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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Rr7QThLyCv5FNJzwsqYBSyS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230418</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso de &#205;ndices Aterog&#234;nicos como M&#233;todos de Avalia&#231;&#227;o das Doen&#231;as Ateroscler&#243;ticas Cl&#237;nicas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1724-3637</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0077-7790</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Beatriz Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-1663-9591</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Fellipe Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8274-1547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Meneguz-Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina de Lagarto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lagarto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Departamento de Medicina de Lagarto, Lagarto, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Yuri Barbosa Ara&#250;jo &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Departamento de Medicina de Lagarto - Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n. CEP 49100-000, Jardim Rosa Elze, Lagarto, SE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>yuriyba@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230418</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Uso de &#205;ndices Aterog&#234;nicos como M&#233;todos de Avalia&#231;&#227;o das Doen&#231;as Ateroscler&#243;ticas Cl&#237;nicas</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Rr7QThLyCv5FNJzwsqYBSyS/269d6b8c044de79fdda641c920e87e74e00b254d.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A busca por m&#233;todos clinicamente &#250;teis de avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas, com boa acur&#225;cia, de baixo custo, sem invasividade e de f&#225;cil manejo, h&#225; anos vem sendo estimulada. Dessa forma, os &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos avaliados deste estudo podem se encaixar nesta demanda crescente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar o potencial dos &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos como m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes portadores de aterosclerose cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal de centro &#250;nico, por meio do qual foram avaliados os &#237;ndices de Castelli I e II, &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico plasm&#225;tico (IAP), &#237;ndice de combina&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas e a varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica entre 90 e 120 segundos ap&#243;s um est&#237;mulo vasodilatador endot&#233;lio-dependente (&#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>) na predi&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A amostra foi composta por 298 indiv&#237;duos com idade m&#233;dia de 63,0 &#177; 16,1 anos, dos quais 57,4% eram mulheres. Compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas da an&#225;lise curva ROC dos &#237;ndices que alcan&#231;aram &#225;rea sob a curva (ASC) &gt; 0,6 mostram que &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> e IAP foram superiores aos demais &#237;ndices, sem diferen&#231;as observadas entre si (diferen&#231;a entre ASC = 0,056; IC95% -0,003-0,115). Ademais, tanto a &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> [odds ratio (OR) 9,58; IC95% 4,71-19,46] quanto o IAP (OR 5,35; IC95% 2,30-12,45) foram preditores independentes de aterosclerose cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O IAP e &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> apresentaram melhor acur&#225;cia para discriminar aterosclerose cl&#237;nica. Al&#233;m disso, foram preditores independentes de aterosclerose cl&#237;nica, evidenciando uma possibilidade promissora para o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias preventivas e de controle para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Tratam-se, portanto, de marcadores adequados para estudos multic&#234;ntricos do ponto de vista de praticidade, custo e validade externa.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Perfus&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A aterosclerose &#233; o pilar central da fisiopatologia de diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar do uso difundido dos par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos cl&#225;ssicos, amplamente dispon&#237;veis para an&#225;lise cl&#237;nica, outros par&#226;metros v&#234;m sendo discutidos atualmente, propondo associa&#231;&#245;es destas vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas com o intuito de avaliar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre elas e a correla&#231;&#227;o com desfechos cl&#237;nicos, especialmente a doen&#231;a coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 1983, Castelli sugeriu os &#205;ndices de Castelli I e II, como reflexo da depura&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total (CT) e do LDL, ambas mediadas pelos n&#237;veis de HDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Recentemente, o &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico plasm&#225;tico (IAP) tem ganhado notoriedade cient&#237;fica. Especula-se que o grande potencial preditivo do IAP para as doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas deriva da capacidade deste &#237;ndice de indicar que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os triglicer&#237;deos (TG) e o HDL pode predeterminar a dire&#231;&#227;o preferencial do transporte intravascular de colesterol em dire&#231;&#227;o a HDL ben&#233;ficos ou LDL aterog&#234;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos 4 anos, representado pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre as concentra&#231;&#245;es molares do CT, LDL e TG com o HDL, o &#237;ndice de combina&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas (ICL) foi proposto como um poss&#237;vel preditor independente de doen&#231;a coronariana em mulheres menopausadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, um estudo mostrou resultados animadores do &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica (IPP), um par&#226;metro derivado do ox&#237;metro de pulso, na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na presen&#231;a de aterosclerose. Este mesmo estudo relatou que o intervalo da varia&#231;&#227;o do IPP entre 90 e 120 segundos (&#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>) ap&#243;s a hiperemia reativa parece ter a maior correla&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco cardiovascular e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dada a import&#226;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e do perfil lip&#237;dico para o desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o das doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas, a busca por m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o clinicamente &#250;teis, com boa acur&#225;cia, de baixo custo, sem invasividade e de f&#225;cil manejo h&#225; anos vem sendo estimulada. Tendo em vista a j&#225; descrita associa&#231;&#227;o destes &#237;ndices com diversos desfechos cl&#237;nicos cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> eles podem se encaixar na demanda crescente de custo-efetividade e os tornam atraentes para futuros ensaios e poss&#237;vel melhoria na detec&#231;&#227;o, preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de tais doen&#231;as. Logo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial dos &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos como m&#233;todos de predi&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional, do tipo transversal, por meio do qual foram avaliados os valores do &#237;ndices de Castelli I e II, &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico plasm&#225;tico, &#237;ndice de combina&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas e a varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica ap&#243;s um est&#237;mulo vasodilatador endot&#233;lio-dependente. Foram avaliados pacientes com aterosclerose cl&#237;nica em diversos s&#237;tios vasculares, baseados na concomit&#226;ncia de s&#237;tios envolvidos e na sua caracter&#237;stica sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Local do estudo e c&#225;lculo amostral</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi realizado em ambulat&#243;rios de cardiologia, endocrinologia e geriatria vinculados a um hospital terci&#225;rio em uma cidade do nordeste brasileiro. Foi realizado um c&#225;lculo retrospectivo do tamanho da amostra para o desfecho prim&#225;rio com uma propor&#231;&#227;o para ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho de 1:2, baseado em estudo piloto previamente realizado. Com um poder de 0,8, um &#945; de 0,05 e uma ASC=0,6 conforme nossa hip&#243;tese a-priori (hip&#243;tese nula: ASC=0,5), foi necess&#225;ria uma amostra de 294 participantes. Para compensar poss&#237;veis perdas, foi acrescido 10% para ajuste da amostra, totalizando 323 participantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes que comparecessem ao atendimento ambulatorial das especialidades supracitadas seriam convidados a participar do estudo desde que tivessem pelo menos 18 anos e um resultado de lipidograma coletado at&#233; 03 meses antes da inser&#231;&#227;o na pesquisa. Em raz&#227;o a altera&#231;&#245;es particulares dos par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos, os pacientes com hipercolesterolemia familiar e usu&#225;rios de inibidores da protease, anticoncepcionais orais combinados, ou isotretino&#237;na foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Ademais, uma vez que in&#250;meros fatores podem afetar a reatividade vascular, pacientes renais dial&#237;ticos, gestantes e pacientes que tenham se exercitado 1 hora antes da entrevista, ou que tenham ingerido subst&#226;ncias energ&#233;ticas, ou que tenham fumado ao menos 4 a 6 horas antes do in&#237;cio da coleta tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Os pacientes tiveram suas doen&#231;as confirmadas pelo prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico elaborado por m&#233;dicos especialistas com aux&#237;lio de exames complementares, entre os quais: laudos de cineangiocoronariografia e angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias com placas ateroscler&#243;ticas com estenose &#8805; 50%, ecocardiograma com estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca com estresse farmacol&#243;gico, arteriografia ou ecodoppler arterial de membros inferiores e ecodoppler de car&#243;tidas evidenciando placas ateroscler&#243;ticas com estenose &#8805; 50%, al&#233;m de tomografia e angiotomografia de cr&#226;nio com sinais de isquemia e exclu&#237;das etiologias cardioemb&#243;licas. As provas n&#227;o-invasivas foram consideradas positivas quando fosse evidenciada isquemia. Foram considerados laudos positivos de aterosclerose diagnosticada at&#233; 1 ano do lipidograma mais recente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aloca&#231;&#227;o dos grupos</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, o grupo aterosclerose cl&#237;nica foi composto por: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica carot&#237;dea ou perif&#233;rica e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular isqu&#234;mica aterotromb&#243;tica. Desta forma, o grupo controle foi composto por aqueles que n&#227;o tinham doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cl&#237;nica diagnosticada, isto &#233;, indiv&#237;duos com aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica ou sem processo de aterosclerose.