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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">W6hJcfdtTSpPh3py8d53z4m</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230408</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os Seis Pilares da Medicina do Estilo de Vida no Manejo de Doen&#231;as N&#227;o Transmiss&#237;veis &#8211; As Lacunas nas Diretrizes Atuais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2720-5316</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaella Rogatto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9660-253X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7900-3534</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Haddad</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Aguerre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2229-1792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Del Monte Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4492-1621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spaggiari</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Vitale</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4440-8078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cultivare Preven&#231;&#227;o e Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cultivare Preven&#231;&#227;o e Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de &#8211; Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medicina do Esporte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Medicina do Esporte &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafaella Rogatto de Faria</bold> &#8226; Rua Piracuama, 316. CEP <postal-code>05017-040</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rafaella.rogatto@cultivare.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230408</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT), tamb&#233;m conhecidas como doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, s&#227;o consideradas a principal causa de morte e incapacidade em todo o mundo, e os seis pilares da medicina do estilo de vida (nutri&#231;&#227;o, exerc&#237;cio, controle de t&#243;xicos, manejo do estresse, sa&#250;de do sono e conex&#227;o social) desempenham um papel importante na gest&#227;o hol&#237;stica da sua preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, as diretrizes m&#233;dicas s&#227;o os documentos mais aceitos com recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo das DCNT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a aus&#234;ncia de pilares de estilo de vida nas principais diretrizes m&#233;dicas brasileiras sobre as DCNT e identificar evid&#234;ncias na literatura que possam justificar sua inclus&#227;o nos documentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>As diretrizes brasileiras foram selecionadas de acordo com as causas de morte mais relevantes no Brasil, informadas pelo Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade publicado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de em 2019. Os peri&#243;dicos foram selecionados na biblioteca PUBMED de acordo com a doen&#231;a e os pilares do estilo de vida n&#227;o mencionados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Causas relevantes de mortes no Brasil s&#227;o o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), o diabetes mellitus (DM) e as doen&#231;as pulmonares obstrutivas cr&#244;nicas (DPOC). Foram identificadas seis diretrizes relacionadas a essas DCNT e todas abordam aspectos do estilo de vida, mas apenas uma, referente &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, destaca todos os seis pilares. Apesar disso, uma pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica envolvendo mais de 50 artigos mostrou que h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que todos os pilares podem ajudar no controle de cada uma dessas DCNT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Raramente os seis pilares do estilo de vida s&#227;o contemplados nas diretrizes brasileiras para IAM, DM e DPOC. A revis&#227;o da literatura identificou evid&#234;ncias de todos os pilares do estilo de vida para oferecer uma abordagem hol&#237;stica para a gest&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o das DCNT.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Diretrizes Cl&#237;nicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de Hol&#237;stica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="81"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT) s&#227;o definidas como condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas que n&#227;o resultam de um processo infeccioso (agudo) e, portanto, s&#227;o &#8220;n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis&#8221;, com efeitos persistentes que podem ter impacto nas atividades di&#225;rias e exigir aten&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica cont&#237;nua.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230408-30408-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), as DCNT s&#227;o consideradas a principal causa de morte e incapacidade em todo o mundo, sendo respons&#225;veis por 71% de todas elas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, elas correspondem a 72% de todas as causas de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As DCNT trazem consequ&#234;ncias n&#227;o apenas para os pacientes, mas tamb&#233;m para a comunidade em que est&#227;o inseridos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Assim, a estrat&#233;gia para enfrentar as DCNT deve incluir uma abordagem hol&#237;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O American College of Lifestyle Medicine define &#8220;medicina do estilo de vida&#8221; como &#8220;o uso de interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica no estilo de vida baseada em evid&#234;ncias como modalidade prim&#225;ria, para prevenir, tratar e muitas vezes reverter doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A base da pr&#225;tica da medicina do estilo de vida envolve seis pilares: alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, atividade f&#237;sica regular, cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e controle de subst&#226;ncias t&#243;xicas, estrat&#233;gias para controlar o estresse, melhoria do sono e conex&#245;es sociais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estilo de vida, al&#233;m de n&#227;o ser invasivo e ter custo relativamente baixo, afeta positivamente os aspectos fisiol&#243;gicos, metab&#243;licos, psicol&#243;gicos e sociais. Mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida poderiam beneficiar a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar, a resist&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a oxigena&#231;&#227;o cerebral, a disposi&#231;&#227;o e o desempenho, a imunidade, o processo de aprendizagem, entre outros aspectos que contribuem para a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de DCNT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Portanto, as abordagens do estilo de vida desempenham um papel importante na gest&#227;o hol&#237;stica da preven&#231;&#227;o e do tratamento das DCNT.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, as diretrizes m&#233;dicas s&#227;o os documentos mais aceitos com recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo das DCNT. As diretrizes s&#227;o reconhecidas por conterem as melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis sobre o assunto e tamb&#233;m podem considerar a an&#225;lise da rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio de uma conduta cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a aus&#234;ncia de pilares de estilo de vida nas principais diretrizes m&#233;dicas brasileiras sobre as DCNT e identificar evid&#234;ncias na literatura que possam justificar sua inclus&#227;o nos documentos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta &#233; uma revis&#227;o das diretrizes brasileiras sobre DCNT com o objetivo de verificar quais dos seis pilares do estilo de vida n&#227;o s&#227;o abordados no documento e encontrar evid&#234;ncias na literatura que possam justificar a inclus&#227;o de novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida para melhor manejo dessas doen&#231;as.</p>
