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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sLXPJYyGSR3ZWnRM6RNKKFR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230396</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Variante da Subunidade Beta 3 da Prote&#237;na G ( <italic>GNB3</italic> ) Est&#225; Associada a Altera&#231;&#245;es Bioqu&#237;micas em Pacientes Brasileiros com Hipertens&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Agostini</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara Nascimento Toledo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cl&#225;udia Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8650-0089</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Sacramento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bicalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Soares Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Tamires Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belo</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coura-Vital</surname>
            <given-names>Wendel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando de Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ang&#233;lica Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9751-3379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Glenda Nicioli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ouro Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ouro Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP) &#8211; Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas (DEACL), Ouro Preto , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Butantan Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Butantan Institute , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">CiPharma</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">DEFAR</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ouro Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas ( CiPharma ) &#8211; Departamento de Farm&#225;cia ( DEFAR ), Ouro Preto , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">CiPharma</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">DEACL</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ouro Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas ( CiPharma ) &#8211; Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas ( DEACL ), Ouro Preto , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Glenda Nicioli da Silva &#8226; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias &#8211; Farmac&#234;uticas (CiPharma); Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas (DEACL) &#8211; Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n. CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>nicioli@ufop.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Carlos E. Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230396</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Variante da Subunidade Beta 3 da Prote&#237;na G ( <italic>GNB3</italic> ) Est&#225; Associada a Altera&#231;&#245;es Bioqu&#237;micas em Pacientes Brasileiros com Hipertens&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/sLXPJYyGSR3ZWnRM6RNKKFR/460117c89488c76f34f13054f78806bc8b1cf3ff.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/sLXPJYyGSR3ZWnRM6RNKKFR/9d187d4e1cbcb498e23dde58fc1c629e318fa2de.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/sLXPJYyGSR3ZWnRM6RNKKFR/d3c442ef9c25db126d2d395ec397eba4b41c8273.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Genes e suas variantes associadas a fatores ambientais contribuem para o desenvolvimento do fen&#243;tipo hipertenso. O gene da subunidade beta 3 da prote&#237;na G ( <italic>GNB3</italic> ) est&#225; envolvido no processo de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular e suas variantes t&#234;m sido relacionadas &#224; suscetibilidade &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o da variante <italic>GNB3</italic> (rs5443:C&gt;T) com a hipertens&#227;o arterial, par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos, idade e obesidade em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e normotensos de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o das variantes foi realizada por PCR em tempo real, utilizando o sistema TaqMan&#174;, em amostras de 310 pacientes (155 hipertensos e 155 normotensos). An&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas (fun&#231;&#227;o renal, perfil lip&#237;dico e glicemia) foram realizadas a partir do soro por meio de espectrofotometria UV/Vis e eletrodo &#237;on-seletivo. Foi utilizado um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para identificar fatores associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial. A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi realizada usando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado; dados n&#227;o normais foram analisados usando o teste de Mann-Whitney. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>A variante rs5443:C&gt;T n&#227;o esteve associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada (p = 0,88). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas bioqu&#237;micas, o alelo T esteve associado a n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deos, glicose e &#225;cido &#250;rico em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os presentes resultados mostram a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico para prevenir as causas e consequ&#234;ncias de doen&#231;as e sugerem que a variante GNB3 rs5443:C&gt;T pode estar associada a altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil bioqu&#237;mico em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Alelos</kwd>
        <kwd>Rea&#231;&#245;es Bioqu&#237;micas</kwd>
        <kwd>Gen&#243;tipo</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Ouro Preto</funding-source>
          <award-id>18.295.295/0001-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>UFOP</funding-source>
          <award-id>23109.004080/2019-88</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>310905/2020-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>APQ-03555-22</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Ouro Preto (18.295.295/0001-3), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP) [n&#250;mero de bolsa 23109.004080/2019-88], Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) [C&#243;digo Financeiro 001], Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) [bolsa n&#186;. 310905/2020-6, Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq] e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais FAPEMIG) [Processo APQ-03555-22].</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="14"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica respons&#225;vel por diversas doen&#231;as frequentemente associadas a dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos. Afeta v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e pode levar a morte s&#250;bita, acidente vascular cerebral, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A regula&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da press&#227;o arterial e as altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas que levam &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial t&#234;m um componente gen&#233;tico. Pressup&#245;e-se que 30% a 50% da variabilidade interindividual da press&#227;o arterial pode ser estipulada geneticamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Foi relatado que a variante <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T, localizada no cromossomo 12p13, na regi&#227;o do &#233;xon 10, est&#225; associada com a hipertens&#227;o arterial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As prote&#237;nas G fazem parte de uma superfam&#237;lia de prote&#237;nas e est&#227;o inicialmente em estado inativo ligadas a receptores intracelulares. Quando ativadas, acionam enzimas amplificadoras e estimulam canais i&#244;nicos, realizando transdu&#231;&#227;o de sinal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A variante <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T &#233; respons&#225;vel pela troca do alelo C por T, gerando <italic>splicing</italic> alternativo do &#233;xon 9, eliminando 41 amino&#225;cidos (498-620) da prote&#237;na, gerando a variante funcional truncada G3-s que exacerba a prote&#237;na G. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Isso desencadeia a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular que regula a disponibilidade de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio. No estado hiperativo, a prote&#237;na G aumenta a reten&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e &#225;gua, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Alguns estudos investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a variante <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T e a press&#227;o arterial em outras popula&#231;&#245;es, mas os resultados s&#227;o controversos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, Chen et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> discutiram como a variante <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T pode servir como marcador gen&#233;tico precoce da sensibilidade da press&#227;o arterial ao sal. A presen&#231;a do polimorfismo gera uma prote&#237;na funcional que desencadeia a lip&#243;lise atrav&#233;s das catecolaminas, alterando o perfil lip&#237;dico na corrente sangu&#237;nea. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, provoca uma redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade &#224; insulina no tecido muscular e intensa reabsor&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, favorecendo a hipertens&#227;o arterial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Devido ao comprometimento endotelial/renal causado pela hipertens&#227;o arterial, h&#225; uma defici&#234;ncia na excre&#231;&#227;o de algumas subst&#226;ncias, como ureia, creatinina e &#225;cido &#250;rico, aumentando suas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a popula&#231;&#227;o global, a frequ&#234;ncia do alelo C &#233; de 67% e a do alelo T &#233; de 33%. Grupos &#233;tnicos como europeus, africanos, afro-americanos, asi&#225;ticos e latino-americanos t&#234;m frequ&#234;ncias dos alelos C e T em torno de 69% e 31%; 28% e 72%; 28% e 72%; 46% e 54%; 54% e 46%, respectivamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Estudos t&#234;m mostrado diferentes frequ&#234;ncias em popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras diferentes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando a import&#226;ncia da variabilidade gen&#233;tica na hipertens&#227;o arterial, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar se a variante <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T estava associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial e se influenciava a fun&#231;&#227;o renal, o perfil lip&#237;dico e a glicemia em uma amostra de pacientes brasileiros hipertensos e normotensos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Declara&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi realizado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios adotados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Universit&#225;ria (CAAE 22455119.0.0000.5150), conforme resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo caso-controle foi realizado em 2021 na cidade de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. Foram convidados a participar do estudo indiv&#237;duos presentes no Laborat&#243;rio de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames bioqu&#237;micos. Aos que aceitaram, foi aplicado um question&#225;rio no aplicativo de smartphone KoBoToolbox, a fim de obter informa&#231;&#245;es sobre dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, comportamentais e de hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico. As medidas antropom&#233;tricas como peso, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foram obtidas por meio de balan&#231;a de bioimped&#226;ncia, estadi&#244;metro e fita m&#233;trica, respectivamente. Subsequentemente, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para avalia&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica e molecular.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise do question&#225;rio/prontu&#225;rio, os indiv&#237;duos foram separados em dois grupos. Foram classificados como hipertensos aqueles que faziam uso de medicamentos para hipertens&#227;o e tinham diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio da doen&#231;a no prontu&#225;rio. Indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva e n&#227;o possu&#237;am diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o no prontu&#225;rio foram classificados como controles (normotensos).</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero da amostra foi definido para atingir o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 95% que &#233; crucial para estudos gen&#233;ticos. Dessa maneira, o tamanho da amostra foi definido usando o programa OpenEpi, vers&#227;o 3.01, com n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a bilateral (1-alfa) de 95, poder de 80%, propor&#231;&#227;o de controles para casos de 1, propor&#231;&#227;o hipot&#233;tica de controles com exposi&#231;&#227;o de 33% de 8 e odds ratio de 2. Com isso, o tamanho da amostra foi estimado em aproximadamente 138 pacientes para os grupos controle e caso, totalizando 276 pacientes, segundo o teste de Kelsey. Ao final, o grupo de hipertensos incluiu 155 pacientes, sendo 87 mulheres e 68 homens com m&#233;dia de idade de 60,7 anos, e o grupo controle tamb&#233;m incluiu 155 pacientes, 85 mulheres e 70 homens com m&#233;dia de idade de 58,2 anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dosagens bioqu&#237;micas</title>
