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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tNtMDBsDbh5cKDCrmV5QqLy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230167</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Novos Biomarcadores Cardiovasculares em Pacientes com C&#226;ncer de Mama Submetidas a Quimioterapia &#224; Base de Doxorrubicina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2713-9726</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pestana</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Mendon&#231;a Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silvino</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;nea Paolucci Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7909-9095</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ang&#233;lica Navarro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Cintia Esteves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8562-8689</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6870-2063</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais (FHEMIG), Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Karina Braga Gomes &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Av. Ant&#244;nio Carlos, 6627. CEP 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil E-mail: <email>karinabgb@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230167</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Novos Biomarcadores Cardiovasculares em Pacientes com C&#226;ncer de Mama Submetidas a Quimioterapia &#224; Base de Doxorrubicina</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/tNtMDBsDbh5cKDCrmV5QqLy/0cd921f82859029e57cc3ec4b0890d8a1b9898d7.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/tNtMDBsDbh5cKDCrmV5QqLy/ec11c49c7cacb091d9b2574b554513d0ea0809b8.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o relevantes para o manejo do tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama, uma vez que um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes desenvolve essas complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a quimioterapia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar novos biomarcadores cardiovasculares, sendo eles CXCL-16 (ligante de motivo C-X-C 16), FABP3 (prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o a &#225;cidos graxos 3), FABP4 (prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o a &#225;cidos graxos 4), LIGHT (membro da superfam&#237;lia do fator de necrose tumoral 14/TNFS14), GDF-15 (fator de crescimento/diferencia&#231;&#227;o 15) , sCD4 (forma sol&#250;vel de CD14) e ucMGP (matriz Gla-prote&#237;na n&#227;o carboxilada) em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama tratadas com doxorrubicina (DOXO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Este estudo de caso-controle foi realizado em uma cl&#237;nica oncol&#243;gica, incluindo 34 mulheres com diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer de mama tratadas com quimioterapia com DOXO e 34 mulheres controle, sem c&#226;ncer ou DCV. Os marcadores foram determinados imediatamente ap&#243;s o &#250;ltimo ciclo de quimioterapia. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>O grupo com c&#226;ncer de mama apresentou n&#237;veis mais elevados de GDF-15 (p&lt;0,001), enquanto os indiv&#237;duos controle apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de FABP3 (p=0,038), FABP4 (p=0003), sCD14 e ucMGP (p&lt;0,001 para ambos). Correla&#231;&#245;es positivas foram observadas entre FABPs e IMC no grupo com c&#226;ncer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>GDF15 &#233; um biomarcador emergente com potencial aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica neste cen&#225;rio. FABPs s&#227;o prote&#237;nas relacionadas &#224; adiposidade, potencialmente envolvidas na biologia do c&#226;ncer de mama. sCD14 e ucMGP est&#227;o envolvidos na calcifica&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria e vascular. Acima de tudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o destes novos biomarcadores cardiovasculares pode ser &#250;til no tratamento da quimioterapia do c&#226;ncer de mama com DOXO.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Neoplasias da Mama</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorrubicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="50"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) e o c&#226;ncer s&#227;o as principais causas de morte em todo o mundo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Melhorias cont&#237;nuas nas estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamentos antic&#226;ncer em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama reduziram significativamente o n&#250;mero de mortes por causas relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a; no entanto, houve um risco aumentado de morte por DCV neste grupo de pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As raz&#245;es para este sinergismo entre c&#226;ncer e as DC s&#227;o os fatores que ambos possuem em comum (incluindo diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o, hipercolesterolemia e obesidade), bem como os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes &#224;s DCV, associados a um risco aumentado de c&#226;ncer. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os regimes de tratamento baseados em antraciclinas, como a doxorrubicina (DOXO), s&#227;o algumas das alternativas mais eficazes do c&#226;ncer da mama, sendo respons&#225;veis pela melhoria da sobrevida livre de doen&#231;a e da sobrevida global neste grupo. No entanto, as antraciclinas podem resultar em toxicidade grave a curto e longo prazo, incluindo cardiotoxicidade e malignidade hematol&#243;gica secund&#225;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diversos estudos propuseram o uso de biomarcadores plasm&#225;ticos, especialmente troponinas e pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos tipo B, para monitorar a cardiotoxicidade das antraciclinas visando a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce dessas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, esses biomarcadores foram inclu&#237;dos como crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de cardiotoxicidade, al&#233;m dos exames de imagem cardiol&#243;gicos e suas modalidades e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Outros biomarcadores s&#227;o subjacentes &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas que ocorrem durante a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca se manifesta como diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica em at&#233; 5% dos pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em um estudo prospectivo, Cardinale et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> observaram uma incid&#234;ncia global de cardiotoxicidade de 9% usando a diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEVE como crit&#233;rio &#250;nico para defini&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade. Por&#233;m, em outro estudo prospectivo, L&#243;pez-Send&#243;n et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> ampliaram os crit&#233;rios de defini&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade para al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es da FEVE, incluindo o uso de biomarcadores plasm&#225;ticos e cardiotoxicidade, que foi identificada em 37,5% dos pacientes durante o acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>As quimiocinas s&#227;o citocinas quimioatrativas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias que atuam principalmente no tr&#225;fego de leuc&#243;citos, regulam a migra&#231;&#227;o, prolifera&#231;&#227;o e sobrevida celular e s&#227;o componentes-chave na biologia do c&#226;ncer. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A CXCL-16 (ligante do motivo C-X-C 16) &#233; uma quimiocina expressa em &#243;rg&#227;os linfoides, f&#237;gado, pulm&#245;es, intestino delgado e rim. A express&#227;o de CXCL-16 &#233; aumentada por citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, importantes para o ac&#250;mulo de c&#233;lulas imunes nos locais de rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O LIGHT (membro da superfam&#237;lia do fator de necrose tumoral 14/TNFS14) pertence &#224; superfam&#237;lia do fator de necrose tumoral e &#233; expresso por diferentes tipos de c&#233;lulas do sistema imunol&#243;gico. O LIGHT sinaliza atrav&#233;s de dois receptores e possui fun&#231;&#245;es distintas que dependem do tipo de c&#233;lula, mas as intera&#231;&#245;es com esses tipos de receptores t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas na biologia do tumor. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O fator de crescimento/diferencia&#231;&#227;o 15 (GDF-15) &#233; um membro divergente da superfam&#237;lia do fator de crescimento transformador-&#946; (TGF-&#946;), sendo tamb&#233;m conhecido como citocina inibit&#243;ria de macr&#243;fagos (MIC)-1. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O GDF-15 tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado com a evolu&#231;&#227;o do c&#226;ncer, tanto positiva quanto negativamente, uma vez que inibe a promo&#231;&#227;o tumoral precoce, mas sua express&#227;o anormal em c&#226;nceres avan&#231;ados causa forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco cancer&#237;genas, prolifera&#231;&#227;o, invas&#227;o, met&#225;stase, escape imunol&#243;gico e uma resposta reduzida &#224; terapia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A prote&#237;na matriz-carboxiglutamato (Gla) (MGP) &#233; uma prote&#237;na dependente de vitamina K e um forte inibidor da calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular. A defici&#234;ncia de vitamina K leva &#224; MGP n&#227;o carboxilada (ucMGP) inativa, que se acumula em locais de calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Biologicamente inativo, o desfosfo-ucMGP &#233; um marcador da condi&#231;&#227;o da vitamina K vascular, sendo descrito como preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e estenose a&#243;rtica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ant&#237;geno de diferencia&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos humanos CD14 &#233; um receptor de reconhecimento de padr&#245;es (RRP) que aumenta as respostas imunes inatas. O CD14 foi identificado pela primeira vez como um marcador de mon&#243;citos para sinalizar respostas intracelulares ap&#243;s encontros bacterianos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Formas sol&#250;veis de CD14 (sCD14) podem ser secretadas por c&#233;lulas ativadas, que liberam CD14 por elimina&#231;&#227;o dependente ou independente de proteinase. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As FABPs (prote&#237;nas de liga&#231;&#227;o a &#225;cidos graxos) s&#227;o prote&#237;nas expressas em quase todos os tecidos. Essas prote&#237;nas s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo controle do transporte, metabolismo e armazenamento de &#225;cidos graxos. As FABPs s&#227;o propostas como reguladoras centrais do metabolismo lip&#237;dico, da inflama&#231;&#227;o e da homeostase energ&#233;tica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A FABP3 &#233; uma prote&#237;na citos&#243;lica encontrada principalmente no cora&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m nos m&#250;sculos, c&#233;rebro e rins. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Alguns estudos sugerem que a FABP3 tem sensibilidade superior &#224; troponina para detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e les&#227;o card&#237;aca associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A FABP4 &#233; expressa principalmente em adip&#243;citos e macr&#243;fagos e desempenha um papel importante no desenvolvimento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e aterosclerose. Os n&#237;veis circulantes de FABP4 est&#227;o associados a diversos aspectos da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o de novos biomarcadores laboratoriais tem sido uma prioridade na cardio-oncologia, principalmente para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de cardiotoxicidade secund&#225;ria &#224; quimioterapia. Nesse contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar novos biomarcadores cardiovasculares, como CXCL-16, FABP4, LIGHT, GDF-15, sCD14 e ucMGP em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama sob quimioterapia baseada em DOXO.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Participantes e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostras humanas</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle realizado com pacientes ambulatoriais do Servi&#231;o de Oncologia do Hospital Alberto Cavalcanti/FHEMIG (Belo Horizonte, Brasil), que incluiu 34 mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos com diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer de mama e em uso de terapia neoadjuvante com DOXO, atendidas no per&#237;odo entre junho de 2015 e junho de 2018. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o no grupo caso foram: presen&#231;a de cardiopatia pr&#233;via com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda prejudicada; disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica ou renal moderada a grave; doen&#231;as cerebrais degenerativas que necessitem de cuidadores; e gestantes ou pacientes com expectativa de vida inferior a tr&#234;s meses. Al&#233;m disso, mulheres que j&#225; haviam sido submetidas a quimioterapia, terapia hormonal, imunoterapia ou radioterapia foram exclu&#237;das. O grupo controle foi formado por 34 mulheres saud&#225;veis com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, sem qualquer doen&#231;a maligna ou presen&#231;a de cardiopatia pr&#233;via, disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica ou renal moderada a grave, doen&#231;as degenerativas e n&#227;o gestantes, conforme atestado por m&#233;dico cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama foram obtidas a partir dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos hospitalares. Antes da quimioterapia, as pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama foram submetidas a avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica com um cardiologista, que realizou eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma bidimensional incluindo modo tecidual com ecocardiografia usando o Vivid S6 (GE Medical Systems Healthcare&#174;, Tirat Carmel, Israel) com avalia&#231;&#227;o da FEVE. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es nesses exames. O risco cardiovascular de pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama foi calculado de acordo com o escore de risco global ( <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic> ) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> antes do tratamento do c&#226;ncer.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFMG (n.&#186; 38538714.20000.5149) e Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da FHEMIG (n.&#186; 54376216.0.0000.5119), seguindo os preceitos da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Mundial. Todas as participantes assinaram previamente o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolos experimentais e laboratoriais</title>
        <p>A coleta de sangue em jejum foi realizada ap&#243;s a quimioterapia &#224; base de DOXO (at&#233; sete dias ap&#243;s o &#250;ltimo ciclo de DOXO). Para o preparo do plasma, o tubo de EDTA foi centrifugado por 10 minutos a 1000 g dentro de 30 minutos ap&#243;s a coleta do sangue e para o preparo do soro, o tubo sem aditivo foi centrifugado a 3000 g por 15 min. As amostras de plasma e soro foram distribu&#237;das em al&#237;quotas e imediatamente armazenadas a -80&#176;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis dos marcadores cardiovasculares foram determinados por imunoensaios multiplexados utilizando a plataforma Luminex&#174; xMAP&#174;. O plasma de EDTA foi utilizado para determina&#231;&#245;es de CXCL-16, FABP3, FABP4, LIGHT (kit HCVD1MAG-67K; Merck&#174;, Darmstadt, Alemanha), GDF-15 (kit HCVD2MAG-67K; Merck&#174;, Darmstadt, Alemanha), sCD14 e ucMGP (kit HCVD6MAG-67K; Merck&#174;, Darmstadt, Alemanha), de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante em um dispositivo MAGPIX&#174; Multiplexing System Analyzer (Luminex Corporation&#174;, Austin, EUA).</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de cTnI (troponina I) e NT-proBNP (fra&#231;&#227;o NT do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B), bem como a FEVE, para monitorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, foram determinados de acordo com os protocolos descritos em estudo anterior. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise do colesterol total e do HDL foi realizada por dosagem colorim&#233;trica no aparelho VITROS 5600 (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics&#174;, Rochester, EUA). O colesterol LDL foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedwald.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados por meio do software IBM&#174; SPSS&#174; Statistics (para Windows&#174;; Chicago, Illinois, EUA, vers&#227;o 21). O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para verificar a normalidade das vari&#225;veis quantitativas, que foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana (percentis 25&#8211;75). O teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado e o ANOVA One-Way (seguido do teste de Tukey) ou o teste de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis (seguido do teste de Bonferroni) determinaram as diferen&#231;as entre dois e tr&#234;s grupos, conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n (%) e comparadas por meio do teste exato de Fisher. As correla&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas por meio do teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Curvas de caracter&#237;sticas de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foram utilizadas para representar a sensibilidade e a especificidade. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As m&#233;dias de idade e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) dos pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama antes da quimioterapia e dos controles s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes mellitus, o grupo com c&#226;ncer de mama apresentou frequ&#234;ncias maiores que o grupo controle (todos p&lt;0,05). Ap&#243;s o tratamento, todas as pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama apresentaram fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal (FEVE &#8805;50%). Onze (32,3%) pacientes apresentaram n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP acima do valor de refer&#234;ncia (&lt;125,0 pg/mL se &lt;75 anos, ou &lt;450,0 pg/mL, se &#8805;75 anos), mas nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de cTnI (faixa normal &lt;0,120 ng/mL) foi encontrado no grupo de c&#226;ncer de mama. Nenhuma paciente apresentou cardiotoxicidade cl&#237;nica. Outras caracter&#237;sticas das pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama antes da quimioterapia baseada em DOXO e controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>C&#226;ncer de mama (n=34)</th>
                <th>Controle (n=34)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">50,2 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">46,9 &#177; 16,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,349</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">27,91 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">26,5 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,340</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus, sim (n, %)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial, sim (n, %)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">11 (32.4)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (26.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dose de DOXO (mg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">380,6 [360,0 &#8211; 400,0]</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">66,97 &#177; 2,33</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diagn&#243;stico histol&#243;gico, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carcinoma ductal invasivo</td>
