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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9jqqcThc6y9rYYhSMkwpSqS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230338</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predi&#231;&#227;o do Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio de Pico em Pacientes Cardiopatas com Base no Desempenho no Teste <italic>Timed Up and Go</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-0471-8490</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Silva dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3596-6062</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Ciro Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1944-3154</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Maria Carvalho Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Queila Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade Acad&#234;mica Brotas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Unidade Acad&#234;mica Brotas, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jequie</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia &#8211; Campus de Jequie, Jequie &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Estudos Cl&#237;nicos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar &#8211; Centro de Estudos Cl&#237;nicos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Danilo Silva dos Santos &#8226; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Av. Dom Jo&#227;o VI, n&#186; 275. CEP 40050-420, Brotas, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>danilosantos.net@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230338</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Predi&#231;&#227;o do Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio de Pico em Pacientes Cardiopatas com Base no Desempenho no Teste <italic>Timed Up and Go</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>TCPE: teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar; TUG: timed up and go; VO<sub>2</sub>pico: consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9jqqcThc6y9rYYhSMkwpSqS/3ce9682ebdb3448c49d3d63038957002ab0f0f39.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9jqqcThc6y9rYYhSMkwpSqS/4311776ea4a2a865fd56eb2bdad38a755f0671ad.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9jqqcThc6y9rYYhSMkwpSqS/39fe0ff22a4fc5d1e6e3560b02b9dbc157c65be0.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste <italic>timed up and go</italic> (TUG) na avalia&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em cardiopatas n&#227;o est&#225; bem definida na literatura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o TUG e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO<sub>2</sub>pico), construir uma equa&#231;&#227;o com base no TUG para prever o VO<sub>2</sub>pico e determinar um ponto de corte para estimar um VO<sub>2</sub>pico &#8805; 20 mL.kg&#8722;1.min&#8722;1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal com 201 indiv&#237;duos portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com idade entre 36 e 92 anos, submetidos ao TUG e ao teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o, curva ROC, regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla e Bland-Altman. Um p &lt; 0,05 foi adotado como significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A m&#233;dia de idade da amostra total foi 67 &#177; 13 anos, e 70% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia de VO<sub>2</sub>pico foi de 17 &#177; 6 mL.kg&#8722;1.min&#8722;1 e a m&#233;dia de desempenho no TUG foi de 7 &#177; 2,5 segundos. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o VO<sub>2</sub>pico e o TUG foi r = &#8722;0,54 (p &lt; 0,001) e R<sup>2</sup> de 0,30. Foi desenvolvida a equa&#231;&#227;o com base no <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> TUG: </mml:mtext><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mtext> pico </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>553</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>149</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> idade </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>738</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>U</mml:mi><mml:mi>G</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>870</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> sexo </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>; sendo atribu&#237;do o valor 0 ao sexo masculino e 1 ao sexo feminino (R ajustado: 0,41; R<sup>2</sup> ajustado: 0,40). O VO<sub>2</sub>pico estimado pela equa&#231;&#227;o foi 18,81 &#177; 3,2 mL.kg&#8722;1.min&#8722;1 e o determinado pelo teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio foi 18,18 &#177; 5,9 mL.kg&#8722;1.min&#8722;1 (p &gt; 0,05). O melhor ponto de corte para o VO<sub>2</sub>pico &#8805; 20 mL.kg&#8722;1.min&#8722;1 foi de &#8804; 5,47 segundos (&#225;rea sob a curva: 0,80; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,74 a 0,86).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O TUG e o VO<sub>2</sub>pico apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa. A equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva do VO<sub>2</sub>pico foi desenvolvida e validada internamente com bom desempenho. O ponto de corte no TUG para prever um VO<sub>2</sub>pico &#8805; 20 mL.kg&#8722;1.min&#8722;1 foi &#8804; 5,47 segundos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o as principais causas de morte no mundo, sendo respons&#225;veis por 17,9 milh&#245;es dos &#243;bitos no ano de 2019, o que correspondeu a 32% de todas as mortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o altamente incapacitantes, provocando a diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional (CF), condi&#231;&#227;o que pode sugerir riscos cardiovasculares graves e indica pior progn&#243;stico dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A CF &#233; a aptid&#227;o para realizar atividades di&#225;rias de maneira independente e &#233; considerada um importante indicador de sa&#250;de, pois est&#225; associada &#224; qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A CF pode ser avaliada pelo consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o (VO<sub>2</sub>pico) que &#233; o determinante da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR) da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral e valores de VO<sub>2</sub>pico &#8805; 20 mL.kg<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>.min<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> est&#227;o relacionados a melhor progn&#243;stico dos avaliados. O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para mensurar a ACR, entretanto, n&#227;o &#233; um teste muito acess&#237;vel, pois necessita de equipamentos de custo elevado, instala&#231;&#245;es apropriadas e ser conduzido por um m&#233;dico especialista, tornando-o um procedimento oneroso e restritivo &#224; maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Atualmente, testes subm&#225;ximos validados, como o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) e o teste do degrau de 6 minutos, s&#227;o alternativas vi&#225;veis ao TCPE na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ACR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>&#201; recomendado mensurar periodicamente a CF na popula&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatas, pois trata-se de um indicador de progn&#243;stico funcional, cl&#237;nico e, consequentemente, de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Portanto, na impossibilidade de realizar o TCPE ou os demais testes funcionais, s&#227;o empregados outros instrumentos capazes de realizar esta avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional.</p>
      <p>O teste <italic>timed up and go</italic> (TUG) avalia a mobilidade funcional com base na for&#231;a muscular de membros inferiores, no equil&#237;brio e na agilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> &#201; um teste simples e o desempenho considera o tempo em segundos para que o avaliado se levante de uma cadeira e o mais rapidamente, caminhe em linha reta por tr&#234;s metros, vire-se e retorne &#224; cadeira sentando novamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Dados sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o e o desempenho no TUG em cardiopatas ainda s&#227;o escassos.</p>
      <p>Sendo assim, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi de construir uma equa&#231;&#227;o preditora do VO<sub>2</sub>pico com base no desempenho do TUG de indiv&#237;duos cardiopatas, como tamb&#233;m, analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o TUG e o VO<sub>2</sub>pico e determinar no TUG um ponto de corte para definir pacientes com melhor ACR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal a partir da an&#225;lise dos dados de participantes de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2017 a mar&#231;o de 2020, que, obedecendo diretrizes cl&#237;nicas, realizaram o TCPE e o TUG, em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, na cidade de Salvador, Brasil.</p>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, pacientes acometidos por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e/ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), diagnosticadas pela hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica dos pacientes (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, DAC est&#225;vel, procedimentos de angioplastia ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou, ainda, presen&#231;a de angina ou dispneia), presen&#231;a de anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, sendo utilizado o m&#233;todo de Simpson para medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Foram exclu&#237;dos os participantes que n&#227;o realizaram o TCPE e o TUG.</p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, foram coletados os dados cl&#237;nicos, sociodemogr&#225;ficos e realizado o TCPE. O TCPE foi realizado utilizando uma esteira da marca Micromed (S&#227;o Paulo), modelo Centurion 300, com um analisador de gases da marca Cortex inc (Leipzig, Alemanha), modelo Metalizer 3b que possui capacidade de mensurar a cada respira&#231;&#227;o. A classe funcional de cada paciente determinou o protocolo de rampa utilizado, objetivando uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o para os testes que tiveram dura&#231;&#227;o entre 8 e 12 minutos. Os dados ventilat&#243;rios obtidos foram analisados em intervalos de 10 segundos e o VO<sub>2</sub>pico foi expresso em mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup>. Para a verifica&#231;&#227;o da percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o, foi utilizada a escala de Borg modificada.</p>