        <p>Para as an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas, os participantes jejuaram por 8 horas. Os perfis lip&#237;dicos (triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e VLDL-colesterol), renais (ureia, creatinina e &#225;cido &#250;rico) e glic&#234;micos foram medidos no soro dos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e normotensos por meio de espectrofotometria UV/Vis, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de reagentes Cobas&#174; Substrates (Roche), conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do fabricante, e processados em equipamento COBAS INTEGRA&#174; 400 Plus (Roche). Os &#237;ons s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio foram medidos no soro usando um eletrodo &#237;on-seletivo com reagentes LS Cient&#237;fica de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do fabricante e processados em equipamento AVL 9180 (Roche). Os valores de LDL-colesterol foram determinados com base no risco global atribu&#237;do a ambos os grupos e o colesterol n&#227;o-HDL foi calculado atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula: n&#227;o-HDL = colesterol total &#8722; HDL. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Genotipagem</title>
        <p>Para conhecer as frequ&#234;ncias genot&#237;picas e al&#233;licas da popula&#231;&#227;o, amostras de sangue total com EDTA foram coletadas e utilizadas para extra&#231;&#227;o de DNA utilizando o PureLink Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Foi utilizado o sistema TaqMan&#174; SNP Genotyping Assays system (Thermo Fisher Scientific) para PCR em tempo real para analisar a variante <italic>GNB3</italic> (Gene ID: 2784) rs5443:C&gt;T (C__2184734_10). A mistura reacional foi preparada com 5 &#956;L de TaqMan &#174; Master Mix e 0,50 &#956;L de reagente de trabalho (primer/probe), totalizando 5,5 &#956;L de reagente. As amostras de DNA foram dilu&#237;das com &#225;gua livre de nuclease fornecendo 10 ng/&#956;L, e 5,5 &#181;L de reagente pr&#233;-preparado e 4,5 &#181;L de amostra dilu&#237;da foram carregados na placa de rea&#231;&#227;o &#243;ptica de 96 po&#231;os MicroAmp&#8482;, totalizando um volume de 10 &#181;L por po&#231;o. Fita adesiva foi utilizada para selar a placa que foi centrifugada a 1000 rpm e processada no instrumento 7500 FAST de PCR em tempo real. O software 7500 v2.3 foi utilizado para analisar os dados de discrimina&#231;&#227;o al&#233;lica (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
        <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria dos dados, e foram obtidas medidas de frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa para dados categ&#243;ricos. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para a normalidade dos dados cont&#237;nuos. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas param&#233;tricas, os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP), e os dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foram expressos como mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
        <p>Inicialmente, para identificar as vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e gen&#233;ticas da popula&#231;&#227;o associadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o, foi realizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada comparando a frequ&#234;ncia relativa das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Ap&#243;s selecionar as vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,25 na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, foi realizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla com ajuste para etnia; subsequentemente, usando a t&#233;cnica reversa, foram selecionadas apenas vari&#225;veis com valor de p &lt; 0,05 para compor o modelo final. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas param&#233;tricas, a m&#233;dia entre os grupos foi comparada pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, e para comparar a mediana das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o param&#233;tricas, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney, uma vez que os grupos s&#227;o independentes. Foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises participantes em uso de hipolipemiantes, hipoglicemiantes e uricos&#250;ricos. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software STATA V.13.0, considerando p &lt; 0,05 como significativo. O equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg foi verificado pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, utilizando o software genAIEx 6.5.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, 155 pacientes (m&#233;dia de idade 60,7 &#177; DP 7,5 anos) foram classificados como hipertensos (casos) e 155 (m&#233;dia de idade 58,2 &#177; DP 11,9 anos) como normotensos (controle). As caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, bem como as caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, de acordo com a an&#225;lise univariada, s&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise univariada das caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Fatores</th>
                <th colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o (n=155)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Controle (n=155)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Total (n=310)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6">M&#233;dia &#177; DP, n (%) ou mediana (1o &#8211; 3o quartil)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">61 (55-66)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">60 (49-65)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">60 (54-66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,9-1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,03</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>c</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etnia</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">(28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">(39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">(33,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">(40,6)</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">(34,8)</td>
                <td align="center">117</td>
                <td align="center">(37,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 (0,9-2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">(30,9)</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">(25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">(28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (0,9-2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EMC/ESI/ESC/POS</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">(23,2)</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">(32,2)</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">(27,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EFC/EMI</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">(15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">(27,7)</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">(21,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,4-1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SI/EFI</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">(61,2)</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">(40)</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
                <td align="center">(50,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (1,1-4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,05</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>b</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Renda familiar (sal&#225;rios)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 3</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">(9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">(21,9)</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">(15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt;1 e &lt; 3</td>
                <td align="center">134</td>
                <td align="center">(86,4)</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">(74,8)</td>
                <td align="center">250</td>
                <td align="center">(80,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 (1,5-6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05 <sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 1</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">(3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">(3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (0,8-3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o fumante</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">(62.5)</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">(77,4)</td>
                <td align="center">217</td>
                <td align="center">(70)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">(24.5)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">(6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">(15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2 (0,1-0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,05</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>b</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">(12.9)</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">(16,1)</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">(14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,4-1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">29 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">26 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">28 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,8-0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>a</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p><sup>a</sup> valores de p do teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado; <sup>b</sup> regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada; <sup>c</sup> valores de p do teste de Mann-Whitney. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; EFC: ensino fundamental completo; EFI: ensino fundamental incompleto; EMC: ensino m&#233;dio completo; EMI: ensino m&#233;dio incompleto; ESC: ensino superior completo; ESI: ensino superior incompleto; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; OR: odds ratio; POS: p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o; SI: sem instru&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: dados compilados pelos autores do artigo.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise univariada das caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Fatores</th>
                <th colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o (n=155)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Controle (n=155)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Total (n=310)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normais</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">(55,5)</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">(76,8)</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">(66,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterados</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">(44,5)</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">(23,2)</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">(33,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (1,7-4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Colesterol total</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">(51)</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">(33,5)</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center">(42,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">(49)</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">(66,4)</td>
                <td align="center">179</td>
                <td align="center">(57,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (0,3- 0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>HDL-colesterol</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">115</td>
                <td align="center">(74,2)</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
                <td align="center">(89)</td>
                <td align="center">253</td>
                <td align="center">(81,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">(25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">(10,9)</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">(18,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2,6 (1,4-4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>LDL-colesterol</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">(16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">(9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">(83,2)</td>