                <td align="center">30 (88.2)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carcinoma lobular</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipos especiais</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.9)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo molecular</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HER2+</td>
                <td align="center">18 (52.9)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luminal</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35.3)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triplo negativo</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11.8)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DOXO: doxorrubicina; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. *Valor de p significativo &lt; 0,050.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores cardiovasculares entre o c&#226;ncer de mama e o grupo controle est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> . Pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama apresentaram n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos mais elevados de GDF-15 (p&lt;0,001) e n&#237;veis mais baixos de FABP3 (p=0,038), FABP4 (p=0,003), sCD14 e ucMGP (p&lt;0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Para o GDF-15 observou-se &#225;rea sob a curva de COR =0,825 (p&lt;0,001, IC=0,722-0,927) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> ). FABP3 (r=0,344; p=0,046) e FABP4 (r=0,479; p=0,004) correlacionaram-se positivamente com o IMC no grupo com c&#226;ncer de mama.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Marcadores cardiovasculares comparando pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama e grupo controle. CXCL-16: Ligante do motivo C-X-C 16; FABP3: prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o a &#225;cidos graxos 3; FABP4: prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o a &#225;cidos graxos 4; LIGHT: membro da superfam&#237;lia do fator de necrose tumoral 14/TNFS14; GDF-15: Fator de crescimento/diferencia&#231;&#227;o 15; sCD4: forma sol&#250;vel de CD14; ucMGP: Prote&#237;na Gla de matriz n&#227;o carboxilada; BC: pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama; HS: controles saud&#225;veis * Significativo (p&lt;0,05). ** Significativo (p&lt;0,001).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230167-30167-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva de COR para n&#237;veis de GDF-15, considerando pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama tratados com doxorrubicina x grupo controle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230167-30167-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Considerando o grupo com c&#226;ncer de mama, &#233; interessante notar que os n&#237;veis de GDF-15 foram maiores no grupo triplo negativo em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais grupos moleculares (p=0,030), mas essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi significativa ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste de Bonferroni ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Os n&#237;veis de FABP3 tamb&#233;m foram maiores no grupo com alto risco cardiovascular de Framingham (p=0,022), mas n&#227;o foram significativos ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Nenhum outro marcador cardiovascular apresentou diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de acordo com o tipo molecular do tumor ou risco cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Biomarcadores cardiovasculares de acordo com o subtipo molecular em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Biomarcadores</th>
                <th>Luminal (12, 35,3%)</th>
                <th>HER2+ (18; 52,9%)</th>
                <th>Triplo negativo (4; 11,8%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>CXCL-16 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 [0,96 - 1,59]</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 [1,25 - 2,53]</td>
                <td align="center">1,38 [1,03 - 2,52]</td>
                <td align="center">0,370</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FABP3 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 [1,15 - 12,89]</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 [0,92 - 1,80]</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 [0,09 - 15,26]</td>
                <td align="center">0,444</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FABP4 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21 [0,06 - 0,67]</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 [0,14 - 1,32]</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 [0,10 - 17,05]</td>
                <td align="center">0,248</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LIGHT (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 [0,02 - 1,21]</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 [0,06 - 46,41]</td>
                <td align="center">0,42 [0,12 - 0,92]</td>
                <td align="center">0,203</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GDF-15 (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">11,38 [3,82 - 15,15]</td>
                <td align="center">14,75 [11,10 - 19,54]</td>
                <td align="center">24,79 [17,92 - 1899,90]</td>
                <td align="center">0,030 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>sCD14 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,387 [0,026 - 5,574]</td>
                <td align="center">4,098 [1,362 - 5,031]</td>
                <td align="center">0,021 [0,005 - 4,767]</td>
                <td align="center">0,398</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ucMGP (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 [0,05 - -18,93]</td>
                <td align="center">0,15 [0,09 - 0,29]</td>
                <td align="center">7,97 [0,06 - 15,87]</td>
                <td align="center">0,957</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>CXCL-16: Ligante do motivo C-X-C 16; FABP3: prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o a &#225;cidos graxos 3; FABP4: prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o a &#225;cidos graxos 4 LIGHT: membro da superfam&#237;lia do fator de necrose tumoral 14/TNFS14; GDF-15: Fator de crescimento/diferencia&#231;&#227;o 15; sCD4: forma sol&#250;vel de CD14; ucMGP: Prote&#237;na Gla de matriz n&#227;o carboxilada. <sup>&#8224;</sup> N&#227;o significativo ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Biomarcadores cardiovasculares segundo risco cardiovascular de Framingham em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Biomarcadores</th>
                <th>Baixo risco (n=15)</th>
                <th>Risco intermedi&#225;rio (n=10)</th>
                <th>Alto risco (n=9)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>CXCL-16 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,34 [1,19 &#8211; 1,90]</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 [0,96 &#8211; 1,72]</td>
                <td align="center">2,32 [1,43 &#8211; 2,83]</td>
                <td align="center">0,101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FABP3 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 [0,59 &#8211; 1,27]</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 [1,14 &#8211; 12,21]</td>
                <td align="center">11,37 [1,06 &#8211; 19,54]</td>
                <td align="center">0,022 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FABP4 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15 [0,08 &#8211; 0,62]</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 [0,48 &#8211; 1,41]</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 [0,08 &#8211; 1,41]</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LIGHT (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 [0,06 &#8211; 35,08]</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 [0,02 &#8211; 0,55]</td>
                <td align="center">4,35 [0,16 &#8211; 25,33]</td>
                <td align="center">0,115</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GDF-15 (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">11,74 [1,72 &#8211; 15,66]</td>
                <td align="center">14,91 [11,82 &#8211; 19,75]</td>
                <td align="center">17,53 [11,82 &#8211; 24,02]</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>sCD14 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,18 [3,51 &#8211; 6,78]</td>
                <td align="center">0,28 [0,02 &#8211; 5,23]</td>
                <td align="center">2,24 [0,47 &#8211; 4,52]</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ucMGP (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16 [0,09 &#8211; 14,07]</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 [0,05 &#8211; 14,05]</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 [0,06 &#8211; 0,36]</td>
                <td align="center">0,620</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>CXCL-16: Ligante do motivo C-X-C 16; FABP3: prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o a &#225;cidos graxos 3; FABP4: prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o a &#225;cidos graxos 4 LIGHT: membro da superfam&#237;lia do fator de necrose tumoral 14/TNFS14; GDF-15: Fator de crescimento/diferencia&#231;&#227;o 15; sCD4: forma sol&#250;vel de CD14; ucMGP: Prote&#237;na Gla de matriz n&#227;o carboxilada. <sup>&#8224;</sup> N&#227;o significativo ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o, monitoramento e avalia&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es cardiovasculares em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama em regime de quimioterapia t&#234;m sido amplamente estudadas. No entanto, estudos incluindo biomarcadores emergentes capazes de detectar precocemente o comprometimento cardiovascular em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama sob quimioterapia baseada em DOXO s&#227;o raros, independente da cardiotoxicidade cl&#237;nica. Assim, as principais conclus&#245;es do presente estudo s&#227;o: (i) pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de GDF-15, mostrando boa precis&#227;o para diferenciar esse grupo e os controles, de acordo com a &#225;rea sob a curva de ROC; (ii) pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama apresentaram n&#237;veis mais baixos de FABP3, FABP4, sCD14 e ucMGP; e (iii) houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre FABPs e IMC.</p>