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2022 a dezembro de 2022, por meio de entrevista e exame f&#237;sico em salas individualizadas, com portas fechadas, respeitando a privacidade do participante e a lei geral de prote&#231;&#227;o de dados. Os entrevistados foram aleatoriamente selecionados por busca ativa em dias aleat&#243;rios, previamente ao atendimento ambulatorial.</p>
        <p>Foram coletadas vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao risco cardiovascular: sexo, idade, etnia, pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), dislipidemias, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e hist&#243;ria de etilismo e tabagismo atual ou pr&#233;vio. Aqueles que n&#227;o praticassem de forma regular ao menos 150 minutos de atividade f&#237;sica moderada foram classificados como pr&#225;tica inadequada de atividade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Foram calculados os seguintes &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos: &#237;ndices de Castelli I (IC-I) (CT/HDL) e Castelli II (IC-II) (LDL/HDL), o &#237;ndice de combina&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas (ICL) (CTxTGxLDL/HDL), o &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico plasm&#225;tico (IAP), calculado como log<sub>10</sub>(TG/HDL), e a varia&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de Perfus&#227;o Perif&#233;rica no intervalo 90-120 segundos (&#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>) ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito. Para os c&#225;lculos do IAP e do ICL, os par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos (CT, LDL, HDL e TG) foram expressos em mmol/L.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta do IPP</title>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise do IPP, foi utilizado um ox&#237;metro de pulso port&#225;til (modelo HC261, Multilaser, Brasil). Nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o, realizada por um investigador &#250;nico, os pacientes foram acomodados, sentados, por aproximadamente 5 minutos numa sala silenciosa com temperatura controlada a 20-22 &#186;C. O protocolo de coleta do IPP seguiu o mesmo utilizado por Menezes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A partir da desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito, o valor do IPP foi avaliado e registrado 90 e 120 segundos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da sua varia&#231;&#227;o do IPP neste per&#237;odo (&#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>) por meio da seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mi>&#9651;</mml:mi>
            <mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
            <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
            <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>:</mml:mo>
            <mml:mtext> (IPP tempo - IPP basal) / IPP basal (x 100) </mml:mtext>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas pelo m&#233;todo anal&#237;tico de Shapiro-Wilk para determinar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. Foi realizado o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste U de Mann-Whitney para aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson. Os pontos de corte para os &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos foram obtidos pela curva <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (ROC), escolhidos por meio do &#237;ndice de Youden. As &#225;reas sob a curva (ASC) foram calculadas e comparadas pelo m&#233;todo DeLong. Ademais, foram registrados a sensibilidade, a especificidade, o valor preditivo positivo (VP+) e negativo (VP-) e as raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva (RV+) e negativa (RV-) para ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi realizada para investigar a correla&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices com maior ASC com outras vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Para avaliar o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis ao desfecho, foram calculadas as <italic>odds ratios</italic> (OR) e seus intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC<sub>95%</sub>) para presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica por meio da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada. Aquelas que alcan&#231;aram p&lt;0,10 ou que fossem consideradas clinicamente relevantes foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando os <italic>softwares</italic> SPSS, vers&#227;o 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) e MedCalc&#174;, vers&#227;o 19.5 (MedCalc Software Ltd, Ostend, Belgium).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Este projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa, sob parecer n&#186; 5.106.513, conforme diretrizes e normas estabelecidas na resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466/2012 do CNS, a qual versa sobre pesquisas com seres humanos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No per&#237;odo da pesquisa, foram analisados dados de 323 volunt&#225;rios, dos quais 13 foram exclu&#237;dos por uso de anticoncepcionais e 4 por uso de inibidores da protease, 5 por serem pacientes dial&#237;ticos, 2 por diagn&#243;stico de hipercolesterolemia familiar e 1 por ser gestante. Sendo assim, a amostra final foi composta por 298 participantes (idade m&#233;dia 63&#177;16,1 anos), dos quais 102 compuseram o grupo aterosclerose cl&#237;nica, enquanto 196 participantes sem aterosclerose ou com aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica compuseram o grupo controle. Entre os pacientes do grupo aterosclerose, os leitos arteriais mais acometidos por aterosclerose cl&#237;nica foram, respectivamente, o coronariano (76), seguido pelo encef&#225;lico (26), carot&#237;deo (9) e perif&#233;rico (4); 12 pacientes foram diagnosticados com mais de uma doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais dos grupos estudados est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="3">Popula&#231;&#227;o geral (n = 298)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupo</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Controle (n = 196)</th>
                <th>Aterosclerose (n = 102)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">63,0 &#177; 16,1</td>
                <td align="center">59,4 &#177; 17,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 &#177; 11,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (57,4)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (62,8)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (47,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o brancos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">265 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">172 (87,8)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (91,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,372</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28,4 &#177; 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,342</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS, (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">132,6 &#177; 19,3</td>
                <td align="center">132,1 &#177; 18,1</td>
                <td align="center">133,5 &#177; 21,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,947</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80,1 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">81,8 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">77,0 &#177; 13,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">75,5 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center">76,7 &#177; 12,8</td>
                <td align="center">73,3 &#177; 14,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus tipo 2, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (43,0)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (56,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemias, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">196 (65,8)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (54,1)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (88,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">239 (80,2)</td>
