digos foram pesquisados: B37.6 (Endocardite por Candida), I33.0 (Endocardite aguda e subaguda), I33.9 (Endocardite aguda e subaguda n&#227;o especificada), I38 (Endocardite de valva n&#227;o especificada), e I39.8 (Endocardite e transtornos valvulares card&#237;acos em doen&#231;as classificadas em outra parte). Ap&#243;s esse rastreamento inicial, os prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes foram revisados para assegurar que os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram preenchidos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o fluxograma do estudo. Dados do per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o foram coletados dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos f&#237;sicos e eletr&#244;nicos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o no seguimento p&#243;s-alta envolveu a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos para verificar se os pacientes sobreviventes tiveram consulta e/ou interna&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a alta, n&#250;mero de telefone dos demais pacientes e, finalmente, revis&#227;o dos atestados de &#243;bito. Todos os pacientes que n&#227;o foram registrados como falecidos at&#233; em nenhuma dessas fontes de dados at&#233; 1&#186; de outubro de 2022 (que marcou a conclus&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o do seguimento) foram considerados vivos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo; EI: Endocardite Infecciosa; CID: Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as; ICC: &#205;ndice de comorbidade de Charlson; *crit&#233;rio modificado de Duke; dados apresentados como n (%).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O escore SHARPEN<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (2-20 pontos, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">material suplementar S1</xref>) foi calculado retrospectivamente para cada interna&#231;&#227;o e foi realizada classifica&#231;&#227;o como baixo ou alto risco para mortalidade hospitalar de acordo com o melhor ponto de corte observado. Foram atribu&#237;dos tr&#234;s pontos para press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &lt; 90mmHg ou usu&#225;rio de drogas n&#227;o injet&#225;veis; dois pontos para manifesta&#231;&#245;es de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) durante interna&#231;&#227;o, creatinina na admiss&#227;o &gt; 2,26mg/dL, diagn&#243;stico de pneumonia nosocomial, pico de prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) &gt; 200mg/dL durante a interna&#231;&#227;o; e 2, 4, e 6 pontos para os grupos de &lt; 50, 50-65, e &gt; 65 anos, respectivamente). O diagn&#243;stico de IC foi definido com base nos crit&#233;rios de Framingham.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Pneumonia nosocomial foi definida como pneumonia ocorrendo &#8805; 48 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o hospitalar. O ICC foi calculado para cada paciente (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">Material Suplementar S2</xref>) e as defini&#231;&#245;es de comorbidades do estudo original foram usados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A urg&#234;ncia da opera&#231;&#227;o foi definida de acordo com os crit&#233;rios EuroSCOREII.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados usando o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 21.0, e MedCalc, vers&#227;o 12.5. Para an&#225;lise descritiva, as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal em m&#233;dia [&#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP)], e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal em mediana [Intervalo Interquartil (IIQ)]. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para testar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. Para compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos, as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e as vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado e pelo teste t de Student, respectivamente. O teste exato de Fisher foi usado em caso de baixa frequ&#234;ncia dos dados. A capacidade preditiva do escore SHARPEN e do ICC foi avaliada calculando-se a &#193;rea sob a Curva ROC (AUC-ROC). As AUC-ROCs foram comparadas usando o teste DeLong, o melhor ponto de corte em cada sistema de escores foi determinado pelo &#237;ndice de Youden. A an&#225;lise de sobrevida foi realizada usando curvas de Kaplan-Meier. Modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox foram usados para calcular a raz&#227;o de risco (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic>, HR) da mortalidade hospitalar e ap&#243;s a alta. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra</title>
        <p>Das 251 interna&#231;&#245;es inicialmente identificadas, 179 interna&#231;&#245;es de 168 pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o; 10 pacientes tinham mais de uma interna&#231;&#227;o por EI durante o per&#237;odo do estudo (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">Material Suplementar S3</xref>). O tempo mediano de interna&#231;&#227;o foi 45 (33-64) dias, com 93 (52,0%) de interna&#231;&#245;es na unidade de terapia intensiva (excluindo admiss&#245;es somente para monitoramento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio). As caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A terapia com antibi&#243;ticos foi iniciada 1 (0-6) dia (per&#237;odo mediano) ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o. N&#227;o houve casos de EI em dispositivos intra-card&#237;acos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais e complica&#231;&#245;es hospitalares</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Total (n = 179) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Alta hospitalar (n = 139) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Morte hospitalar (n = 40) </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)*</td>
                  <td align="center">57,4 (42,3-68,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,7 (40,6-66,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,7 (54,5-72,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (70,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (72,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (62,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (58-68)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (58-68)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (56-69)</td>
                  <td align="center">,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EI do lado esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (91,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (89,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">,020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (51,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (48,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (60,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (20,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (19,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (17,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (17,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (17,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS &lt; 90mmHg na admiss&#227;o*</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (14,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (27,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de PCR durante a interna&#231;&#227;o &gt; 200mg/L*</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (14,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (11,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,060</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EI de pr&#243;tese valvar</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (12,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (12,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina &gt; 2,26mg/dL na admiss&#227;o*</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (11,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,082</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DRC com necessidade de di&#225;lise &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,088</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de droga endovenosa*</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HIV</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (FEVE &#8804; 40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Complica&#231;&#245;es hospitalares</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada/grave</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (59,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (56,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (70,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca*&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (54,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (49,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (70,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (38,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (38,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (35,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pneumonia (&#8805; 48h ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o)*</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (21,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eventos emb&#243;licos (excluindo eventos cerebrovasculares)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (19,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (18,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemodi&#225;lise&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (9,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (61,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; ,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es intracranianas (hemorragia/AVC isqu&#234;mico)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (17,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ruptura de cordas tendinosas</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (12,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (13,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abscesso perivalvar</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (10,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (10,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>F&#237;stula</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pseudoaneurisma</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Dados apresentados em mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou n&#250;mero (%); AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; HIV: v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana; EI: endocardite infecciosa; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NS: n&#227;o significativo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; *Componente do escore SHARPEN; &#8224;Componente do &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson. &#8225;Excluindo pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica com necessidade de di&#225;lise antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar (n = 14).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica foi realizada na maioria dos pacientes (n = 145; 81,0%). Foram detectadas vegeta&#231;&#245;es em 162 pacientes (90,5%), que eram maiores que 10mm em 69 (38.5%) pacientes. EI da valva a&#243;rtica (n = 68; 38,0%) ou da valva mitral (n = 60; 33,5%) foi a apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais comum, e 36 (20,1%) pacientes apresentaram envolvimento em mais de uma v&#225;lvula. Culturas sangu&#237;neas positivas foram encontradas em 154 (86,0%) pacientes; <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (22.0%) e <italic>Streptococcus viridans</italic> (15,1%) foram os agentes mais comuns. A infec&#231;&#227;o associada com cateter ocorreu em 12 (6,7%) da amostra.</p>
        <p>Embora em 87 (48,6%) das interna&#231;&#245;es houvesse indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia, o procedimento foi realizado durante a mesma interna&#231;&#227;o em somente 68 (78,2%) delas &#8211; em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia em 64 (94,1%) e em car&#225;ter emergencial em quatro (5,9%) pacientes. As indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas foram IC aguda (n = 54; 79,4%) e infec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o controlada (n = 28; 41,2%). As principais raz&#245;es de n&#227;o se operar durante a mesma interna&#231;&#227;o apesar da indica&#231;&#227;o foram: plano de uma cirurgia eletiva em uma interna&#231;&#227;o subsequente (n = 7; 6,8%) e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (n = 5; 26,3%). Os procedimentos mais realizados foram o implante de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica mec&#226;nica (n = 19, 10,6%) e o implante de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica biol&#243;gica (n = 12, 6,7%). O tempo m&#233;dio (&#177; DP) de <italic>bypass</italic> cardiopulmonar e isquemia foram 136 (&#177; 46) e 104 (&#177; 42) minutos, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade hospitalar foi 22,3% [Intervalo de Confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%: 16,2-28,4%)], e o choque s&#233;ptico foi a principal causa de morte (n = 20; 11,2%). A taxa de mortalidade n&#227;o foi diferente entre pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados (20,6% vs. 23,4%, p = 0,797).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica usando o escore SHARPEN e o ICC para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar</title>
        <p>Os pacientes apresentaram um escore SHARPEN mediano de 9 (7-11) pontos. Os escores SHARPEN (mediana e IIQ) dos pacientes ap&#243;s a alta e dos pacientes que foram a &#243;bito durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foram 9 (7-11) e 11 (9-13) pontos, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001). O melhor ponto de corte para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade no escore SHARPEN foi &gt; 10 pontos. No geral, 111 (62,0%) interna&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas como de baixo risco (2-10 pontos) e 68 (38,0%) como de alto risco (11-20 pontos), com taxas de mortalidade hospitalar entre 10,8 e 41,2%, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>Os pacientes apresentaram um ICC mediano de 3 (2-6) pontos. Os escores ICC (mediana e IIQ) dos pacientes ap&#243;s a alta e dos pacientes que foram a &#243;bito durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foram 3 (1-5) e 5 (3-7), respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001). O melhor ponto de corte para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade para o ICC foi &gt;3 pontos. No geral, 95 (56,1%) interna&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas como de baixo risco (&#8804;3 pontos) e 84 (46,9%) como de alto risco (&gt;3 pontos), com taxas de mortalidade hospitalar entre 12,5 e 33,3%, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas do escore SHARPEN e do ICC em todos os pacientes, nos pacientes operados e nos pacientes n&#227;o operados.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do escore SHARPEN e do &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> Estat&#237;sticas % (IC95%) </th>
                  <th colspan="3">SHARPEN &gt; 10</th>
                  <th colspan="3">ICC &gt; 3</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o operados </th>
                  <th>Operados</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o operados </th>
                  <th>Operados</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sensibilidade</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0 (53,5-83,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,4 (41,9-91,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">69,2 (48,2-85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0 (53,5-83,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">69,2 (48,2-85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,4 (41,9-91,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Especificidade</td>
                  <td align="center">71,2 (62,9-78,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,2 (58,3-83,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,6 (59,7-79,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,7 (51,1-67,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,6 (39,5-61,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,1 (60,4-85)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva</td>
                  <td align="center">2,43 (1,75-3,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,57 (1,49-4,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,35 (1,55-3,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,74 (1,30-2,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,40 (1,0-1,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,76 (1,57-4,82)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42 (0,26-0,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40 (0,17-0,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44 (0,24-0,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50 (0,31-0,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 (0,33-1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39 (0,17-0,90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade</td>
                  <td align="center">22,3</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6</td>
                  <td align="center">23,4</td>
                  <td align="center">22,3</td>
                  <td align="center">23,4</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valor preditivo positivo</td>
                  <td align="center">41,1 (33,4-49,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0 (27,9-53,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,8 (32,1-52,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,3 (27,2-39,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (23,5-37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,67 (28,9-55,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valor preditivo negativo</td>