      <p>O TUG foi realizado sob supervis&#227;o de profissional de sa&#250;de treinado, em um intervalo de 2 a 7 dias ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE. No TUG foi utilizado uma cadeira com assento a 46 cm de altura do solo, com encosto para as costas e sem apoio para os bra&#231;os. Na posi&#231;&#227;o inicial, o avaliado encontrava-se sentado na cadeira, recostado e com os p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o. Para realiza&#231;&#227;o do TUG, os participantes foram orientados que ao comando de &#8220;levante e v&#225;&#8221;, momento em que o cron&#244;metro era acionado, deveriam se levantar sem aux&#237;lio dos bra&#231;os, caminhar o mais rapidamente poss&#237;vel e, ao cruzar uma linha posicionada a 3 metros de dist&#226;ncia da cadeira, dar meia volta e retornar para a cadeira, sentando novamente, momento este em que o cron&#244;metro era travado. O desempenho no teste TUG correspondeu ao tempo em segundos necess&#225;rios para realiza&#231;&#227;o deste processo, determinado pelo cron&#244;metro que era administrado por um avaliador treinado para o protocolo.</p>
      <p>O protocolo do estudo foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Celso Figueir&#244;a no Hospital Santa Izabel e foi aprovado sob o n&#250;mero do CAAE 57813016.0.3001.5533, respeitando as Diretrizes de Helsinque para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de pesquisas cl&#237;nicas e a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de. Todos os participantes do estudo assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos dados foi realizada a partir do teste de Shapiro-Wilk e da verifica&#231;&#227;o dos histogramas, adotando-se uma an&#225;lise param&#233;trica dos dados. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas por n&#250;mero ou percentual. Para verifica&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o entre o TUG e o VO<sub>2</sub>pico, foi realizado o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson.</p>
      <p>Na cria&#231;&#227;o do modelo preditor, foi realizada an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, verificando quais vari&#225;veis se relacionavam com o VO<sub>2</sub>pico. Foram analisados: TUG, idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), presen&#231;a de DAC e ou IC, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura. Atendendo a todos os pressupostos, foram realizadas regress&#245;es lineares m&#250;ltiplas com as vari&#225;veis admitidas por signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ou plausibilidade biol&#243;gica e a constru&#231;&#227;o do modelo preditor com base no TUG foi controlado para: idade, sexo, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, no intuito de identificar os preditores para o VO<sub>2</sub>pico. O m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise-backward</italic> foi determinado como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o das vari&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Para cria&#231;&#227;o do modelo preditor, foram utilizados dados de 2/3 da amostra total, que compuseram o grupo 1 (cria&#231;&#227;o), admitidos ap&#243;s os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, correspondendo aos 134 primeiros participantes da lista; compondo o grupo 2 (valida&#231;&#227;o), foram empregados 1/3 da amostra total, referente aos 67 participantes restantes da lista. Para comparar a m&#233;dia entre o VO<sub>2</sub>pico determinado (TCPE) e o estimado (modelo preditor) no grupo valida&#231;&#227;o, foi realizado o teste t de Student pareado. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos foi realizada a partir da an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman.</p>
      <p>O melhor ponto de corte para prever um VO<sub>2</sub>pico &#8805; 20 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup> foi determinado atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise da curva ROC, considerando o equil&#237;brio entre sensibilidade e especificidade no ponto mais pr&#243;ximo de 1 da &#225;rea abaixo da curva. Para as an&#225;lises, foi utilizado o software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), vers&#227;o 26.0. Um p &lt; 0,05 foi adotado como limite de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A amostra total (n = 201) foi composta por participantes com idade entre 36 e 92 anos, sendo 72% do sexo masculino. Dentre os participantes, 30% (n = 58) tinham IC e 70% (n = 143) DAC; destes, 58% (n = 81) eram revascularizados. Houve uma predomin&#226;ncia de participantes da classe funcional NYHA I na amostra total (53%). No grupo de participantes com DAC, essa classe funcional foi de 60% (n = 69) e com IC foi de 35% (n = 17). Na amostra total, a m&#233;dia de tempo para realiza&#231;&#227;o do TUG foi de 7 &#177; 2,5 segundos e a m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub>pico obtido no TCPE foi de 17 &#177; 6 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup>. Quando estratificados por sexo, o desempenho no TUG para os homens foi de 6,86 &#177; 0,20 segundos e o desempenho para as mulheres foi de 7,23 &#177; 0,33 segundos. A m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub>pico obtido no TCPE verificado para os homens foi de 18,25 &#177; 0,50 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup> e para as mulheres foi de 15,22 &#177; 0,57 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes da amostra total e dos grupos cria&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o pode ser visualizada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos, antropom&#233;tricos, hemodin&#226;micos, cl&#237;nicos, farmacol&#243;gicos, cardiorrespirat&#243;rios e funcionais da amostra total, de cria&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o, apresentados por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia relativa e absoluta n (%)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Total 100% (N=201)</th>
                <th>Cria&#231;&#227;o (N=134)</th>
                <th>Valida&#231;&#227;o (N= 67)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens</td>
                <td align="center">72% (145)</td>
                <td align="center">72% (97)</td>
                <td align="center">72% (48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">28% (56)</td>
                <td align="center">28% (37)</td>
                <td align="center">28% (19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">67&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">69&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">62&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">0,01*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">78&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center">78&#177;17</td>
                <td align="center">77&#177;15</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">168&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">168&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">169&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">0,01*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">28&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">27&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56%&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center">55&#177;17</td>
                <td align="center">57&#177;15</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">69&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">69&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">70&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">122&#177;18</td>
                <td align="center">122&#177;19</td>
                <td align="center">121&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">70&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">69&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">73&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">0,01*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">96&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center">95&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center">95&#177;3</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60% (120)</td>
                <td align="center">63% (84)</td>
                <td align="center">54% (36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29% (58)</td>
                <td align="center">34% (46)</td>
                <td align="center">18% (12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">73% (146)</td>
                <td align="center">77% (104)</td>
                <td align="center">63% (42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,5% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">2% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">3% (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valvulopatias (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13% (26)</td>
                <td align="center">10% (13)</td>
                <td align="center">19% (13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42% (84)</td>
                <td align="center">44% (59)</td>
                <td align="center">37% (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador(%)</td>
                <td align="center">78% (152)</td>
                <td align="center">78% (104)</td>
                <td align="center">76% (48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA-BRA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">69% (139)</td>
                <td align="center">76% (100)</td>
                <td align="center">62% (39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas (%)</td>
                <td align="center">85% (167)</td>
                <td align="center">49% (65)</td>