      <p>O GDF-15 &#233; um preditor forte e independente de DCV, morbidade e mortalidade por c&#226;ncer em indiv&#237;duos residentes em comunidades. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> O grupo com c&#226;ncer de mama apresentou n&#237;veis de GDF-15 8,12 vezes maiores do que os indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. No c&#226;ncer de mama, o GDF-15 tem sido associado a met&#225;stases e resist&#234;ncia ao trastuzumabe. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> O GDF-15 aumenta devido a diversas condi&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas; portanto, n&#237;veis elevados de GDF-15 devem ser interpretados com cautela. Neste estudo, as raz&#245;es associadas ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de GDF-15 em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama permanecem obscuras, uma vez que a biologia do c&#226;ncer de mama e a quimioterapia baseada em DOXO s&#227;o ambas condi&#231;&#245;es que podem promover altera&#231;&#245;es no GDF-15. O GDF-15 &#233; um biomarcador emergente que se encontra elevado na doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica inicial e tem utilidade progn&#243;stica para eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Assim, estudos mais robustos de caso-controle, que incluam pelo menos um grupo de pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama tratados com outra classe de medicamentos quimioter&#225;picos, poderiam ser ben&#233;ficos para esclarecer a hip&#243;tese desse estudo.</p>
      <p>Uma coorte prospectiva de Demissei et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> incluiu 323 pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama tratados com regimes baseados em antraciclina e/ou trastuzumabe. Nesse estudo, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de GDF-15, troponina, mieloperoxidase e fator de crescimento placent&#225;rio com altera&#231;&#245;es na FEVE foram encontrados. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de GDF-15 nos dois anos de estudo. Na linha de base, os n&#237;veis de GDF-15 em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama, que receberam tratamento com DOXO, foram de 704 [532&#8211;908] pg/mL e 599 [523&#8211;722] pg/mL para pacientes que receberam DOXO+Trastuzumabe. No presente estudo, o GDF-15 foi maior nos pacientes triplo negativos, mas a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi significativa, requerendo mais estudos com uma maior popula&#231;&#227;o. Em um estudo de coorte multic&#234;ntrico, os n&#237;veis de GDF-15 permaneceram elevados mesmo ap&#243;s 15 meses de estudo em pacientes com c&#226;ncer da mama (HER2+) sob terap&#234;utica adjuvante com um regime contendo antraciclina seguido de taxanos e trastuzumabe. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de FABP4 foram mais baixos em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle do presente estudo, sendo um achado inesperado de acordo com Tsakogiannis et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A FABP4 &#233; altamente expressa em adip&#243;citos, mas pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as no IMC em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis. Por&#233;m, o IMC n&#227;o &#233; o melhor m&#233;todo para avaliar a adiposidade; outros marcadores da composi&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal devem ser aplicados para correlacionar com os n&#237;veis de FABP4. Na verdade, seus n&#237;veis mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com o IMC no grupo com c&#226;ncer de mama no presente estudo. Contrariamente &#224;s observa&#231;&#245;es aqui registradas, outro estudo de caso-controle encontrou n&#237;veis mais elevados de FABP4 em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama, em contraste com mulheres saud&#225;veis, e n&#237;veis mais elevados no c&#226;ncer de mama do tipo luminal em compara&#231;&#227;o com HER2+/triplo negativo. No entanto, eles tamb&#233;m sugerem que o IMC no c&#226;ncer de mama pode ser um fator que afeta a express&#227;o de FABP4, j&#225; que pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama e IMC &#8805;25 kg/m <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de FABP4. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Estes dados enfatizam que as FABPs s&#227;o expressas pelo tecido adiposo. Al&#233;m disso, a FABP4 circulante aumenta o fen&#243;tipo semelhante a c&#233;lulas-tronco tumorais por meio da atividade mediada pelo IL-6/STAT3/ALDH1, sugerindo que a FABP4 circulante liberada pelo tecido adiposo do hospedeiro pode desencadear a sa&#237;da da dorm&#234;ncia tumoral <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> e que a FABP-4 &#233; regulada positivamente em determinados subconjuntos de macr&#243;fagos em tumores de mama, o que aumenta sua capacidade de promover o crescimento tumoral e a met&#225;stase por meio das vias dependentes de IL-6. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de FABP3 tamb&#233;m foram mais baixos no grupo com c&#226;ncer de mama em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Sabe-se que a FABP3 desempenha um papel fundamental no metabolismo dos cardiomi&#243;citos. No entanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel levantar a hip&#243;tese de que a quimioterapia com DOXO poderia promover uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na s&#237;ntese de FABP3 no tecido card&#237;aco, uma vez que a DOXO induz a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Isto foi demonstrado por Sayed-Ahmed et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> cujos experimentos mostram que o uso cr&#244;nico de DOXO resultou em diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa e dose-dependente na express&#227;o de mRNA de FABP3 no tecido card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, a perda da homeostase do metabolismo lip&#237;dico celular devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do intracelular de FABP3 e ao fornecimento prejudicado de &#225;cidos graxos parece ser uma hip&#243;tese plaus&#237;vel para a progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de outras DCV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Conway et al. demonstraram que o promotor da FABP3 estava hipermetilado e a express&#227;o g&#234;nica estava reduzida no c&#226;ncer de mama, indicando que a express&#227;o de FABP3 tem um efeito inibit&#243;rio na doen&#231;a. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a FABP3 &#233; um marcador de les&#227;o card&#237;aca, uma vez que n&#237;veis elevados s&#227;o &#250;teis para o diagn&#243;stico precoce do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de FABP3 j&#225; foram investigados no contexto da quimioterapia do c&#226;ncer de mama. No entanto, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as em indiv&#237;duos que desenvolveram cardiotoxicidade secund&#225;ria &#224;s antraciclinas em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos sem cardiotoxicidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos substanciais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer o comportamento da FABP3 neste contexto. A correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre FABP3 e FABP4 com o IMC j&#225; era esperada, uma vez que esses marcadores est&#227;o diretamente associados ao tecido adiposo e ao metabolismo lip&#237;dico.</p>
      <p>Embora n&#237;veis mais baixos de sCD14 tenham sido observados em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama no presente estudo, esse achado &#233; controverso, uma vez que alguns estudos mostraram que os n&#237;veis de sCD14 estavam mais elevados em pacientes com c&#226;ncer do que em pacientes com doen&#231;a benigna ou em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> O resultado do CD14 na inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; multifatorial, incluindo o local da inflama&#231;&#227;o, o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o do CD14, as caracter&#237;sticas dos ligantes do CD14 e a competi&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes vias dependentes do CD14. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O CD14 tamb&#233;m &#233; expresso nas membranas celulares dos cardiomi&#243;citos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> e o efeito apopt&#243;tico da DOXO nos cardiomi&#243;citos pode reduzir o CD14 sol&#250;vel. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de sCD14 tamb&#233;m foram determinados em outros estudos como reagente de fase aguda, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> mas os pacientes avaliados n&#227;o estavam em fase inflamat&#243;ria aguda, conforme avaliada por medidas da prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) (dados n&#227;o mostrados). Assim, estes resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela e estudos futuros neste contexto devem ser realizados a fim de determinar o papel do sCD14 neste cen&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama tamb&#233;m apresentaram n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de ucMGP mais baixos em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos controle. De acordo com Yoshimura et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> o gene MGP &#233; regulado positivamente em casos de progn&#243;stico ruim, indicando que os n&#237;veis de mRNA do MGP s&#227;o um potencial indicador progn&#243;stico do c&#226;ncer de mama. No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na express&#227;o proteica do tumor por meio de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica. Por outro lado, n&#237;veis mais baixos de ucMGP foram causalmente relacionados a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco de doen&#231;a coronariana. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> As formas inativas de MGP (como uc-MGP) s&#227;o biomarcadores &#250;teis de defici&#234;ncia de vitamina K, calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular e DCV e podem prever um risco futuro de morte ou eventos cardiovasculares. Trata-se de uma prote&#237;na dependente de vitamina K (VKDP), liberada a partir das c&#233;lulas na corrente sangu&#237;nea. A vitamina K atenua as respostas inflamat&#243;rias bloqueando a transdu&#231;&#227;o do sinal do fator nuclear &#954;B (NF-&#954;B). N&#237;veis mais elevados de ucMGP refletem a calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular, que &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Desta forma, os dados do presente estudo sugerem que a administra&#231;&#227;o de DOXO n&#227;o induz calcifica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular a curto prazo, um mecanismo improv&#225;vel relacionado &#224; toxicidade cardiovascular da DOXO. A determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de vitamina K, como citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias (como IL-6 e TNF-&#945;; que aceleram a forma&#231;&#227;o de VKDPs) e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de outras VKDPs, como osteocalcina e 6 espec&#237;fico para parada de crescimento (Gas6) e prote&#237;na rica em Gla (GRP) &#233; fortemente encorajada em futuros estudos cl&#237;nicos prospectivos, incluindo pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama sob tratamento com DOXO.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, como um estudo seccional de centro &#250;nico, realizado com pacientes que faziam quimioterapia apenas com DOXO. O tamanho pequeno da amostra tamb&#233;m &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante do presente estudo. Al&#233;m disso, como os biomarcadores n&#227;o foram avaliados antes do tratamento, o pr&#243;prio c&#226;ncer poderia influenciar alguns resultados. Consequentemente, novos estudos longitudinais para valida&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores, com uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior, devem ser realizados para avaliar seu desempenho no monitoramento das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares causadas pela quimioterapia baseada em DOXO.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O resultado deste estudo &#233; preliminar, mas pode contribuir para uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos subjacentes &#224; cardiotoxicidade secund&#225;ria &#224; quimioterapia baseada em DOXO. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados sugerem que os n&#237;veis de GDF-15, FABP3, FABP4, sCD14 e ucMGP podem estar relacionados a altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama tratados com DOXO. Mais estudos devem ser realizados em outras popula&#231;&#245;es para validar os presentes resultados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>A KBG agradece ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq pela bolsa de pesquisa. A RMCP agradece &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - CAPES pela bolsa de pesquisa. Luciana Maria Silva e Heloisa Helena M. Oliveira pelo suporte t&#233;cnico.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 38538714.20000.5149. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG).</p>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>New Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy</article-title>
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          <name>
            <surname>Pestana</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Mendon&#231;a Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silvino</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;nea Paolucci Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7909-9095</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ang&#233;lica Navarro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Cintia Esteves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8562-8689</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano de Paula</given-names>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6870-2063</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
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      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais (FHEMIG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Karina Braga Gomes Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Av. Ant&#244;nio Carlos, 6627. Postal Code 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil E-mail: karinabgb@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: New Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230167-30167-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are relevant to the management of breast cancer treatment since a substantial number of patients develop these complications after chemotherapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study aims to evaluate new cardiovascular biomarkers, namely CXCL-16 (C-X-C motif ligand 16), FABP3 (fatty acid binding protein 3), FABP4 (fatty acid binding protein 4), LIGHT (tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14/TNFS14), GDF-15 (Growth/differentiation factor 15), sCD4 (soluble form of CD14), and ucMGP (uncarboxylated Matrix Gla-Protein) in breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin (DOXO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This case-control study was conducted in an oncology clinic that included 34 women diagnosed with breast cancer and chemotherapy with DOXO and 34 control women without cancer and CVD. The markers were determined immediately after the last cycle of chemotherapy. The statistical significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The breast cancer group presented higher levels of GDF-15 (p&lt;0.001), while control subjects had higher levels of FABP3 (p=0.038), FABP4 (p=0003), sCD14, and ucMGP (p&lt;0.001 for both). Positive correlations were observed between FABPs and BMI in the cancer group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>GDF15 is an emerging biomarker with potential clinical applicability in this scenario. FABPs are proteins related to adiposity, which are potentially involved in breast cancer biology. sCD14 and ucMGP engage in inflammatory and vascular calcification. The evaluation of these novel cardiovascular biomarkers could be useful in the management of breast cancer chemotherapy with DOXO.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Breast Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorubicin</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cancer are the leading causes of death worldwide. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Continuous improvements in strategies for prevention and anti-cancer treatments in patients with breast cancer significantly reduced the death from cancer-related causes; however, there was an increased risk of death from CVD in this group of patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The reasons for this synergism between cancer and CVD are the common risk factors (including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity), as well as pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CVD that are associated with an increased risk of cancers. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Anthracycline-based regimens, like doxorubicin (DOXO), are some of the most effective treatments against breast cancer and are responsible for improved disease-free survival and overall survival in this group. Nevertheless, anthracyclines can result in severe short and long-term toxicity, including cardiotoxicity and secondary hematological malignancy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Many studies have proposed the use of plasma biomarkers, especially troponins and B-type natriuretic peptides, to monitor anthracycline cardiotoxicity for the early detection of these cardiovascular complications. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> More recently, these biomarkers have been included as diagnosis criteria of cardiotoxicity in addition to cardiologic imaging exams and their modalities and clinical features. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Other biomarkers underlie the pathophysiological changes that occur during heart failure. Heart failure manifests as decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) or symptomatic heart failure in up to 5% of patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In a prospective study, Cardinale et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> found an overall incidence of cardiotoxicity of 9% using the decrease in LVEF as a single criterion to define cardiotoxicity. However, in another prospective study, L&#243;pez-S&#233;ndon et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> expanded the criteria for defining cardiotoxicity beyond changes in LVEF, including the use of plasma biomarkers and cardiotoxicity, which was identified in 37.5% of patients during the follow-up.</p>