                <td align="center">151</td>
                <td align="center">(97,4)</td>
                <td align="center">280</td>
                <td align="center">(90,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 (0,0-0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Colesterol n&#227;o-HDL</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">(17,4)</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">(7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">(12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">(82,6)</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">(92,9)</td>
                <td align="center">272</td>
                <td align="center">(87,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 (0,2-0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Ureia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">(90,9)</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
                <td align="center">(98,1)</td>
                <td align="center">293</td>
                <td align="center">(94,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterada</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">(9)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">(1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">(5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (1,3-12,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Creatinina</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">(92,9)</td>
                <td align="center">154</td>
                <td align="center">(99,3)</td>
                <td align="center">298</td>
                <td align="center">(96,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterada</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">(7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">(0,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">(3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">11,8 (1,5-92,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>S&#243;dio</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">142</td>
                <td align="center">(91,6)</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
                <td align="center">(98,1)</td>
                <td align="center">294</td>
                <td align="center">(94,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">(8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">(1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">(5,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3,7(1,2-11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Glicose</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normoglicemia</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">(38,7)</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">(63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">158</td>
                <td align="center">(51)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">(37,4)</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">(32,2)</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">(34,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (1,1-3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">(23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">(14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 (3,2-17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>&#193;cido &#250;rico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">(58,1)</td>
                <td align="center">122</td>
                <td align="center">(78,7)</td>
                <td align="center">212</td>
                <td align="center">(68,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">(41,9)</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">(21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">(31,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (1,6-4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Todos os valores de p foram obtidos por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Valores de refer&#234;ncia para par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos: triglicer&#237;deos: at&#233; 150 mg/dL; colesterol total: at&#233; 190 mg/dL; HDL-colesterol: superior a 40 mg/dL; LDL-colesterol: inferior a 70 mg/dL; colesterol n&#227;o-HDL: inferior a 100 mg/dL; ureia: at&#233; 50 mg/dL; creatinina: 0,4 a 1,4 mg/dL; s&#243;dio: 138 a 146 mEq/L; normoglicemia: inferior a 100 mg/dL, pr&#233;-diabetes: de 100 a 125 mg/dL, diabetes: superior ou igual a 126 mg/dL; &#225;cido &#250;rico: 2,4 a 5,7 mg/dL para mulheres e 3,4 a 7,0 mg/dL para homens. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: odds ratio.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: dados compilados pelos autores do artigo.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas sociais, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de acordo com a an&#225;lise multivariada realizada no modelo final s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise multivariada de fatores socioecon&#244;micos, cl&#237;nicos e bioqu&#237;micos da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Fatores</th>
                <th colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o (n=155)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Controle (n=155)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Total (n=310)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6">M&#233;dia &#177; DP, n (%) ou mediana (1o &#8211; 3o quartil)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">61 (55-66)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">60 (49-65)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">60 (54-66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,8-0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escolaridade</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EMC/ESI/POS</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">(23,2)</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">(32,2)</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">(27,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EFC/HIS</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">(15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">(27,7)</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">(21,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5 (0,2-1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SI/EFI</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">(61,2)</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">(40)</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
                <td align="center">(50,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 (1,9-6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o fumante</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">(62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">(77,4)</td>
                <td align="center">217</td>
                <td align="center">(70)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">(24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">(6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">(15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (0,1-0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">(12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">(16,1)</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">(14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (0,2-1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">29 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">26 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">28 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,8-0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normais</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">(55,5)</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">(76,8)</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">(66,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterados</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">(44,5)</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">(23,2)</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">(33,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5 (0,3-1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>LDL-colesterol</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">(16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">(9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">(83,2)</td>
                <td align="center">151</td>
                <td align="center">(97,4)</td>
                <td align="center">280</td>
                <td align="center">(90,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 (1,7-20,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Glicose</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normoglicemia</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">(38,7)</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">(63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">158</td>
                <td align="center">(51)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">(37,4)</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">(32,2)</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">(34,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2 (0,1-0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">(23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">(14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (0,1-0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>&#193;cido &#250;rico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">(58,1)</td>
                <td align="center">122</td>
                <td align="center">(78,7)</td>
                <td align="center">212</td>
                <td align="center">(68,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">(41,9)</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">(21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">(31,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5 (0,2-0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Todos os valores de p foram obtidos por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Valores de refer&#234;ncia: triglicer&#237;deos at&#233; 150mg/dL; LDL-colesterol menor do que 70 mg/dL; normoglicemia: menos do que 100 mg/dL, pr&#233;-diabetes: de 100 at&#233; 125 mg/dL, diabetes: maior ou igual a 126 mg/dL e &#225;cido &#250;rico: mulher 2,4 a 5,7 mg/dL, homem: 3,4 a 7,0 mg/dL. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; EFC: ensino fundamental completo; EFI: ensino fundamental incompleto; EMC: ensino m&#233;dio completo; EMI: ensino m&#233;dio incompleto; ESC: ensino superior completo; ESI: ensino superior incompleto; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; OR: odds ratio; SI: sem instru&#231;&#227;o. Modelo ajustado por etnia.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: dados compilados pelos autores do artigo.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No presente estudo, no modelo final, foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre idade (p = 0,03), escolaridade (p &lt; 0,001), tabagismo (p &lt; 0,001), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (p &lt; 0,001), triglicer&#237;deos (p = 0,04), LDL-colesterol (p &lt; 0,001), glicose (p &lt; 0,001) e &#225;cido &#250;rico (p &lt; 0,001) quando comparados os grupos hipertensos e normotensos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas al&#233;licas e genot&#237;picas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos do gene <italic>GNB3</italic> analisados estava em equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre as frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas e genot&#237;picas e as popula&#231;&#245;es hipertensas e normotensas ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica e genot&#237;pica da variante GNB3 rs5443:C&gt;T</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Gen&#243;tipos <italic>GNB3</italic></th>
                  <th colspan="2">Hipertenso (n=155)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Normotenso (n=155)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>rs5443:C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homozigoto CC</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">(21,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">(19,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heterozigoto</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">(51)</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">(51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,5-1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,901</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homozigoto TT</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">(27,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">(29,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 (0,4-1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,643</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alelo C</td>
                  <td align="center">145</td>
                  <td align="center">(46,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">139</td>