                <td align="center">83% (52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA I (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53% (83)</td>
                <td align="center">52% (58)</td>
                <td align="center">56% (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37% (58)</td>
                <td align="center">37% (41)</td>
                <td align="center">37% (17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9% (14)</td>
                <td align="center">10% (11)</td>
                <td align="center">7% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">1% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TUG (segundos)</td>
                <td align="center">7&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">7&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">6&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center">0,01*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub>pico (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">17&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">17&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">18&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas: teste T de Student; compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas: teste qui-quadrado de Pearson; * indica signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05 na an&#225;lise entre os grupos cria&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o. BRA: bloqueador de receptores da angiotensina; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; SpO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio; TUG: timed up and go; VO<sub>2</sub>pico: consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra por sexo e por faixa et&#225;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Faixa et&#225;ria</th>
                <th colspan="2">Amostra total</th>
                <th colspan="2">Amostra cria&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th colspan="2">Amostra valida&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Homens</th>
                <th>Mulheres</th>
                <th>Homens</th>
                <th>Mulheres</th>
                <th>Homens</th>
                <th>Mulheres</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>30 &#8211; 39</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40 &#8211; 49</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50 &#8211; 59</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60 &#8211; 69</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70 &#8211; 79</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80 &#8211; 89</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>90+</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupo cria&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A amostra do grupo cria&#231;&#227;o foi composta por 134 participantes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 69 &#177; 13 anos, sendo 72% do sexo masculino. A classe funcional dos pacientes identificou neste grupo que 52% eram pertencentes &#224; classe NYHA l e 37% &#224; classe NYHA ll. O desempenho no TUG foi de 7 &#177; 2,5 segundos e a m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub>pico obtido no TCPE foi de 17 &#177; 6 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupo valida&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>No grupo valida&#231;&#227;o, a amostra foi composta por 67 participantes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 62 &#177; 13 anos, sendo 72% do sexo masculino. A classe funcional dos pacientes identificou neste grupo que 56% eram pertencentes &#224; classe NYHA l e 37% &#224; classe NYHA ll. O desempenho no TUG foi de 6 &#177; 2 segundos e a m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub>pico obtido no TCPE foi de 18 &#177; 6 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cria&#231;&#227;o do modelo preditor</title>
        <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o realizada no grupo cria&#231;&#227;o (n = 134) para verificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o TUG e o VO<sub>2</sub>pico identificou um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de r = &#8722;0,54 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: &#8722;0,65 a &#8722;0,41; p &lt; 0,001) e um R<sup>2</sup> de 0,30 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre o teste desempenho no TUG e o VO2pico no grupo cria&#231;&#227;o (n = 134). IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; VO2pico: consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230338-30338-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Foi realizada a regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla com dados do grupo cria&#231;&#227;o (n = 134) para identificar os preditores independentes e desenvolver o modelo para estimar o VO<sub>2</sub>pico com base no TUG. A equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva constru&#237;da foi: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mtext> pico </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>553</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>149</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> idade </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>738</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> TUG </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>870</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> sexo </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>; sendo atribu&#237;do o valor 0 ao sexo masculino e 1 ao sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). No modelo final foi encontrado um r de 0,643 e o R<sup>2</sup> ajustado de 0,400, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valida&#231;&#227;o da equa&#231;&#227;o preditora</title>
        <p>Na equa&#231;&#227;o preditora desenvolvida, foram inclu&#237;dos os dados da amostra do grupo de valida&#231;&#227;o (n = 67) e foi encontrada uma m&#233;dia de VO<sub>2</sub>pico estimado de 18,81 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup>. A m&#233;dia de VO<sub>2</sub>pico determinado pelo TCPE nesta amostra foi de 18,18 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup> e, ap&#243;s realizar uma an&#225;lise com o teste t pareado, para comparar as m&#233;dias entre o VO<sub>2</sub>pico estimado pela equa&#231;&#227;o e o VO<sub>2</sub>pico determinado pelo TCPE, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os m&#233;todos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman demonstrou que apenas 3 (4,4%) pacientes da amostra de valida&#231;&#227;o (n = 67) estavam fora dos limites superior e inferior de concord&#226;ncia. Estes 3 pacientes eram do sexo masculino, sendo um com 68 anos de idade, acometido por IC e com IMC de 24 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; um segundo com 65 anos de idade, acometido por DAC e com IMC de 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>e o terceiro com 44 anos, acometido por DAC e com IMC de 24 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, ressaltando ainda que os 3 possu&#237;am dislipidemia. N&#227;o foi verificada a presen&#231;a de vi&#233;s de propor&#231;&#227;o nessas an&#225;lises (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia atrav&#233;s do gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman entre o VO2pico determinado pelo teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio e o VO2pico estimado pela equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva. MD: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia; VO2pico: consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230338-30338-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o de melhor ponto de corte</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de curva ROC foi realizada com a amostra total (n = 201) e verificou uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,80 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,74 a 0,86), para prever um VO<sub>2</sub>pico &#8805; 20 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup>. O ponto de corte no TUG para prever um VO<sub>2</sub>pico &#8805; 20 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup> foi de 5,47 segundos, com sensibilidade de 82,8% e especificidade de 66,5% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva ROC mostra a capacidade do teste TUG em estimar o VO2pico em pacientes cardiopatas a partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o da AUC. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ROC: caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor; TUG: timed up and go; VO2pico: consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230338-30338-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dados encontrados neste estudo apontam que o TUG apresentou boa associa&#231;&#227;o com o VO<sub>2</sub>pico dos cardiopatas participantes de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Foi identificado um ponto de corte para o TUG capaz de identificar cardiopatas com melhor ACR e ele tamb&#233;m demonstrou atrav&#233;s das an&#225;lises da equa&#231;&#227;o preditora ser um teste com adequada capacidade preditora na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ACR nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O VO<sub>2</sub>pico obtido atrav&#233;s da equa&#231;&#227;o preditora elaborada neste estudo com base no desempenho no TUG demonstrou concord&#226;ncia com o VO<sub>2</sub>pico determinado pelo TCPE na mesma amostra, demonstrando ser um m&#233;todo adequado para estimar a ACR de cardiopatas. Em uma metan&#225;lise com adultos saud&#225;veis, Kodama et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>sugeriram que a ACR seria um importante preditor de mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares. Apesar da sua amostra apresentar diferentes caracter&#237;sticas do nosso estudo, &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que uma melhor ACR est&#225; associada a menores riscos de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. &#201; importante frisar que na literatura ainda s&#227;o escassos os estudos que relacionem o teste TUG &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes cardiopatas.</p>
