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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">nWRCChyHWHJP8BHxD4bVvHB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230409</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Maior Rigidez Arterial Prediz Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica no Estudo de Coorte ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8186-6900</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;ndido</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camelo</surname>
            <given-names>Lidyane do Valle</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0987-368X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vitoria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sandhi Maria Barreto</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Rua Alfredo Balena, 190. CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>sandhi.barreto@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230409</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Maior Rigidez Arterial Prediz Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica no Estudo de Coorte ELSA-Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/nWRCChyHWHJP8BHxD4bVvHB/d9051036fbddadccad137f35f55a8e56c7d7b6f2.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/nWRCChyHWHJP8BHxD4bVvHB/0fea82e9e7246a2dbaf0595c4c1d1f8f1e8fea76.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/nWRCChyHWHJP8BHxD4bVvHB/7593e8674252319b94f1ab4f9b635bf82da0b7d9.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A rigidez arterial pode afetar diretamente os rins, que s&#227;o perfundidos passivamente por alto fluxo. No entanto, determinar se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e fun&#231;&#227;o renal depende das condi&#231;&#245;es de diabetes e hipertens&#227;o &#233; uma quest&#227;o controversa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a rigidez arterial, por velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;dea-femoral (VOPcf), e a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) em indiv&#237;duos e verificar se essa associa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; presente em indiv&#237;duos sem hipertens&#227;o e diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo longitudinal com 11.647 participantes do ELSA-Brasil acompanhados por quatro anos (2008/10-2012/14). A VOPcf basal foi agrupada por quartil, de acordo com pontos de corte espec&#237;ficos com rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo. A presen&#231;a de DRC foi verificada pela taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFGe-CKD-EPI) &lt; 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> e/ou rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina &#8805; 30 mg/g. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram executados para toda a coorte e uma subamostra livre de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes no in&#237;cio do estudo, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, escolaridade, tabagismo, rela&#231;&#227;o colesterol/HDL, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, diabetes, uso de anti-hipertensivos, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi fixada em 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A chance de DRC foi de 42% (IC de 95%: 1,05;1,92) maior entre indiv&#237;duos no quartil superior da VOPcf. Entre os participantes normotensos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, os indiv&#237;duos do 2&#186;, 3&#186; e 4&#186; quartis da VOPcf apresentaram maiores chances de desenvolver DRC, quando comparados aos do quartil inferior, sendo a magnitude dessa associa&#231;&#227;o maior para aqueles do quartil superior (OR: 1,81 IC de 95%: 1,14;2,86).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A maior VOPcf aumentou as chances de DRC, e sugere que esse efeito &#233; ainda maior em indiv&#237;duos sem diabetes e hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica global com alta preval&#234;ncia, morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em 2017, a DRC ocupou a 8&#170; posi&#231;&#227;o como causa de morte no mundo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> sendo tamb&#233;m associada ao aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em uma meta-an&#225;lise de 110 estudos, a preval&#234;ncia global estimada dos est&#225;gios 3 a 5 da DRC foi de 13%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em 2013, a preval&#234;ncia estimada de DRC em brasileiros foi de 6,7% com base na taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na linha de base do estudo ELSA-Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia de DRC em adultos, de 35 a 74 anos, foi de 8,9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> &#192; medida que o n&#250;mero de idosos aumenta em todo o mundo, espera-se que a preval&#234;ncia da DRC tamb&#233;m aumente, especialmente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda.</p>
      <p>A DRC est&#225; associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular em diversos s&#237;tios anat&#244;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Acredita-se que o aumento da rigidez arterial esteja associado &#224; incid&#234;ncia e progress&#227;o da DRC e &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a renal tem sido relatada em pacientes com DRC em est&#225;gio inicial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e avan&#231;ado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> bem como na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Contudo, alguns estudos detectaram associa&#231;&#245;es fracas ou nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maioria dos estudos anteriores abordou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e TFGe ou DRC estabelecida. Existem poucos estudos longitudinais que investigam associa&#231;&#245;es entre rigidez arterial e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal medida de acordo com a albumin&#250;ria ou a rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina (RAC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e nenhum avaliou essa rela&#231;&#227;o especificamente em indiv&#237;duos sem diabetes e hipertens&#227;o. No entanto, a RAC elevada &#233; um marcador precoce de dano glomerular, particularmente em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes, hipertens&#227;o ou doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), sendo associada a maior mortalidade, independentemente da TFGe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Quanto &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e fun&#231;&#227;o renal, faz-se relevante saber se ela depende da diabetes ou da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Essas condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de interferem nas propriedades estruturais arteriais e podem explicar parte das associa&#231;&#245;es entre aumento da rigidez arterial e a DRC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A rigidez arterial pode, ali&#225;s, preceder a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e a DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre rigidez arterial e incid&#234;ncia de DRC, avaliada de acordo com os n&#237;veis de TFGe ou RAC, em cerca de quatro anos de acompanhamento. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo investigou se tais associa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o mantidas para indiv&#237;duos normotensos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, dois importantes fatores de risco para a DRC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O ELSA-Brasil &#233; um estudo multic&#234;ntrico prospectivo que envolveu 15.105 servidores p&#250;blicos com idades entre 35 e 74 anos, recrutados em institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino superior e pesquisa de seis capitais brasileiras: S&#227;o Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador e Vit&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>Os dados foram coletados em dois momentos: visita 1 (2008 a 2010) e visita 2 (2012 a 2014). Em ambas as ocasi&#245;es, os participantes foram submetidos a entrevistas presenciais, avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, medidas antropom&#233;tricas e exames laboratoriais e de imagem, realizados por auxiliares de pesquisa treinados e certificados.</p>