                  <td align="center">(44,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 (0,8-1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,626</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alelo T</td>
                  <td align="center">165</td>
                  <td align="center">(53,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">171</td>
                  <td align="center">(55,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,7-1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,626</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>NOTA: Todos os valores de p foram obtidos por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Fonte: dados compilados pelos autores do artigo.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise do alelo T e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, os pacientes hipertensos que apresentavam pelo menos um alelo T eram significativamente mais velhos que os normotensos (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1A</xref>). Da mesma forma, os pacientes hipertensos que possu&#237;am pelo menos um alelo T apresentaram IMC m&#233;dio significativamente maior do que aqueles que possu&#237;am pelo menos um alelo T no grupo normotenso (p &lt; 0,004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre (A) idade e (B) IMC de pacientes hipertensos e normotensos de acordo com a presen&#231;a de pelo menos um alelo T. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal. Fonte: dados compilados pelos autores do artigos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230396-30396-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de gen&#243;tipos e dosagens bioqu&#237;micas</title>
        <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabelas 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">7</xref> descrevem as caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a do alelo T.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Perfil lip&#237;dico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao alelo T</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Fatores</th>
                  <th>Hipertenso (n=66)</th>
                  <th>Controle (n=112)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Presen&#231;a do alelo T</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, mediana (1 <sup>o</sup> &#8211; 3 <sup>o</sup> quartil)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (95,2-165)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (79,7-132,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,002 <sup><bold>a</bold></sup> </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-colesterol (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">109,5 &#177; 43,6</td>
                  <td align="center">130,2 &#177; 42,4</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,003 <sup><bold>b</bold></sup> </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p><sup>a</sup> valor de p do teste de Mann-Whitney; <sup>b</sup> valor de p do teste t de Student. Pacientes que faziam uso de agentes hipolipemiantes foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Valores de refer&#234;ncia para par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos: triglicer&#237;deos: at&#233; 150 mg/dL; LDL-colesterol: inferior a 70 mg/dL. DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Fonte: dados compilados pelos autores do artigo.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Glicemia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao alelo T</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Fator</th>
                  <th>Hipertenso (n=74)</th>
                  <th>Controle (n=124)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Presen&#231;a do alelo T</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose, mediana (1 <sup>o</sup> &#8211; 3 <sup>o</sup> quartil)</td>
                  <td align="center">102,5 (93,2-118,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (89-104)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,004</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Valor de p do teste de Mann-Whitney. Pacientes em uso de agentes hipoglicemiantes foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Valores de refer&#234;ncia: normoglicemia: inferior a 100 mg/dL; pr&#233;-diabetes: de 100 a 125 mg/dL; diabetes: maior ou igual a 126 mg/dL.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Fonte: dados compilados pelos autores do artigo.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; N&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao alelo T</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Fator</th>
                  <th>Hipertenso (n=121)</th>
                  <th>Controle (n=124)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Presen&#231;a do alelo T</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9 &#177;1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3 &#177;1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>Valor de p do teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. Pacientes em uso de medicamentos uricos&#250;ricos foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Valores de refer&#234;ncia: &#225;cido &#250;rico: 2,4 a 5,7 mg/dL para mulheres e 3,4 a 7,0 mg/dL para homens. DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Fonte: dados compilados pelos autores do artigo.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Nos pacientes hipertensos, os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos, glicose e &#225;cido &#250;rico foram maiores naqueles que possu&#237;am pelo menos um alelo T em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes normotensos (p &lt; 0,002, p &lt; 0,004 e p = 0,002, respectivamente). Em contrapartida, em pacientes normotensos, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-colesterol foram mais altas naqueles que possu&#237;am pelo menos um alelo T quando comparados aos hipertensos (p = 0,003).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o resulta da intera&#231;&#227;o de fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Considerando que algumas variantes gen&#233;ticas t&#234;m o potencial de contribuir para a suscetibilidade a determinadas doen&#231;as, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> o presente estudo investigou a influ&#234;ncia da variante <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T em pacientes hipertensos e normotensos.</p>
      <p>A variante <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T tem sido implicada em um risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o, embora os resultados sejam inconsistentes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No presente estudo, a an&#225;lise da frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica e genot&#237;pica n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o arterial, diferindo dos estudos que relataram essa associa&#231;&#227;o em popula&#231;&#245;es caucasianas, leste-asi&#225;ticas, alem&#227;s e australianas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Por outro lado, estudo realizado em outra popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira tamb&#233;m n&#227;o relatou associa&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos do polimorfismo C825T do gene <italic>GNB3</italic> e a hipertens&#227;o arterial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Isso pode ser devido &#224; frequ&#234;ncia desigual do alelo T entre diferentes etnias, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> especialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira que &#233; altamente mista.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, o alelo T foi correlacionado com a idade, mostrando que os pacientes hipertensos que possuem pelo menos um alelo T s&#227;o geralmente mais velhos que os normotensos, corroborando outros estudos realizados na China <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e na Regi&#227;o Sudeste do Brasil. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Apesar disso, os indiv&#237;duos normotensos que possuem pelo menos um alelo T podem ter maior probabilidade de desenvolver hipertens&#227;o do que os indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o possuem o alelo T. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Assim, &#233; importante que jovens normotensos que possuem pelo menos um alelo T tenham consci&#234;ncia de que s&#227;o um grupo suscet&#237;vel &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial, necessitando de maiores cuidados a fim de evitar o aparecimento da doen&#231;a quando forem mais velhos.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice de massa corporal, tamb&#233;m obtivemos resultados significativos mostrando que foi maior em pacientes hipertensos que possuem pelo menos um alelo T em compara&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos. Foram relatados resultados semelhantes em popula&#231;&#245;es alem&#227;s, chinesas e sul-africanas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de pelo menos um alelo T sugere que o polimorfismo C825T do <italic>GNB3</italic> , localizado na regi&#227;o codificadora do gene, resulta em uma prote&#237;na funcional que aumenta a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na G favorecendo a lip&#243;lise induzida por catecolaminas e induzindo a obesidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a hipertens&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos obesos pode ser devida ao aumento do volume de l&#237;quido extracelular e ao aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para os tecidos e do retorno venoso, contribuindo ao d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em pessoas obesas, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo &#233; maior por causa do excesso de tecido adiposo, bem como do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para v&#225;rios outros &#243;rg&#227;os que hipertrofiam em resposta ao trabalho excessivo de demandas metab&#243;licas, enquanto consomem oxig&#234;nio dos tecidos. O excesso de gordura favorece a s&#237;ntese de citocinas e esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, gerando inflama&#231;&#227;o. Esse processo contribui para o desenvolvimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, enrijecendo a vasculatura, o que pode desencadear aterosclerose e hipertens&#227;o arterial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas, nossos resultados mostraram que possuir pelo menos um alelo T foi associado a n&#237;veis mais elevados de triglicer&#237;deos, glicose e &#225;cido &#250;rico em pacientes hipertensos, bem como n&#237;veis mais altos de LDL-colesterol em pacientes normotensos.</p>
      <p>Feng et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> estudando uma popula&#231;&#227;o da &#193;frica do Sul, tamb&#233;m demonstraram n&#237;veis mais elevados de triglicer&#237;deos e glicose em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos com pelo menos um alelo T quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos normotensos. A presen&#231;a de pelo menos um alelo T sugere que o polimorfismo C825T do <italic>GNB3</italic> resulta em uma prote&#237;na funcional que influencia a lip&#243;lise induzida por catecolaminas, elevando o perfil lip&#237;dico na corrente sangu&#237;nea. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o aumento da express&#227;o da prote&#237;na G interfere nos n&#237;veis de glicose atrav&#233;s dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos por meio do metabolismo, desencadeando uma redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade &#224; insulina no tecido muscular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;cido &#250;rico, B&#252;hrmann et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> encontraram maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es de &#225;cido &#250;rico em pacientes que apresentavam pelo menos um alelo T na popula&#231;&#227;o alem&#227;. A presen&#231;a de pelo menos um alelo T sugere que o aumento da express&#227;o da prote&#237;na G desencadeia intensa reabsor&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, favorecendo a hipertens&#227;o arterial. Devido ao comprometimento endotelial/renal causado pela hipertens&#227;o arterial, acredita-se que haja defici&#234;ncia na excre&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido &#250;rico, aumentando sua concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>Nosso achado de n&#237;veis mais elevados de colesterol LDL em indiv&#237;duos normotensos com pelo menos um alelo T pode ser devido ao fato de as amostras biol&#243;gicas terem sido coletadas durante o per&#237;odo da pandemia de COVID-19, o que pode ter favorecido o aumento do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados combinado com um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio motivado pelo isolamento social. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Foram encontrados resultados semelhantes por Siffert et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> que verificaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de LDL-colesterol em uma popula&#231;&#227;o normotensa sem doen&#231;a pr&#233;-existente, com pelo menos um alelo T.