        <p>Chemokines are pro-inflammatory chemoattractant cytokines that act primarily in leukocyte trafficking, regulate cell migration, proliferation, and survival, being key components in cancer biology. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> CXCL-16 (C-X-C motif ligand 16) is a chemokine expressed in lymphoid organs, the liver, lungs, small intestine, and kidney. CXCL-16 expression is increased by pro-inflammatory cytokines, important for the accumulation of immune cells at the inflammatory reaction sites. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>LIGHT (tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14/TNFS14) belongs to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily and is expressed by numerous types of immune cells. LIGHT signals through two receptors and has distinct functions that are cell-type dependent, but interactions with these types of receptors have immune-related implications in tumor biology. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor-&#946; (TGF-&#946;) superfamily and is also known as macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC)-1. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> GDF-15 is also related to the evolution of cancer both positively and negatively, since GDF-15 inhibits early tumor promotion, but its abnormal expression in advanced cancers causes cancer stem cell formation, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, immune escape, and a reduced response to therapy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Matrix-carboxyglutamate (Gla) protein (MGP) is a vitamin K-dependent protein and a strong inhibitor of vascular calcification. Vitamin K deficiency leads to inactive uncarboxylated MGP (ucMGP), which accumulates at sites of arterial calcification. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Desphospho-ucMGP is a biologically inactive marker of vascular vitamin K status and is described to predict mortality in patients with heart failure and aortic stenosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The human monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that enhances innate immune responses. CD14 was first identified as a marker of monocytes to signal intracellular responses upon bacterial encounters. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Soluble forms of CD14 (sCD14) could be secreted by activated cells, which release CD14 by proteinase-dependent or -independent shedding. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The FABPs (fatty acid binding proteins) are expressed in proteins in almost all tissues. These proteins are responsible for the control of fat acid transport, metabolism, and storage. FABPs are proposed to be central regulators of lipid metabolism, inflammation, and energy homeostasis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> FABP3 is a cytosolic protein found primarily in the heart but also in the muscle, brain, and kidney. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Some studies have suggested that FABP3 has superior sensitivity to troponin for detecting ischemic injury and cardiac injury associated with congestive heart failure. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> FABP4 is mainly expressed in adipocytes and macrophages and plays a significant role in the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Circulating FABP4 levels are associated with several aspects of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The implementation of new laboratory biomarkers has been a priority in cardio-oncology, particularly for early detection of cardiotoxicity secondary to chemotherapy. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate new cardiovascular biomarkers, such as CXCL-16, FABP4, LIGHT, GDF-15, sCD14, and ucMGP in breast cancer patients under DOXO-based chemotherapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Subjects and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Human samples</title>
          <p>This is a case-control study performed with outpatients from the Oncology Service at Alberto Cavalcanti Hospital/FHEMIG (Belo Horizonte, Brazil), which included 34 women aged 18 or older diagnosed with breast cancer and using neoadjuvant therapy with DOXO, who were attended from June 2015 to June 2018. The exclusion criteria for the case group were: presence of previous heart disease with impaired left ventricular function; moderate to severe hepatic or renal dysfunction; degenerative brain diseases requiring caregivers; and pregnant women or patients with a life expectancy shorter than three months. Moreover, women submitted to previous chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, or radiation therapy were excluded. The control group was composed of 34 healthy subjects aged 18 or older without any malignant disease or the presence of previous heart disease, moderate to severe hepatic or renal dysfunction, degenerative diseases, and no pregnancy, attested by a clinical physician.</p>
          <p>Clinical characteristics of breast cancer patients were obtained from hospital medical records. Prior to chemotherapy, patients with breast cancer underwent a medical evaluation with a certified cardiologist, who performed an electrocardiogram and a two-dimensional echocardiogram, including tissue mode with Vivid S6 echocardiographic (GE Medical Systems Healthcare <sup>&#174;</sup> , Tirat Carmel, Israel) with LVEF assessment. No alterations in these exams were observed. The cardiovascular risk of patients with breast cancer was calculated according to the global risk score (Framingham Heart Study) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> before cancer treatment.</p>
          <p>The study was approved by the UFMG Research Ethics Committee (n. 38538714.20000.5149) and FHEMIG Ethics Committee (n. 54376216.0.0000.5119), pursuant to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. All participants signed the informed consent form beforehand.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental and laboratory protocols</title>
          <p>Fasting blood collection was conducted after the DOXO-based chemotherapy (out up to seven days after the last DOXO cycle). For plasma preparation, the EDTA tube was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1000 g within 30 minutes of blood collection and, for serum preparation, the tube without additive was centrifuged at 3000 g for 15 min. The plasma and serum samples were distributed in aliquots and immediately stored at -80&#186;C until assayed.</p>
          <p>The cardiovascular markers&#8217; levels were determined by Multiplexed Immunoassays using a Luminex <sup>&#174;</sup> xMAP <sup>&#174;</sup> platform. EDTA-plasma was used for determinations of CXCL-16, FABP3, FABP4, LIGHT (HCVD1MAG-67K kit; Merck <sup>&#174;</sup> , Darmstadt, Germany), GDF-15 (HCVD2MAG-67K kit; Merck <sup>&#174;</sup> , Darmstadt, Germany), sCD14, and ucMGP (HCVD6MAG-67K kit; Merck <sup>&#174;</sup> , Darmstadt, Germany), according to manufacturer&#8217;s instructions in a MAGPIX <sup>&#174;</sup> Multiplexing System Analyzer (Luminex Corporation <sup>&#174;</sup> , Austin, USA).</p>
          <p>Levels of cTnI (troponine I) and NT-proBNP (fraction NT of natriuretic peptide type B), as well as LVEF to monitor cardiac dysfunction assessment, were determined according to the protocols described in a previous study. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were performed by colorimetric assay on VITROS 5600 (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics <sup>&#174;</sup> , Rochester, USA). LDL-cholesterol was calculated by Friedwald formula.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were analyzed using IBM <sup>&#174;</sup> SPSS <sup>&#174;</sup> Statistics software (for Windows <sup>&#174;</sup> ; Chicago, Illinois, USA, version 21). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normality of quantitative variables, which were presented as the mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median (25 <sup>th</sup> &#8211;75 <sup>th</sup> percentiles). Unpaired Student&#8217;s t test and One-Way ANOVA (followed by the Tukey test) or the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test (followed by the Bonferroni test) determined the differences between two and three groups, as appropriate. Categorical variables were presented as n (%) and compared by Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Correlations were performed using Spearman&#8217;s correlation test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to represent the sensitivity and specificity. The significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Mean age and body mass index (BMI) of patients with breast cancer prior to chemotherapy and controls are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> , and no difference between the groups was observed. Regarding arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the breast cancer group presented higher frequencies than controls (all p&lt;0.05). After the treatment, all breast cancer patients&#8217; ventricular function was normal (LVEF &#8805;50%). Eleven (32.3%) patients presented NT-proBNP levels above the reference value (&lt;125.0 pg/mL if &lt;75 years, or &lt;450.0 pg/mL, if &#8805;75 years), but no alteration on cTnI levels (normal range &lt;0.120 ng/mL) was found in the breast cancer group. No patient presented clinical cardiotoxicity. Other characteristics of breast cancer patients are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Breast cancer patients&#8217; clinical characteristics prior to DOXO-chemotherapy and controls</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Breast Cancer (n=34)</th>
                  <th>Controls (n=34)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50.2 &#177; 11.3</td>