      <p>O ELSA-Brasil foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica das institui&#231;&#245;es participantes. Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes da coleta de dados em ambas as visitas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Dos 15.105 participantes que compareceram &#224; primeira visita, 204 (1,4%) morreram durante o acompanhamento e 887 (5,9%) n&#227;o compareceram &#224; segunda visita. Dos 14.014 participantes que compareceram &#224; segunda visita, aqueles livres de DRC na primeira visita foram eleg&#237;veis para participar do estudo (n=12.971). Indiv&#237;duos com VOP ausente ou n&#227;o validada (n=327) e dados ausentes para creatinina s&#233;rica (n=91) ou RAC (n=906) em qualquer visita do estudo, tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos, resultando em uma amostra anal&#237;tica de 11.647 participantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230409-30409-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis de Estudo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</title>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de DRC na segunda visita de acompanhamento do ELSA-Brasil foi utilizada como vari&#225;vel de resposta neste estudo. A DRC (sim/n&#227;o) foi definida como TFGe baixa (n&#227;o/sim) e/ou RAC elevada (n&#227;o/sim) na segunda visita, definida como TFGe &lt;60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> ou RAC &#8805; 30 mg/g. Amostras de urina foram coletadas 12 horas antes das visitas. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina foram medidos pelo m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico de Jaffe (Advia 1200 Siemens, EUA). Os n&#237;veis urin&#225;rios de creatinina e albumina foram medidos pelo m&#233;todo cin&#233;tico de Jaffe (Advia 1200 Siemens, EUA) e por um ensaio imunoqu&#237;mico (BN IINephelometer Siemens Dade Behring, EUA), respectivamente.</p>
          <p>A TFGe foi calculada utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o <italic>Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI)</italic> sem ajuste para ra&#231;a/cor da pele.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rigidez arterial</title>
          <p>A rigidez arterial foi medida como velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral (VOPcf), determinada por meio de aparelho autom&#225;tico validado (Complior, Artech Medicale, Fran&#231;a), com o paciente deitado em sala com temperatura controlada (20 &#186;C a 24 &#186;C). A VOPcf mede a rigidez da aorta, o territ&#243;rio de interesse considerando seu papel principal no amortecimento do fluxo puls&#225;til, e o fato de ser um preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Antes da medi&#231;&#227;o da VOPcf, a press&#227;o arterial foi medida no bra&#231;o direito com os pacientes deitados, utilizando um aparelho oscilom&#233;trico (Omron HRM 705 CP). A dist&#226;ncia entre a f&#250;rcula supraesternal e o pulso femoral direito foi medida com fita m&#233;trica. A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal n&#227;o foi considerada. Sensores de pulso foram colocados nas art&#233;rias femoral e car&#243;tida direita, e as ondas de pulso foram visualizadas na tela do computador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A VOPcf foi calculada dividindo-se a dist&#226;ncia entre a f&#250;rcula supraesternal e o pulso femoral pelo atraso entre o pulso carot&#237;deo e o pulso femoral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> sendo a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica de dez ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos em ritmo card&#237;aco regular. Neste estudo, a distribui&#231;&#227;o da VOPcf variou por sexo e, portanto, os dados da VOPcf foram divididos em quartis espec&#237;ficos para sexo, correspondendo aos seguintes intervalos: &lt;7,8; 7,8-8,6; 8,7-9,6; e &gt;9,6 m/s, em mulheres; e &lt;8,4; 8,4-9,2; 9,3-10,3; e &gt;10,3 m/s, em homens. O 1&#186; quartil foi utilizado como refer&#234;ncia. Os mesmos pontos de corte do quartil de VOPcf foram usados para analisar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre VOPcf e DRC em participantes n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos e normotensos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Covari&#225;veis</title>
      <p>As covari&#225;veis foram obtidas no in&#237;cio do estudo. As vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas inclu&#237;ram idade, sexo, ra&#231;a/cor autorreferida (preta, branca, parda, outras) e escolaridade (superior, m&#233;dio, fundamental completo ou fundamental incompleto). As vari&#225;veis comportamentais incluem tabagismo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foram rela&#231;&#227;o entre colesterol total e lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL), diabetes, DCV, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e uso de anti-hipertensivos.</p>
      <p>O IMC foi obtido pelo peso corporal em quilogramas (kg) dividido pela altura em metros quadrados (m<sup>2</sup>), conforme t&#233;cnicas padronizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O tabagismo foi considerado como (sim) ou (n&#227;o). A atividade f&#237;sica foi determinada pelo dom&#237;nio AFL do Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica (IPAQ). Esse instrumento foi validado na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e inclui quest&#245;es referentes &#224; frequ&#234;ncia, dura&#231;&#227;o e intensidade de atividades com dura&#231;&#227;o de dez ou mais minutos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O colesterol total e HDL foram medidos em amostras de sangue obtidas ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, utilizando m&#233;todos colorim&#233;tricos enzim&#225;ticos padronizados. O diabetes foi definido por meio de confirma&#231;&#227;o por diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico e/ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antidiab&#233;tica e/ou glicemia em jejum &#8805;126 mg/dL e/ou teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose de 75 g &#8805;200 mg/dL e/ou HbA1c&#8805;6,5%. A PAS foi definida como &#8805;140 mmHg, medida pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico por meio de dispositivo (Omron HEM 705CPINT) no bra&#231;o direito ap&#243;s repouso de cinco minutos na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada em uma sala silenciosa com temperatura controlada (20 &#8211; 24 &#176;C). Tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em intervalos de um minuto, e as m&#233;dias das duas &#250;ltimas medidas foram utilizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como PAS &#8805;140 mmHg, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805; 90 mmHg ou uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. O uso de anti-hipertensivos foi autorreferido e/ou determinado por meio de exame de blister, embalagens e receitas m&#233;dicas. As DCVs foram autorreferidas (sim/n&#227;o), incluindo diagn&#243;sticos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular. A FC foi medida tr&#234;s vezes ap&#243;s repouso de cinco minutos, com os participantes na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, utilizando um aparelho oscilom&#233;trico validado (Omron HEM-705 CP).</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise, a amostra foi estratificada de acordo com a condi&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes no in&#237;cio do estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o geral do estudo e da subamostra sem diabetes e hipertens&#227;o foram descritas como propor&#231;&#245;es e m&#233;dias. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como propor&#231;&#245;es e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica investigaram as associa&#231;&#245;es entre os quartis basais da VOPcf e a incid&#234;ncia de DRC de acordo com a TFGe ou RAC na visita 2. Ap&#243;s o modelo bruto, os seguintes fatores de confus&#227;o foram adicionados &#224; an&#225;lise de toda a amostra. No modelo 1, foram acrescentados idade, sexo, ra&#231;a/cor e escolaridade. No modelo 2, foram inclu&#237;dos tabagismo, atividade f&#237;sica, IMC e rela&#231;&#227;o colesterol total-HDL. Por fim, o uso de anti-hipertensivos, a PAS, o diabetes, a FC e as DCVs foram acrescentados no modelo final. A mesma estrat&#233;gia anal&#237;tica foi repetida com participantes que n&#227;o apresentavam hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes no in&#237;cio do estudo. Assim, diabetes e uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nos modelos finais desta an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>A normalidade dos dados foi testada graficamente, por meio de histogramas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi fixado em 5%. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas por meio de software (Stata 14.0, Stata Corporation, College Station, Estados Unidos).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os participantes da amostra geral tinham idade de 51&#177;8 anos. A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (54,8%), ra&#231;a/cor da pele autodeclarada como branca (53,3%), com ensino superior completo (54,2%). A m&#233;dia da VOPcf foi de 9,1&#177;1,7 m/s (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento entre as visitas foi de 3,8&#177;0,42 anos. A incid&#234;ncia global de DRC foi de 5,6%, definida pela altera&#231;&#227;o da TFGe ou RAC, que foram de 5,7% e 2,5%, respectivamente, enquanto a incid&#234;ncia de DRC em participantes sem diabetes ou sem hipertens&#227;o foi de 3,2% (TFGe baixa foi de 2% e RAC alta foi de 1,3%). A incid&#234;ncia de DRC na amostra geral foi maior em homens, pretos, com baixa escolaridade e em participantes com diabetes e hipertens&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas descritivas dos participantes da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto Brasileiro (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010, (N=11.647)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="2">% ou m&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">%, m&#233;dia (DP)</th>