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que a amostra utilizada n&#227;o pode ser representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, al&#233;m do pequeno tamanho amostral.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a presen&#231;a de pelo menos um alelo T da variante <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T foi relacionada a pacientes hipertensos com m&#233;dia de idade de 60 anos. Al&#233;m disso, foi associada a n&#237;veis mais elevados de &#237;ndice de massa corporal em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e pode ser determinante de altera&#231;&#245;es em par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos, como perfil lip&#237;dico, glicemia e &#225;cido &#250;rico em pacientes hipertensos. Esses resultados mostram a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico para prevenir as causas e consequ&#234;ncias da doen&#231;a, mesmo em uma popula&#231;&#227;o altamente miscigenada como a brasileira, e sugerem que a variante <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T pode ser usada como uma alternativa f&#225;cil e de baixo custo e como um marcador gen&#233;tico precoce de altera&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas no processo hipertensivo. Para melhor compreender a influ&#234;ncia da variante rs5443:C&gt;T na altera&#231;&#227;o do perfil bioqu&#237;mico de pacientes hipertensos, &#233; essencial que novos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos sejam realizados em outras popula&#231;&#245;es maiores e geneticamente distintas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Declara&#231;&#227;o de disponibilidade de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados que suportam os resultados deste estudo est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o &#224; autora correspondente/ao autor correspondente. Os dados n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis publicamente devido a restri&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas ou de privacidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos a todos os pacientes que participaram do presente estudo. Agradecemos a colabora&#231;&#227;o do Laborat&#243;rio de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas (LAPAC), do Laborat&#243;rio de Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Medicina e Farm&#225;cia, do Laborat&#243;rio de Bioqu&#237;mica e do Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Os autores n&#227;o t&#234;m interesse financeiro ou de propriedade em qualquer material discutido no presente artigo.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo (CAAE 22455119.0.0000.5150), conforme resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Ouro Preto (18.295.295/0001-3), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP) [n&#250;mero de bolsa 23109.004080/2019-88], Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) [C&#243;digo Financeiro 001], Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) [bolsa n&#186;. 310905/2020-6, Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq] e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais FAPEMIG) [Processo APQ-03555-22].</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>G Protein Subunit Beta 3 (GNB3) Variant Is Associated with Biochemical Changes in Brazilian Patients with Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Agostini</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara Nascimento Toledo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cl&#225;udia Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8650-0089</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Sacramento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bicalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Soares Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Tamires Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belo</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coura-Vital</surname>
            <given-names>Wendel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando de Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ang&#233;lica Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9751-3379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Glenda Nicioli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing;</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP) &#8211; Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas (DEACL), Ouro Preto, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Butantan Institute, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas (CiPharma) &#8211; Departamento de Farm&#225;cia (DEFAR), Ouro Preto, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas (CiPharma) &#8211; Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas (DEACL), Ouro Preto, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Glenda Nicioli da Silva &#8226; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias &#8211; Farmac&#234;uticas (CiPharma); Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas (DEACL) &#8211; Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n. Postal Code 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: nicioli@ufop.edu.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Carlos E. Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: G Protein Subunit Beta 3 (GNB3) Variant Is Associated with Biochemical Changes in Brazilian Patients with Hypertension</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230396-30396-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Genes and their variants associated with environmental factors contribute to the development of the hypertensive phenotype. The G protein beta 3 subunit gene (GNB3) is involved in the intracellular signaling process, and its variants have been related to susceptibility to arterial hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To determine the association of the GNB3 variant (rs5443:C&gt;T) with arterial hypertension, biochemical parameters, age, and obesity in hypertensive and normotensive individuals from Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p>The identification of variants was performed by real-time PCR, using the TaqMan&#174; system, in 310 samples (155 hypertensive and 155 normotensive). Biochemical analyses (renal function, lipid profile and glycemia) were performed from the serum using UV/Vis spectrophotometry and ion-selective electrode. A multiple logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with arterial hypertension. The analysis of continuous variables with normal distribution was performed using the unpaired Student&#8217;s t test; non-normal data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney. P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The rs5443:C&gt;T variant was not associated with arterial hypertension in the evaluated population (p = 0.88). Regarding biochemical measures, the T allele was associated with high levels of triglycerides, glucose and uric acid in hypertensive individuals (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>These results show the importance of genetic diagnosis to prevent the causes and consequences of diseases and imply that the GNB3 rs5443:C&gt;T variant may be associated with changes in the biochemical profile in hypertensive individuals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Alleles</kwd>
        <kwd>Biochemical Reactions</kwd>
        <kwd>Genotype</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Arterial hypertension (AH) is a chronic disease responsible for several diseases often associated with metabolic disorders. It affects several target organs are and can lead to sudden death, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and chronic kidney disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The physiological regulation of blood pressure and the pathophysiological changes that lead to AH have a genetic component. It is assumed that 30% to 50% of the interindividual variability of blood pressure can be genetically stipulated. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The variant <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T, located on chromosome 12p13, in the exon 10 region, has been reported to be associated with AH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>G proteins are part of a superfamily of proteins and are initially in an inactive state bound to intracellular receptors. When activated, they trigger amplifying enzymes and excite ion channels, performing signal transduction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The variant <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T is responsible for the exchange of the C allele for T, generating an alternative splicing of exon 9, eliminating 41 amino acids (498-620) from the protein, generating the truncated functional variant G3-s that exacerbates the G protein. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> That triggers intracellular signaling managing the availability of sodium and potassium. In a hyperactive state, G protein increases sodium and water retention, contributing to the development of AH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some studies have investigated the association between the variant <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T and blood pressure in other populations, and the results are controversial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, Chen et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> discussed how variant <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T can serve as early genetic marker of blood pressure salt sensitivity. The presence of the polymorphism generates a functional protein that triggers lipolysis through catecholamines, changing the lipid profile in the bloodstream. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Moreover, it causes a reduction in insulin sensitivity in muscle tissue and intense sodium reabsorption, favoring AH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Due to the endothelial/renal impairment caused by AH, there is a deficiency in the excretion of some substances, such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid, increasing their plasma concentrations. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Taking into account the global population, the frequency of the C allele is 67%, and that of the T allele is 33%. Ethnic groups such as European, African, African-American, Asian, and Latin American have C and T allele frequencies around 69% and 31%; 28% and 72%; 28% and 72%; 46% and 54%; 54% and 46%, respectively. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Studies have shown different frequencies in different Brazilian populations. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering the importance of genetic variability in AH, this study aimed to determine whether the <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T variant was associated with AH and whether it influenced kidney function, lipid profile, and blood glucose in a sample of Brazilian hypertensive and normotensive patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical statement</title>
          <p>The study was carried out in accordance with the criteria adopted by the University Ethics Committee (CAAE 22455119.0.0000.5150), in accordance with resolution 466/2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>The case-control study was carried out in 2021 in the city of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Individuals present in the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Federal University of Ouro Preto for biochemical tests were invited to participate of the study. To those who accepted, a questionnaire was applied in the smartphone application KoBoToolbox in order to obtain information on sociodemographic and behavioral data and medical history. Anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, and waist circumference were obtained using a bioimpedance scale, stadiometer, and measuring tape, respectively. Subsequently, blood samples were collected for biochemical and molecular evaluation.</p>
          <p>After analyzing the questionnaire/medical record, the individuals were separated into two groups. Those who used medication for hypertension and had a previous diagnosis of the disease in their medical records were classified as hypertensive. Individuals who did not use antihypertensive medication and did not have a diagnosis of hypertension in their medical records were classified as controls (normotensive).</p>
          <p>The sample number was defined to reach the 95% significance level that is crucial for genetic studies. Thus, the sample size was defined using the OpenEpi program, version 3.01, with a bilateral confidence level (1-alpha) of 95, power of 80%, ratio of controls to cases of 1, hypothetical proportion of controls with exposure of 33% of 8, and odds ratio of 2. With this, the sample size was estimated at approximately 138 patients for the control and case groups totaling 276 patients, according to the Kelsey test. In the end, the hypertensive group had 155 patients, 87 women and 68 men with a mean age of 60.7 years, and the control group also had 155 patients, 85 women and 70 men with a mean age of 58.2 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical dosages</title>