      <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes m&#233;dicas brasileiras foi feita de acordo com as causas relevantes de morte no Brasil, apresentadas pelo Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade (SIM) divulgado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, que informa a taxa de mortalidade por categoria da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as 10 (CID 10).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os peri&#243;dicos foram selecionados na biblioteca PUBMED por t&#237;tulo e resumo, de acordo com a doen&#231;a e os pilares do estilo de vida n&#227;o mencionados, registrando os mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o e benef&#237;cios para o manejo das DCNT (<xref rid="app1" ref-type="app">Material suplementar</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O SIM de 2022 relata dados de 2019. As causas relevantes de mortes no Brasil est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Como a pneumonia causada por um microrganismo n&#227;o &#233; considerada uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, as DCNT consideradas para an&#225;lise foram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), diabetes mellitus (DM) e doen&#231;as pulmonares obstrutivas cr&#244;nicas (DPOC). O IAM &#233; um evento agudo causado principalmente pela condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica conhecida como doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria que causa bloqueio do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, e por esse motivo o IAM foi inclu&#237;do no estudo.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Categorias da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as 10 (CID 10) e n&#250;mero de mortes no Brasil, em 2019</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th valign="middle" align="left">CID-10</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="left">Categoria do CID-10</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">N&#250;mero de mortes</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">I21</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">95.557</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">J18</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Pneumonia por microrganismo n&#227;o especificado</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">64.651</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">E14</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes mellitus n&#227;o especificado</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">50.238</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">J44</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Outras doen&#231;as pulmonares obstrutivas cr&#244;nicas</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">41.922</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">X95</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Agress&#227;o por disparo de outra arma de fogo ou arma n&#227;o especificada</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">27.916</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">I64</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral, n&#227;o especificado como hemorr&#225;gico ou isqu&#234;mico</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">33.895</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">C34</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Neoplasia maligna de br&#244;nquios e pulm&#245;es</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29.254</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">I50</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ou fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">27.080</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">I10</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hipertens&#227;o essencial</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">26.560</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">I11</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca hipertensiva</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19.879</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>Fonte: Sistema de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre mortalidade (SIM) consultado em junho de 2022.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></attrib>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CID: Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Foram identificadas seis diretrizes abordando as tr&#234;s DCNT com maior taxa de mortalidade no Brasil considerando a categoria CID-10, incluindo uma diretriz gen&#233;rica sobre preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e uma relacionada &#224; doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica, uma das causas do IAM.</p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>Diretriz de Doen&#231;a Coron&#225;ria Est&#225;vel da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia de 2014<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>V Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST de 2015<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre angina inst&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST de 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Protocolo Cl&#237;nico e Diretrizes Terap&#234;uticas da Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica, do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, de 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Diretriz Oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes de 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> resume quais pilares de estilo de vida foram encontrados em cada uma das diretrizes selecionadas.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pilares de estilo de vida apresentados nas diretrizes m&#233;dicas estudadas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th valign="middle" align="left">Doen&#231;a da diretriz</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Ano da diretriz</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Atividade f&#237;sica</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Dieta</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Controle de t&#243;xicos</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Sa&#250;de mental</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Qualidade do sono</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Conex&#245;es sociais</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">DCAE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2014</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">IAM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2015</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">DCV<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2019</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">IAM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2021</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">DPOC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2021</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">DM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2022</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>Fonte: elaborada pelos autores.</attrib>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>DCAE: doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria arterial est&#225;vel; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Quais s&#227;o as lacunas?</title>
          <p>As diretrizes do IAM n&#227;o mencionam qualidade do sono, sa&#250;de mental e conex&#245;es sociais. Quando se trata de controle de t&#243;xicos, apenas a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo foi inclu&#237;da nas diretrizes do IAM, mas n&#227;o na Diretriz de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel. A redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de &#225;lcool n&#227;o foi mencionada em nenhuma delas.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pilar de sa&#250;de do sono, conforme estudo descritivo de Andrechuck e Ceolim (2015), tr&#234;s altera&#231;&#245;es prevalecem e afetam o processo de recupera&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAM: m&#225; qualidade do sono, sono diurno excessivo e alto risco de s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos envolvendo g&#234;neros mistos, n&#250;meros de pacientes diferentes e per&#237;odos de acompanhamento diferentes foram realizados para demonstrar a rela&#231;&#227;o mencionada acima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Lao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> (2018), em estudo de coorte prospectivo com 60.586 adultos e com dura&#231;&#227;o de 18 anos, demonstraram que a m&#225; qualidade e a dura&#231;&#227;o inadequada do sono est&#227;o associadas a maior risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV). Ayas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> (2003), acompanhando 71.617 mulheres adultas durante um estudo de 10 anos, mostraram que sono curto (&#8804; 5 horas) e longo (&#8805; 9 horas) est&#227;o relacionados a um risco aumentado de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, a combina&#231;&#227;o dos quatro pilares &#8211; atividade f&#237;sica regular, dieta equilibrada, controle de subst&#226;ncias t&#243;xicas e qualidade do sono &#8211; demonstrou reduzir o risco de DCV fatais e n&#227;o fatais, incluindo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Isso foi testado por meio de estudo de coorte prospectivo, conhecido como MORGEN, que acompanhou 8.128 homens e 9.759 mulheres por um per&#237;odo de 10 a 14 anos. Em uma &#250;nica an&#225;lise dos pilares, ajustada por idade, sexo e escolaridade, a dura&#231;&#227;o suficiente do sono (&#8805; 6 horas) apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o de risco protetora de 0,76 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% - IC 0,63 &#8211; 0,91) para DCV composta e, 0,55 (IC 95% 0,38 &#8211; 0,80) para DCV fatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Os dist&#250;rbios de sa&#250;de mental est&#227;o associados a um maior risco de DCV e ao aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular. Um