                <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o geral</th>
                <th>Participantes normotensos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N: 11.647</th>
                <th>N: 7.309</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">54,8</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ra&#231;a/cor, (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">53,3</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">27,7</td>
                <td align="center">27,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta</td>
                <td align="center">15,4</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#237;vel de escolaridade, (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino superior</td>
                <td align="center">54,9</td>
                <td align="center">59,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino m&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">34,6</td>
                <td align="center">32,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino fundamental</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino m&#233;dio incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12,7</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30,3</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de anti-hipertensivo, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOPcf (m/s) m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 (1.6)</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 (1.3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica ap&#243;s aproximadamente quatro anos (2008/2010&#8211;2012/2014), de acordo com caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes da linha de base em toda a amostra e na subamostra de participantes normotensos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="2">Incid&#234;ncia (%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o geral</th>
                <th>Participantes normotensos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>34-44</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>45-54</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>55-64</td>
                <td align="center">7,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>65-75</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td align="center">13,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ra&#231;a/cor, (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#237;vel de escolaridade, (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino superior</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino m&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino fundamental</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino m&#233;dio incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">12,7</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de anti-hipertensivo</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Como podemos observar na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>, quanto maior o quartil da VOP, maior a incid&#234;ncia de DRC, em ambos os sexos. Um padr&#227;o semelhante foi observado em participantes normotensos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, mas neste grupo as diferen&#231;as na incid&#234;ncia de DRC, de acordo com os quartis da VOP, parecem menos pronunciadas. Em ambas as popula&#231;&#245;es, ela foi mais pronunciada nos homens do 4&#186; quartil (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) ap&#243;s aproximadamente quatro anos de acompanhamento (2008/2010&#8211;2012/2014), segundo quartis de velocidade da onda de pulso espec&#237;ficos para sexo em toda a amostra e na subamostra sem diabetes mellitus e sem hipertens&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230409-30409-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>No geral, quanto maior a VOP, maiores as chances de DRC ao longo de quatro anos de acompanhamento na popula&#231;&#227;o geral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Ap&#243;s ajuste para vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, esse padr&#227;o permaneceu, mas a magnitude das associa&#231;&#245;es diminuiu substancialmente. No modelo final, observamos que apenas o 4&#186; quartil permaneceu estatisticamente significativo, mostrando que homens com VOP superior a 10,3 m/s e mulheres com VOP superior a &gt;9,6 m/s apresentaram 42% (IC de 95%: 1,05;1,92) mais chances de DRC ap&#243;s quatro anos de acompanhamento. A an&#225;lise dos participantes normotensos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos produziu resultados semelhantes, mas com maiores magnitudes de associa&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). No modelo final, incluindo apenas participantes normotensos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, houve um claro gradiente dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre o quartil da VOPcf e as chances de DRC, atingindo um OR de 1,81 (IC de 95%: 1,14;2,86) entre os indiv&#237;duos do quartil superior em compara&#231;&#227;o com os do quartil inferior (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre quartis de velocidade da onda de pulso e incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica em toda a amostra, ap&#243;s quatro anos de acompanhamento (2008/2010&#8211;2012/2014)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Modelos</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (N:11.647) OR (IC de 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo Univari&#225;vel</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,74 (1,31;2,31)***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">2,16 (1,64;2,83)***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">4,14 (3,22;5,33)***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 1: modelo 0 + idade, sexo, ra&#231;a/cor e escolaridade</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 (1,09;1,94)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,50 (1,13; 1,99)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,94 (1,47;2,55)***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 2: modelo 1 + tabagismo, atividade f&#237;sica, colesterol total/HDL-C e IMC</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,39 (1,04;1,86)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 (1,06;1,88)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,79 (1,36; 2,37)***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo final: modelo 3 + DM, uso de anti-hipertensivo, PAS, FC e DCV</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,32 (0,98; 1,78)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 (0,98; 1,76)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 (1,05;1,92)*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>OR: odds ratio obtida por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. IC, intervalo de confian&#231;a. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular. *p&lt;0,05 **p&lt;0,01 ***p&lt;0,001</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre quartis de velocidade da onda de pulso e incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica na subamostra de participantes normotensos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, ap&#243;s quatro anos de acompanhamento (2008/2010&#8211;2012/2014)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Modelos</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (N:7.189) OR (IC de 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo Univari&#225;vel</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,99 (1,35;2,94)***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">2,39 (1,62;3,62)***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">3,49 (2,35;5,20)***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 1: modelo 0 + idade, sexo, ra&#231;a/cor e escolaridade</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 (1,12;2,46)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 (1,17;2,47)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,79 (1,17; 2,74)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 2: modelo 1 + tabagismo, atividade f&#237;sica, colesterol total/HDL-C e IMC</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,58 (1,06;2,35)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,61 (1,07;2,41)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,76 (1,14; 2,70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo final: modelo 3 + PAS, FC e DCV</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,61 (1,08;2,41)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,63 (1,07;2,47)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4&#186; quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,81 (1,14;2,86)*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>OR: odds ratio obtida por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. IC, intervalo de confian&#231;a. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular *p&lt;0,05 **p&lt;0,01 ***p&lt;0,001</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta grande coorte multic&#234;ntrica brasileira de adultos, as chances de desenvolver DRC em quatro anos de acompanhamento, com base na TFGe e/ou RAC, foram 42% maiores em indiv&#237;duos no quartil superior em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do quartil inferior, ap&#243;s ajustes para caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais e cl&#237;nicas. Quando apenas indiv&#237;duos normotensos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos basais foram contabilizados, as magnitudes das associa&#231;&#245;es dos quartis da VOPcf e DRC, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o quartil inferior, foram maiores do que aquelas observadas na amostra geral e, tamb&#233;m, progressivas - quase dobrando no quartil superior.</p>
      <p>Estudos sugerem que a VOPcf &gt;10 m/s aumenta o risco cardiovascular, sendo um importante marcador de risco cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Neste estudo, o 4&#186; quartil da VOPcf corresponde a valores de VOPcf acima de 10,3 m/s em homens e acima de &gt; 9,6 m/s em mulheres. Uma metan&#225;lise global de 167 estudos, totalizando 509.743 participantes, apresentou informa&#231;&#245;es significativas sobre as diferen&#231;as entre os sexos nas medidas da VOPcf, nas quais os homens apresentavam maior rigidez arterial do que as mulheres, principalmente na idade adulta jovem e at&#233; 60 anos, justificando o uso dos dados da VOPcf divididos em quartis espec&#237;ficos para sexo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os achados deste estudo corroboram outros estudos longitudinais que investigaram as rela&#231;&#245;es entre rigidez arterial e incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, definida de acordo com a TFGe na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e em indiv&#237;duos com DRC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> ou comorbidades, como DM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> e hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Itano et al. (2020) tamb&#233;m descobriram que indiv&#237;duos no quartil superior de rigidez arterial apresentaram aumento na incid&#234;ncia de DRC ao longo de um seguimento m&#233;dio de 3,1 anos, quando comparados com os demais quartis agrupados como refer&#234;ncia. Por&#233;m, diferentemente de n&#243;s, utilizaram o &#237;ndice vascular cardio-tornozelo e o quartil mais alto correspondeu a &gt;8,1m/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Townsend (2018) acompanhou 2.795 participantes, com idade m&#233;dia de 60 anos, por 4,9&#177;2,1 anos e descobriu que indiv&#237;duos no tercil superior da VOPcf (&gt;10,3 m/s) tinham 37% mais risco de desenvolver DRC (IC de 95%: 1,05-1,80), bem como um risco 25% maior de ter doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio terminal ou a TFGe reduzida pela metade (RR: 1,25; 0,98-1,58).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo trazem contribui&#231;&#245;es significativas para os poucos estudos longitudinais de base populacional que utilizaram a RAC como marcador da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Os achados de uma coorte chinesa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> de 7.154 indiv&#237;duos, com idade m&#233;dia de 54 anos, mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o linear da rigidez arterial com o risco de DRC, em que cada aumento de 1 m/s na VOP foi associado a uma chance 15% maior de protein&#250;ria (IC de 95%: 1,07-1,23) ap&#243;s acompanhamento de tr&#234;s anos. No entanto, estudos de coortes menores n&#227;o conseguiram revelar associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os valores da VOPcf e a incid&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria em modelos totalmente ajustados para fatores de risco cardiovascular. No estudo Framingham Offspring, uma VOPcf mais alta foi modestamente associada &#224; microalbumin&#250;ria em 568 participantes com RAC &lt;30 mg/g na linha de base, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e sexo, mas n&#227;o no modelo final ajustado para todos os fatores de risco ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de sete a dez anos de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre VOPcf e RAC s&#227;o mais comuns em estudos transversais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, a magnitude dessas associa&#231;&#245;es foi ligeiramente maior, sugerindo que o impacto de uma maior VOPcf no risco de DRC &#233; mais pronunciado em indiv&#237;duos previamente saud&#225;veis. Esta descoberta pode refletir que: 1) a maior rigidez arterial est&#225; associada <italic>per se</italic> &#224; incid&#234;ncia de DRC, e n&#227;o como consequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, ou 2) confus&#227;o residual de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes nos modelos aplicados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Rela&#231;&#245;es significativas entre VOPcf e fun&#231;&#227;o renal foram demonstradas em indiv&#237;duos normotensos com insufici&#234;ncia renal leve a moderada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Em uma an&#225;lise transversal, a rigidez arterial foi associada a maiores chances de DRC e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal em indiv&#237;duos sem hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, sugerindo que as rela&#231;&#245;es entre rigidez arterial e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal n&#227;o s&#227;o inteiramente explicadas por tais condi&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Considerando que a maior rigidez arterial aumenta o risco de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> &#233; poss&#237;vel levantar a hip&#243;tese de que ela tamb&#233;m poderia estar diretamente implicada na g&#234;nese da DRC, independentemente da hipertens&#227;o e do diabetes. Assim, sugere-se que o efeito do aumento da rigidez arterial na incid&#234;ncia de DRC &#233; independente da hipertens&#227;o e/ou diabetes, os principais fatores de risco para disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> E a menor magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o geral pode ser justificada por uma poss&#237;vel confus&#227;o residual por esses fatores.</p>
      <p>Alguns mecanismos podem explicar associa&#231;&#245;es entre aumento da rigidez arterial e maior incid&#234;ncia de DRC. Devido &#224; sua baixa imped&#226;ncia vascular, a circula&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; sens&#237;vel &#224;s oscila&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial e ao aumento da pulsatilidade, resultantes do aumento da rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A maior rigidez da camada m&#233;dia em grandes art&#233;rias pode afetar a capacidade dos vasos renais de atenuar as altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial a cada eje&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Assim, &#224; medida que a aorta se torna mais r&#237;gida, o estresse puls&#225;til dos vasos sangu&#237;neos perif&#233;ricos aumenta, levando a danos microvasculares, hiperfiltra&#231;&#227;o e esclerose e hipertrofia glomerular, o que resulta em diminui&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie de filtra&#231;&#227;o e menor TFG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Por sua vez, o estresse hemodin&#226;mico nos vasos renais pode levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e &#224; isquemia microvascular, que interferem na permeabilidade da barreira glomerular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> e permitem maior excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Esses mecanismos podem ocorrer mesmo em indiv&#237;duos livres de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes.</p>