          <p>For the biochemical analyses, the participants fasted for 8 hours. Lipid profile (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol), renal (urea, creatinine, and uric acid), and blood glucose profile were measured in the serum of hypertensive and normotensive individuals by means of UV/Vis spectrophotometry, with the use of Cobas&#174; Substrates (Roche) reagents according to the manufacturer&#8217;s recommendations and processed in COBAS INTEGRA&#174; 400 Plus equipment (Roche). Sodium and potassium ions were measured in serum using an ion-selective electrode using LS Cient&#237;fica reagents, in accordance with the manufacturer&#8217;s recommendations, and processed in AVL 9180 equipment (Roche). LDL-cholesterol values were determined based on the overall risk attributed to both groups and non-HDL cholesterol was calculated using the formula: non-HDL = total cholesterol &#8722; HDL. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genotyping</title>
          <p>To know the genotypic and allele frequencies of the population, EDTA whole blood samples were collected and used to extract DNA using the PureLink Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The TaqMan&#174; SNP Genotyping Assays system (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used for real-time PCR to analyze the <italic>GNB3</italic> variant (Gene ID: 2784) rs5443:C&gt;T (C__2184734_10). The reaction mixture was prepared with 5 &#956;L of TaqMan &#174; Master Mix and 0.50 &#956;L of working reagent (primer/probe), totaling 5.5 &#956;L of reagent. DNA samples were diluted with nuclease-free water providing 10 ng/&#956;L, and 5.5 &#181;L of pre-prepared reagent and 4.5 &#181;L of diluted sample were loaded into the MicroAmp&#8482; 96-well optical reaction plate, totaling a volume of 10 &#181;L per well. Adhesive tape was used to seal the plate and it was centrifuged at 1000 rpm and processed on the 7500 FAST real-time PCR instrument. The 7500 v2.3 software was used to analyze the allelic discrimination data (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>An exploratory data analysis was performed, and absolute and relative frequency measurements were obtained for categorical data. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of continuous data. For parametric continuous variables, data were expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD), and non-parametric data were expressed as median and interquartile range.</p>
          <p>Initially, to identify the population&#8217;s sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and genetic variables associated with hypertension, univariate logistic regression was performed comparing the relative frequency of categorical variables. After selecting variables with p &lt; 0.25 in the univariate logistic regression analysis, multiple logistic regression was performed with adjustment for ethnicity; subsequently, using the reverse technique, only variables with p value &lt; 0.05 were selected to compose the final model. For parametric continuous variables, the mean between groups was compared using the unpaired Student&#8217;s t test, and to compare the median of non-parametric continuous variables, the Mann-Whitney test was used, since the groups are independent. Participants using lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic, and uricosuric drugs were excluded from the analyses. All analyses were performed using STATA V.13.0 software, considering p &lt; 0.05 as significant. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was verified by Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test, using genAIEx 6.5 software.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the present study, 155 subjects (mean age 60.7 &#177; SD 7.5 years) were classified as hypertensive (case), and 155 (mean age 58.2 &#177; SD 11.9 years) were classified as normotensive (control). The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, as well as the laboratory characteristics of the population studied, according to the univariate analysis, are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref>, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate analysis of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Factors</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Hypertension (n=155)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Control (n=155)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total (n=310)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6">Mean &#177; SD, n (%) or median (1st - 3rd quartiles)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">61 (55-66)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">60 (49-65)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">60 (54-66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (0.9-1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.03</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>c</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ethnicity</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">(28.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">(39.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">105</td>
                  <td align="center">(33.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">(40.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">(34.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">117</td>
                  <td align="center">(37.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 (0.9-2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">(30.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">(25.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">88</td>
                  <td align="center">(28.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (0.9-2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Schooling</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHS/IHE/CHE/POS</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">(23.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">(32.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">(27.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CPS/IHS</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">(15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">(27.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">(21.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 (0.4-1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WI/IPS</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                  <td align="center">(61.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">(40)</td>
                  <td align="center">157</td>
                  <td align="center">(50.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 (1.1-4.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.05</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>b</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Family income (wages)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">(9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">(21.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">(15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;1 and &lt; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">134</td>
                  <td align="center">(86.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">116</td>
                  <td align="center">(74.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">250</td>
                  <td align="center">(80.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 (1.5-6.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">(4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (0.8-3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">97</td>
                  <td align="center">(62.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">(77.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">217</td>
                  <td align="center">(70)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">(24.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">(6.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">(15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2 (0.1-0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.05</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>b</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">(12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">(16.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">(14.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (0.4-1.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">29 &#177; 5.3</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">26 &#177; 4.8</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">28 &#177; 5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (0.8-0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>a</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p><sup>a</sup> unpaired Student&#8217;s t test p values; <sup>b</sup> univariate logistic regression; <sup>c</sup> Mann-Whitney test p values. BMI: body mass index; CHE: complete higher education; CHS: complete high school; CI: confidence interval; CPS: complete primary education; IHE: incomplete higher education; IHS: incomplete high school; IPS: incomplete primary education; OR: odds ratio; POS: postgraduate studies; SD: standard deviation; WI: without instruction.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: data compiled by the author.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate analysis of the biochemical characteristics of the population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Factors</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Hypertension (n=155)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Control (n=155)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total (n=310)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6">n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">(55.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">119</td>
                  <td align="center">(76.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">205</td>
                  <td align="center">(66.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">(44.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">(23.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">105</td>
                  <td align="center">(33.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 (1.7-4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Total cholesterol</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">(51)</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">(33.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">131</td>
                  <td align="center">(42.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">76</td>
                  <td align="center">(49)</td>
                  <td align="center">103</td>
                  <td align="center">(66.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">179</td>
                  <td align="center">(57.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (0.3- 0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>HDL-cholesterol</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">115</td>
                  <td align="center">(74.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">138</td>
                  <td align="center">(89)</td>
                  <td align="center">253</td>
                  <td align="center">(81.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">(25.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">(10.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">(18.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6 (1.4-4.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>LDL-cholesterol</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">(16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">(9.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">129</td>
                  <td align="center">(83.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">151</td>
                  <td align="center">(97.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">280</td>
                  <td align="center">(90.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6 (0.0-0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Non-HDL cholesterol</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">(17.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">(7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">(12.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">128</td>
                  <td align="center">(82.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">144</td>
                  <td align="center">(92.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">272</td>
                  <td align="center">(87.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 (0.2-0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Urea</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">141</td>
                  <td align="center">(90.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">(98.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">293</td>