                  <td align="center">89,2 (83,6-93,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,7 (80,7-95,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,2 (80,6-93,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,4 (80,9-91,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">84,3 (74,4-90,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,9 (81,1-95,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acur&#225;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">70,9 (63,7-77,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,1 (59,8-82,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,3 (60,8-78,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0 (54,5-69,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,95 (45,2-64,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,5 (61,4-83,5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICC: &#237;ndice de comorbidade de Charlson; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> apresenta as curvas ROC para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar de acordo com o escore SHARPEN e o ICC. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na AUC do escore SHARPEN entre os pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados (p = 0,058). Por outro lado, encontramos uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na AUC do ICC entre os pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados (p = 0,039). Quando comparamos a capacidade do SHARPEN e do ICC em predizer a mortalidade hospitalar, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a na amostra total (p = 0,26) ou nos pacientes operados (p = 0,41). No entanto, no subgrupo de pacientes n&#227;o operados, o escore SHARPEN foi superior ao ICC (p = 0,003).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas ROC do escore SHARPEN e do &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson para a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar. 2A: Curvas ROC curves para o escore SHARPEN e &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson em toda a amostra; 2B: Curvas ROC para o escore SHARPEN em pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados; 2C: Curvas ROC para &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson em pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados, AUC: &#225;rea sub a curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sobrevida hospitalar</title>
        <p>Observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre o escore SHARPEN &gt; 10 e uma sobrevida hospitalar menor, o que se manteve na an&#225;lise dos pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados separadamente. As curvas de sobrevida hospitalar de acordo com o escore SHARPEN s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m encontramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre ICC&gt;3 pontos e menor sobrevida hospitalar em pacientes operados; no subgrupo de pacientes n&#227;o operados, no entanto, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre ICC elevada e menor mortalidade hospitalar. Curvas de sobrevida hospitalar segundo o ICC est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sobrevida hospitalar de acordo com o &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson (ICC) na amostra total (4A), (4B) pacientes n&#227;o operados e (4C) pacientes operados; ICC: &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson comorbidity; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HR: hazard ratio; o sombreamento representa o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% da estimativa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sobrevida ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar</title>
        <p>Dos 135 pacientes que receberam alta ap&#243;s a primeira interna&#231;&#227;o por EI, 73 (54,1%) morreram durante o acompanhamento; 25 (34,2%) das mortes foram registradas no primeiro ano de seguimento. O tempo mediano (IIQ) de acompanhamento foi de 8,95 (3,23-14,1) anos, correspondendo a 1223 pacientes-anos e a uma taxa de incid&#234;ncia de seis eventos por 100 paciente-anos. A sobrevida ap&#243;s a alta foi 12,3 (&#177; 3,30) anos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nas taxas de mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta entre os pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados (58,5 vs. 47,2% respectivamente, p = 0,264).</p>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta foram maiores nos pacientes com um escore SHARPEN de 11-20 pontos (80,0 vs. 43,2% 2-10 pontos; p &lt; 0,001) e naqueles com um ICC &gt; 3 pontos (69,8 vs. 43,9% ICC &#8804; 3 pontos; p = 0,006). A taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi mais baixa nos pacientes com um escore SHARPEN de 11-20 pontos e um ICC &gt; 3 pontos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> apresenta as curvas de Kaplan-Meier para sobrevida ap&#243;s a alta de acordo com ambos os escores avaliados no estudo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sobrevida ap&#243;s a alta de acordo com o escore SHARPEN (5A) e o &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson (5B); ICC: &#237;ndice de comorbidade de Charlson; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HR: hazard ratio; o sombreamento representa o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% da estimativa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica usando o escore SHARPEN e o ICC para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref> apresenta as curvas ROC para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta de acordo com o escore SHARPEN e o ICC. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nas AUCs do escore SHARPEN entre os pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados (p = 0,086). Ainda, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas AUCs do ICC entre pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados (p = 0,683). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre o escore SHARPEN e o ICC na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta na popula&#231;&#227;o total (p = 0,515), nos pacientes operados (p = 0,547) e nos pacientes n&#227;o operados (p = 0,468).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas do escore de SHARPEN e &#237;ndice de comorbilidade de Charlson para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta. 6A: Curvas ROC para escore SHARPEN e &#237;ndice de comorbilidade de Charlson na amostra total; 6B: Curvas ROC para escore SHARPEN para os pacientes operados e os pacientes n&#227;o operados; 6C: Curvas ROC para &#237;ndice de comorbilidade de Charlson para os pacientes operados e os pacientes n&#227;o operados; ICC: &#237;ndice de comorbilidade de Charlson; AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo apresentou tr&#234;s importantes conclus&#245;es: 1) o escore SHARPEN &#233; preciso na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar tanto em pacientes operados como n&#227;o operados; 2) a acur&#225;cia do escore SHARPEN &#233; similar &#224; do ICC e significativamente melhor nos pacientes n&#227;o operados; 3) Escores SHARPEN e ICC mais altos est&#227;o associados com mortalidade elevada ap&#243;s a alta de uma interna&#231;&#227;o por EI.</p>
      <p>As taxas de mortalidade na nossa amostra foram similares &#224;s descritas no estudo de Chee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (22,3 vs. 23,2%, respectivamente). Um estudo brasileiro do tipo coorte, publicado por Lemos et al., que incluiu 359 pacientes entre 2006 e 2019, 285 (79,4%) desses operados, mostrou uma mortalidade hospitalar de 24,5%, a qual tamb&#233;m foi compar&#225;vel aos nosso resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Contudo, embora o estudo original<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e o registro multic&#234;ntrico EURO-ENDO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> tenham mostrado mortalidade reduzida nos pacientes com EI que n&#227;o tinham indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia, n&#243;s n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a na mortalidade na compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para essas diverg&#234;ncias &#233; a exist&#234;ncia de um vi&#233;s de sobreviv&#234;ncia no qual pacientes eleg&#237;veis para cirurgia que foram operados t&#234;m maior probabilidade de sobreviver, enquanto aqueles com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica que n&#227;o puderam ser operados t&#234;m um progn&#243;stico inerente pior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> A taxa de cirurgia mais baixa no estudo original<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> em compara&#231;&#227;o com a nossa (26,9 vs. 38,0%) sugere que a cirurgia teria sido contraindicada em pacientes em alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O escore SHARPEN foi comparado ao ICC pela sua capacidade de predizer mortalidade hospitalar em estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> apesar da acur&#225;cia relativamente baixa do ICC para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar, um escore &gt;3 foi associado com mortalidade elevada durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, exceto no grupo n&#227;o operado. Esse efeito pode estar relacionado &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre um ICC elevado e taxas de cirurgia mais baixas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> o que tamb&#233;m &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Similar ao estudo de Lu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> o ICC tamb&#233;m foi capaz de predizer mortalidade em longo prazo na nossa amostra.