      <p>Os pontos fortes deste estudo incluem o grande tamanho da coorte, a coleta de dados abrangente e rigorosa e a alta taxa de reten&#231;&#227;o (92,7%), a determina&#231;&#227;o da DRC de acordo com a TFG ou RAC e a an&#225;lise de um subconjunto de indiv&#237;duos normotensos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. No entanto, as rela&#231;&#245;es entre rigidez arterial e DRC podem ser examinadas mais detalhadamente com um acompanhamento mais longo, dada a lenta progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> particularmente da albumin&#250;ria. Al&#233;m disso, a TFGe e a RAC foram estimadas em um &#250;nico ponto no tempo. Embora esta seja uma pr&#225;tica comum em grandes estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, como o ELSA-Brasil, a defini&#231;&#227;o de DRC de acordo com altera&#231;&#245;es renais que persistem por tr&#234;s meses ou mais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> n&#227;o foi considerada. A variabilidade intraindividual na excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina e creatinina tamb&#233;m foi relatada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A maior rigidez arterial aumenta o risco de DRC na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos, sugerindo que a associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada n&#227;o &#233; dependente dessas comorbidades. Dado que a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica est&#225; associada a um maior risco de morte, eventos cardiovasculares e morbidade, esses resultados destacam a relev&#226;ncia da sa&#250;de vascular na preven&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento da DRC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia), Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#245;es (Financiadora de Estudos e projetos - FINEP e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Higher Arterial Stiffness Predicts Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults: The ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8186-6900</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;ndido</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camelo</surname>
            <given-names>Lidyane do Valle</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0987-368X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Sandhi Maria Barreto</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Rua Alfredo Balena, 190. Postal Code 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: sandhi.barreto@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Higher Arterial Stiffness Predicts Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults: The ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230409-30409-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Arterial stiffening can directly affect the kidneys, which are passively perfused by a high flow. However, whether the relation between arterial stiffness and renal function depends on diabetes and hypertension conditions, is a matter of debate.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To investigate the relationship between arterial stiffening by carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence in individuals and verify whether this association is present in individuals without hypertension and diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A longitudinal study of 11,647 participants of the ELSA-Brasil followed up for four years (2008/10-2012/14). Baseline cfPWV was grouped per quartile, according to sex-specific cut-offs. Presence of CKD was ascertained by glomerular filtration rate (eGFR-CKD-EPI) &lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and/or albumin-to-creatinine ratio &#8805; 30 mg/g. Logistic regression models were run for the whole cohort and a subsample free from hypertension and diabetes at baseline, after adjustment for age, sex, race, schooling, smoking, cholesterol/HDL ratio, body mass index, diabetes, use of antihypertensive, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiovascular disease. Statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The chance of CKD was 42% (CI 95%: 1.05;1.92) greater among individuals in the upper quartile of cfPWV. Among normotensive, non-diabetic participants, individuals in the 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, and 4<sup>th</sup> quartiles of cfPWV presented greater chances of developing CKD, as compared to those in the lower quartile, and the magnitude of this association was the greatest for those in the upper quartile (OR: 1.81 CI 95%: 1.14;2.86).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Higher cfPWV increased the chances of CKD and suggests that this effect is even greater in individuals without diabetes and hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chronic Kidney Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Glomerular Filtration Rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem due to its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In 2017, CKD ranked 8<sup>th</sup> as a cause of death worldwide,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In a meta-analysis of 110 studies, the estimated global prevalence of stage 3 to 5 CKD was 13%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In 2013, the estimated prevalence of CKD in Brazilians was 6.7% based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study, the prevalence of CKD in adults, aged 35 to 74, was 8.9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> As the number of older persons grows worldwide, the prevalence of CKD is expected to rise, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.</p>
        <p>CKD is associated with vascular dysfunction in several anatomical sites.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Increased arterial stiffness is thought to be associated with the incidence and progression of CKD and with cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The relation between arterial stiffness and kidney disease progression has been reported in patients at early<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>and advanced CKD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> as well as in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, some studies failed to detect any association or detected weak ones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Most previous studies have addressed the relation between arterial stiffness and eGFR or established CKD. Longitudinal studies investigating associations between arterial stiffness and kidney dysfunction measured according to albuminuria- or albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) are scarce,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and none have evaluated this relation specifically in individuals without diabetes and hypertension. However, raised ACR levels are early markers of glomerular damage, especially in individuals with diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease (CVD), and are associated with higher mortality regardless of eGFR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Regarding the association between arterial stiffness and kidney function, it is relevant to know if it depends on diabetes or hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> These health conditions interfere with arterial structural properties and may explain part of the associations between increased arterial stiffness and CKD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Indeed, arterial stiffness may precede blood pressure elevation and diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aims to investigate the associations between arterial stiffness and CKD incidence, assessed according to eGFR or ACR levels, in about four years of follow-up. Moreover, it investigated whether these associations are maintained for normotensive and non-diabetic individuals, two major risk factors for CKD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>ELSA-Brasil is a prospective multicenter study involving 15,105 civil servants aged 35 to 74, recruited from higher education and research institutions in six Brazilian capital cities: S&#227;o Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and Vit&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Data was collected on two occasions: visit 1 (2008 to 2010) and visit 2 (2012 to 2014). On both occasions, participants were submitted to face-to-face interviews, clinical assessments, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory and imaging tests conducted by trained and certified research assistants.</p>