      <p>A ACR estabelecida pelo VO<sub>2</sub>pico &#233; um importante componente de avalia&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, pois, de acordo com Carvalho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e Ritt et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> trata-se de um determinante que deve ser mensurado periodicamente em pacientes cardiopatas, com o intuito de monitorar a CF diante da realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades da vida di&#225;ria e instrumental. O TCPE pode nem sempre estar acess&#237;vel &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, principalmente em locais com restri&#231;&#227;o de recursos materiais, estruturais e de profissionais capacitados. Alternativas com protocolos indiretos validados, com menor complexidade operacional, maior celeridade e menor custo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> como o modelo preditor desenvolvido neste estudo, podem promover uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da ACR mais abrangente, sendo, portanto, de grande relev&#226;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Em um estudo com idosos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio por diversas naturezas, Boereboom et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>afirmaram que o TUG poderia ser um teste &#250;til para substituir o TCPE quando este n&#227;o estiver dispon&#237;vel. Entretanto, entendemos que se deve adotar cautela ao sugerir que unicamente o desempenho no teste TUG seja suficiente em substituir o TCPE para avaliar a ACR, principalmente em pacientes cardiopatas. A equa&#231;&#227;o preditora desenvolvida neste estudo prop&#245;e uma estimativa mais criteriosa da ACR em cardiopatas do que apenas o tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o no teste TUG, por empregar maior rigor estat&#237;stico, al&#233;m de considerar caracter&#237;sticas da individualidade biol&#243;gica dos pacientes, portanto, representando um m&#233;todo seguro.</p>
      <p>Foi encontrado neste estudo uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada negativa entre o desempenho no TUG e o VO<sub>2</sub>pico, fato semelhante aos achados de Pedrosa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que em um estudo com idosas hipertensas, tamb&#233;m encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada negativa entre o TUG e o TC6M, que &#233; um teste funcional correspondente ao TCPE. &#201; importante ressaltar que apesar dos testes diferirem, ambos objetivam mensurar a ACR e ainda que as amostras tamb&#233;m tenham caracter&#237;sticas diferentes, a amostra com cardiopatas em nosso estudo identificou que 60% dos participantes tamb&#233;m eram portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>J&#225; no estudo de Louren&#231;o et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> foi verificada uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada negativa mais expressiva entre o TUG e o TC6M em uma amostra com mulheres adultas portadoras de artrite reumatoide. Todavia, Boereboom et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> no seu estudo com idosos, encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa fraca, apesar de significativa, entre o TUG e o TCPE. Estes estudos apresentam diverg&#234;ncias nas caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, bem como nos seus protocolos de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes, no entanto, indicam a exist&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos, o que nos permite deduzir que o TUG pode ser um teste com sugestiva capacidade de designar n&#237;veis de ACR.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s as an&#225;lises, foram considerados preditores do VO<sub>2</sub>pico nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o: a idade, o sexo e o tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o no teste TUG. No que se refere &#224; diferencia&#231;&#227;o da ACR pelo sexo, o estudo de Herdy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> apontou que mulheres saud&#225;veis na mesma faixa et&#225;ria dos homens apresentavam valores de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x que variavam entre 76% a 83% dos valores m&#233;dios apresentados pelos homens. J&#225; no estudo de Nunes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> foi encontrada uma varia&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x por sexo ainda maior, sendo que o sexo feminino apresentou valores m&#233;dios de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x pr&#243;ximos a 70% dos valores atribu&#237;dos ao sexo masculino. Os dados dos estudos de Herdy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e de Nunes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> assemelham-se aos encontrados neste estudo com cardiopatas, uma vez verificado que o sexo feminino apresentou um valor m&#233;dio de VO<sub>2</sub>pico de 83% do valor m&#233;dio atribu&#237;do ao sexo masculino, condi&#231;&#245;es que podem ser explicadas pelas diferen&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas e morfol&#243;gicas inerentes a cada sexo.</p>
      <p>Um outro preditor do VO<sub>2</sub>pico encontrado neste estudo foi a idade, que apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o diretamente proporcional ao tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o do TUG e inversamente proporcional ao VO<sub>2</sub>pico obtido no TCPE. Em nossa amostra, foi verificado um desempenho m&#233;dio no TUG de 7 &#177; 2,5 segundos, aproximando-se dos valores normativos de 8 &#177; 1 segundos sugeridos por Bohannon<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> para pessoas da mesma faixa et&#225;ria, que ainda apontou a redu&#231;&#227;o gradativa do desempenho TUG a cada aumento de d&#233;cada na idade.</p>
      <p>Outros estudos como os de Khant et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>e Bischoff et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> apontaram a idade como um fator determinante para o desempenho no TUG, sugerindo que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do TUG na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica n&#227;o deveria desprezar caracter&#237;sticas biol&#243;gicas como a idade e o sexo para determinar o desempenho no teste. Deste modo, &#233; importante destacar que quando o objetivo da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do TUG for prever a ACR, principalmente de cardiopatas, um modelo preditivo com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do desempenho no TUG, al&#233;m da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas como a idade e o sexo dos avaliados, bem como o uso das respectivas constantes propostas pelo modelo estat&#237;stico, podem garantir uma estimativa mais assertiva.</p>
      <p>Nas an&#225;lises da curva ROC, foi verificado que o TUG demonstrou um n&#237;vel de acur&#225;cia plaus&#237;vel para estimar a ACR em cardiopatas. O ponto de corte encontrado para prever um VO<sub>2</sub>pico &#8805; 20 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup>, ou seja, de indiv&#237;duos com melhor ACR, foi de 5,47 segundos, sugerindo como em outros estudos que o TUG pode ser um teste confi&#225;vel para estimar a ACR em cardiopatas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em an&#225;lise com indiv&#237;duos com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas diversas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e idade semelhante &#224; da nossa amostra, foi identificado um ponto de corte no TUG de 6,5 segundos para prever comprometimentos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com base num VO<sub>2</sub>pico &lt; 18,6 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os estudos trazem metodologias diferentes, entretanto, os resultados indicam par&#226;metros aproximados de desempenho no TUG com amostras de faixa et&#225;ria equivalente no intuito de prever a ACR. Em outras an&#225;lises com idosos saud&#225;veis, foram apontados par&#226;metros diversos para o desempenho no TUG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Deste modo, &#233; importante reconhecer que a determina&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte no TUG deveria considerar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos avaliados (idade, sexo, peso e ainda comorbidades, altura ou comprimento dos membros inferiores), garantindo maior homogeneidade das amostras e propondo pontos de corte mais precisos.</p>
      <p>O baixo desempenho no TUG pode estar relacionado &#224; CF reduzida em idosos cardiopatas e essa rela&#231;&#227;o j&#225; havia sido apontada no estudo de Bateman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Boereboom et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>apontaram que a performance reduzida no teste estava atrelada ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e &#224; mortalidade, sendo que esses fatores podem estar associados a um processo inflamat&#243;rio e complicador cardiometab&#243;lico derivado do processo de sarcopenia.</p>