estudo de coorte com 880 pacientes demonstrou que os transtornos de sa&#250;de mental podem ser considerados uma das causas do desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a, bem como um agravante desta, principalmente quando se trata de IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, no estudo INTERHEART com quase 30 mil participantes de 52 pa&#237;ses, os fatores psicossociais foram considerados um dos tr&#234;s mais importantes fatores de risco associados ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Portanto, interven&#231;&#245;es focadas nesse pilar s&#227;o essenciais para reduzir a preval&#234;ncia de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Relacionamento social &#233; outro pilar que pode influenciar antes e depois do aparecimento de uma DCV. Numa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise de estudos observacionais longitudinais, a solid&#227;o e o isolamento social foram associados a um maior risco de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria e acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o aumento do risco de morbidade e mortalidade ap&#243;s sofrer um IAM est&#225; ligado ao apoio social, demonstrando como esse pilar afeta os resultados cl&#237;nicos das DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de &#225;lcool, Biddinger et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> (2022) utilizando dados do Biobank do Reino Unido, de 371.463 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o aparentados de ascend&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica europeia, conclu&#237;ram que os conhecidos efeitos protetores cardiovasculares da ingest&#227;o leve a moderada de &#225;lcool est&#227;o relacionados a uma melhor sa&#250;de autorrelatada, envolvendo menores taxas de tabagismo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, e maior atividade f&#237;sica e ingest&#227;o de vegetais. Em contraste, o consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool foi associado a um maior aumento nos riscos de DCV.</p>
          <p>Como complemento a este estudo, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com 23 estudos observacionais incluindo 29.457 participantes tamb&#233;m mostrou que o consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool pode provocar um risco cardiovascular imediato e cont&#237;nuo, ap&#243;s as primeiras 24 horas de ingest&#227;o. Por outro lado, o consumo moderado foi associado a maior risco cardiovascular imediatamente ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o e antes de 24 horas ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diabetes mellitus</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Quais s&#227;o as lacunas?</title>
          <p>As defici&#234;ncias observadas na diretriz de DM s&#227;o a qualidade do sono e o controle de subst&#226;ncias t&#243;xicas, como a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.</p>
          <p>Os dist&#250;rbios do sono s&#227;o considerados fator de risco e agravantes da doen&#231;a. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise sem estudos prospectivos randomizados envolvendo 22 estudos com 69.329 participantes mostraram que a m&#225; qualidade do sono e a curta dura&#231;&#227;o do sono s&#227;o riscos independentes para um pior controle glic&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Dois estudos transversais autorrelatados com 16.893 chineses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> e 300 pacientes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> mostraram que o DM II est&#225; associado &#224; m&#225; qualidade do sono e &#224; curta dura&#231;&#227;o do sono.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, evid&#234;ncias laboratoriais mostram que a perda cr&#244;nica de sono parece estar associada a altera&#231;&#245;es neuroend&#243;crinas e metab&#243;licas que aumentam o risco de DM II. Em estudo de revis&#227;o, van Cauter et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> (2007) observaram que essas altera&#231;&#245;es afetam o apetite, com n&#237;veis mais baixos de leptina e mais altos de grelina, e causam dist&#250;rbios glic&#234;micos, com menor responsividade celular e sensibilidade &#224; insulina. A hipersecre&#231;&#227;o de leptina, horm&#244;nio que aumenta a ingest&#227;o alimentar, pode levar &#224; obesidade, condi&#231;&#227;o predisponente ao DM II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Nilsson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> (2004) estudando uma coorte de 6.599 homens suecos de meia-idade, n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, observaram, em um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 14,8 anos, que a priva&#231;&#227;o de sono aumenta o risco de DM tipo II em 52% (raz&#227;o de chance 1,52 [IC 95% 1,05 &#8211; 2,20]).</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles de t&#243;xicos, de acordo com os Centros de Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as (CDC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> o risco de fumantes desenvolverem DM II &#233; de 30 a 40 por cento maior do que o de n&#227;o fumantes. Isso se deve a altera&#231;&#245;es na funcionalidade do corpo e danos celulares causados pelos produtos qu&#237;micos, levando ao stress oxidativo e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, diminuindo a efic&#225;cia da insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Quando se trata do consumo de &#225;lcool, apesar de ser um assunto pol&#234;mico, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise incluindo 20 estudos de coorte confirmaram a rela&#231;&#227;o em forma de U com o risco de DM II, em que o consumo moderado apresenta fator de prote&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo prospectivo com 5.521 homens com idade entre 40 e 59 anos mostrou que o consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool, mediado pelo peso corporal, est&#225; associado &#224; incid&#234;ncia de DM II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Doen&#231;as pulmonares obstrutivas cr&#244;nicas</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Quais s&#227;o as lacunas?</title>
          <p>A diretriz para DPOC n&#227;o abordou atividade f&#237;sica, dieta, sa&#250;de mental, qualidade do sono e conex&#245;es sociais.</p>
          <p>A sa&#250;de mental tem impacto direto nas DPOC e pode ser causa ou consequ&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e uma meta-an&#225;lise foram realizadas utilizando 16 estudos sobre depress&#227;o ou ansiedade como preditores de risco ou mortalidade por DPOC envolvendo 28.759 indiv&#237;duos, e 6 estudos sobre doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; DPOC como preditores de depress&#227;o envolvendo 7.439.159 indiv&#237;duos. Esse estudo apontou que a ansiedade e a depress&#227;o podem afetar negativamente o progn&#243;stico da DPOC, podendo aumentar o risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e exacerba&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Montserrat-Capdevila et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> (2018), em estudo de coorte prospectivo com 512 pacientes com DPOC origin&#225;rios de uma &#225;rea rural da Espanha, acompanhados entre 2012 e 2014, mostraram que o diagn&#243;stico de ansiedade e depress&#227;o quase dobrou o risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o grave da DPOC.</p>
          <p>Gudmundsson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> (2005), em estudo prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico envolvendo 416 pacientes nos pa&#237;ses n&#243;rdicos, mostraram maior preval&#234;ncia de ansiedade e depress&#227;o em pacientes que receberam alta ap&#243;s hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o aguda da DPOC.</p>
          <p>No que diz respeito &#224; nutri&#231;&#227;o, existem algumas op&#231;&#245;es alimentares a seguir para melhorar a sa&#250;de respirat&#243;ria, especificamente na preven&#231;&#227;o da DPOC, todas derivadas de estudos cl&#237;nicos e observacionais, como a dieta mediterr&#226;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Um estudo transversal com 207 fumantes mostrou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os efeitos adversos do consumo de &#225;lcool e a dieta ocidental, rica em alimentos refinados, gordura saturada, carne e a&#231;&#250;car, e o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Em oposi&#231;&#227;o, a dieta mediterr&#226;nea, repleta de alimentos vegetais e gorduras saud&#225;veis, parece preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e prevenir a DPOC ou a sua progress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Evid&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas coletadas de 25 artigos sugerem um efeito positivo da ingest&#227;o de frutas, peixes e vegetais, incluindo benef&#237;cios para a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com a mortalidade por DPOC e sintomas respirat&#243;rios. O oposto &#233; observado em altos n&#237;veis de consumo de carne.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo caso-controle com 183 idosos, incluindo 21 indiv&#237;duos com DPOC, mostrou que pacientes com DPOC apresentavam dieta de pior qualidade antioxidante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> A dieta antioxidante foi previamente associada a benef&#237;cios para a sa&#250;de pulmonar em um estudo transversal com 14.120 adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Estudos que associam atividade f&#237;sica e DPOC est&#227;o relacionados aos desfechos que os exerc&#237;cios podem trazer para quem j&#225; tem a doen&#231;a. &#201; um fator importante para a reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, exigindo considera&#231;&#227;o de dura&#231;&#227;o, intensidade e modos de atividade.</p>