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sobrevida hospitalar de acordo com o escore SHARPEN (3A) total (3B) pacientes n&#227;o operados (3C) e operados. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HR: hazard ratio; o sombreamento representa 95% da estimativa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o dos escores de risco desenvolvidos especificamente para paciente com EI &#233; prefer&#237;vel devido &#224;s particularidades da doen&#231;a que nem sempre s&#227;o contempladas por escores de risco de uso geral. Essa cren&#231;a &#233; refor&#231;ada pelo fato de que o EuroSCORE, um dos principais escores de risco cir&#250;rgico usados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, subestimou a mortalidade em cirurgia de v&#225;lvula para EI ativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Embora seja muito interessante ter escores espec&#237;ficos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade na EI, vale a pena ressaltar que o escore SHARPEN tamb&#233;m inclui aspectos gerais (por exemplo, uso de drogas vasoativas para IC, presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal, press&#227;o arterial) que s&#227;o, na verdade, inclu&#237;dos em outros escores como o SOFA e o qSOFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Poucos estudos abordaram a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos escores de risco cir&#250;rgico em pacientes com EI n&#227;o operados. Gatti et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> relataram que tr&#234;s escores espec&#237;ficos para EI (STS-IE, escore ICE, e EndoSCORE) e dois escores espec&#237;ficos para cirurgia card&#237;aca (logistic EuroSCORE e EuroSCORE II) tiveram um desempenho satisfat&#243;rio. Contudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica pode ser enviesada por v&#225;rios fatores: escores cir&#250;rgicos cont&#234;m vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao risco perioperat&#243;rio, que s&#227;o de pouca relev&#226;ncia a pacientes n&#227;o operados. Al&#233;m disso, a omiss&#227;o dos pacientes n&#227;o operados do processo de valida&#231;&#227;o aumenta o risco de vi&#233;s de sobreviv&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Considerando que o escore SHARPEN foi desenvolvido e validado especificamente para pacientes com EI independentemente da necessidade de cirurgia e que mostrou melhor poder discriminat&#243;rio em pacientes n&#227;o operados, sua aplica&#231;&#227;o poderia ser mais vantajosa.</p>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a analisar o desempenho do escore SHARPEN na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em longo prazo. Embora sua acur&#225;cia tenha sido considerada baixa, pacientes com um escore elevado t&#234;m taxas baixas de sobreviv&#234;ncia, mesmo tendo completado o tratamento para EI. IC e idade, ambos componentes do escore SHARPEN, tamb&#233;m foram preditores independentes de mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta no estudo de Tahon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Devido ao tamanho reduzido da nossa amostra, n&#227;o conseguimos avaliar o desempenho do SHARPEN nos pacientes operados e n&#227;o operados separadamente.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es. A amostra foi relativamente pequena e restrita &#224; um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio. A baixa m&#233;dia de 10,5 pacientes com EI/ano tamb&#233;m pode ser considerada uma limita&#231;&#227;o. No longo per&#237;odo de an&#225;lise, tanto o manejo cl&#237;nico como o cir&#250;rgico desses pacientes pode ter mudado ao longo do tempo. A coleta retrospectiva de dados pode comprometer a qualidade dos dados obtidos. Finalmente, o n&#250;mero de pacientes em risco reduz &#224; medida que o tempo ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar aumenta, o que reduz a validade dos dados (como pode ser visto a partir dos IC95% nas curvas de sobrevida).</p>
      <p>Apesar da necessidade de estudos multic&#234;ntricos maiores, a acur&#225;cia aceit&#225;vel e o alto valor preditivo negativo do escore SHARPEN em nossa amostra sugerem que ele pode ser &#250;til na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para selecionar pacientes em alto risco que requerem cuidado otimizado durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e um acompanhamento de perto ap&#243;s a alta para prevenir desfechos adversos. Embora o escore SHARPEN seja composto por vari&#225;veis que s&#227;o facilmente obtidas, o escore de risco foi desenvolvido para ser calculado logo ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de EI, que pode ocorrer em est&#225;gios variados da interna&#231;&#227;o. Como uma perspectiva futura, propomos a an&#225;lise do valor progn&#243;stico da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O escore SHARPEN foi reprodut&#237;vel como um preditor de mortalidade hospitalar tanto em pacientes operados como n&#227;o operados, com uma acur&#225;cia aceit&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, verificamos que os pacientes classificados como alto risco permaneceram com uma mortalidade significativamente maior alta ap&#243;s a alta em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com baixo risco. Embora a acur&#225;cia do escore SHARPEN para a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar tenha sido similar &#224; do ICC na popula&#231;&#227;o toal, observou-se uma acur&#225;cia significativamente maior nos pacientes n&#227;o operados. Assim, nossos achados destacam os potenciais benef&#237;cios da aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore SHARPEN na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem aos participantes da pesquisa bem como &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o, que possibilitou o desenvolvimento do projeto de pesquisa.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3.282.189. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq e FAPERGS.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Performance of the SHARPEN Score and the Charlson Comorbidity Index for In-Hospital and Post-Discharge Mortality Prediction in Infective Endocarditis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6703-8471</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Giusti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1521-6608</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pivatto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6055-6682</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Filippini</surname>
            <given-names>Filippe Barcellos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dannenhauer</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Paglioli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seroiska</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bischoff</surname>
            <given-names>Helena Marcon</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Birk</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe Schmidt</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Terra</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sganzerla</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3314-9712</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miglioranza</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Haertel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o (HNSC), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unimed Porto Alegre Cooperativa M&#233;dica, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (ICFUC-RS) &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o em Imagem Cardiovascular, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital M&#227;e de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Sofia Giusti Alves</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90410-000, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: sofiagiustia@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Performance of the SHARPEN Score and the Charlson Comorbidity Index for In-Hospital and Post-Discharge Mortality Prediction in Infective Endocarditis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> SHARPEN was the first dedicated score for in-hospital mortality prediction in infective endocarditis (IE) regardless of cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To analyze the ability of the SHARPEN score to predict in-hospital and post-discharge mortality and compare it with that of the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Retrospective cohort study including definite IE (Duke modified criteria) admissions from 2000 to 2016. The area under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC) was calculated to assess predictive ability. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression was performed. P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> We studied 179 hospital admissions. In-hospital mortality was 22.3%; 68 (38.0%) had cardiac surgery. Median (interquartile range, IQR) SHARPEN and CCI scores were 9(7-11) and 3(2-6), respectively. SHARPEN had better in-hospital mortality prediction than CCI in non-operated patients (AUC-ROC 0.77 vs. 0.62, p = 0.003); there was no difference in overall (p = 0.26) and in operated patients (p = 0.41). SHARPEN &gt; 10 at admission was associated with decreased in-hospital survival in the overall (HR 3.87; p &lt; 0.001), in non-operated (HR 3.46; p = 0.006) and operated (HR 6.86; p &lt; 0.001) patients. CCI &gt; 3 at admission was associated with worse in-hospital survival in the overall (HR 3.0; p = 0.002), and in operated patients (HR 5.57; p = 0.005), but not in non-operated patients (HR 2.13; p = 0.119). Post-discharge survival was worse in patients with SHARPEN &gt; 10 (HR 3.11; p &lt; 0.001) and CCI &gt; 3 (HR 2.63; p &lt; 0.001) at admission; however, there was no difference in predictive ability between these groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> SHARPEN was superior to CCI in predicting in-hospital mortality in non-operated patients. There was no difference between the scores regarding post-discharge mortality.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Keywords: Endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Infective endocarditis (IE) has a high incidence, with 1.5-11.6 cases per 100,000 population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and in-hospital mortality rates ranging from 17.5 to 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Patients who survive the first episode of IE continue to present with excess mortality and morbidity, especially within the first year after discharge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recent changes in IE epidemiological profile may have contributed to the maintenance of elevated morbidity and mortality. IE incidence has increased in patients with risk factors for adverse outcomes, such as advanced age, multiple comorbidities, prosthetic valves, and intracardiac devices; also, an increase in nosocomial cases has been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering IE a significant health burden, optimizing evaluation and treatment is essential. There is evidence of improvement in clinical outcomes with the use of a multidisciplinary alert strategy and standardized IE protocols based on disease severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In this context, score-based risk stratification can refer high-risk patients to specialized or intensive care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Considering that early surgery has been shown to reduce IE mortality, risk scores may be particularly useful to guide patient selection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, its application for mortality prediction after a hospitalization due to IE could help identify patients who would benefit from a closer post-discharge follow-up.</p>
        <p>Several surgical risk scores have been developed specifically for IE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and compared with traditional surgical risk scores, such as EuroSCORE and the STS score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, these scores have not been validated in non-operated patients who represent almost 50% of all hospitalizations for IE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> or for long-term prognostic evaluation. The ICE-Prospective Cohort Study is an exception regarding evaluation of mortality for IE after discharge, which was determined at six months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Therefore, it is necessary to improve the prognostic evaluation of patients undergoing medical therapy alone.</p>
        <p>SHARPEN is a risk score for IE developed by Chee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> to predict in-hospital mortality in operated and non-operated patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Our study aims to prognostic value of SHARPEN score during hospitalization and after discharge in both operated and non-operated patients admitted for IE and to compare its performance with that of the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients and methods</title>
        <p>We performed a unicentric retrospective cohort study enrolling all active IE cases (on antibiotic treatment)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> from 2000 to 2016 in patients aged &#8805; 18 years. Only patients with a definite diagnosis of IE according to the modified Duke criteria were included.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Our institution is a public tertiary teaching hospital located in southern Brazil. It has 784 beds and access to care is provided exclusively through the Brazilian Unified Health System, mostly to low-income patients. An average of 30-60 valve replacements are performed per year at the institution. The study was approved by the institution Research Ethics Committee.</p>
        <p>Hospitalizations for IE were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, 10<sup>th</sup> revision (ICD-10) code<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>recorded in the discharge summary or at any point during hospitalization. The following codes were searched: B37.6 (Candidal endocarditis), I33.0 (acute and subacute IE), I33.9 (acute and subacute endocarditis, unspecified), I38 (endocarditis, valve unspecified), and I39.8 (endocarditis and heart valve disorders in diseases classified elsewhere). After this initial screening, the patients&#8217; medical records were reviewed to ensure that inclusion criteria were met. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> shows the study flowchart. Data regarding the hospitalization period were collected from electronic and physical medical records. Post-discharge follow-up assessment involved evaluation of medical charts to verify whether the surviving patients had appointments and/or hospitalizations after hospital discharge, telephone number of the remaining patients and, finally, review of death certificates. All patients that were not registered as deceased in neither of these data sources by October 1<sup>st</sup>, 2022 (which marked the conclusion of the follow-up assessment) were considered alive.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart. IE: infective endocarditis; ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index. *Modified Duke criteria. Data presented as n (%).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>SHARPEN score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (2-20 points, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">Supplementary File S1</xref>) was calculated retrospectively for each hospitalization which was classified as low or high risk for in-hospital mortality according to the best cut-off point observed. Three points were assigned to systolic blood pressure &lt; 90 mm Hg at presentation or non-intravenous (IV) drug abuser; two points to manifestations of heart failure (HF) during hospitalization, creatinine at admission &gt; 2.26 mg/dL, diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia, or peak C-reactive protein (CRP) &gt; 200 mg/dL during hospitalization; and 2, 4, and 6 points to age groups &lt; 50, 50-65, and &gt; 65 years, respectively. The diagnosis of HF was defined based on the Framingham criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Nosocomial pneumonia was defined as pneumonia occurring &#8805; 48 hours after hospital admission. The CCI was calculated for each patient (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">Supplementary File S2</xref>), and the comorbidity definitions of the original study were used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The urgency of operation was defined according to the EuroSCORE II criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 21.0, and MedCalc, version 12.5. For descriptive analysis, categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies, continuous variables with normal distribution as mean (&#177; standard deviation [SD]), and continuous variables with non-normal distribution as median (interquartile range [IQR]). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of distribution. For between-group comparisons, categorical variables were compared by the chi-square test and quantitative variables were compared by Student&#8217;s t test if normally distributed or by the Mann-Whitney U test if not normally distributed. Fisher exact test was used in case of low data frequency. The predictive ability of SHARPEN score and CCI was assessed by calculating the area under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC). AUC-ROCs were compared using the DeLong test, and the best cut-off point in each scoring system was determined by the Youden index. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox regression models were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) of in-hospital and post-discharge mortality. P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the sample</title>