      <p>Ao construirmos e validarmos uma equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva para estimar o VO<sub>2</sub>pico, propomos uma ferramenta simplificada, capaz de compor o rol de instrumentos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da CF, contribuindo para uma pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica mais completa e abrangente aos portadores de DAC e IC. Os resultados deste estudo podem beneficiar principalmente pacientes que s&#227;o usu&#225;rios do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, uma vez que h&#225; uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos, espa&#231;os apropriados, recursos financeiros e equipe profissional dispon&#237;vel para realiza&#231;&#227;o de outros testes para a mesma finalidade.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como o fato de se tratar de um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, uma vez que estudos multic&#234;ntricos permitem a participa&#231;&#227;o de uma amostra mais representativa de uma popula&#231;&#227;o com grande diversidade como a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Importante pontuar que o modelo preditor desenvolvido e o ponto de corte identificado no TUG foi proposto para uma amostra de pacientes cardiopatas com DAC e/ou IC. Entendemos que as an&#225;lises poderiam ser mais espec&#237;ficas, caso portadores de DAC e IC fossem analisados separadamente, conscientes de que estudos com tamanho amostral maior s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para este mister. Nosso estudo n&#227;o trouxe correla&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;stico, haja vista tratar-se de um estudo transversal e utilizou um desfecho substituto classicamente relacionado a progn&#243;stico que foi o VO<sub>2</sub>pico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O desempenho no TUG associou-se de forma negativa, moderada e significativa com a ACR em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes cardiopatas. Para prever o VO<sub>2</sub>pico com base no desempenho no TUG, foi desenvolvida uma equa&#231;&#227;o e validada apresentando bom desempenho. Um tempo &#8804; 5,47 segundos foi o ponto de corte determinado para prever um VO<sub>2</sub>pico &#8805; 20 mL.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup>. Estes resultados podem ajudar na formula&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes de avalia&#231;&#227;o da CF nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados do modelo final com base no TUG obtido na regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para prever o VO2pico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Beta</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>TUG</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,738</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;1,088 a &#8211;0,389</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,149</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,222 a &#8211;0,077</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,2870</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;4,553 a &#8211;1,186</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Constante</td>
                <td align="center">33,553</td>
                <td align="center">29,274 a 37,831</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Ajustado para idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; TUG: timed up and go; VO<sub>2</sub>pico: consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <source>J Geriatr Phys Ther</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1519/00139143-200831020-00004</issue-id>
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              <surname>Bateman</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharpe</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jagger</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellis</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sol&#233;-Viol&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez-Rodr&#237;guez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016</article-title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Danilo Silva dos Santos pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - EBMSP.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Celso Figueir&#244;a - Hospital Santa Izabel sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 57813016.0.3001.5533. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prediction of Peak Oxygen Consumption in Patients with Heart Disease Based on Performance on the Timed Up and Go Test</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-0471-8490</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Silva dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3596-6062</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Ciro Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research AND Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1944-3154</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Maria Carvalho Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Queila Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Unidade Acad&#234;mica Brotas, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia &#8211; Campus de Jequie, Jequie &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar &#8211; Centro de Estudos Cl&#237;nicos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Danilo Silva dos Santos &#8226; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Av. Dom Jo&#227;o VI, n&#186; 275. Postal Code 40050-420, Brotas, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: danilosantos.net@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Prediction of Peak Oxygen Consumption in Patients with Heart Disease Based on Performance on the Timed Up and Go Test</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; TUG: timed up and go test; VO<sub>2</sub>peak: peak oxygen consumption.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230338-30338-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The use of the timed up and go (TUG) test to assess cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with heart disease has not been well defined in the literature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> Test the association between TUG and peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>peak), construct an equation based on TUG to predict VO<sub>2</sub>peak, and determine a cutoff point to estimate VO<sub>2</sub>peak &#8805; 20 mL/kg/min.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This cross-sectional study included 201 patients with coronary artery disease or heart failure, between 36 and 92 years of age, who underwent TUG and cardiopulmonary exercise test. Correlation, ROC curve, multiple linear regression, and Bland-Altman analyses were performed. The significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The mean age of the total sample was 67 &#177; 13 years, and 70% of participants were male. The mean VO<sub>2</sub>peak was 17 &#177; 6 mL/kg/min, and the mean TUG time was 7 &#177; 2.5 seconds. The correlation between VO<sub>2</sub>peak and TUG was r = &#8722;0.54 (p &lt; 0.001), and R<sup>2</sup> was 0.30. The following equation was developed based on <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> TUG: </mml:mtext><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mtext> peak </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>33.553</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.149</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> age </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.738</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> TUG </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2.870</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> sex </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>; a value of 0 was assigned to the male sex and 1 to the female sex (adjusted R: 0.41; adjusted R<sup>2</sup>: 0.40). The VO<sub>2</sub>peak estimated by the equation was 18.81 &#177; 3.2 mL/kg/min, and the VO<sub>2</sub>peak determined by cardiopulmonary exercise test was 18.18 &#177; 5.9 mL/kg/min (p &gt; 0.05). The best cutoff point in the TUG for VO<sub>2</sub>peak &#8805; 20 mL/kg/min was &#8804; 5.47 seconds (area under the curve: 0.80; 95% confidence interval: 0.74 to 0.86).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> TUG and VO<sub>2</sub>peak showed a significant association. A prediction equation for VO<sub>2</sub>peak was developed and validated internally with good performance. The cutoff point in the TUG to predict VO<sub>2</sub>peak &#8805; 20 mL/kg/min was &#8804; 5.47 seconds.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide, and they were responsible for 17.9 million deaths in 2019, accounting for 32% of all deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Cardiovascular diseases are highly disabling, leading to decreased functional capacity, a condition that may imply severe cardiovascular risks and that indicates worse prognosis for patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Functional capacity is the ability to perform daily activities independently, and it is considered an important health indicator, as it is associated with quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Functional capacity can be assessed by oxygen consumption at peak effort (VO<sub>2</sub>peak), which is the determinant of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) for the general population, and VO<sub>2</sub>peak values &#8805; 20 mL/kg/min are related to a better prognosis for those evaluated. The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is the gold-standard method for measuring CRF; however, it is not a very accessible test, as it requires expensive equipment and appropriate facilities, and it needs to be conducted by a specialist, making it a cumbersome and restrictive procedure for the majority of the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Currently, validated submaximal tests, such as the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and the 6-minute step test, are viable alternatives to the CPET for assessment of CRF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It is recommended to periodically measure functional capacity in the population with heart disease, as it is an indicator of clinical functional prognosis and, consequently, mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Therefore, if it is impossible to perform CPET or additional functional tests, other instruments capable of functional assessment are used.</p>
        <p>The timed up and go (TUG) test assesses functional mobility based on lower limb muscle strength, balance, and agility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> It is a simple test, and performance considers the time in seconds for the patient being assessed to stand up from a chair and, as quickly as possible, walk in a straight line for 3 meters, turn around, and return to the chair, sitting down again.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Data on the use and performance of TUG in patients with heart disease are still scarce.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the main objective of this study was to construct a prediction equation for VO<sub>2</sub>peak based on TUG time of patients with heart disease, as well as to analyze the association between TUG and VO<sub>2</sub>peak and determine a cutoff point in the TUG to define patients with better CRF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional study based on analysis of data from participants in a cardiac rehabilitation program, during the period from August 2017 to March 2020. Following clinical guidelines, patients underwent CPET and TUG, in a reference hospital in cardiology, in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</p>