        <p>ELSA-Brasil was approved by the Ethics Committees of participating institutions. All participants signed an informed consent term before data collection on both visits.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Of the 15,105 participants who attended the first visit, 204 (1.4%) died during the follow-up and 887 (5.9%) did not attend the second visit. Of the 14,014 participants who attended the second visit, those free of CKD at the first visit were eligible to participate (n=12,971). This study also excluded individuals with missing or non-validated PWV (n=327) and missing data of serum creatinine data (n=91) or ACR data (n=906) at any study visit, resulting in an analytical sample of 11,647 participants (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Exclusion criteria flowchart.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230409-30409-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study variables</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Chronic kidney disease</title>
            <p>CKD incidence in the second ELSA-Brasil follow-up visit was used as a response variable in this study. CKD (yes/no) was defined as low eGFR (no/yes) and/or high ACR (no/yes) in the second visit, defined as eGFR &lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m <sup>2</sup> or ACR &#8805; 30 mg/g. Urine samples were self-collected 12 hours prior to visits. Blood samples were collected after a 12-hour fasting. Serum creatinine levels were measured using the enzymatic colorimetric Jaffe method (Advia 1200 Siemens, USA). Urine creatinine and albumin levels were measured using the kinetic Jaffe method (Advia 1200 Siemens, USA) and an immunochemical assay (BN IINephelometer Siemens Dade Behring, USA), respectively.</p>
            <p>The eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation with no adjustment for race/skin color.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Arterial stiffness</title>
            <p>Arterial stiffness was measured as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) determined using a validated automatic device (Complior, Artech Medicale, France), with the patient lying down in a temperature-controlled room (20 &#186;C to 24 &#186;C). cfPWV measures the stiffness of the aorta, the territory of interest given its primary role in dampening the pulsatile flow, and the fact that it is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in different populations. Prior to cfPWV measurement, blood pressure was measured at the right arm with patients lying down, using an oscillometric device (Omron HRM 705 CP). The distance from the suprasternal notch to the right femoral pulse was taken using a measuring tape. The abdominal circumference was not considered. Pulse sensors were placed on the right femoral and carotid arteries, and pulse waves were visualized on a computer screen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> cfPWV was calculated by dividing the distance from the suprasternal notch to the femoral pulse by the delay between the carotid and the femoral pulse,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> being the arithmetic mean of ten consecutive cardiac cycles at regular heart rhythm. In this study, because cfPWV distribution varied by sex, cfPWV data was divided into sex-specific quartiles, corresponding to the following intervals: &lt;7.8; 7.8-8.6; 8.7-9.6; and &gt;9.6 m/s, in women; and &lt;8.4; 8.4-9.2; 9.3-10.3; and &gt;10.3 m/s, in men. The 1<sup>st</sup> quartile was used as reference. The same cfPWV quartile cut-offs were used to analyze the associations between cfPWV and CKD in non-diabetic, normotensive participants.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Covariates</title>
        <p>The covariates were obtained at baseline. Sociodemographic variables included age, sex, self-reported race/color (black, white, brown, other), and level of education (higher, secondary, complete primary, or incomplete primary education). Behavioral variables comprised smoking and body mass index (BMI). The clinical variables were total- to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) ratio, diabetes, CVD, systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), and use of antihypertensive drugs.</p>
        <p>BMI was obtained by body weight in kilograms (kg) divided by height in meters square (m<sup>2</sup> ), as per standardized techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Smoking was considered current (yes) or not (no). Physical activity was determined by the LTPA domain of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). This instrument has been validated in the Brazilian population and includes questions regarding the frequency, duration, and intensity of activities lasting ten or more minutes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Total and HDL cholesterol were measured in blood samples obtained after 12 hours of fasting, using standardized enzymatic colorimetric methods. Diabetes was defined as a medical diagnosis of diabetes and/or use of antidiabetic medication and/or fasting glucose &#8805;126 mg/dL, and/or 75-g oral glucose tolerance test &#8805;200 mg/dL, and/or HbA1c&#8805;6.5%. SBP was defined as &#8805;140 mmHg, measured by the oscillometric method (Omron HEM 705CPINT) device on the right arm after a five-minute rest in a sitting position in a quiet, temperature-controlled room (20 &#8211; 24 &#176;C). Three measurements were taken at one-minute intervals, and the means of the last two measurements were used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Hypertension was defined as SBP &#8805;140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 90 mmHg, or antihypertensive drug use. Antihypertensive drug use was self-reported or/and by examining blisters, packages, and prescriptions. CVD was self-reported (yes/no), including diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction, cardiac revascularization surgery, heart failure, and stroke. HR was measured three times after a five-minute rest with participants in the seated position, using a validated oscillometric device (Omron HEM-705 CP).</p>
        <p>During analysis, the sample was stratified according to hypertension and diabetes condition at baseline.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The baseline characteristics of the overall study population and of the subsample without diabetes and hypertension were described as proportions and means. Categorical variables were described as proportions, and continuous variables as means and standard deviations.</p>
        <p>Logistic regression models investigated the associations between baseline cfPWV quartiles and the incidence of CKD according to eGFR or ACR in visit 2. After the crude model, the following confounders were added to the analysis of the whole sample. In model 1, age, sex, race/color, and schooling were added. In model 2, smoking, physical activity, BMI, and total cholesterol-HDL ratio were included. Finally, the use of antihypertensive drugs, SBP, diabetes, HR, and CVD were added to the final model. The same analytical strategy was repeated with participants who did not have hypertension or diabetes at baseline. Hence, diabetes and the use of antihypertensive medication were not included in the final models in this analysis.</p>
        <p>Data normality was assessed graphically, using histograms. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. Analyses were conducted using software (Stata 14.0, Stata Corporation, College Station, United States).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Participants in the general sample were aged 51&#177;8 years. Most participants were female (54.8%), self-declared race/skin color as white (53.3%), and attained a higher education degree (54.2%). The mean cfPWV was 9.1&#177;1.7 m/s (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Mean follow-up time between visits was 3.8&#177;0.42 years. The overall incidence of CKD was 5.6%, defined by alteration of eGFR or ACR, which were 5.7% and 2.5%, respectively, whereas the incidence of CKD in participants without diabetes or without hypertension was 3.2% (low eGFR was 2% and high ACR was 1.3%). The incidence of CKD in the overall sample was higher in men, black people, people with low education, and participants with diabetes and hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descriptive characteristics of participants from baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010, (N=11,647)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="2">% or mean (SD)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">%, mean (SD)</th>
                  <th>General population</th>