          <p>Of 251 hospitalizations initially identified, 179 hospital admissions of 168 patients met the inclusion criteria; 10 patients had more than one admission for active IE during the study period (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">Supplementary File S3</xref>). The median (IQR) length of hospital stay was 45 (33-64) days, with 93 (52.0%) admission to the intensive care unit (excluding admissions for postoperative monitoring only). The baseline characteristics of the sample are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Antibiotic therapy was initiated at a median of 1 (0-6) day after hospital admission. There were no cases of IE in cardiac devices.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics and in-hospital complications</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Overall (n = 179)</th>
                    <th>Hospital discharge (n = 139)</th>
                    <th>In-hospital death (n = 40)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>
                        <italic>Baseline characteristics</italic>
                      </bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)*</td>
                    <td align="center">57.4 (42.3-68.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.7 (40.6-66.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">64.7 (54.5-72.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">126 (70.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">101 (72.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (62.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">.30</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (58-68)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (58-68)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (56-69)</td>
                    <td align="center">.97</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left-sided IE</td>
                    <td align="center">164 (91.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (89.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">.020</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (51.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (48.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (60.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.29</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (20.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (19.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous cardiac surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (17.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (17.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (17.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic BP &lt; 90mmHg at presentation*</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (14.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (10.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (27.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">.018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak CRP during hospitalization &gt; 200mg/L*</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (14.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (11.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.060</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prosthetic valve IE</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (12.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (12.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine &gt; 2.26mg/dL at presentation*</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (11.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (8.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.082</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CKD requiring dialysis&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (7.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (5.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (15.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.088</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intravenous drug abuse*</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (7.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (7.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HIV</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">.42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac dysfunction (LVEF &#8804; 40%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (4.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.85</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>
                        <italic>In-hospital complications</italic>
                      </bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate/severe regurgitation</td>
                    <td align="center">107 (59.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (56.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (70.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure*&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (54.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (49.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (70.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.036</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (38.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (38.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (35.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pneumonia (&#8805; 48h after admission)*</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (21.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (15.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (40.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Embolic events (excluding cerebrovascular events)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (19.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (18.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemodialysis&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (18.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (9.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (61.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intracranial complications (hemorrhage/ischemic stroke)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (17.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (15.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.22</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ruptured chordae tendineae</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (12.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (13.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.73</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Perivalvular abscess</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (10.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (10.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fistula</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (7.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (7.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.52</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pseudoaneurysm</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%). CKD: Chronic kidney disease; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IE: infective endocarditis; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NS: non-significant; BP: blood pressure.*Component of the SHARPEN score. &#8224;Component of the Charlson comorbidity index.&#8225;Excluding patients with pre-admission chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (n = 14).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Transesophageal echocardiography was performed in most patients (n = 145; 81.0%). In 162 (90.5%) patients, vegetations were detected, which were larger than 10 mm in 69 (38.5%) of them. Aortic (n = 68; 38.0%) and mitral valve (n = 60; 33.5%) IE were the most common presentations, and 36 (20.1%) patients had more than one valve involved. Positive blood cultures were found in 154 (86.0%) patients; <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (22.0%) and viridans group streptococci (15.1%) were the most common agents. Intravenous catheter-associated infection occurred in 12 (6.7%) of the sample. There were no cases of intracardiac devices infection.</p>
          <p>While 87 (48.6%) hospitalizations had surgical indication, the procedure was performed during the same admission in only 68 (78.2%) of them - urgently in 64 (94.1%) and on an emergency basis in 4 (5.9%) patients. The most common surgical indications were acute HF (n = 54; 79.4%) and uncontrolled infection (n = 28; 41.2%). The main reasons for not operating at the same hospitalization despite indication were the following: planning to undergo elective surgery in a subsequent hospitalization (n = 7; 6.8%) and having hemodynamic instability (n = 5; 26.3%). Mechanical aortic valve replacement (n = 19, 10.6%) and biological mitral valve replacement (n = 12, 6.7%) were the most frequently performed procedures. The mean (&#177; SD) times of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemia were 136 (&#177; 46) and 104 (&#177; 42) minutes, respectively.</p>