          <p>Em todo o mundo, as diretrizes de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para o manejo da DPOC foram revisadas por Lewthwaite et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> (2017) de 2005 a 2017. Eles encontraram vinte e um documentos recomendando atividade f&#237;sica para melhorar os resultados de sa&#250;de dos pacientes com DPOC.</p>
          <p>Donaire-Gonzalez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> (2015), em estudo prospectivo envolvendo 177 pacientes com acompanhamento de 2 anos, demonstraram que maior quantidade de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade reduz o risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por DPOC. Garcia-Aymerich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> (2006), em estudo de coorte prospectivo com 28.747 pessoas ao longo de 12 anos de acompanhamento, acrescentam que atividade f&#237;sica baixa, moderada e alta proporciona menor risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por DPOC.</p>
          <p>De acordo com Watz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> (2008) e Waschki et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup> (2011) em estudo prospectivo com 170 pacientes com DPOC est&#225;vel, a inatividade f&#237;sica ou o sedentarismo podem levar &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e card&#237;aca, inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e fraqueza muscular, que afetam os desfechos cl&#237;nicos, al&#233;m de aumentar o risco de mortalidade. Dogra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> (2018) em um estudo longitudinal com 877 canadenses com DPOC mostraram os efeitos negativos do tempo sedent&#225;rio na percep&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, na sa&#250;de mental e no envelhecimento.</p>
          <p>Quanto ao pilar de apoio social em pacientes com DPOC, a maioria dos estudos associou a rela&#231;&#227;o do apoio social com aspectos de sa&#250;de mental. DiNicola et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> (2013) e Marino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup> (2008), em estudos transversais com 452 e 156 pessoas, respectivamente, avaliaram a import&#226;ncia do apoio social percebido para pacientes com DPOC, quando estes apresentam ansiedade e depress&#227;o como comorbidades. DiNicola et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> (2013) afirmaram que o apoio social positivo e negativo foram preditores significativos de ansiedade em pacientes com DPOC. Marino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup> (2008) demonstraram que o apoio social e a autoefic&#225;cia estavam relacionados ao funcionamento social geral.</p>
          <p>Em uma revis&#227;o de escopo incluindo 31 estudos, Barton et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup> (2015) descreveram que o apoio social adequado foi ben&#233;fico para o autocuidado e ades&#227;o ao tratamento em pacientes com DPOC, al&#233;m de trazer desfecho positivo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de mental.</p>
          <p>Um estudo de revis&#227;o e outro estudo realizado com 24 pacientes com DPOC associando a qualidade do sono &#224; DPOC demonstram o impacto da doen&#231;a na rotina de sono e como ela pode exacerbar os efeitos da doen&#231;a. Dist&#250;rbios do sono, como ins&#244;nia, s&#227;o comuns em pacientes com DPOC. A dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio noturna ocorre mesmo na DPOC leve e pode refletir dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios do sono ou hipoventila&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao sono com movimento r&#225;pido dos olhos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Vukoja et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> (2018) em estudo transversal com 100 pacientes com DPOC e 104 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis demonstraram que aqueles com a doen&#231;a apresentavam qualidade de sono ruim, sendo significativamente superior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de controle. Serin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup> (2020) em estudo com 110 pacientes com DPOC conclu&#237;ram que esses indiv&#237;duos apresentavam qualidade de sono moderada ou ruim e dispneia.</p>
          <p>Omachi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> (2012) em um estudo envolvendo 98 adultos mostraram que, em uma investiga&#231;&#227;o transversal, o sono perturbado estava associado &#224; piora da DPOC, al&#233;m de indicar que, em uma an&#225;lise longitudinal, esse sono perturbado estava associado a exacerba&#231;&#245;es, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de de emerg&#234;ncia e mortalidade. De acordo com os estudos de Budhiraja et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup> (2015) e Greenberg e Goss<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> (2009), o manejo ideal dessas doen&#231;as requer tratamento para ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es para melhorar os resultados globais, incluindo farmacol&#243;gicos e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos, como cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, educa&#231;&#227;o sobre higiene do sono e outros.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados mostram que todas as orienta&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas abordam alguns aspectos do estilo de vida, mas o &#250;nico documento que destaca todos os seis pilares foi o documento de 2019 sobre preven&#231;&#227;o contra doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Apesar disso, uma pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica mostrou que h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que todos os pilares podem auxiliar no controle das DCNT, embora eles n&#227;o tenham sido mencionados nas diretrizes. Os pilares mais comuns encontrados foram atividade f&#237;sica, nutri&#231;&#227;o e controle de subst&#226;ncias t&#243;xicas.</p>
      <p>O impacto das mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida sobre as DCNT &#233; dif&#237;cil de avaliar em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados por diversas raz&#245;es, incluindo aspectos &#233;ticos. Fatores como priva&#231;&#227;o de sono ou incentivo ao uso de drogas ou ao consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica s&#227;o anti&#233;ticos, por exemplo. Por essas raz&#245;es, a maior parte das evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis na literatura e apresentadas nos nossos resultados baseia-se em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre as diretrizes cl&#237;nicas e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de estilo de vida s&#243; foi realizada anteriormente por Lewthwaite et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> (2017) em um estudo de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica associando atividade f&#237;sica e comportamentos de sono nas diretrizes para DPOC. Assim, isso aumenta a import&#226;ncia do nosso estudo ao incluir todos os pilares do estilo de vida, ao mesmo tempo em que aborda mais de uma DCNT.</p>
      <p>Diretrizes m&#233;dicas s&#227;o documentos que cont&#234;m as melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis sobre um tema, utilizados para melhorar a qualidade do atendimento aos pacientes e melhorar a efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, a maioria das diretrizes atualmente se concentra no processo de tratamento, principalmente farmacol&#243;gico, descartando abordagens importantes relacionadas ao estilo de vida e aos mecanismos preventivos.</p>