                <td align="center">144 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (93,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (44,0)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (59,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etilismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (32,7)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (41,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade f&#237;sica regular, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (20,1)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (26,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA/Inibidores da ECA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">212 (71,1)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (66,8)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (79,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">154 (51,7)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (47,4)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (59,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (25,5)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (65,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (25,5)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (32,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,211</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">187 (62,8)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (46,9)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (93,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antiagregantes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (34,9)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; ECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina; BCC: bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros laboratoriais e os &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Entre os par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos, foi observada diferen&#231;a apenas entre os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides e HDL. No grupo aterosclerose, foram observados n&#237;veis maiores de triglic&#233;rides e menores de HDL. Os &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos IC-I, IC-II, IAP, ICL mostraram-se significativamente maiores no grupo aterosclerose, ao passo que foi observada menor mediana da &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros laboratoriais dos grupos de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="3">Popula&#231;&#227;o geral (n = 298)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupo</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Controle (n = 196)</th>
                <th>Aterosclerose (n = 102)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">175 (143 &#8211; 215)</td>
                <td align="center">178 (150 &#8211; 214)</td>
                <td align="center">162 (136 &#8211; 220)</td>
                <td align="center">0,250</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (85 &#8211; 158)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (77 &#8211; 138)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (114 &#8211; 188)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (39 &#8211; 56)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (42 &#8211; 59)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (34 &#8211; 47)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (72 &#8211; 132)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (74 &#8211; 134)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (69 &#8211; 132)</td>
                <td align="center">0,361</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol n&#227;o HDL, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (95 &#8211; 162)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (93 &#8211; 160)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (99 &#8211; 168)</td>
                <td align="center">0,446</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,984</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemat&#243;crito, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39,9 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">39,5 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">40,6 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,176</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas, (10<sup>3</sup>/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">238 &#177; 72</td>
                <td align="center">236 &#177; 69</td>
                <td align="center">243 &#177; 75</td>
                <td align="center">0,902</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos, (10<sup>3</sup>/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">6,35 (5,20 &#8211; 7,80)</td>
                <td align="center">6,30 (4,98 &#8211; 7,70)</td>
                <td align="center">6,49 (5,50 &#8211; 7,85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (27 &#8211; 44)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (26 &#8211; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (29 &#8211; 50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFGe, (mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 (5,5 &#8211; 6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 (5,4 &#8211; 6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (5,9 &#8211; 7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia de jejum, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (86 &#8211; 118)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (85 &#8211; 110)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (91 &#8211; 134)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de Castelli I</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 (3,0 &#8211; 4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (2,8 &#8211; 4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (3,4 &#8211; 5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de Castelli II</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (1,5 &#8211; 2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,4 &#8211; 2,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2,3 (1,8 &#8211; 3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice Aterog&#234;nico Plasm&#225;tico</td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (-0,12 &#8211; 0,20)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06 (-0,20 &#8211; 0,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 (0,08 &#8211; 0,36)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICL</td>
                <td align="center">11,6 (6,7 &#8211; 24,2)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 (5,6 &#8211; 20,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15,6 (8,4 &#8211; 35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IPP basal, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 (3,1 &#8211; 8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (2,7 &#8211; 6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7,8 (5,5 &#8211; 9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75,8 (45,3 &#8211; 130,3)</td>
                <td align="center">99,3 (69,4 &#8211; 157,8)</td>
                <td align="center">40,3 (8,1 &#8211; 65,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada pela f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI; ICL: &#237;ndice de combina&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas; IPP: &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica; &#916;IPP90-120: a varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica no intervalo 90-120 segundos ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos e raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a dos &#237;ndices analisados nesse estudo. Nota-se que apenas o &#205;ndice de Castelli II n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou uma ASC&gt;0,6 (ASC=0,589). As curvas ROC destes &#237;ndices podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos e raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a dos &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#205;ndices</th>
                <th>Ponto de corte</th>
                <th>ASC</th>
                <th>SEN</th>
                <th>ESP</th>
                <th>VPP</th>
                <th>VPN</th>
                <th>RVP</th>
                <th>RVN</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IC-I</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;3,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,658</td>
                <td align="center">77,5</td>
                <td align="center">49,5</td>
                <td align="center">44,4</td>
                <td align="center">80,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC-II</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;1,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,589</td>
                <td align="center">73,5</td>
                <td align="center">43,9</td>
                <td align="center">40,5</td>
                <td align="center">76,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICL</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;6,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,642</td>
                <td align="center">88,2</td>
                <td align="center">33,2</td>
                <td align="center">40,7</td>
                <td align="center">84,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAP</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,795</td>
                <td align="center">81,4</td>
                <td align="center">66,4</td>
                <td align="center">56,1</td>
                <td align="center">87,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub></td>
                <td align="center">&#8804;56,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,851</td>
                <td align="center">72,5</td>
                <td align="center">86,7</td>
                <td align="center">74,0</td>