        <p>This study included patients affected by coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or heart failure (HF), as diagnosed by the patients&#8217; clinical history (acute myocardial infarction, stable CAD, angioplasty or revascularization procedures, or even presence of angina or dyspnea) and presence of electrocardiographic or echocardiographic abnormalities, using the Simpson method to measure the ejection fraction. Participants who did not undergo CPET and TUG were excluded.</p>
        <p>During the initial assessment, clinical and sociodemographic data were collected, and CPET was performed. The CPET was performed using a treadmill (Micromed brand, Centurion 300 model, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), with a gas analyzer (Cortex Inc brand, Metalizer 3b model, Leipzig, Germany), with the capacity to measure each breath. Each patient&#8217;s functional class determined the ramp protocol applied, with the goal of standardizing tests that lasted between 8 and 12 minutes. The ventilatory data obtained were analyzed at 10-second intervals and VO<sub>2</sub>peak was expressed in mL/kg/min. To verify perceived exertion, the modified Borg scale was used.</p>
        <p>The TUG was performed under the supervision of a trained health professional, within an interval of 2 to 7 days after CPET. For the TUG, a chair was used with a seat 46 cm above the ground, with a backrest and no arm support. In the initial position, the patients being assessed were seated in the chair, leaning back, with their feet flat on the floor. To perform the TUG, participants were instructed that, upon the command &#8220;get up and go,&#8221; when the stopwatch was started, they should stand up without the help of their arms, walk as quickly as possible and, crossing a line positioned 3 meters from the chair, turn around and return to the chair, sitting down again, at which point the timer was stopped. Performance on the TUG test corresponded to the time in seconds needed to carry out this process, determined by the stopwatch that was administered by an evaluator trained for the protocol.</p>
        <p>The study protocol was submitted to the Celso Figueir&#244;a Research Ethics Committee at the Santa Izabel Hospital, and it received approval under CAAE number 57813016.0.3001.5533. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki for clinical research and resolution 466/12 of the Brazilian National Council of Health. All study participants signed a free and informed consent form.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data normality was determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test and by checking the histograms, adopting a parametric analysis of the data. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and categorical variables as number or percentage. To verify the correlation between TUG and VO<sub>2</sub>peak, the Pearson correlation test was performed.</p>
          <p>In creating the prediction model, Pearson correlation analysis was performed, checking which variables were related to VO<sub>2</sub>peak. The following were analyzed: TUG, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), presence of CAD and/or HF, heart rate, ejection fraction, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference. Taking all assumptions into account, multiple linear regressions were carried out with the variables admitted for statistical significance or biological plausibility, and the construction of the prediction model based on the TUG was controlled for the following: age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure, with the aim of identifying predictors of VO<sub>2</sub>peak. The stepwise backward method was determined as a criterion for inclusion and exclusion of variables.</p>
          <p>To create the prediction model, we used data from 2/3 of the total sample admitted after the eligibility criteria, forming group 1 (creation), corresponding to the first 134 participants on the list; group 2 (validation) comprised 1/3 of the total sample, referring to the remaining 67 participants on the list. To compare the mean between the determined VO<sub>2</sub>peak (CPET) and the estimated VO<sub>2</sub>peak (prediction model) in the validation group, paired Student&#8217;s t test was used. Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess agreement between methods.</p>
          <p>The best cutoff point to predict a VO<sub>2</sub>peak &#8805; 20 mL/kg/min was determined by means of ROC curve analysis, considering the equilibrium between sensitivity and specificity at the point closest to 1 of the area under the curve. For the analyses, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 26.0, was used. The limit of statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The total sample (n = 201) included participants between 36 and 92 years of age, and 72% of them were male. Among the participants, 30% (n = 58) had HF, and 70% (n = 143) CAD; 58% (n = 81) of these patients were revascularized. There was a predominance of participants in NYHA functional class I in the total sample (53%). In the group of participants with CAD, 60% were in this functional class (n = 69), as were 35% of participants with HF (n = 17). In the total sample, the mean TUG time was 7 &#177; 2.5 seconds, and the mean VO<sub>2</sub>peak obtained in the CPET was 17 &#177; 6 mL/kg/min. When stratified by sex, TUG time was 6.86 &#177; 0.20 seconds in men and 7.23 &#177; 0.33 seconds in women. The mean VO<sub>2</sub>peak obtained in the CPET was 18.25 &#177; 0.50 mL/kg/min for men and 15.22 &#177; 0.57 mL/kg/min for women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). The distribution of participants in the total sample and the creation and validation groups is displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic, anthropometric, hemodynamic, clinical, pharmacological, cardiorespiratory, and functional data of the total sample, creation sample, and validation sample, presented as mean and standard deviation or relative and absolute frequency n (%)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Total 100% (N=201)</th>
                  <th>Creation (N=134)</th>
                  <th>Validation (N= 67)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Men</td>
                  <td align="center">72% (145)</td>
                  <td align="center">72% (97)</td>
                  <td align="center">72% (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women</td>
                  <td align="center">28% (56)</td>
                  <td align="center">28% (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">28% (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">67&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">69&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">62&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">78&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">78&#177;17</td>
                  <td align="center">77&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">168&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">168&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">169&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">28&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">27&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56%&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">55&#177;17</td>
                  <td align="center">57&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">69&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">69&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">70&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">122&#177;18</td>
                  <td align="center">122&#177;19</td>
                  <td align="center">121&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">70&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">69&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">73&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">96&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center">95&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center">95&#177;3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60% (120)</td>
                  <td align="center">63% (84)</td>
                  <td align="center">54% (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29% (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">34% (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">18% (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73% (146)</td>
                  <td align="center">77% (104)</td>
                  <td align="center">63% (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tobacco use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5% (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2% (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3% (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VHD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13% (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">10% (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">19% (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Surgery (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42% (84)</td>
                  <td align="center">44% (59)</td>
                  <td align="center">37% (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta blocker (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78% (152)</td>
                  <td align="center">78% (104)</td>
                  <td align="center">76% (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI/ARB (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69% (139)</td>