      <p>No entanto, nota-se que as diretrizes t&#234;m incorporado cada vez mais aspectos de estilo de vida &#224;s suas recomenda&#231;&#245;es. Nas Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes de 2019-2020, os &#250;nicos pilares mencionados foram atividade f&#237;sica e dieta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup> Entretanto, em 2022, foram incorporados aspectos psicossociais, que s&#227;o extremamente relevantes para o paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Esses mesmos pilares de estilo de vida foram acrescentados &#224;s diretrizes publicadas mais recentemente sobre hipertens&#227;o, tanto como ferramentas preventivas quanto de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, no final de 2022, ap&#243;s o encerramento do presente estudo, foi publicado um posicionamento sobre Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular da Mulher com recomenda&#231;&#245;es de aspectos relacionados a todos os pilares do estilo de vida como medida preventiva de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup> Espera-se que isso seja uma tend&#234;ncia e, portanto, uma boa atitude para que outras diretrizes iniciem a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de outros pilares, como foi feito na Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular 2019, que enquadra as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares de forma gen&#233;rica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Dentre as limita&#231;&#245;es, os estudos reunidos para an&#225;lise, que servem de base para demonstrar os efeitos dos pilares do estilo de vida no manejo da doen&#231;a, n&#227;o s&#227;o necessariamente ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados principalmente pelas raz&#245;es &#233;ticas discutidas anteriormente. A pesquisa por artigos relacionados ao estilo de vida e aos assuntos das diretrizes estudadas n&#227;o atendeu aos rigores de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, pois n&#227;o era o objetivo deste artigo.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, este estudo focou nas diretrizes m&#233;dicas brasileiras, e n&#227;o ampliou a an&#225;lise e a compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes americanas ou europeias. Embora as DCNT sejam um problema mundial, a esfera nacional foi escolhida primeiro para aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Passos futuros</title>
        <p>Ao estudar o estilo de vida e seu impacto nos processos de sa&#250;de, pouco se fala sobre aspectos ambientais e socioecon&#244;micos. A Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular publicada em 2019, abordada neste estudo, apresenta uma se&#231;&#227;o sobre o impacto desses fatores nos cuidados de sa&#250;de, sendo essa uma nova linha de estudo a ser explorada que pode at&#233; se enquadrar como um futuro pilar de estilo de vida n&#227;o relacionado a medidas comportamentais.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, outra forma de aprimorar o estudo &#233; informar sobre as DCNT que mais causam mortes no Brasil, n&#227;o considerando apenas a categoria da CID-10 informada pelo SIM.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Raramente os seis pilares do estilo de vida s&#227;o contemplados nas diretrizes brasileiras para IAM, DM e DPOC. A revis&#227;o da literatura identificou evid&#234;ncias de todos os pilares do estilo de vida para oferecer uma abordagem hol&#237;stica para a gest&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o dessas DCNT.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feitosa</surname>
              <given-names>ADM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>516</fpage>
          <lpage>658</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201238</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>80 Barroso WKS, Rodrigues CIS, Bortolotto LA, Mota-Gomes MA, Brand&#227;o AA, Feitosa ADM, et al. Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(3):516-658. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201238.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B81">
        <label>81</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>MENC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>RCM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freire</surname>
              <given-names>CMV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Position Statement on Women's Cardiovascular Health - 2022</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>815</fpage>
          <lpage>882</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220734</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>81 Oliveira GMM, Almeida MCC, Santos CM, Costa MENC, Carvalho RCM, Freire CMV, et al. Position Statement on Women's Cardiovascular Health - 2022. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;119(5):815-82. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220734.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>*Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <underline>clique aqui</underline>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Six Pillars of Lifestyle Medicine in Managing Noncommunicable Diseases &#8211; The Gaps in Current Guidelines</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2720-5316</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaella Rogatto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9660-253X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7900-3534</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Haddad</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Aguerre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2229-1792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Del Monte Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4492-1621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spaggiari</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Vitale</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4440-8078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cultivare Preven&#231;&#227;o e Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de &#8211; Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Medicina do Esporte &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rafaella Rogatto de Faria</bold> &#8226; Rua Piracuama, 316. Postal Code <postal-code>05017-040</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>rafaella.rogatto@cultivare.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases that are long-lasting, are considered the major cause of death and disability worldwide, and the six pillars of lifestyle medicine (nutrition, exercise, toxic control, stress management, restorative sleep, and social connection) play an important role in a holistic management of their prevention and treatment. In addition, medical guidelines are the most accepted documents with recommendations to manage NCDs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The present study aims to analyze the lack of lifestyle pillars concerning the major Brazilian medical guidelines for NCDs and identify evidence in the literature that could justify their inclusion in the documents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Brazilian guidelines were selected according to the most relevant causes of death in Brazil, given by the Mortality Information System, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2019. Journals were screened in the PUBMED library according to the disease and non-mentioned pillars of lifestyle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Relevant causes of deaths in Brazil are acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Six guidelines related to these NCDs were identified, and all address aspects of lifestyle, but only one, regarding cardiovascular prevention, highlights all six pillars. Despite this, a literature search involving over 50 articles showed that there is evidence that all the pillars can help control each of these NCDs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Rarely are the six pillars of lifestyle contemplated in Brazilian guidelines for AMI, DM, and COPD. The literature review identified evidence of all lifestyle pillars to offer a holistic approach for the management and prevention of NCDs.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Noncommunicable Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
        <kwd>Practice Guideline</kwd>
        <kwd>Holistic Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are defined as chronic conditions that do not result from an (acute) infectious process, and thus are &#8220;not communicable&#8221;, with persistent effects that can impact daily activities and require ongoing medical attention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs are considered the major cause of death and disability worldwide, responsible for 71% of all of deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, it corresponds to 72% of all causes of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>NCDs have consequences not only for the patients, but also or the community in which they are inserted.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Hence, the strategy to face the NCDs must include a holistic approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Meanwhile, the American College of Lifestyle Medicine defines &#8220;lifestyle medicine&#8221; as <italic>&#8220;the use of evidence-based lifestyle therapeutic intervention as a primary modality, to prevent, treat and often reverse chronic disease&#8221;.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The basis of lifestyle medicine practice involves six pillars: healthy eating, regular physical activity, cessation of tobacco use and toxic control, strategies to manage stress, sleep improvement, and social connections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Lifestyle, in addition to being non-invasive and having a relatively low cost, positively impacts physiological, metabolic, psychological, and social aspects. Changes in lifestyle could benefit pulmonary compliance, cardiac resistance, brain oxygenation, disposition and performance, immunity, learning process, among other aspects that contribute to reducing the incidence of NCDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Therefore, lifestyle approaches play an important role in a holistic management of NCDs prevention and treatment.</p>