                <td align="center">85,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>ASC: &#225;rea sob a curva; SEN: sensibilidade; ESP: especificidade; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; RVP: raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva; RVN: raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa; IC-I: &#237;ndice de Castelli I; IC-II: &#237;ndice de Castelli II; IAP: &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico plasm&#225;tico; ICL: &#237;ndice de combina&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas; &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>: a varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica no intervalo 90-120 segundos ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curvas ROC dos &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos para doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas. IC-I: &#237;ndice de Castelli I; IC-II: &#237;ndice de Castelli II; ICL: &#237;ndice de combina&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas; IAP: &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico plasm&#225;tico; &#916;IPP90-120: a varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica no intervalo 90-120 segundos ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230418-30418-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas da an&#225;lise ROC dos &#237;ndices que alcan&#231;aram ASC &gt; 0,6 mostram que, embora n&#227;o houvesse diferen&#231;a significativa entre a &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> e o IAP, ambos se mostraram superiores ao IC-I e ICL, entre os quais tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s observar a maior acur&#225;cia do IAP e &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>, foi realizada an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para investigar suas correla&#231;&#245;es com outras vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. O IAP foi positivamente correlacionado com a idade (r=0,173, p=0,003), IMC (r=0,116, p=0,046), CT (r=0,138, p=0,017), TG (r=0,830, p&lt;0,001), e foi negativamente correlacionado com o HDL (r=-0,599, p&lt;0,001) e &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> (r=-0,237, p&lt;0,001). Por sua vez, a &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> foi positivamente correlacionada com a PAD (r=0,154, p=0,012), HDL (r=0,321, p&lt;0,001) e negativamente correlacionada com a idade (r=-0,258, p&lt;0,001) e TG (r=-0,120, p&lt;0,040).</p>
      <p>Para determinar o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o independente dos &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos, realizou-se an&#225;lise log&#237;stica multivariada, ajustada para poss&#237;veis fatores confundidores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Observou-se que os &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> e o IAP foram preditores independentes de aterosclerose cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#205;ndices aterog&#234;nicos associados &#224;s doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas, conforme pontos de corte estabelecidos, segundo modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">&#205;ndices aterog&#234;nicos</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo 1</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo 2</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo 3</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OR (IC95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR (IC95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR (IC95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IC-I &gt; 3,35</td>
                <td align="center">3,30 (1,92&#8211;5,67)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,85 (0,69&#8211;4,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,224</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICL &gt; 6,90</td>
                <td align="center">3,72 (1,90&#8211;7,28)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,30&#8211;3,68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,933</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAP &gt; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">8,80 (4,93&#8211;15,73)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">4,06 (1,88&#8211;8,75)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">5,35 (2,30&#8211;12,45)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> &#8804; 56,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,28 (9,49&#8211; 31,47)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">11,03 (5,58&#8211;21,80)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">9,58 (4,71&#8211;19,46)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Modelo 1: sem ajuste; Modelo 2: ajustado por sexo, idade, hist&#243;ria de tabagismo, IMC, pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica e presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemias; Modelo 3: ajustado pelo modelo 2 + uso de estatina, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. IC-I: &#237;ndice de Castelli I; ICL: &#237;ndice de combina&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas; IAP: &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico plasm&#225;tico; &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>: a varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica no intervalo 90-120 segundos ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro comparando novos &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Os resultados presentes evidenciam uma importante associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> e o IAP com aterosclerose cl&#237;nica. Consequentemente, o principal achado deste estudo diz respeito &#224; possibilidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de um derivado da oximetria de pulso e de rela&#231;&#245;es derivadas da avalia&#231;&#227;o habitual de lip&#237;deos. Outros estudos tamb&#233;m encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o independente do IAP com aterosclerose cl&#237;nica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> e subcl&#237;nica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> em diversos leitos arteriais.</p>
      <p>Enquanto alguns estudos encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o IAP e a idade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> um estudo em popula&#231;&#227;o africana concluiu que o IAP n&#227;o estava associado &#224; idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Esta discrep&#226;ncia pode ser parcialmente o resultado das diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es &#233;tnicas selecionadas. Em nosso estudo, de uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira majoritariamente de indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o brancos (88,9%), foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a idade e o IAP (r=0,173; p=0,003), o que pode ser explicado pela cl&#225;ssica associa&#231;&#227;o entre a idade e o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas.</p>
      <p>Foi sugerido que valores de IAP de -0,3&#8211;0,1 est&#227;o associados a um baixo risco cardiovascular, 0,1&#8211;0,24 a m&#233;dio risco e acima de 0,24 a alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Condizente com os pontos de corte sugeridos, observamos IAP de 0,17 no grupo aterosclerose e -0,06 nos controles. Conv&#233;m esclarecer que o uso elevado de estatinas no grupo aterosclerose pode justificar um IAP menor que o esperado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> todavia, ele permaneceu significativamente maior neste grupo.</p>
      <p>Verificou-se que o IAP estava negativamente associado ao di&#226;metro da part&#237;cula de LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Por consequ&#234;ncia, um aumento no IAP indica uma redu&#231;&#227;o no di&#226;metro da part&#237;cula de LDL e um aumento na propor&#231;&#227;o de part&#237;culas de LDL pequenas e densas (sdLDL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>Em situa&#231;&#245;es de hipertrigliceridemia, h&#225; um est&#237;mulo &#224; atividade da prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de &#233;ster de colesterol (CETP), que est&#225; implicada na forma&#231;&#227;o intravascular de sdLDL principalmente por meio de um mecanismo indireto envolvendo uma elevada taxa de transfer&#234;ncia de &#233;steres de colesterol do HDL para part&#237;culas de VLDL1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido ao pequeno tamanho da part&#237;cula e tamb&#233;m &#224; liga&#231;&#227;o aumentada a proteoglicanos endoteliais, o sdLDL tem maior probabilidade de invadir e se depositar na parede arterial e de ser oxidado, o que leva a ainda mais aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> No entanto, devido &#224;s t&#233;cnicas complexas e pouco custo-efetivas para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o sdLDL, sua aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica costuma ser limitada, o que garante vantagem de custo ao IAP.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, a &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> foi o preditor independente com maior associa&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho. H&#225; anos, evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ocorre antes mesmo do processo de forma&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, contribuindo para sua forma&#231;&#227;o, progress&#227;o e poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Menezes et al. sugeriram uma forma de avaliar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos com aterosclerose cl&#237;nica por meio da &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>, e seus resultados evidenciaram n&#237;veis reduzidos deste &#237;ndice em indiv&#237;duos no grupo aterosclerose,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> independentemente do sexo, de forma bastante similar ao presente estudo. Ao ocorrer o est&#225;gio de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a resposta vasodilatadora est&#225; reduzida ou ausente, e a &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> surge como uma poss&#237;vel ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o desse est&#225;gio disfuncional no per&#237;odo em que ocorre maior contribui&#231;&#227;o do NO para os efeitos da hiperemia reativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IAP e vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas que pudessem justificar sua correla&#231;&#227;o encontrada com a &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>, alguns estudos relataram associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de elevados de TG e reduzidos de HDL com a rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O processo que leva ao aumento da rigidez das grandes art&#233;rias &#233; complexo e compreende influ&#234;ncias mediadas por estresse mec&#226;nico puls&#225;til, fatores de crescimento e altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, enzimas que degradam a elastina, altera&#231;&#245;es nas c&#233;lulas musculares lisas do fen&#243;tipo contr&#225;til para sint&#233;tico e aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de matriz extracelular por fibroblastos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Sabe-se que os TG e o HDL t&#234;m influ&#234;ncias opostas na inflama&#231;&#227;o, no estresse oxidativo, na forma&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular e na altera&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo liso vascular do fen&#243;tipo contr&#225;til para o sint&#233;tico, e o IAP, de alguma forma, resume tais influ&#234;ncias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Contudo, foram publicados achados contradit&#243;rios e, portanto, permanecem controv&#233;rsias sobre as associa&#231;&#245;es do IAP com a rigidez arterial e, consequentemente, com a &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A primeira delas ocorre pelo desenho observacional e transversal, realizado em centro &#250;nico, que pode envolver um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, limitando esta pesquisa apenas na gera&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses. Em segundo lugar, nossos dados n&#227;o puderam explicar completamente a rela&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica encontrada entre o IAP e a &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub>. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o potencial &#233; que foi realizada uma &#250;nica medida dos &#237;ndices avaliados para cada paciente, o que restringe as conclus&#245;es acerca da reprodutibilidade intra-individual dos m&#233;todos. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, este estudo &#233; o primeiro a comparar a rela&#231;&#227;o dos novos &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos em diversas patologias ateroscler&#243;ticas em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados permitem concluir que o IAP e &#916;IPP<sub>90-120</sub> apresentaram melhor acur&#225;cia para discriminar aterosclerose cl&#237;nica. Al&#233;m disso, eles foram preditores independentes de aterosclerose cl&#237;nica, evidenciando uma possibilidade promissora para o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias preventivas e de controle para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Tratam-se, portanto, de marcadores adequados para estudos multic&#234;ntricos do ponto de vista de praticidade, custo e validade externa.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Sergipe sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 51639221.0.0000.5546 - parecer 5106513. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Use of Atherogenic Indices as Assessment Methods of Clinical Atherosclerotic Diseases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1724-3637</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0077-7790</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Beatriz Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-1663-9591</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Fellipe Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8274-1547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Meneguz-Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Departamento de Medicina de Lagarto, Lagarto, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Yuri Barbosa Ara&#250;jo &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Departamento de Medicina de Lagarto - Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n. Postal Code 49100-000, Jardim Rosa Elze, Lagarto, SE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: yuriyba@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Use of Atherogenic Indices as Assessment Methods of Clinical Atherosclerotic Diseases</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230418-30418-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The search for clinically useful methods to assess atherosclerotic diseases (ASCVD) with good accuracy, low cost, non-invasiveness, and easy handling has been stimulated for years. Thus, the atherogenic indices evaluated in this study may fit this growing demand.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To assess the potential of atherogenic indices to evaluate patients with clinical atherosclerosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Single-center cross-sectional study, through which the Castelli I and II indices, the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), the lipoprotein combine index, and the variation in the peripheral perfusion index between 90 and 120 seconds after an endothelium-dependent (&#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>) vasodilator stimulus were evaluated in the prediction of atherosclerosis. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The sample consisted of 298 individuals with an average age of 63.0&#177;16.1 years, of which 57.4% were women. Paired comparisons of the ROC curve analysis of the indices that reached the area under the curve (AUC) &gt; 0.6 show that &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub> and AIP were superior to other indices, and no differences were observed between them (difference between AUC = 0.056; 95%CI -0.003&#8211;0.115). Furthermore, both the &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub> [odds ratio (OR) 9.58; 95%CI 4.71&#8211;19.46)] and AIP (OR 5.35; 95%CI 2.30&#8211;12.45) were independent predictors of clinical atherosclerosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The AIP and &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub> represented better accuracy in discriminating clinical ASCVD. Moreover, they were independent predictors of clinical ASCVD, evidencing a promising possibility for developing preventive and control strategies for cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, they are markers for multicenter studies from the point of view of practicality, low cost, and external validity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerotic Plaque</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins</kwd>
        <kwd>Perfusion Index</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atherosclerosis is the central pillar of the pathophysiology of several cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite the widespread use of classic lipid parameters, widely available for clinical analysis, other parameters are currently being discussed, proposing associations of these lipid variables to assess their relationships and the correlation with clinical outcomes, especially coronary disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In 1983, Castelli suggested the Castelli Indices I and II as a reflection of clearance of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL, both mediated by HDL levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Recently, the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) has gained scientific notoriety. It is speculated that the great predictive potential of AIP for atherosclerotic diseases derives from the ability of this index to indicate that the ratio between triglycerides (TG) and HDL can predetermine the preferential direction of intravascular transport of cholesterol towards beneficial HDL or atherogenic LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In the last 4 years, represented by the relationship between molar concentrations of TC, LDL, and TG with HDL, the lipoprotein combine index (LCI) was proposed as a possible independent predictor of coronary disease in menopausal women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Newly, a study showed encouraging results of the perfusion index (PI), a parameter derived from the pulse oximeter, in evaluating endothelial function in the presence of atherosclerosis. This same study reported that the interval of the PI variation between 90 and 120 seconds (&#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>) after reactive hyperemia seems to have the highest correlation between cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given the importance of endothelial dysfunction and lipid profile for developing and progressing atherosclerotic diseases, the search for useful clinical assessment methods with good accuracy, low cost, non-invasiveness, and easy handling has been stimulated for years. Considering the already described association of these indices with several cardiovascular clinical outcomes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> they may fit the growing demand for cost-effectiveness and make them attractive for future trials and possible improvement in the detection, prevention, and treatment of such diseases. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential of atherogenic indices to predict clinical atherosclerotic disease.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This is an observational, cross-sectional study through which the values of the Castelli I and II indices, atherogenic index of plasma, lipoprotein combine index, and the variation of the peripheral perfusion index after an endothelium-dependent vasodilator stimulus were evaluated. Patients with clinical atherosclerosis in different vascular sites were included based on the common concomitance of sites involved and on their systemic characteristics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study location and sample</title>
          <p>The present study was conducted in a cardiology, endocrinology, and geriatrics outpatient clinic linked to a tertiary hospital in northeastern Brazil. A retrospective sample size calculation was performed for the primary outcome with a 1:2 ratio for occurrence of the outcome, based on a previously conducted pilot study. With a power of 0.8, an &#945; of 0.05, and an AUC=0.6 according to our a priori hypothesis (null hypothesis: AUC=0.5), a sample of 294 participants was required. To compensate for possible losses, 10% was added for sample adjustment, totaling 323 participants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>All patients who attended the outpatient care of the specialties above would be invited to participate in the study provided they were at least 18 years old and had a lipidogram result collected up to 03 months before the inclusion in the research. Due to particular changes in lipid parameters, patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and users of protease inhibitors combined with oral contraceptives or isotretinoin were excluded from the study. Furthermore, since numerous factors can affect vascular reactivity, patients on dialysis, pregnant women, and patients who have exercised within 1 hour of the interview, or who have ingested energetic substances, or who have smoked at least 4 to 6 hours before the start of the interview from the data collect were also excluded from the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of clinical atherosclerotic disease</title>