                  <td align="center">76% (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">62% (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">85% (167)</td>
                  <td align="center">49% (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">83% (52)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA I (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53% (83)</td>
                  <td align="center">52% (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">56% (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37% (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">37% (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">37% (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9% (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">10% (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">7% (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5% (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1% (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TUG (seconds)</td>
                  <td align="center">7&#177;2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">7&#177;2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">6&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub>peak (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">17&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">17&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">18&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Comparison of continuous variables: Student&#8217;s t test; comparison of categorical variables: Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test; * indicates statistical significance with p &lt; 0.05 in the analysis between the creation and validation groups. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; EF: ejection fraction; HR: heart rate; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SpO<sub>2</sub>: peripheral oxygen saturation; TUG: timed up and go test; VHD: valvular heart diseases; VO<sub>2</sub>peak: peak oxygen consumption.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of the samples by sex and age range</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Age range</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total sample</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Creation sample</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Validation sample</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Men</th>
                  <th>Women</th>
                  <th>Men</th>
                  <th>Women</th>
                  <th>Men</th>
                  <th>Women</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>30 to 39</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40 to 49</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50 to 59</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60 to 69</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70 to 79</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>80 to 89</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>90+</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Creation group</title>
          <p>The sample of the creation group consisted of 134 participants, with a mean age of 69 &#177; 13 years, and 72% of them were male. In this group, 52% of patients were in NYHA functional class l, and 37% were in NYHA ll. Performance on the TUG was 7 &#177; 2.5 seconds, and the mean VO<sub>2</sub>peak obtained in the CPET was 17 &#177; 6 mL/kg/min (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Validation group</title>
          <p>In the validation group, the sample consisted of 67 participants, with a mean age of 62 &#177; 13 years, and 72% of them were male. In this group, 56% of patients were in NYHA functional class l, and 37% were in NYHA ll. Performance on the TUG was 6 &#177; 2 seconds, and the mean VO<sub>2</sub>peak obtained in the CPET was 18 &#177; 6 mL/kg/min (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Creation of the prediction model</title>
          <p>The analysis carried out in the creation group (n = 134) to verify the relationship between TUG and VO<sub>2</sub>peak identified a correlation coefficient of r = &#8722;0.54 (95% confidence interval: &#8722;0.65 to &#8722;0.41; p &lt; 0.001) and an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.30 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pearson correlation analysis between performance on the TUG and VO2peak in the creation group (n = 134). CI: confidence interval; VO2peak: peak oxygen consumption.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230338-30338-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Multiple linear regression was performed with data from the creation group (n = 134) to identify independent predictors and develop the model to estimate VO<sub>2</sub>peak based on TUG. The following prediction equation was constructed: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>, peak </mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>33.553</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.149</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> age </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.738</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>U</mml:mi><mml:mi>G</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2.870</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mi>sex</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>; a value of 0 was assigned to the male sex and 1 to the female sex (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). The final model verified an r of 0.643 and an adjusted R<sup>2</sup> of 0.400, as displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Data from the final model based on the TUG obtained in multiple linear regression to predict VO<bold>2</bold>peak</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Beta</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TUG</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.738</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;1.088 to &#8211;0.389</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.149</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.222 to &#8211;0.077</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female sex</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.2870</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;4.553 to &#8211;1.186</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Constant</td>
                    <td align="center">33.553</td>
                    <td align="center">29.274 to 37.831</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, coronary artery disease, heart failure, heart rate, ejection fraction, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference; statistical significance when p &lt; 0.05. CI: confidence interval; TUG: timed up and go; VO<sub>2</sub>peak: peak oxygen consumption.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Validation of the prediction equation</title>
          <p>In the prediction equation developed, data from the sample of the validation group (n = 67) were included, and an estimated mean VO<sub>2</sub>peak of 18.81 mL/kg/min was found. The mean VO<sub>2</sub>peak determined by the CPET in this sample was 18.18 mL/kg/min, and, after conducting an analysis with the paired t test to compare the means between the VO<sub>2</sub>peak estimated by the equation and the VO<sub>2</sub>peak determined by the CPET, no statistically significant difference was found between the methods.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Agreement analysis</title>
          <p>Analysis of the Bland-Altman plot demonstrated that only 3 (4.4%) patients in the validation sample (n = 67) were outside the upper and lower limits of agreement. These 3 patients were male. One was 68 years old, with HF and BMI of 24 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; the second was 65 years old, with CAD and BMI of 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and the third was 44 years old, with CAD and BMI of 24 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. It is worth underscoring that all 3 had dyslipidemia. The presence of proportion bias was not verified in these analyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Bland-Altman plot for agreement analysis between the VO2peak determined by the cardiopulmonary exercise test and the VO2peak estimated by the prediction equation. MD: mean difference; VO2peak: peak oxygen consumption.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230338-30338-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of best cutoff point</title>
          <p>ROC curve analysis was performed with the total sample (n = 201), and it verified an area under the curve of 0.80 (95% confidence interval: 0.74 to 0.86), to predict VO<sub>2</sub>peak &#8805; 20 mL/kg/min. The TUG cutoff point to predict VO<sub>2</sub>peak &#8805; 20 mL/kg/min was 5.47 seconds, with sensitivity of 82.8% and specificity of 66.5% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; ROC curve showing the capacity of the TUG to estimate VO2peak in patients with heart disease based on AUC evaluation. AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; TUG: timed up and go test; VO2peak: peak oxygen consumption.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230338-30338-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The data found in this study indicate that TUG showed a good association with VO<sub>2</sub>peak in patients with heart disease participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program. We identified a cutoff point in TUG capable of identifying heart disease patients with better CRF, and analysis of the prediction equation also demonstrated that it is a test with adequate predictive capacity in the assessment of CRF in this population.</p>