        <p>By contrast, medical guidelines are the most accepted documents with recommendations to manage NCDs. The guidelines are well-known for containing the best scientific evidence available on the issue and may also consider the cost-effectiveness analysis for a clinical conduct.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the lack of lifestyle pillars in the major Brazilian medical guidelines for NCDs and identify evidence in the literature that could justify their inclusion in the documents.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230408-30408-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a review of NCD Brazilian guidelines, aiming to verify which of the six pillars of lifestyle are not addressed in the document and find evidence in the literature that could justify the inclusion of new recommendations of lifestyle changes to better manage these diseases.</p>
        <p>The selection of the Brazilian medical guidelines was done according to relevant causes of death in Brazil, established by the Mortality Information System (SIM, in Portuguese) published by the Ministry of Health, which informs the mortality rate by International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD 10) category.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Journals were screened in the PUBMED library by title and abstract according to the disease and the non-mentioned pillars of lifestyle, enrolling the mechanisms of actions and benefits to manage the NCDs (<xref rid="app2" ref-type="app">Supplementary Material</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The SIM from 2022 reports data from 2019. Relevant causes of death in Brazil are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> As pneumonia caused by a microorganism is not considered a chronic disease, the NCDs considered for analysis were acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The AMI is an acute event, mostly caused by a chronic condition, known as coronary heart disease, which causes blockage of blood flow; thus, AMI was included in the study.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD 10) categories and number of deaths in Brazil, in 2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">ICD-10</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">ICD-10 Category</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Number of Deaths</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">I21</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Acute myocardial infarction</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">95,557</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">J18</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Pneumonia by microorganism not specified</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64,651</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">E14</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes mellitus not specified</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">50,238</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">J44</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41,922</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">X95</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Assault by firing another firearm or unspecified weapon</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27,916</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">I64</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Stroke, not specified as hemorrhagic or ischemic</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33,895</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">C34</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Malignant neoplasm of bronchi and lungs</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29,254</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">I50</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Cardiac insufficiency (or heart failure)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">I10</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Essential hypertension</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26,560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">I11</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hypertensive heart disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19,879</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: Mortality Information System (SIM) consulted in June 2022.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></attrib>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>ICD: International Classification of Diseases.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Six guidelines were identified addressing the three NCDs with the highest mortality rate in Brazil considering the ICD-10 category, including a generic category on the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and one related to coronary chronic disease, a cause of AMI.</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology on Stable Coronary Disease from 2014<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Fifth Guideline of the Brazilian Cardiology Society about the treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction with elevated ST Segment from 2015<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology on Cardiovascular Prevention from 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology on Unstable Angina and Acute Myocardial Infarction without ST-segment Elevation from 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, by the Ministry of Health, from 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Official Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Diabetes from 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> summarizes which lifestyle pillars were found in each of the selected guidelines.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Lifestyle pillars presented in the medical guidelines studied</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Guideline Disease</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Guideline Year</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Physical Activity</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Diet</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Toxic Control</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Mental Health</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Sleep Quality</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Social Connections</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SCAD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2014</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">AMI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2015</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">CVD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2019</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">AMI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2021</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">COPD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2021</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">DM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2022</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: drafted by the authors.</attrib>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>SCAD: stable coronary artery disease; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CVD: cardiovascular disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Acute myocardial infarction</title>
          <sec>
            <title>What are the gaps?</title>
            <p>The AMI guidelines do not mention sleep quality, mental health, and social connections. When it comes to toxic control, only the cessation of tobacco use was included in the AMI guidelines, but not in the Stable Coronary Guideline. A reduction in alcohol consumption was not mentioned in any of them.</p>
            <p>Regarding the restorative sleep pillar, according to the descriptive study by Andrechuck and Ceolim (2015), three alterations prevail and affect the recovery process of patients with AMI: poor sleep quality, excessive daytime sleep, and high risk for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Several epidemiological studies involving mixed genres, different numbers of patients, and follow-up periods were carried out to demonstrate the relation mentioned above.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Lao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> (2018), in a prospective cohort study with 60,586 adults lasting 18 years, demonstrated that poor sleep quality as well as inadequate sleep duration are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Ayas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> (2003), following up on 71,617 female adults during a 10-year study showed that short (&lt;=5 hours) and long (&gt;=9 hours) sleep are related to an increased risk of coronary heart disease.</p>