                  <th>Normotensive, non-diabetic participants</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N: 11,647</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N: 7,309</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex, (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">54.8</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Race/color, (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">53.3</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7</td>
                  <td align="center">27.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">15.4</td>
                  <td align="center">12.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Education, (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Undergraduate studies</td>
                  <td align="center">54.9</td>
                  <td align="center">59.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High school graduate</td>
                  <td align="center">34.6</td>
                  <td align="center">32.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Middle school</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">4.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Middle school dropout</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of antihypertensive, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate (bpm), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (11)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cfPWV (m/s) mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.6 (1.3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cumulative incidence of chronic kidney disease after approximately four years (2008/2010&#8211;2012/2014), according to characteristics of baseline participants in the entire sample and in the normotensive, non-diabetic participants subsample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Incidence (%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>General population</th>
                  <th>Normotensive, non-diabetic participants</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>34-44</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45-54</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>55-64</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>65-75</td>
                  <td align="center">19.6</td>
                  <td align="center">13.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Race/color, (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Education, (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Undergraduate studies</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High school graduate</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Middle school</td>
                  <td align="center">7.8</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Middle school dropout</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">12.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of antihypertensive</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As we can see in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>, the higher the PWV quartile, the higher the incidence of CKD, in both genders. A similar pattern was observed in non-diabetic normotensive participants, but in this group, the differences in the incidence of CKD according to PWV quartiles are less pronounced. In both populations, it was more pronounced in men in the 4<sup>th</sup> quartile (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cumulative incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) after approximately four years of follow-up (2008/2010&#8211;2012/2014), according to sex-specific quartiles of pulse wave velocity in the entire sample and in the subsample without diabetes mellitus and hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230409-30409-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Overall, the higher the PWV, the higher the chances of CKD over a four-year follow-up in general population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). After adjustment for sociodemographic variables, this pattern remained, but the magnitude of the associations decreased substantially. In the final model, it was possible to observe that only the 4<sup>th</sup> quartile remained statistically significant, showing that men with PWV higher than 10.3 m/s and women with PWV higher than &gt;9.6 m/s, presented 42% (95% CI: 1.05;1.92) more chances of CKD after four years of follow-up. Analysis of normotensive, non-diabetic participants yielded equivalent results, but with greater magnitudes of associations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). In the final model including only normotensive, non-diabetic participants, there was a clear dose-response gradient in the association between cfPWV quartile and the chances of CKD, reaching an OR of 1.81 (95%CI: 1.14;2.86) among individuals in the upper quartile in comparison with those in the lower one (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Association between quartiles of pulse wave velocity and the incidence of chronic kidney disease in the entire sample, after four years of follow-up (2008/2010&#8211;2012/2014)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Models</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Chronic Kidney Disease (N:11,647) OR (CI 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Univariate model</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.74 (1.31;2,31)***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">2.16 (1.64;2.83)***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>th</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">4.14 (3.22;5.33)***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 1: model 0 + age, sex, race/color, and education</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.46 (1.09;1.94)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.50 (1.13;1.99)**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>th</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.94 (1.47;2.55)***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 2: model 1 + smoking, physical activity, total cholesterol/HDL-C and BMI</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.39 (1.04;1.86)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 (1.06;1.88)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>th</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.79 (1.36; 2.37)***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Final model: model 3 + DM, Use of antihypertensive, SBP, HR and CVD</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.32 (0.98;1.78)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.31 (0.98; 1.76)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>th</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 (1.05;1.92)*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: odds ratio obtained by multiple logistic regression. CI: confidence interval. BMI: Body mass index. HR: heart rate. SBP: systolic blood pressure. CVD: cardiovascular disease. *p&lt;0,05 **p&lt;0,01 ***p&lt;0,001</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between quartiles of pulse wave velocity and the incidence of chronic kidney disease in the subsample of normotensive, non-diabetic participants, after four years of follow-up (2008/2010&#8211;2012/2014)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <italic>Models</italic>
                  </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">
                    <italic>Chronic Kidney Disease (N:7,189) OR (CI 95%)</italic>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Univariate model</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.99 (1.35;2.94)***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">2.39 (1.62;3.62)***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>th</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">3.49 (2.35;5.20)***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 1: model 0 + age, sex, race/color, and education</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.66 (1.12;2.46)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.65 (1.17;2.47)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>th</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.79 (1.17;2.74)**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 2: model 1 + smoking, physical activity, total cholesterol/HDL-C and BMI</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.58 (1.06;2.35)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.61 (1.07;2.41)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>th</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.76 (1.14;2.70)**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Final model: model 3 + SBP, HR and CVD</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.61 (1.08;2.41)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.63 (1.07;2.47)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>th</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.81 (1.14;2.86)*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: odds ratio obtained by multiple logistic regression. CI: confidence interval. BMI: Body mass index. HR: heart rate. SBP: systolic blood pressure. CVD: cardiovascular disease *p&lt;0,05 **p&lt;0,01 ***p&lt;0,001</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this large Brazilian multicenter cohort of adults, the chances of developing CKD in four years of follow-up, based on eGFR and/or ACR, was 42% higher in individuals in the upper quartile relative to those in the lower one, after adjustments for sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics. When only baseline normotensive, non-diabetic individuals were accounted for, the magnitudes of the associations of cfPWV quartiles and CKD, compared to the lower quartile, were greater than those observed in the overall sample, and progressive - almost doubling in the upper quartile.</p>