          <p>The patients had their diseases confirmed by the electronic medical record prepared by specialist physicians and complementary tests, including reports of coronary angiography and angiotomography of coronary arteries with atherosclerotic plaques with stenosis &#8805; 50%, physical or pharmacological stress echocardiogram, pharmacological stress cardiac magnetic resonance, arteriography or arterial echo-doppler of the lower limbs and echo-doppler of the carotid arteries showing atherosclerotic plaques with stenosis &#8805; 50%, in addition to tomography and angiotomography of the skull with signs of ischemia and cardioembolic etiologies excluded. Non-invasive tests were considered positive when ischemia was evidenced. Positive reports of atherosclerosis diagnosed within 1 year of the most recent lipidogram were considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Allocation of groups</title>
          <p>In this study, the clinical atherosclerotic disease (ASCVD) group comprised coronary artery disease, carotid or peripheral atherosclerotic disease, and atherothrombotic ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Thus, the control group consisted of those who did not have a diagnosed clinical atherosclerotic disease, individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis, or those without an atherosclerotic process.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Data was collected from January 2022 to December 2022 through interviews and physical examination in individualized rooms, with closed doors, respecting the participant&#8217;s privacy and the general data protection law. Respondents were randomly selected by active search on random days before outpatient care.</p>
          <p>Variables related to cardiovascular risk were collected: gender, age, ethnicity, regular practice of physical activity, body mass index (BMI), dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, history of alcoholism, and current or previous smoking. Those who did not regularly practice at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity were classified as inadequately practicing physical activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The following atherogenic indices were calculated: Castelli I (CI-I) (CT/HDL) and Castelli II (CI-II) indices (LDL/HDL), the lipoprotein combine index (LCI) (CTxTGxLDL/HDL), the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), calculated as log<sub>10</sub>(TG/HDL), and the variation in the peripheral perfusion index in the interval 90-120 seconds (&#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>) after cuff deflation, for AIP and LCI, lipid parameters (TC, LDL, HDL and TG) were expressed in mmol/L.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>PI collection</title>
          <p>A portable pulse oximeter (model HC261, Multilaser, Brazil) was used for PI analysis. In this assessment, performed by a single investigator, patients were accommodated and seated for approximately 5 minutes in a silent room with a controlled temperature of 20-22&#186;C. The PI collect protocol followed the same used by Menezes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> After cuff deflation, the PI value was evaluated and recorded at 90 and 120 seconds to evaluate its PI variation in this period (&#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>) using the following formula:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e1001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mi>&#916;</mml:mi>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>:</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mtext> time </mml:mtext>
              <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mtext> baseline </mml:mtext>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mtext> baseline </mml:mtext>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Variables with normal distribution were described as mean &#177; standard deviation, and variables without normal distribution were described as median and interquartile range. Continuous variables were evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk analytical method to determine the normality of the distribution. The unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test was performed for variables with normal distribution and the Mann-Whitney U test for those without normal distribution. For categorical variables, Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test was used. Cutoff points for atherogenic indices were obtained using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, chosen using the Youden index. The DeLong method calculated and compared areas under the curve (AUC). Furthermore, sensitivity, specificity, positive (PV+) and negative (PV-) predictive value, and positive (LR+) and negative (LR-) likelihood ratios for the outcome were recorded.</p>
          <p>Pearson&#8217;s correlation analysis was performed to investigate the correlation of indices with the highest AUC with other continuous variables. To assess the degree of association between the variables and the outcome, odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for the presence of atherosclerotic disease using univariate logistic regression. Those that reached p&lt;0.10 or that were considered clinically relevant were included in the multivariate model. P values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and MedCalc<sup>&#174;</sup>, version 19.5 (MedCalc Software Ltd, Ostend, Belgium).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, under opinion n&#186; 5,106,513, according to the guidelines and norms established in resolution n&#186; 466/2012 of the CNS, which deals with research with human beings.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>During the research period, data from 323 volunteers were analyzed, of which 13 were excluded for contraceptives, 4 for using protease inhibitors, 5 for being dialytic patients, 2 for diagnosing familial hypercholesterolemia, and 1 for being pregnant. Thus, the final sample consisted of 298 participants (mean age 63 &#177; 16.1 years), of which 102 composed the clinical atherosclerosis group, while 196 participants without atherosclerosis or with subclinical atherosclerosis composed the control group. Among patients in the atherosclerosis group, the arterial beds most affected by clinical atherosclerosis were, respectively, the coronary (76), followed by the brain (26), carotid (9), and peripheral (4); 12 patients were diagnosed with more than one atherosclerotic disease. The baseline clinical characteristics of the studied groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of the clinical characteristics of the studied population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="3">General population (n = 298)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Group</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Control (n = 196)</th>
                  <th>Atherosclerosis (n = 102)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.0 &#177; 16.1</td>
                  <td align="center">59.4 &#177; 17.0</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0 &#177; 11.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (57.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (62.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (47.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-white, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">265 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (87.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (91.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.372</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.4 &#177; 5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.342</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP, (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">132.6 &#177; 19.3</td>
                  <td align="center">132.1 &#177; 18.1</td>
                  <td align="center">133.5 &#177; 21.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.947</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP, (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.1 &#177; 12.6</td>
                  <td align="center">81.8 &#177; 12.0</td>
                  <td align="center">77.0 &#177; 13.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.5 &#177; 13.3</td>
                  <td align="center">76.7 &#177; 12.8</td>
                  <td align="center">73.3 &#177; 14.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (43.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (35.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (56.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemias, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">196 (65.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (54.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (88.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">239 (80.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (73.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (93.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (44.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (35.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (59.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoholism, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (35.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (32.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (41.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular physical activity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (20.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (26.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB/ACE inhibitors, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">212 (71.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (66.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (79.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (51.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (47.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (59.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (39.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (25.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (65.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (25.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (32.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.211</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (62.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (46.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (93.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet antiaggregants, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (34.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (9.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (83.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB: calcium channel blockers.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Laboratory parameters and atherogenic indices are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Among lipid parameters, differences were observed only between triglycerides and HDL levels. In the atherosclerosis group, higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of HDL were observed. The atherogenic indices IC-I, IC-II, AIP, and ICL were significantly higher in the atherosclerosis group, whereas a lower median of &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub> was observed.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of the laboratory parameters of the study groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="3">General population (n = 298)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Group</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Control (n = 196)</th>