            <p>Moreover, the combination of the four pillars &#8211; regular physical activity, balanced diet, toxic control, and sleep quality &#8211; has proven to reduce the risk of fatal and nonfatal CVDs, including myocardial infarction. This was tested by means of a prospective cohort study, known as MORGEN, following 8,128 men and 9,759 women for 10 to 14 years. In a single analysis of the pillars, adjusted for age, sex, and educational level, sufficient sleep duration (&gt;=6 hours) presented a protective hazard ratio of 0.76 (95% Confidence Interval - CI 0.63 &#8211; 0.91) for composite CVD and 0.55 (95% CI 0.38 &#8211; 0.80) for fatal CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Mental health disorders are associated with a higher risk of CVDs and with increased cardiovascular mortality. A cohort study with 880 patients demonstrated that mental health disorders can be considered as one of the causes of the development of the disease, as well as an aggravating factor for it, especially when it comes to AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Moreover, in the INTERHEART study, conducted with almost 30,000 participants from 52 countries, psychosocial factors were considered one of the three most important risk factors associated with myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Therefore, interventions focused on this pillar are essential to reducing CVD prevalence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
            <p>A social relation is the other pillar that can influence both before and after acquiring a CVD. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies, loneliness and social isolation were associated with a higher risk for coronary heart disease and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In addition, increased risk of morbidity and mortality after acquiring AMI are linked to social support, demonstrating how this pillar impacts the clinical outcomes of CVDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Regarding alcohol intake, Biddinger et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> (2022), using data from the United Kingdom's Biobank, including 371,463 unrelated individuals of European genetic descent, concluded that the well-known cardiovascular protective effects of light to moderate alcohol intake are related to a better self-reported health, involving lower smoking rates and body mass index, and higher physical activity and vegetable intake. In contrast, heavy alcohol consumption was associated with a higher increase in CVD risks.</p>
            <p>As a complement to this study, a systematic review with 23 observational studies, including 29,457 participants, also showed that heavy alcohol consumption could provoke an immediate and continued cardiovascular risk, after the first 24 hours of intake. On the other hand, moderate consumption was associated with higher cardiovascular risk immediately after drinking, and prior to 24 hours after the intake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diabetes Mellitus</title>
          <sec>
            <title>What are the gaps?</title>
            <p>The shortcomings observed in the DM guideline are sleep quality and toxic control, such as the cessation of tobacco use.</p>
            <p>Sleep disorders are considered both a risk factor and an aggravator of the disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis with no randomized prospective studies involving 22 studies with 69,329 participants showed that poor sleep quality and short sleep duration are independent risks for poorer glycemic control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Two self-reported cross-sectional studies with 16,893 Chinese<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> and 300 patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> showed that DM II is associated with poor sleep quality and short sleep duration.</p>
            <p>Moreover, laboratory evidence shows that chronic sleep loss appears to be associated with neuroendocrine and metabolic alterations, which increase the risk for DM II. In a review study, Van Cauter et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> (2007) observed that these alterations affect the appetite, with lower leptin and higher ghrelin levels, and cause glucose disturbances, with lower cell responsiveness and insulin sensitivity. The hypersecretion of leptin, a hormone that increases food intake, can lead to obesity, a condition predisposed to DM II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Nilsson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> (2004), studying a cohort of 6,599 Swedish middle-aged non-diabetic men, observed, in a mean follow-up of 14.8 years, that sleep deprivation increases the risk of DM type II by 52% (odds ratio 1.52 [95% CI 1.05&#8211;2.20]).</p>
            <p>Regarding toxic controls, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> the risk of smokers developing DM II is 30 to 40 percent higher than nonsmokers. This happens due to alterations in the body's functionality and cell damage caused by the chemicals, leading to oxidative stress and inflammation, and decreasing insulin effectiveness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup></p>
            <p>When it comes to alcohol consumption, despite being a controversial subject, one systematic review and meta-analysis, including 20 cohort studies, confirmed the U-shaped relationship with DM II risk, in which moderate drinking presents a protective factor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> Moreover, a prospective study with 5,521 men, aged 40-59 years, showed that heavy alcohol consumption, mediated by body weight, is associated with an incidence of DM II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases</title>
          <sec>
            <title>What are the gaps?</title>
            <p>The COPD guideline did not address physical activity, diet, mental health, sleep quality, and social connections.</p>
            <p>Mental health has a direct impact on COPD and can either be a cause or a consequence of the disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out using 16 studies on depression or anxiety as predictors of COPD risk or mortality, involving 28,759 individuals, and 6 studies on COPD-related conditions as a predictor of depression, involving 7,439,159 individuals. This study pointed out that anxiety and depression can negatively affect the COPD prognosis and may increase the risk of hospitalizations and exacerbations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Montserrat-Capdevila et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> (2018), in a prospective cohort study conducted with 512 patients with COPD, originating from a rural area in Spain, followed up between 2012 and 2014, showed that the diagnosis of anxiety and depression almost doubled the risk of hospitalization due to severe exacerbation of COPD.</p>
            <p>Gudmundsson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> (2005), in a multicenter prospective study, involving 416 patients, in the Nordic countries, showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients discharged after hospitalization due to an acute exacerbation of COPD.</p>
            <p>When it comes to nutrition, there are some dietary options to be followed to improve respiratory health, specifically in preventing COPD, all derived from clinical and observational studies, such as the Mediterranean diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
            <p>A cross-sectional study, conducted with 207 smokers, showed the association between the adverse effects of alcohol consumption and the Western diet, which is rich in refined food, saturated fat, meat, and sugar, with impaired lung function. In opposition, the Mediterranean diet, replete with plant-based foods and a healthy fat, seems to preserve the lung function and prevent COPD or its progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Epidemiological evidence gathered from 25 articles suggests a positive effect of fruit, fish, and vegetable intake, including benefits for the lung function and an inverse relationship to COPD mortality and respiratory symptoms. The opposite is seen for high levels of meat consumption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> In addition, a case-control study with 183 elderly people, including 21 individuals with COPD, showed that patients with COPD had a diet of poorer antioxidant quality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> The antioxidant diet was previously associated with lung health benefits in a cross-sectional study of 14,120 adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Studies associating physical activity and COPD are related to the outcomes that exercises can bring for those who already have the disease. It is an important factor for pulmonary rehabilitation, requiring one to consider the duration, intensity, and modes of activity.</p>