                  <td align="center">46.9 &#177; 16.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.349</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27.91 &#177; 5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5 &#177; 6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.340</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus, yes (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Arterial hypertension, yes (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">11 (32.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (26.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DOXO dose (mg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">380.6 [360.0 &#8211; 400.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">66.97 &#177; 2.33</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Histological diagnosis, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Invasive ductal carcinoma</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (88.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lobular carcinoma</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Special types</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Molecular type</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HER2+</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (52.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Luminal</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (35.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triple negative</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; DOXO: doxorubicin; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. * Significant p-value &lt;0.050.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The comparison of cardiovascular markers between breast cancer and the control group is described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> . Breast cancer patients had higher plasma levels of GDF-15 (p&lt;0.001) and lower FABP3 (p=0.038), FABP4 (p=0.003), sCD14, and ucMGP (p&lt;0.001) levels compared to the control group. For GDF-15, it was observed an area under the ROC curve =0.825 (p&lt;0.001, IC=0.722-0.927) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> ). FABP3 (r=0.344; p=0.046) and FABP4 (r=0.479; p=0.004) were positively correlated to BMI in the breast cancer group.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiovascular markers comparing breast cancer patients and control subjects. CXCL-16: C-X-C motif ligand 16; FABP3: fatty acid binding protein 3; FABP4: fatty acid binding protein 4; LIGHT: tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14/TNFS14; GDF-15: Growth/differentiation factor 15; sCD4: soluble form of CD14; ucMGP: uncarboxylated Matrix Gla-Protein; BC: breast cancer patients; HS: healthy control subjects * Significant (p&lt;0.05). ** Significant (p&lt;0.001).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230167-30167-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curve for GDF-15 levels considering the breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin x control group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230167-30167-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Considering the breast cancer group, it is interesting to note that GDF-15 levels were higher in the triple negative group compared to other molecular groups (p=0.030), but this difference was non-significant after applying Bonferroni&#8217;s test ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). Accordingly, FABP3 levels were also higher in the group with high Framingham cardiovascular risk (p=0.022), but were non-significant after Bonferroni&#8217;s correction ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). No other cardiovascular marker showed differences in plasma levels according to the molecular type of tumor or cardiovascular risk.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiovascular biomarkers according to the molecular subtype in breast cancer patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Biomarkers</th>
                  <th>Luminal (12, 35.3%)</th>
                  <th>HER2+ (18; 52.9%)</th>
                  <th>Triple negative (4; 11.8%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>CXCL-16 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35 [0.96 - 1.59]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52 [1.25 - 2.53]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.38 [1.03 - 2.52]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.370</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FABP3 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36 [1.15 - 12.89]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21 [0.92 - 1.80]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63 [0.09 - 15.26</td>
                  <td align="center">0.444</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FABP4 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21 [0.06 - 0.67]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86 [0.14 - 1.32]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82 [0.10 - 17.05]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.248</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LIGHT (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06 [0.02 - 1.21]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86 [0.06 - 46.41]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42 [0.12 - 0.92]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.203</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GDF-15 (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.38 [3.82 - 15.15]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.75 [11.10 - 19.54]</td>
                  <td align="center">24.79 [17.92 - 1899.90]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.030 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>sCD14 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.387 [0.026 - 5.574]</td>
                  <td align="center">4.098 [1.362 - 5.031]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021 [0.005 - 4.767]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.398</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ucMGP (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09 [0.05 -18.93]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15 [0.09 - 0.29]</td>
                  <td align="center">7.97 [0.06 - 15.87]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.957</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>CXCL-16: C-X-C motif ligand 16; FABP3: fatty acid binding protein 3; FABP4: fatty acid binding protein 4 LIGHT: tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14/TNFS14; GDF-15: Growth/differentiation factor 15; sCD4: soluble form of CD14; ucMGP: uncarboxylated Matrix Gla-Protein. <sup>&#8224;</sup> Non-significant after Bonferroni correction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiovascular biomarkers according to Framingham cardiovascular risk in breast cancer patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Biomarkers</th>
                  <th>Low risk (n=15)</th>
                  <th>Intermediate risk (n=10)</th>
                  <th>High risk (n=9)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>CXCL-16 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.34 [1.19 &#8211; 1.90]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 [0.96 &#8211; 1.72]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.32 [1.43 &#8211; 2.83]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.101</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FABP3 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 [0.59 &#8211; 1.27]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.37 [1.14 &#8211; 12.21]</td>
                  <td align="center">11.37 [1.06 &#8211; 19.54]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FABP4 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15 [0.08 &#8211; 0.62]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18 [0.48 &#8211; 1.41]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84 [0.08 &#8211; 1.41]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.096</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LIGHT (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41 [0.06 &#8211; 35.08]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06 [0.02 &#8211; 0.55]</td>
                  <td align="center">4.35 [0.16 &#8211; 25.33]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.115</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GDF-15 (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.74 [1.72 &#8211; 15.66]</td>
                  <td align="center">14.91 [11.82 &#8211; 19.75]</td>
                  <td align="center">17.53 [11.82 &#8211; 24.02]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>sCD14 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.18 [3.51 &#8211; 6.78]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28 [0.02 &#8211; 5.23]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.24 [0.47 &#8211; 4.52]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ucMGP (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16 [0.09 &#8211; 14.07]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88 [0.05 &#8211; 14.05]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11 [0.06 &#8211; 0.36]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.620</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>CXCL-16: C-X-C motif ligand 16; FABP3: fatty acid binding protein 3; FABP4: fatty acid binding protein 4 LIGHT: tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14/TNFS14; GDF-15: Growth/differentiation factor 15; sCD4: soluble form of CD14; ucMGP: uncarboxylated Matrix Gla-Protein. <sup>&#8224;</sup> Non-significant after Bonferroni correction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The investigation, monitoring, and evaluation of cardiovascular injury in breast cancer patients under chemotherapy regimens have been widely studied. However, studies that include emerging biomarkers that are able to detect cardiovascular impairment in breast cancer patients under DOXO-based chemotherapy in advance, regardless of clinical cardiotoxicity, are rare. Therefore, the main findings of this study are: (i) breast cancer patients had higher GDF-15 levels, which showed good accuracy to differentiate this group and controls, according to the area under the ROC curve; (ii) breast cancer patients had lower levels of FABP3, FABP4, sCD14, and ucMGP; and (iii) there was a positive correlation between FABPs and BMI.</p>
