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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XqTCNnBLsBcQMt5vH9KbNKL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200901</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00901</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230364</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manejo Invasivo versus Conservador de Pacientes com IAMSSST com Idade &#8805; 75 Anos: Coment&#225;rios</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6989-3079</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Decker</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Renato da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pittol</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Regis Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rover</surname>
            <given-names>Marciane Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Interna &#8211; Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: S&#233;rgio Renato da Rosa Decker &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, 2&#186; andar. CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>sergioodecker@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230364</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica/cirurgia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Ao Editor,</p>
    <p>Na edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Hu M and Yang Y,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>avaliaram o benef&#237;cio de manejo invasivo precoce para pacientes idosos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST), concluindo que essa estrat&#233;gia produz resultados positivos na redu&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente. No entanto, existem algumas quest&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; alega&#231;&#227;o de superioridade e &#224; relev&#226;ncia dos desfechos escolhidos para essa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. Em primeiro lugar, esses desfechos (provocados pela isquemia) s&#227;o, na sua maioria, desfechos substitutos de avalia&#231;&#227;o baseados nos n&#237;veis de troponina. Para estabelecer a substitui&#231;&#227;o de um desfecho por outro, v&#225;rios fatores precisam ser considerados, incluindo plausibilidade biol&#243;gica, associa&#231;&#245;es em estudos observacionais e, mais importante, prova de conceito por meio de ensaios onde a melhoria do desfecho substituto tamb&#233;m melhora os resultados cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, as evid&#234;ncias mostram que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal e mortalidade cardiovascular ou por todas as causas atende aos dois primeiros n&#237;veis; por&#233;m, uma metan&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados n&#227;o estabeleceu o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal como um substituto para mortalidade cardiovascular ou por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na verdade, essa &#233; uma rela&#231;&#227;o reprodut&#237;vel em desfechos de curto e longo prazo; a metan&#225;lise de FRISC-II, ICTUS e RITA-3 mostrou que, ap&#243;s cinco anos, a estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce para pacientes com IAMSSST n&#227;o resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, apesar dos benef&#237;cios observados nos desfechos provocados pela isquemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, esses desfechos substitutos utilizados podem ser suscet&#237;veis a um vi&#233;s de profecia autorrealiz&#225;vel. Em outras palavras, a previs&#227;o de que os pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce n&#227;o necessitar&#227;o de novas interven&#231;&#245;es em um futuro pr&#243;ximo torna-se uma previs&#227;o cumprida; a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o planejada e provocada pela isquemia &#233; tanto a interven&#231;&#227;o quanto o desfecho. Apesar disso, esses desfechos ainda podem ser justificados como substitutos para a qualidade de vida prejudicada e para o aumento da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de, e ainda s&#227;o importantes para interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas prim&#225;rias. No entanto, considerando pacientes com fragilidade no contexto do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), onde pacientes frequentemente enfrentam longos tempos de espera para cateterismo ap&#243;s IAMSSST, com aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, a interven&#231;&#227;o precoce padr&#227;o poderia piorar sua qualidade de vida e agregar danos como imobilidade relacionada &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Dessa maneira, os desfechos relatados pelos pacientes, como angina ou qualidade de vida, por meio de question&#225;rios bem validados, podem servir como desfechos mais adequados para pesquisas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e nesse contexto espec&#237;ficos. Infelizmente, esses desfechos centrados no paciente t&#234;m sido subnotificados nos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Portanto, podemos interpretar os resultados de forma mais conservadora em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; suposi&#231;&#227;o de superioridade, particularmente nos casos de pacientes idosos que apresentam angina bem controlada e que est&#227;o em pa&#237;ses de baixa a m&#233;dia renda com recursos limitados.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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          <article-title>Assessment of Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction as a Surrogate for All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Treatment or Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Intern Med</source>
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        <mixed-citation>4. Fox KA, Clayton TC, Damman P, Pocock SJ, de Winter RJ, Tijssen JG, et al. Long-Term Outcome of a Routine Versus Selective Invasive Strategy in Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. A Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(22):2435&#8211;45. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.007</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Long-Term Outcome of a Routine Versus Selective Invasive Strategy in Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. A Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data</article-title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Invasive Versus Conservative Management of NSTEMI Patients Aged &#8805; 75 Years: Commentary</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6989-3079</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Decker</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Renato da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pittol</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Regis Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rover</surname>
            <given-names>Marciane Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Interna &#8211; Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: S&#233;rgio Renato da Rosa Decker &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, 2&#186; andar. Postal Code 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: sergioodecker@hotmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization/surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Dear Editor,</p>
      <p>In the edition of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Mengjin Hu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> evaluated the benefit of early invasive strategy for elderly patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), concluding that this strategy yields positive results in reducing myocardial infarction, major adverse cardiac events, and urgent revascularization outcomes. However, we have concerns regarding the authors&#8217; claim of superiority and the relevance of the chosen outcomes for this specific population. Firstly, these outcomes (ischemia-driven outcomes) are mostly surrogate endpoints based on troponin levels. To establish the surrogacy of one outcome to another, several factors need to be considered, including biological plausibility, associations in observational studies, and, most importantly, proof of concept through trials where improving the surrogate endpoint also enhances clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this sense, evidence shows that the association between nonfatal myocardial infarction and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality meets the first two levels; however, a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials did not establish nonfatal myocardial infarction as a surrogate for all-cause or cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Indeed, this is a reproducible relationship in short and long term outcomes; the metanalysis of FRISC-II, ICTUS, and RITA-3 showed that, after five years, early invasive strategy for patients with NSTEMI did not result in reduced mortality despite the benefits seen in ischemia-driven outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Secondly, these surrogate outcomes used may be susceptible to a self-fulfilling prophecy bias. In other words, the prediction that individuals who undergo early revascularization will not require further interventions in the near future becomes a fulfilled prediction; unplanned ischemia-driven revascularization is both the intervention and the outcome. Despite this, these endpoints may still be justified as surrogates for impaired quality of life and increased use of healthcare resources, and they are still important to primary preventive interventions. Nevertheless, considering frail patients in the context of the Brazilian Unified Health Systems (SUS), where patients often experience long waiting times for catheterization following NSTEMI, with increased length of hospital stay, the standard early intervention could worsen their quality of life and aggregate harms such as immobility related to hospitalization. Thus, patient-reported outcomes, such as angina or quality of life, according to well-validated questionnaires, might serve as more appropriate outcomes to research in this particular population and context. Unfortunately, these patient-centered outcomes have been underreported in studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, we might interpret the results more conservatively regarding the assumption of superiority, particularly in the cases of elderly patients who have well-controlled angina and are in low- to middle-income countries with limited resources.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