            <p>Worldwide, clinical practice guidelines to manage COPD were reviewed by Lewthwaite et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> (2017) from 2005 to 2017. These authors found twenty-one documents recommending physical activity to improve the COPD patients&#8217; health outcomes.</p>
            <p>Donaire-Gonzalez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> (2015) in a prospective study involving 177 patients with a 2-year follow-up, showed that a greater quantity of low-intensity physical exercise reduces the risk of COPD hospitalizations. Garcia-Aymerich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> (2006), in a prospective cohort study, conducted with 28,747 people throughout 12 years of follow-up, adds that low, moderate, and high physical activity provides a lower risk for hospitalization due to COPD.</p>
            <p>According to Watz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> (2008) and Waschki et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup> (2011), in a prospective study with 170 stable COPD patients, physical inactivity or sedentarism can lead to decreased lung and heart function, systemic inflammation, and muscle weakness, which affect clinical outcomes, in addition to increasing the risk of mortality. Dogra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> (2018), in a longitudinal study with 877 Canadians with COPD, showed the negative effects of sedentary time on perceived health, mental health, and aging.</p>
            <p>Regarding the social support pillar in COPD patients, most of the studies associated the relationship of social support with mental health aspects. DiNicola et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> (2013) and Marino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup> (2008), in cross-sectional studies conducted with 452 and 156 people, respectively, assessed the importance of perceived social support for COPD patients, when they have anxiety and depression as comorbidities. DiNicola et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> (2013) stated that positive and negative social support were significant predictors of anxiety in COPD patients. Marino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup> (2008) demonstrated that social support and self-efficacy were related to overall social functioning.</p>
            <p>In a scoping review including 31 studies, Barton et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup> (2015) described that adequate social support was beneficial for self-care and adherence to treatment in COPD patients, and led to a positive outcome regarding mental health.</p>
            <p>One review study and another carried out with 24 COPD patients associating sleep quality with COPD demonstrates the impact of the disease on one's sleep routine and how it can exacerbate the effects of the disease. Sleep disorders like insomnia are common in patients with COPD. Nocturnal oxygen desaturation occurs even in mild COPD and can reflect sleep-disordered breathing or rapid eye movement sleep-related hypoventilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Vukoja et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> (2018) in a cross-sectional study, conducted with 100 COPD patients and 104 healthy individuals, demonstrated that those with the disease had poor sleep quality, being significantly higher when compared to the control group. Serin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup> (2020) in a study with 110 COPD patients, concluded that these individuals had moderate or poor sleep quality and dyspnea.</p>
            <p>Omachi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> (2012), in a study involving 98 adults, showed that, in a cross-sectional investigation, disturbed sleep was associated with a worsening of COPD and, in a longitudinal analysis, was associated with exacerbations, emergency healthcare use, and mortality. According to the studies from Budhiraja et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup> (2015) and Greenberg and Goss<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> (2009), optimal management of these diseases requires treatment for both conditions in order to improve overall outcomes, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological, such as the cessation of tobacco use, oxygen supplementation, education about sleep hygiene, among others.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our results show that all medical guidelines address some aspects of lifestyle, but the only document that highlights all six pillars was the document from 2019 on cardiovascular prevention. Despite this, a literature search showed that there is evidence that all the pillars can help in NCD control; however, they were not mentioned by the guidelines. The most common pillars found were physical activity, nutrition, and toxic control.</p>
        <p>The impact of lifestyle changes on NCDs are difficult to assess in randomized clinical trials for several reasons, including ethical aspects. Factors, such as sleep deprivation or encouraging the use of drugs or alcohol consumption, are unethical, for example. For these reasons, most of the evidence available in the literature and displayed in our results is based on epidemiological studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup>.</p>
        <p>A direct comparison between clinical guidelines and lifestyle recommendations has only been previously performed by Lewthwaite et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> (2017) in a systematic review study associating physical activity and sleep behaviors in COPD guidelines. Thus, this increases the importance of our study by including all pillars of lifestyle whilst addressing more than one NCD.</p>
        <p>Medical guidelines are documents that contain the best scientific evidence available on a topic, used to improve the quality of care for patients and improve clinical effectiveness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup> However, most of the guidelines nowadays focus on the treatment process, mainly pharmacological ones, discarding important approaches related to lifestyle and preventive mechanisms.</p>
        <p>Nonetheless, it is noted that the guidelines have increasingly incorporated lifestyle aspects into their recommendations. In the Guidelines from the Brazilian Diabetes Society from 2019-2020, the only pillars mentioned were physical activity and diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup> However, in 2022, psychosocial aspects, which are extremely relevant for the patient, were incorporated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Those same lifestyle pillars were added in the most recent guideline published on hypertension, both as both preventive and treatment tools.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup> More recently, in the end of 2022, after the closure of the present study, a position statement was published on Women's Cardiovascular Health with recommendations of aspects related to all lifestyle pillars as a preventive measure for cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup> It is expected to be a trend, and thus a good attitude for other guidelines to trigger the incorporation of other pillars, as was done in the 2019 Cardiovascular Prevention Guideline, which fits cardiovascular diseases in a generic way.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Among the limitations, the studies gathered for analysis, which serve as a basis for demonstrating the effects of the lifestyle pillars on disease management, are not necessarily randomized clinical trials, due mainly to the ethical reasons already discussed above. The search for articles related to lifestyle and the subjects of the studied guidelines did not meet the rigors of a systematic review, since it was not within the scope of this article.</p>
          <p>Furthermore, this study focused on Brazilian medical guidelines, not extending the analysis and comparison to American or European guidelines. Although NCDs are a global problem, the national sphere was chosen first to raise awareness.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Future steps</title>
          <p>When studying lifestyle and its impact on health processes, little is said about environmental and socioeconomic aspects. The Cardiovascular Prevention Guideline published in 2019, addressed in this study, presents a section on the impact of these factors on health care, which is a new line of study to be explored that may even fit as a future lifestyle pillar not related to behavioral measures.</p>
          <p>In addition, another possible way to improve this study is to report on the NCDs that cause the most deaths in Brazil, not only considering the ICD-10 category informed by the SIM.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Rarely are the six pillars of lifestyle contemplated in Brazilian guidelines for AMI, DM, and COPD. The literature review identified evidence of all lifestyle pillars to offer a holistic approach for the management and prevention of these NCDs.</p>
      </sec>
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        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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