        <p>The VO<sub>2</sub>peak obtained by the prediction equation developed in this study based on TUG performance demonstrated agreement with the VO<sub>2</sub>peak determined by the CPET in the same sample. This demonstrates that it is an appropriate method for estimating the CRF of patients with heart disease. In a meta-analysis with healthy adults, Kodama et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> suggested that CRF would be an important predictor of mortality and cardiovascular events. Although their sample presents different characteristics from our study, it is possible to infer that better CRF is associated with lower risks of cardiovascular complications. It is important to emphasize that there are still few studies in the literature that relate TUG to the population of patients with heart disease.</p>
        <p>CRF established by VO<sub>2</sub>peak is an important component of health assessment; according to Carvalho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and Ritt et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> it is a determinant that must be measured periodically in patients with heart disease, with the aim of monitoring functional capacity when carrying out activities of daily living and instrumental activities. CPET may not always be accessible to the general population, especially in places with limitations in material and structural resources and trained professionals. Alternatives with validated indirect protocols, with less operational complexity, greater speed, and lower cost,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> such as the prediction model developed in this study, can promote a more comprehensive assessment of CRF and are therefore of great relevance in clinical practice.</p>
        <p>In a study with preoperative elderly patients of different natures, Boereboom et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> stated that TUG could be a useful test to replace CPET when it is not available. Nonetheless, we understand that caution should be adopted when suggesting that performance on the TUG alone is sufficient to replace CPET in the assessment of CRF, especially in patients with heart disease. The prediction equation developed in this study proposes a more careful estimate of CRF in patients with heart disease than just the time taken to perform the TUG test, as it employs greater statistical rigor, in addition to considering patients&#8217; individual biological characteristics, thus representing a safe method.</p>
        <p>This study found a moderate negative correlation between TUG performance and VO<sub>2</sub>peak, similar to the findings of Pedrosa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> who, in a study with elderly female patients with hypertension, also found a moderate negative correlation between TUG and 6MWT, which is a functional test corresponding to CPET. It is important to underscore that, although the tests differ, the objective of both is to measure CRF; although the samples also have different characteristics, the sample with heart disease in our study indicated that 60% of the participants also had systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
        <p>The study by Louren&#231;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> found a more expressive moderate negative correlation between TUG and 6MWT in a sample of adult women with rheumatoid arthritis. On the other hand, Boereboom et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> in their study with elderly patients, found a weak, albeit significant, negative correlation between TUG and CPET. These studies present divergences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, as well as in their testing protocols; however, they indicate the existence of a relationship between the methods, which allows us to deduce that TUG may be a test with a suggestive ability to determine CRF levels.</p>
        <p>After the analyses, the following were considered predictors of VO<sub>2</sub>peak in this investigation: age, sex, and time to complete the TUG test. Regarding the differentiation of CRF by sex, the study by Herdy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> showed that healthy women in the same age group as men had VO<sub>2</sub>max values that ranged between 76% and 83% of the mean values found for men. On the other hand, the study by Nunes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> found an even greater variation in VO<sub>2</sub>max by sex, with women presenting mean VO<sub>2</sub>max values close to 70% of the values found in men. The data from the studies by Herdy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and Nunes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> are similar to those found in our study of patients with heart disease, as we found the mean VO<sub>2</sub>peak value of female participants was 83% of the mean value of males. These conditions that can be explained by the physiological and morphological differences inherent to each sex.</p>
        <p>Another predictor of VO<sub>2</sub>peak found in this study was age, which presented a directly proportional relationship to time taken to complete the TUG and an inversely proportional relationship to the VO<sub>2</sub>peak obtained in the CPET. In our sample, mean TUG time was 7 &#177; 2.5 seconds, approaching the normative values of 8 &#177; 1 seconds suggested for patients in the same age group by Bohannon,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> who also indicated a gradual reduction in TUG performance for each decade increase in age.</p>
        <p>Other studies, such as those by Nency et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and Heike et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> indicated age as a determining factor for performance on the TUG, suggesting that use of the TUG in clinical practice should not neglect biological characteristics, such as age and sex to determine test performance. Accordingly, it is important to highlight that, when the objective of using the TUG is to predict CRF, especially in patients with heart disease, a prediction model using TUG time, in addition to the use of characteristics such as patients&#8217; age and sex, using the respective constants proposed by the statistical model, can guarantee a more assertive estimate.</p>
        <p>The ROC curve analyses verified that the TUG demonstrated a plausible level of accuracy for estimating CRF in patients with heart disease. The cutoff point found to predict VO<sub>2</sub>peak &#8805; 20 mL/kg/min, or be it, patients with better CRF, was 5.47 seconds, suggesting, as in other studies, that the TUG can be a reliable test to estimate CRF in patients with heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> An analysis of preoperative patients with diverse clinical characteristics and age similar to that of our sample identified a cutoff point of 6.5 seconds on the TUG to predict postoperative complications, based on VO<sub>2</sub>peak &lt; 18.6 mL/kg/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies have used different methodologies; however, the results indicate approximate parameters for performance on the TUG with samples of equivalent age range, with the aim of predicting CRF. In other analyses with healthy elderly patients, different parameters were identified for performance on the TUG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Accordingly, it is important to recognize that determination of cutoff points in the TUG should consider clinical characteristics of the patients being assessed (age, sex, weight, comorbidities, height, or length of the lower limbs), thus guaranteeing greater sample homogeneity and proposing more precise cutoff points.</p>
        <p>Low performance on the TUG may be related to reduced functional capacity in elderly patients with heart disease, and this relationship had already been indicated in the study by Cordeiro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Furthermore, Boereboom et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> indicated that reduced test performance was linked to increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases and mortality, and these factors may be associated with an inflammatory process and cardiometabolic complications derived from the process of sarcopenia.</p>
        <p>By constructing and validating a prediction equation to estimate VO<sub>2</sub>peak, we propose a simplified tool, which could become part of the list of instruments for assessing functional capacity, contributing to more complete and comprehensive clinical practice for patients with CAD and HF. The results of this study can mainly benefit patients who are users of the Brazilian Unified Health System, given that there are important limitations to equipment, appropriate spaces, financial resources, and professional teams available to carry out other tests for the same purpose.</p>
        <p>This study has some limitations, for instance, the fact that it was a single-center study, seeing that multicenter studies allow the participation of a more representative sample of a highly diverse population, such as the Brazilian population. It is important to point out that the prediction model developed and the cutoff point identified in the TUG were proposed for a sample of patients with CAD and/or HF. We understand that the analyses could have been more specific if patients with CAD and HF had been analyzed separately, and we are aware that studies with a larger sample size are necessary for this task. Our study did not provide a correlation with prognosis, seeing that it was a cross-sectional study using a surrogate outcome classically related to prognosis, namely, VO<sub>2</sub>peak.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Performance on the TUG was negatively, moderately, and significantly associated with CRF in a population of patients with heart disease. To predict VO<sub>2</sub>peak based on TUG performance, an equation was developed and validated, showing good performance. Time &#8804; 5.47 seconds was the cutoff point determined to predict VO<sub>2</sub>peak &#8805; 20 mL/kg/min. These results can assist in formulating guidelines for assessing functional capacity in this population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Danilo Silva dos Santos, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - EBMSP.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Celso Figueir&#244;a - Hospital Santa Izabel under the protocol number CAAE 57813016.0.3001.5533. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