        <p>GDF-15 is a strong and independent predictor of CVD, cancer morbidity, and mortality in community-dwelling individuals. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The breast cancer group had GDF-15 levels that were 8.12-fold higher than in healthy subjects. In breast cancer, GDF-15 has been associated with metastasis and resistance toward trastuzumab. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> GDF-15 increases due to several pathophysiological conditions; thus, elevated GDF-15 levels must be carefully interpreted. In this study, the reason(s) associated with increased GDF-15 levels in breast cancer patients remain unclear, since breast cancer biology and DOXO-chemotherapy are both conditions that can promote GDF-15 changes. GDF-15 is an emerging biomarker which is elevated in early subclinical disease and has prognostic utility for cardiovascular events and mortality. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Therefore, robust case-control studies that include at least one group of breast cancer patients treated with another class of chemotherapy medications could be useful to clarify this study&#8217;s hypothesis.</p>
        <p>A prospective cohort by Demissei et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> included 323 breast cancer patients who were treated with anthracycline- and/or trastuzumab-based regimens. In that study, no association between GDF-15, troponin, myeloperoxidase, and placental growth factor levels with changes in LVEF was found. Also, no changes in the GDF-15 levels were observed over the two years of study. In the baseline, GDF-15 levels in breast cancer patients who received DOXO-treatment were 704 [532&#8211;908] pg/mL and 599 [523&#8211;722] pg/mL for patients who received DOXO+Trastuzumab. In this study, GDF-15 was higher in triple negative patients, but the difference was not significant, which requires further studies with a larger population. In a multicenter cohort study, GDF-15 levels remained elevated even after 15 months of study in breast cancer patients (HER2+) under adjuvant therapy with an anthracycline-containing regimen followed by taxanes and trastuzumab. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>FABP4 levels were lower in breast cancer patients than in controls in this study, which is an unexpected finding in agreement with Tsakogiannis et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> FABP4 is highly expressed in adipocytes, but breast cancer patients did not show any differences in BMI compared to healthy controls. However, BMI is not the best method to evaluate adiposity; other markers of body fat composition should be applied to correlate with FABP4 levels. In fact, its levels showed a correlation with BMI in the breast cancer group in this study. Contrary to the observations included in this study, another case-control study found higher levels of FABP4 in breast cancer patients in contrast with healthy women and higher levels in luminal type breast cancer compared to HER2+/triple negative. However, they also suggest that BMI in breast cancer could be a factor affecting the expression of FABP4 because patients with breast cancer and a BMI &#8805;25 kg/m <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> presented higher levels of FABP4. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> These data emphasize that FABPs are expressed by adipose tissue. Also, circulating FABP4 enhances the tumor stem cell-like phenotype via IL-6/STAT3/ALDH1-mediated activity, suggesting that circulating FABP4 released by host adipose tissue might trigger the exit from tumor dormancy <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> and that FABP-4 is up-regulated in certain subsets of macrophages in breast/mammary tumors, which enhances their ability to promote tumor growth and metastasis through IL-6-dependent pathways. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>FABP3 levels were also lower in the breast cancer group compared to controls. It is known that FABP3 plays a key role in cardiomyocyte metabolism. However, it is possible to hypothesize that DOXO-chemotherapy could promote a decrease in FABP3 synthesis in cardiac tissue because DOXO induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> This was experimentally demonstrated by Sayed-Ahmed et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> where the chronic use of DOXO resulted in a significant and dose-dependent decrease in FABP3 mRNA expression in cardiac tissue. Moreover, the loss of cellular lipid metabolism homeostasis due to reduced intracellular FABP3 content and impaired fatty acid supply seems to be a plausible hypothesis for the progression of heart failure and other CVDs. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Conway et al. demonstrated that the FABP3 gene promoter was hypermethylated and gene expression was reduced in breast cancer, indicating that FABP3 expression has an inhibitory effect on breast cancer. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> On the other hand, FABP3 is a heart injury marker, since elevated levels are useful for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Plasma levels of FABP3 have already been investigated in the context of breast cancer chemotherapy. However, no differences were observed in those individuals who developed cardiotoxicity secondary to anthracyclines compared to individuals without onset cardiotoxicity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Substantial experimental and clinical studies are necessary to clarify FABP3 behavior in this context. The positive correlation between FABP3 and FABP4 with BMI was already expected since these markers are directly associated with adipose tissue and lipid metabolism.</p>
        <p>Although lower sCD14 levels were observed in breast cancer patients in this study, this is controversial, as some studies have shown that sCD14 levels were higher in patients with cancer than in patients with benign disease or healthy individuals. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> The outcome of CD14 in inflammation is multifactorial, including the site of inflammation, CD14 expression level, characteristics of CD14 ligands, and competition between different CD14-dependent pathways. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> CD14 is also expressed on the cell membranes of cardiomyocytes <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> and the apoptotic DOXO-effect on cardiomyocyte could reduce the soluble CD14. Also, sCD14 levels have also been determined in other studies as an acute phase reactant, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> but the patients evaluated were not in the acute inflammatory phase, evaluated by C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements (data not shown). Therefore, these results should be interpreted cautiously and future studies in this context should be conducted in order to determine the role of sCD14 in this scenario.</p>
        <p>Breast cancer patients also had lower ucMGP plasma levels compared to control subjects. According to Yoshimura et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> the MGP gene is up-regulated in cases where the prognosis was poor, indicating that the mRNA levels of MGP are a potential prognostic indicator of breast cancer. However, no difference was observed in the protein expression by the tumor using immunohistochemistry. On the other hand, lower ucMGP levels were causally related to a decreased risk of coronary heart disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> The inactive forms of MGP (like uc-MGP) are useful biomarkers of vitamin K deficiency, vascular calcification and CVD and may predict future risk of death or cardiovascular events. It is a vitamin K-dependent protein (VKDP), and it is released from cells into the bloodstream. Vitamin K attenuates inflammatory responses by blocking nuclear factor &#954;B (NF-&#954;B) signal transduction. Higher levels of ucMGP reflect the vascular calcification, which is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> In this way, this study&#8217;s data suggest that DOXO-administration does not induce short-term cardiovascular calcification, which is an unlikely mechanism related to the cardiovascular toxicity of DOXO. The determination of vitamin K levels, such pro-inflammatory cytokines (like IL-6 and TNF-&#945;; which accelerate the formation of VKDPs) and the quantification of other VKDPs, such as osteocalcin and growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) and Gla-rich protein (GRP), is strongly encouraged in future prospective clinical studies including patients with breast cancer under DOXO treatment.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study presents limitations, such as a sectional study of a single center, conducted with patients who were undergoing chemotherapy only with DOXO. The small sample size is also an important limitation of this study. Moreover, as the biomarkers were not evaluated before the treatment, the cancer itself could influence some results. Consequently, further longitudinal studies for validation of these markers, with a huge population, should be conducted in order to evaluate their performance in monitoring cardiovascular changes caused by DOXO chemotherapy.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The result of this study is a preliminary one, but it could contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of doxorubicin-cardiotoxicity-based. Moreover, the findings suggest that GDF-15, FABP3, FABP4, sCD14, and ucMGP levels could be related to cardiovascular changes in breast cancer patients treated with DOXO. Further studies should be conducted in other populations in order to validate the results of this study.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>KBG is would like to thank Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq for the research fellowship. RMCP would like to thank Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - CAPES for the research fellowship. Luciana Maria Silva and Heloisa Helena M. Oliveira for the technical support.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Rodrigo M. C. Pestana, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais under the protocol number 38538714.20000.5149. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