          <p>In-hospital mortality was 22.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.2-28.4%), and septic shock was the main cause of death (n = 20; 11.2%). Mortality was similar in operated and non-operated patients (20.6 vs. 23.4%, p = 0.797).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; In-hospital survival according to SHARPEN score in (3A) overall, (3B) non-operated and (3C) operated patients. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio. The line shadow represents the 95% confidence interval of the estimate.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prognostic evaluation using the SHARPEN score and the CCI for in-hospital mortality prediction</title>
          <p>Patients had a median (IQR) SHARPEN score of 9 (7-11) points. Median (IQR) SHARPEN scores of patients discharged from the hospital and those who died during hospitalization were 9 (7-11) and 11 (9-13) points, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). The best cut-off point observed for mortality prediction in the SHARPEN score was &gt; 10 points. Overall, 111 (62.0%) hospitalizations were classified as low (2-10 points) and 68 (38.0%) as high risk (11-20 points) with in-hospital mortality rates of 10.8 and 41.2%, respectively (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          <p>Patients had a median (IQR) CCI of 3 (2-6) points. Median (IQR) CCI of patients discharged from the hospital and those who died during hospitalization were 3 (1-5) and 5 (3-7), respectively (p &lt; 0.001). The optimal cut-off point for mortality prediction in CCI was &gt; 3 points. Overall, 95 (56.1%) hospitalizations were classified as low (&#8804; 3 points) and 84 (46.9%) as high risk (&gt; 3 points) with in-hospital mortality rates of 12.5 and 33.3%, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the characteristics of the SHARPEN score and the CCI in overall, non-operated and operated patients.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the SHARPEN score and Charlson comorbidity index</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Statistics % (95%CI)</th>
                    <th colspan="3">SHARPEN &gt; 10</th>
                    <th colspan="3">CCI &gt; 3</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Overall</th>
                    <th>Non-operated</th>
                    <th>Operated</th>
                    <th>Overall</th>
                    <th>Non-operated</th>
                    <th>Operated</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sensitivity</td>
                    <td align="center">70.0 (53.5-83.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">71.4 (41.9-91.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">69.2 (48.2-85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">70.0 (53.5-83.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">69.2 (48.2-85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">71.4 (41.9-91.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Specificity</td>
                    <td align="center">71.2 (62.9-78.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.2 (58.3-83.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">70.6 (59.7-79.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">59.7 (51.1-67.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.6 (39.5-61.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">74.1 (60.4-85)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Positive likelihood ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">2.43 (1.75-3.39)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.57 (1.49-4.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.35 (1.55-3.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.74 (1.30-2.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.40 (1.0-1.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.76 (1.57-4.82)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Negative likelihood ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42 (0.26-0.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40 (0.17-0.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44 (0.24-0.79)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50 (0.31-0.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61 (0.33-1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39 (0.17-0.90)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">22.3</td>
                    <td align="center">20.6</td>
                    <td align="center">23.4</td>
                    <td align="center">22.3</td>
                    <td align="center">23.4</td>
                    <td align="center">20.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Positive predictive value</td>
                    <td align="center">41.1 (33.4-49.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0 (27.9-53.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.8 (32.1-52.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.3 (27.2-39.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (23.5-37.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.67 (28.9-55.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Negative predictive value</td>
                    <td align="center">89.2 (83.6-93.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.7 (80.7-95.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">88.2 (80.6-93.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">87.4 (80.9-91.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">84.3 (74.4-90.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.9 (81.1-95.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Accuracy</td>
                    <td align="center">70.9 (63.7-77.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.1 (59.8-82.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">70.3 (60.8-78.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.0 (54.5-69.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.95 (45.2-64.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">73.5 (61.4-83.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> shows the ROC curves for in-hospital mortality prediction according to the SHARPEN and the CCI. There was no difference in the AUC of the SHARPEN score between operated and non-operated patients (p = 0.058). On the other hand, we found a statistically significant difference in the AUC of the CCI between operated and non-operated patients (p = 0.039). When comparing the SHARPEN and CCI abilities to predict in-hospital mortality, we found no difference in the overall sample (p = 0.26) and in operated patients (p = 0.41). However, in the non-operated subgroup, the SHARPEN score was superior to the CCI (p = 0.003).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; SHARPEN score and Charlson Comorbidity Index&#8217;s ROC curves for in-hospital mortality prediction. 2A: ROC curves for SHARPEN score and Charlson Comorbidity Index in the whole sample. 2B: ROC curves for SHARPEN score in operated and non-operated patients. 2C: ROC curves for Charlson Comorbidity Index in operated and non-operated patients. CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>In-hospital survival analysis</title>
          <p>There is a statistically significant association between SHARPEN score &gt; 10 and decreased in-hospital survival, which persisted when analyzing the non-operated and operated patients separately. In-hospital survival curves according to the SHARPEN score are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>We also found an association between CCI &gt; 3 points and decreased in-hospital survival in overall and in operated patients; in the non-operated subgroup, however, there was no statistically significantly association between an elevated CCI and decreased in-hospital mortality. In-hospital survival curves according to the CCI are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; In-hospital survival according Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) in (4A) overall, (4B) non-operated and (4C) operated patients. CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio. The line shadow represents the 95% confidence interval of the estimate.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Post-discharge survival analysis</title>
          <p>Out of the 135 patients that received hospital discharge after the first hospitalization due to IE, 73 (54.1%) died during the follow-up; 25 (34.2%) of the deaths were registered in the first year of follow-up. The median (IQR) post-discharge follow-up was 8.95 (3.23-14.1) years, which corresponded to 1,223 patient-years and an incident rate of six events per 100 patient-years. The mean (&#177; SD) post-discharge survival was 12.3 (&#177; 3.30) years. There was no statistically significant difference in post-discharge mortality rates between non-operated and operated patients (58.5 vs. 47.2% respectively, p = 0.264).</p>