        <p>Studies suggest that cfPWV&gt;10 m/s increases cardiovascular risk, being a major marker of clinical risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In this study, the 4<sup>th</sup> cfPWV quartile corresponds to values of cfPWV above 10.3 m/s in men and above &gt; 9.6 m/s in women. A global meta-analysis of 167 studies, totaling 509,743 subjects, provided significant information on sex differences in cfPWV measurements, in which men had greater arterial stiffness than women, mainly during young-adult age and up to 60 years old, justifying the use of cfPWV data divided into sex-specific quartiles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The findings of this study corroborate other longitudinal studies that investigated the relations between arterial stiffness and incidence of renal dysfunction defined according to eGFR in the general population<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and in individuals with CKD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> or comorbidities, such as DM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>and hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Itano et al. (2020) also found individuals in the upper arterial stiffness quartile had increased CKD incidence over a mean follow-up of 3.1 years when compared with the other quartiles grouped as a reference. However, unlike this study, they used a cardio-ankle vascular index and the highest quartile corresponded to &gt;8.1 m/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Townsend (2018) followed up 2,795 participants, mean age of 60 years, for 4.9&#177;2.1 years and found that individuals in the upper cfPWV tercile (&gt;10.3 m/s) had 37% more risk of developing CKD (95%CI: 1.05-1.80), as well as 25% greater risk of having end-stage renal disease or having their eGFR reduced by half (HR: 1.25; 0.98-1.58).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The results of this study on the whole cohort make significant contributions to the few longitudinal population-based studies that used ACR as a marker of kidney function. Findings from a Chinese cohort<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> of 7,154 individuals, with a mean age of 54, showed a linear association between arterial stiffness and risk of CKD, in which every 1 m/s increase in PWV was associated with a 15% higher chance of proteinuria (95%CI: 1.07-1.23) after a three-year follow-up. However, smaller cohort studies failed to reveal significant associations between cfPWV values and the incidence of microalbuminuria in models fully adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors. In the Framingham Offspring study, higher cfPWV was modestly associated with microalbuminuria in 568 participants with ACR &lt;30 mg/g at baseline, following adjustment for age and sex, but not in the final model adjusted for all risk factors after a 7- to 10-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Significant associations between cfPWV and ACR are more common in cross-sectional studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In normotensive, non-diabetic individuals, the magnitude of these associations was slightly higher, suggesting that the impact of higher cfPWV on CKD risk is more pronounced in previously healthy individuals. This finding may reflect that: 1) higher arterial stiffness is per se associated with the incidence of CKD and not a consequence of hypertension and diabetes, or 2) residual confounding of hypertension and diabetes in the models applied to the general population. Significant relations between cfPWV and kidney function have been demonstrated in normotensive individuals with mild to moderate renal failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> In a cross-sectional analysis, arterial stiffness was associated with higher odds of CKD and renal dysfunction in individuals without hypertension and diabetes, suggesting that the relations between arterial stiffness and kidney dysfunction are not entirely explained by these conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Considering that greater arterial stiffness increases the risk of hypertension and diabetes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> it is possible to hypothesize that it could also be directly implicated in the genesis of CKD, regardless of hypertension and diabetes. Thus, it suggests that the effect of increased arterial stiffness on the incidence of CKD is independent of hypertension and/or diabetes, the major risk factors for renal dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The lower magnitude of the association in the general population can be justified by a possible residual confounding by these factors.</p>
        <p>Some mechanisms may explain associations between increased arterial stiffness and higher incidence of CKD. Owing to its low vascular impedance, renal circulation is sensitive to blood pressure oscillations and increased pulsatility, which results from increased arterial stiffness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Greater stiffness of the media layer in large arteries may affect the ability of renal vessels to attenuate blood pressure changes with each systolic ejection. Hence, as the aorta becomes stiffer, the pulsatile stress in peripheral blood vessels increases, leading to microvascular damage, hyperfiltration, and glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis, which result in decreased filtration surface area and lower GFR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> In turn, hemodynamic stress in renal vessels may lead to endothelial dysfunction and microvascular ischemia, which interfere with the permeability of the glomerular barrier<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> and allow greater urinary excretion of albumin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> These mechanisms may occur even in individuals free of hypertension and diabetes.</p>
        <p>The strengths of this study include the large cohort size, comprehensive and rigorous data collection and high retention rate (92.7%), ascertainment of CKD according to TFG or ACR, and analysis of a subset of normotensive, non-diabetic individuals. However, the relationship between arterial stiffness and CKD may be more fully examined with a longer follow-up, given the slow progression of renal dysfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> particularly albuminuria. Also, eGFR and ACR were estimated at a single time point. Although this is a widespread practice in large epidemiological studies such as ELSA-Brasil, the definition of CKD according to renal changes persisting for three months or more<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> was not considered. Intra-individual variability in urinary albumin and creatinine excretion has also been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Higher arterial stiffness increases the risk of CKD in the general population and in individuals free of hypertension or diabetes, suggesting that the association found is not dependent on these comorbidities. Considering that CKD increases the risk of death, cardiovascular events, and morbidity, these results emphasize the importance of vascular health to prevent CKD development.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by J&#250;lia C&#226;ndido, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Comit&#234; Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) under the protocol number 13065. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia), Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#245;es (Financiadora de Estudos e projetos - FINEP e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