                  <th>Atherosclerosis (n = 102)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol, (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">175 (143 &#8211; 215)</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (150 &#8211; 214)</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (136 &#8211; 220)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.250</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides, (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (85 &#8211; 158)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (77 &#8211; 138)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (114 &#8211; 188)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL cholesterol, (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (39 &#8211; 56)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (42 &#8211; 59)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (34 &#8211; 47)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL cholesterol, (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (72 &#8211; 132)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (74 &#8211; 134)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (69 &#8211; 132)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.361</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-HDL cholesterol, (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (95 &#8211; 162)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (93 &#8211; 160)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (99 &#8211; 168)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.446</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.984</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hematocrit, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.9 &#177; 5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">39.5 &#177; 5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">40.6 &#177; 5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.176</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelets, (10 <sup>3</sup> /mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">238 &#177; 72</td>
                  <td align="center">236 &#177; 69</td>
                  <td align="center">243 &#177; 75</td>
                  <td align="center">0.902</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leukocytes, (10<sup>3</sup>/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.35 (5.20 &#8211; 7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.30 (4.98 &#8211; 7.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.49 (5.50 &#8211; 7.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urea, (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (27 &#8211; 44)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (26 - 40)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (29 - 50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR, (mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">70 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.0 (5.5 - 6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8 (5.4 - 6.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.4 (5.9 - 7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting blood glucose, (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (86 &#8211; 118)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (85 &#8211; 110)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (91 &#8211; 134)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Castelli II Index</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6 (3.0 - 4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 (2.8 - 4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 (3.4 - 5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Castelli II Index</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 (1.5 - 2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.4 - 2.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3 (1.8 - 3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atherogenic index of plasma</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03 (-0.12 &#8211; 0.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.06 (-0.20 - 0.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17 (0.08 - 0.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lipoprotein combine index</td>
                  <td align="center">11.6 (6.7 - 24.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5 (5.6 - 20.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.6 (8.4 - 35.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline PI, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3 (3.1 - 8.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 (2.7 - 6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.8 (5.5 - 9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.8 (45.3 - 130.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">99.3 (69.4 - 157.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">40.3 (8.1 - 65.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate using the CKD-EPI formula; PI: peripheral perfusion index; &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>: the variation in the peripheral perfusion index in the interval 90-120 seconds after cuff deflation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> presents the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios of the indices analyzed in this study. Note that only the Castelli II Index did not reach an AUC&gt;0.6 (AUC=0.589). The ROC curves of these indices can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios of atherogenic indices</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indices</th>
                  <th>Cutoff</th>
                  <th>AUC</th>
                  <th>SENS</th>
                  <th>SPEC</th>
                  <th>PV+</th>
                  <th>PV-</th>
                  <th>LR+</th>
                  <th>LR+</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IC-I</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 3.35</td>
                  <td align="center">0.658</td>
                  <td align="center">77.5</td>
                  <td align="center">49.5</td>
                  <td align="center">44.4</td>
                  <td align="center">80.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.53</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC-II</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 1.86</td>
                  <td align="center">0.589</td>
                  <td align="center">73.5</td>
                  <td align="center">43.9</td>
                  <td align="center">40.5</td>
                  <td align="center">76.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.31</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LCI</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 6.90</td>
                  <td align="center">0.642</td>
                  <td align="center">88.2</td>
                  <td align="center">33.2</td>
                  <td align="center">40.7</td>
                  <td align="center">84.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIP</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.795</td>
                  <td align="center">81.4</td>
                  <td align="center">66.4</td>
                  <td align="center">56.1</td>
                  <td align="center">87.3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916;PI <sub>90-120</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804; 56.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.851</td>
                  <td align="center">72.5</td>
                  <td align="center">86.7</td>
                  <td align="center">74.0</td>
                  <td align="center">85.9</td>
                  <td align="center">5.47</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>AUC: area under the curve; SENS: sensitivity; SPEC: specificity; PV+: positive predictive value; PV-: negative predictive value; LR+: positive likelihood ratio; LR-: negative likelihood ratio; CI-I: Castelli I index; CI-II: Castelli II index; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; LCI: lipoprotein combine index; &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>: the variation in the peripheral perfusion index in the interval 90-120 seconds after cuff deflation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curves atherogenic indices for atherosclerotic disease. CI-I: Castelli I index; CI-II: Castelli II index; LCI: lipoprotein combine index; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; &#916;PI90-120: the variation in the peripheral perfusion index in the interval 90-120 seconds after cuff deflation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230418-30418-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Paired comparisons of the ROC analysis of the indices that reached AUC &gt; 0.6 show that, although there was no significant difference between the &#916;PI <sub>90-120</sub> and the AIP, both were shown to be greater than CI-I and LCI, between which no difference was observed either.</p>