                  <td align="center">(94.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">(9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">(1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">(5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 (1.3-12.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Creatinine</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">144</td>
                  <td align="center">(92.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">154</td>
                  <td align="center">(99.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">298</td>
                  <td align="center">(96.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">(7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8 (1.5-92.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Sodium</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">142</td>
                  <td align="center">(91.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">(98.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">294</td>
                  <td align="center">(94.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">(8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">(1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">(5.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7(1.2-11.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Glucose</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normoglycemia</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">(38.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">(63.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">158</td>
                  <td align="center">(51)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prediabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">(37.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">(32.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">108</td>
                  <td align="center">(34.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (1.1-3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">(23.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">(4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">(14.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5 (3.2-17.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Uric acid</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">(58.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">122</td>
                  <td align="center">(78.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">212</td>
                  <td align="center">(68.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">(41.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">(21.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">(31.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 (1.6-4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>All p values were obtained using univariate logistic regression. Reference values for biochemical parameters: triglycerides: up to 150 mg/dL; total cholesterol: up to 190 mg/dL; HDL-cholesterol: greater than 40 mg/dL; LDL-cholesterol: lower than 70 mg/dL; non-HDL: less than 100 mg/dL; urea: up to 50 mg/dL; creatinine: 0.4 to 1.4 mg/dL; sodium: 138 to 146 mEq/L; normoglycemia: less than 100 mg/dL, prediabetes: from 100 to 125 mg/dL, diabetes: greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL; uric acid: 2.4 to 5.7 mg/dL for females and 3.4 to 7.0 mg/dL for males. CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: data compiled by the author.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The social, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the study population according to the multivariate analysis performed on the final model are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate analysis of socioeconomic, clinical, and biochemical factors in the population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Factors</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Hypertension (n=155)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Control (n=155)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total (n=310)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6">Mean &#177; SD, n (%) or median (1st - 3rd quartiles)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">61 (55-66)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">60 (49-65)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">60 (54-66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (0.8-0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Schooling</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHS/IHE/POS</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">(23.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">(32.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">(27.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CPS/HIS</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">(15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">(27.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">(21.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5 (0.2-1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WI/IPS</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                  <td align="center">(61.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">(40)</td>
                  <td align="center">157</td>
                  <td align="center">(50.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 (1.9-6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">97</td>
                  <td align="center">(62.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">(77.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">217</td>
                  <td align="center">(70)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">(24.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">(6.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">(15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1 (0.1-0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">(12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">(16.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">(14.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 (0.2-1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">29 &#177; 5.3</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">26 &#177; 4.8</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">28 &#177; 5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 (0.8-0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Triglycerides</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">(55.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">119</td>
                  <td align="center">(76.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">205</td>
                  <td align="center">(66.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">(44.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">(23.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">105</td>
                  <td align="center">(33.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5 (0.3-1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>LDL-cholesterol</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">(16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">(9.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">129</td>
                  <td align="center">(83.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">151</td>
                  <td align="center">(97.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">280</td>
                  <td align="center">(90.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9 (1.7-20.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Glucose</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normoglycemia</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">(38.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">(63.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">158</td>
                  <td align="center">(51)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prediabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">(37.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">(32.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">108</td>
                  <td align="center">(34.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2 (0.1-0.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">(23.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">(4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">(14.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 (0.1-0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Uric acid</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">(58.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">122</td>
                  <td align="center">(78.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">212</td>
                  <td align="center">(68.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Changed</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">(41.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">(21.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">(31.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5 (0.2-0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>NOTE: All p values were obtained using multivariate logistic regression. Reference values: triglycerides up to 150mg/dL; LDL-cholesterol lower than 70 mg/dL; normoglycemia: less than 100 mg/dL, pre-diabetes: from 100 to 125 mg/dL, diabetes: greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL and uric acid: female 2.4 to 5.7 mg/dL, male: 3.4 to 7.0 mg/dL. BMI: body mass index; CHE: complete higher education; CHS: complete high school; CI: confidence interval; CPS: complete primary education; IHE: incomplete higher education; IHS: incomplete high school; IPS: incomplete primary education; OR: odds ratio; WI: without instruction. Model adjusted by ethnicity.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: data compiled by the author.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the present study, in the final model, significant differences were found between age (p = 0.03), education (p &lt; 0.001), smoking (p &lt; 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (p &lt; 0.001), triglycerides (p = 0.04), LDL-cholesterol (p &lt; 0.001), glucose (p &lt; 0.001), and uric acid (p &lt; 0.001) when the hypertensive and normotensive groups were compared.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Allelic and genotypic characteristics of the study population</title>
          <p>The distribution of the <italic>GNB3</italic> gene genotypes analyzed were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
          <p>No significant differences were found between the frequencies of alleles and genotypes and the hypertensive and normotensive populations ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Allelic and genotypic frequency of the variant GNB3 rs5443:C&gt;T</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Genotypes <italic>GNB3</italic></th>
                    <th colspan="2">Hypertensive (n=155)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Normotensive (n=155)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4">n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>rs5443:C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Homozygous CC</td>
                    <td align="center">33</td>
                    <td align="center">(21.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">(19.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heterozygous</td>
                    <td align="center">79</td>
                    <td align="center">(51)</td>
                    <td align="center">79</td>
                    <td align="center">(51)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9 (0.5-1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.901</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Homozygous TT</td>
                    <td align="center">43</td>
                    <td align="center">(27.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">46</td>
                    <td align="center">(29.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8 (0.4-1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.643</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Allele C</td>
                    <td align="center">145</td>
                    <td align="center">(46.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">139</td>
                    <td align="center">(44.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.1 (0.8-1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.626</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Allele T</td>
                    <td align="center">165</td>
                    <td align="center">(53.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">171</td>
                    <td align="center">(55.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9 (0.7-1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.626</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>All p values were obtained using univariate logistic regression.</p>
                </fn>
                <attrib>Source: data compiled by the author.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of the T allele and clinical characteristics of the population</title>