          <p>Post-discharge death rates were significantly higher in patients with a SHARPEN score of 11-20 points (80.0 vs. 43.2% 2-10 points; p &lt; 0.001) and in those with a CCI &gt; 3 points (69.8 vs. 43.9% CCI &#8804; 3 points; p = 0.006). Survival was lower in patients with a SHARPEN score 11-20 points and CCI &gt; 3 points. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meier curves for post-discharge survival according to both scores evaluated in our study.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Post-discharge survival according to (5A) SHARPEN score and (5B) Charlson comorbidity index. CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio. The line shadow represents the 95% confidence interval of the estimate.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prognostic evaluation using the SHARPEN score and the CCI for post-discharge mortality prediction</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref> shows the ROC curves for post-discharge mortality prediction according the SHARPEN and the CCI. There was no statistically significant difference in the AUCs of the SHARPEN score between operated and non-operated patients (p = 0.086). Also, there was no difference in the AUCs of the CCI between operated and non-operated patients (p = 0.683). No differences were found between the SHARPEN score and the CCI to predict post-discharge mortality, in the overall (p = 0.515), operated (p = 0.547) and non-operated groups (p = 0.468).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; SHARPEN score and Charlson Comorbidity Index&#8217;s ROC curves for post-discharge mortality prediction; 6A: ROC curves for SHARPEN score and Charlson Comorbidity Index in the overall sample; 6B: ROC curves for SHARPEN score in operated and non-operated patients; 6C: ROC curves for Charlson Comorbidity Index in operated and non-operated patients. CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230441-30441-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Results of our study revealed three important findings: 1) SHARPEN score is accurate in predicting in-hospital mortality in both operated and non-operated patients; 2) the accuracy of the SHARPEN score is similar to that of the CCI and significantly better in non-operated patients; 3) Higher SHARPEN and CCI scores are associated with elevated mortality after discharge from a hospitalization due to IE.</p>
        <p>Hospital mortality rates in our sample were similar to those described in the study by Chee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (22.3 vs. 23.2%, respectively). A Brazilian cohort study published by Lemos et al., including 359 patients from 2006 to 2019, 285 (79.4%) operated, showed an in-hospital mortality of 24.5%, which is also comparable to ours.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>However, even though both the original study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and the multicentric EURO-ENDO registry<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> have shown reduced mortality in IE patients who did not have an indication for surgery, we found no difference in mortality when comparing operated and non-operated patients. A possible explanation for these divergences is the existence of a &#8220;survivor bias&#8221;, in which patients who are fit for surgery are more likely to survive, while those unable to undergo surgery despite indications have an inherently worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> The lower surgical rate in the original study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> when compared to ours (26.9 vs. 38.0%), suggests that surgery may have been contraindicated in high-risk patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The SHARPEN score was compared with the CCI due to its ability to predict in-hospital mortality in previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Even though the CCI had a relatively poor accuracy for in-hospital mortality prediction, a score &gt; 3 was associated with elevated mortality during the hospitalization, except in the non-operated group. This effect may be related to the association between an elevated CCI and lower surgery rates,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> which was also found to be an independent predictor of mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Similarly to the study by Lu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> the CCI was also able to predict long-term mortality in our sample.</p>
        <p>The application of risk scores specifically designed for IE patients is preferable due to the particularities of this disease, which are not always contemplated by general-use risk scores. This belief is reinforced by the fact that the EuroSCORE, one of the main surgical risk scores used in clinical practice, was shown to underestimate mortality in valvular surgery for active IE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Although it is very interesting to have specific scores for assessment of mortality in IE, it is worth highlighting that the SHARPEN score also includes general aspects (e.g. use of vasoactive drugs for HF, presence of renal failure, blood pressure), that are in fact included in other scores like the SOFA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> and qSOFA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> scores.</p>
        <p>Few studies have addressed the application of surgical risk scores in non-operated patients with IE. Gatti et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup>reported that three scores specific for IE (STS-IE, ICE score, and EndoSCORE) and two scores specific for cardiac surgery (logistic EuroSCORE and EuroSCORE II) had a satisfactory performance. However, the prognostic assessment may be biased by several factors: surgical scores contain variables related to perioperative risk, which are of little relevance to non-operated patients; besides, the omission of non-operated patients from the validation process increases the risk of survivor bias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Considering that the SHARPEN score was designed and validated specifically for IE patients, regardless of the need for surgery, and showed improved discriminatory power in non-operated patients, its application would be more advantageous.</p>
        <p>This is the first study to analyze the SHARPEN score performance in long-term mortality prediction. Even though its accuracy was considered poor, patients with an elevated score have lower survival rates after discharge despite having completed treatment for IE. HF and age, both of them components of the SHARPEN score, were also found to be independent predictors of mortality after hospital discharge in a study by Tahon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Due to the reduced size of our sample, we were not able to evaluate the SHARPEN performance separately in operated and non-operated groups.</p>
        <p>The present study has limitations. The sample was relatively small and restricted to a single tertiary care center. The low mean of 10.5 IE patient/year can also be considered a limitation. In this long period of analysis, both clinical and surgical management of these patients may have changed over time. Retrospective data collection can compromise the quality of the data obtained. Finally, the number of patients at risk greatly reduces with increasing time after hospital discharge, which reduces the validity of the data (as can be seen from the 95%CIs in the survival curves).</p>
        <p>Despite the need for larger multicenter studies, the acceptable accuracy and high negative predictive value of the SHARPEN score in our sample suggest that it may be useful in clinical practice to select high-risk patients that require optimized care during hospitalization and close follow-up after discharge in order to prevent adverse outcomes. Although the SHARPEN score is composed of easily obtainable variables, this risk score was designed for calculation right after the diagnosis of IE, which may occur in varying stages of the hospitalization. As a future perspective, we propose the analysis of the prognostic value of patient reclassification during hospitalization.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The SHARPEN score was reproducible as a predictor of in-hospital mortality in both operated and non-operated IE patients with an acceptable accuracy. Furthermore, we found that patients classified as high-risk persisted with a significantly higher mortality after hospital discharge as compared with low-risk patients. Although the SHARPEN score accuracy to predict in-hospital mortality was similar to that of the CCI in the overall EI patients, there was a significantly better accuracy in non-operated patients. Therefore, our findings highlight the potential benefits of applying the SHARPEN score in clinical practice.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank the research participants as well as the Concei&#231;&#227;o Hospital Group</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o under the protocol number 3.282.189. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12012/2023-0441_AO_Supplementary files.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq and FAPERGS.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