        <p>After observing the greater accuracy of the AIP and &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>, Pearson&#8217;s correlation analysis was performed to investigate their correlations with other continuous variables. AIP was positively correlated with age (r=0.173, p=0.003), BMI (r=0.116, p=0.046), TC (r=0.138, p=0.017), TG (r=0.830, p&lt;0.001), and was negatively correlated with HDL (r=-0.599, p&lt;0.001) and &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub> (r=-0.237, p&lt;0.001). In turn, the &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub> was positively correlated with DBP (r=0.154, p=0.012), HDL (r=0.321, p&lt;0.001), and negatively correlated with age (r=-0.258, p&lt;0.001), and TG (r=-0.120, p&lt;0.040).</p>
        <p>A multivariate logistic analysis was performed to determine the degree of independent association of the atherogenic indices, adjusted for possible confounding factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). It was observed that the atherogenic indices &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub> and AIP were independent predictors of clinical atherosclerosis.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Atherogenic indices associated with atherosclerotic diseases, according to established cutoff points, according to logistic regression models</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Indices</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Model 1</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Model 2</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Model 3</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>CI-I &gt; 3.35</td>
                  <td align="center">3.30 (1.92&#8211;5.67)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.85 (0.69&#8211;4.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.224</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LCI &gt; 6.90</td>
                  <td align="center">3.72 (1.90&#8211;7.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05 (0.30&#8211;3.68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.933</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIP &gt; 0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">8.80 (4.93&#8211;15.73)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">4.06 (1.88&#8211;8.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">5.35 (2.30&#8211;12.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916;PI <sub>90-120</sub> &#8804; 56.6</td>
                  <td align="center">17.28 (9.49&#8211; 31.47)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">11.03 (5.58&#8211;21.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">9.58 (4.71&#8211;19.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>Model 1: without adjustment; Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, history of smoking, BMI, regular practice of physical activity, and presence of diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia; Model 3: adjusted by model 2 + statin use, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. CI-I: Castelli I index; LCI: lipoprotein combine index; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>: the variation in the peripheral perfusion index in the interval 90-120 seconds after cuff deflation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study is the first to compare new atherogenic indices in a Brazilian population. The present results show an important independent association between &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub> and AIP with clinical atherosclerosis. Consequently, the main finding of this study concerns the possibility of clinical use of a derivative of pulse oximetry and relationships derived from the usual assessment of lipids. Other studies have also found an independent association between AIP and clinical<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and subclinical<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> atherosclerosis in different vascular beds.</p>
        <p>While some studies found an inverse correlation between the AIP and age,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> a study in an African population concluded that the AIP was not associated with age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> This discrepancy may be partially the result of the different ethnic populations selected. In our study, of a Brazilian population mostly composed of non-white individuals (88.9%), a positive correlation was found between age and AIP (r=0.173; p=0.003), which the classic association between age and the development of atherosclerotic diseases can explain.</p>
        <p>It has been suggested that AIP values of -0.3&#8211;0.1 are associated with low cardiovascular risk, 0.1&#8211;0.24 with intermediate risk, and above 0.24 with high risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Consistent with the suggested cutoff points, we observed an AIP of 0.17 in the atherosclerosis group and -0.06 in the controls. It should be clarified that the high use of statins in the atherosclerosis group may justify a lower-than-expected AIP;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> however, it remained significantly higher in this group.</p>
        <p>It was found that AIP was negatively associated with LDL particle diameter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>Consequently, an increase in the AIP indicates a reduction in the LDL particle diameter and an increase in the proportion of small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In situations of hypertriglyceridemia, there is a stimulus to the activity of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), which is implicated in the intravascular formation of sdLDL mainly through an indirect mechanism involving a high rate of transfer of cholesterol esters from HDL to VLDL1 particles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the small particle size and increased binding to endothelial proteoglycans, sdLDL is more likely to invade and deposit in the arterial wall and be oxidized, leading to even more atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> However, due to the complex and low cost-effective techniques for quantifying the sdLDL fraction, its application in clinical practice is usually limited, guaranteeing a cost advantage to the AIP.</p>
        <p>In this study, the &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub> was the independent predictor with the greatest association with the outcome. For years, evidence has suggested that endothelial dysfunction occurs even before the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation, contributing to its formation, progression, and possible complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Menezes et al. suggested a way to assess endothelial dysfunction in individuals with clinical atherosclerosis through the &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>, and their results showed reduced levels of this index in individuals in the atherosclerosis group,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> regardless of gender in a way that is very similar to the present study. When the endothelial dysfunction stage occurs, the vasodilator response is reduced or absent, and the &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub> appears as a possible tool for evaluating this dysfunctional stage in the period in which there is a greater contribution of NO to the effects of reactive hyperemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although no correlation was found between AIP and hemodynamic variables that could justify its correlation with &#916;PI<sub>90-120,</sub> some studies have reported an independent association between elevated plasma levels of TG and reduced HDL with arterial stiffness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The process leading to increased stiffness of large arteries is complex and comprises influences mediated by pulsatile mechanical stress, growth factors and changes in endothelial function, inflammatory cells, enzymes that degrade elastin, changes in smooth muscle cells from the contractile to synthetic phenotype, and increases extracellular matrix production by fibroblasts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> It is known that TG and HDL have opposing influences on inflammation, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix formation, and the change of vascular smooth muscle from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype, and the AIP, somehow, summarizes these influences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> However, contradictory findings have been published, and, therefore, controversies remain about the associations of AIP with arterial stiffness and, consequently, with &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>.</p>
        <p>Our study has some limitations. The first occurs due to the observational and cross-sectional design of the study, conducted in a single center, which may involve a selection bias, limiting this research only to the generation of hypotheses. Second, our data could not fully explain the pathophysiological relationship between AIP and &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub>. Another potential limitation is that a single measurement of the indices evaluated was performed for each patient, which restricts conclusions about the intra-individual reproducibility of the methods. Despite these limitations, this study is the first to compare the relationship of new atherogenic indices in different atherosclerotic pathologies in a Brazilian population of outpatients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The results allow us to conclude that the AIP and &#916;PI<sub>90-120</sub> presented better accuracy in discriminating clinical ASCVD. Furthermore, they were independent predictors of clinical ASCVD, evidencing a promising possibility for developing preventive and control strategies for cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, they are suitable markers for multicenter studies from the point of view of practicality, low cost, and external validity.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe under the protocol number CAAE 51639221.0.0000.5546 - parecer 5106513. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