          <p>In the population studied, hypertensive individuals who had at least one T allele were significantly older than normotensive individuals (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1A</xref>). Similarly, hypertensive subjects who carried at least one T allele had a significantly higher mean BMI than those who had at least one T allele in the normotensive group (p &lt; 0.004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison between (A) Age and (B) BMI of hypertensive and normotensive individuals according to the presence of at least one T allele. BMI: body mass index. Source: data compiled by the autor.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230396-30396-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of genotypes and biochemical dosages</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Tables 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">6</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">7</xref> describe the biochemical characteristics of the study population in relation to the presence of the T allele.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Lipid profile in relation to the T allele</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Factors</th>
                    <th>Hypertensive (n=66)</th>
                    <th>Control (n=112)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">Presence of T allele</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides, median (1st &#8211; 3rd quartiles)</td>
                    <td align="center">127 (95.2-165)</td>
                    <td align="center">104 (79.7-132.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.002 <sup><bold>a</bold></sup> </bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-cholesterol (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">109.5 &#177; 43.6</td>
                    <td align="center">130.2 &#177; 42.4</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.003 <sup><bold>b</bold></sup> </bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p><sup>a</sup> p value from the Mann-Whitney test; <sup>b</sup> p value from Student&#8217;s t test <sup>b</sup> . Patients who used lipid-lowering drugs were excluded from the analysis. Reference values for biochemical parameters: triglycerides: up to 150 mg/dL; LDL-cholesterol: lower than 70 mg/dL. SD: standard deviation.</p>
                </fn>
                <attrib>Source: data compiled by the author.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Glycemia in relation to the T allele</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Factor</th>
                    <th>Hypertensive (n=74)</th>
                    <th>Control (n=124)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">Presen&#231;a do alelo T</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glucose, median (1st &#8211; 3rd quartiles)</td>
                    <td align="center">102.5 (93.2-118.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (89-104)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.004</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>Mann-Whitney test p value. Patients using hypoglycemic agents were excluded from the analysis. Reference values: normoglycemia: less than 100 mg/dL; pre-diabetes: from 100 to 125 mg/dL; diabetes: greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL.</p>
                </fn>
                <attrib>Source: data compiled by the author</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t7001">
              <label>Table 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Uric acid levels in relation to the T allele</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Factor</th>
                    <th>Hypertensive (n=121)</th>
                    <th>Control (n=124)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">Presence of T allele</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Uric acid (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.9 &#177;1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">5.3 &#177;1.3</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.002</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN7001">
                  <p>Unpaired Student&#8217;s t test p value. Patients using uricosuric drugs were excluded from the analysis. Reference values: uric acid: 2.4 to 5.7 mg/dL for females and 3.4 to 7.0 mg/dL for males. SD: standard deviation.</p>
                </fn>
                <attrib>Source: data compiled by the author.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In hypertensive patients, triglyceride, glucose, and uric acid levels were higher in those who had at least one T allele compared to normotensive patients (p &lt; 0.002, p &lt; 0.004, and p = 0.002, respectively). In contrast, in normotensive subjects, LDL-cholesterol concentrations were higher in those who had at least one T allele when compared to hypertensive subjects (p = 0.003).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Hypertension results from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Considering that some genetic variants have the potential to contribute to susceptibility to certain diseases, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> the present study examined the influence of the variant <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T in hypertensive and normotensive individuals.</p>
        <p>The <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T variant has been implicated in an increased risk of developing hypertension, although results are inconsistent. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In this study, analysis of allele and genotypic frequency showed no association with AH, differing from studies that reported this association in Caucasian, East Asian, German, and Australian populations. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> On the other hand, a study carried out in another Brazilian population also reported no association between the genotypes of the C825T polymorphism of the <italic>GNB3</italic> gene and AH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This may be due to the uneven frequency of the T allele among different ethnicities, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> especially in the highly mixed Brazilian population.</p>
        <p>In this study, the T allele was correlated with age, showing that hypertensive individuals who have at least one T allele are generally older than normotensive individuals, corroborating other studies carried out in China <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and in the Southeast Region of Brazil. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Despite that, normotensive individuals who have at least one T allele may be more likely to develop hypertension than individuals who do not have the T allele. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Thus, it is important that normotensive young people who have at least one T allele are aware that they are a susceptible group to AH, requiring greater care in order to avoid the onset of the disease when they are older.</p>
        <p>Regarding BMI, we also obtained significant results showing that this index was higher in hypertensive individuals who have at least one T allele compared to normotensive individuals. Similar results have been reported in German, Chinese, and South African populations. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The presence of at least one T allele suggests that the C825T polymorphism of <italic>GNB3</italic> , located in the coding region of the gene, results in a functional protein that enhances the expression of the G protein favoring catecholamine-induced lipolysis and inducing obesity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Furthermore, AH in obese individuals may be due to increased extracellular fluid volume and increased blood flow to tissues and venous return, contributing to cardiac output. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In obese people, blood flow is greater because of extra adipose tissue, as well as blood flow to several other organs that hypertrophy in response to excessive work of metabolic demands, while consuming tissue oxygen. Excess fat favors the synthesis of cytokines and oxygen-reactive species and generates inflammation. This process contributes to the development of endothelial dysfunction, stiffening the vasculature, which can trigger atherosclerosis and AH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding biochemical analyses, our results showed that having at least one T allele was associated with higher levels of triglycerides, glucose, and uric acid in hypertensive patients and LDL-cholesterol in normotensive patients. Feng et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> studying a population from South Africa, also demonstrated higher levels of triglycerides and glucose in hypertensive individuals with at least one T allele when compared to normotensive individuals. The presence of at least one T allele suggests that the C825T polymorphism of <italic>GNB3</italic> results in a functional protein that influences catecholamine-induced lipolysis, elevating the lipid profile in the bloodstream. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In addition, increased expression of G protein interferes with glucose levels through lipid metabolism, triggering a reduction in insulin sensitivity in muscle tissue. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With respect to uric acid, B&#252;hrmann et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> found higher uric acid concentrations in patients who had at least one T allele in the Germanic population. The presence of at least one T allele suggests that increased G protein expression triggers intense sodium reabsorption, favoring AH. Due to the endothelial/renal impairment caused by AH, it is believed that there is a deficiency in the excretion of uric acid, increasing its plasma concentration.</p>
        <p>Our finding of higher levels of LDL-cholesterol in normotensive individuals with at least one T allele may be due to the fact that the biological samples were collected during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have favored increased ultra-processed food consumption combined with a sedentary lifestyle motivated by social isolation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Similar results were found by Siffert et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> who showed higher levels of LDL-cholesterol in a normotensive population without pre-existing disease, with at least one T allele.</p>
        <p>The study has some limitations, since the sample used could not be representative of the Brazilian population, in addition to small sample size.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, in the population studied, the presence of at least one T allele of the <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T variant was related to hypertensive patients with a mean age of 60 years. In addition, it was associated with higher BMI levels in hypertensive individuals and may be a determinant of changes in biochemical parameters, such as lipid profile, blood glucose, and uric acid in hypertensive individuals. These results show the importance of genetic diagnosis to prevent the causes and consequences of the disease, even in a highly mixed population such as the Brazilian one, and they suggest that the <italic>GNB3</italic> rs5443:C&gt;T variant can be used as an easy, inexpensive, and early genetic marker of biochemical alterations in the hypertensive process. To better understand the influence of the rs5443:C&gt;T variant on the alteration of the biochemical profile in hypertensive patients, it is essential that new epidemiological studies be carried out in other larger and genetically distinct populations.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Data accessibility statement</title>
          <p>The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>We thank all patients who participated in this study. We are grateful for the collaboration of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory (LAPAC), Epidemiology Laboratory of the School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, and Clinical Research Laboratory of the Federal University of Ouro Preto. The authors have no financial or proprietary interest in any material discussed in this article.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP) under the protocol number protocolo (CAAE 22455119.0.0000.5150), according to resolution 466/2012. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Ouro Preto (18.295.295/0001-3), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP) [n&#250;mero de bolsa 23109.004080/2019-88], Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) [C&#243;digo Financeiro 001], Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) [bolsa n&#186;. 310905/2020-6, Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq] e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais FAPEMIG) [Processo APQ-03555-22].</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
