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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NKdSBqdwBh4h5pFxtBHMdRx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230158</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Utilidade da Idade, Creatinina e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o - Modifica&#231;&#227;o da Dieta no Escore de Doen&#231;a Renal para Prever a Sobreviv&#234;ncia em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9579-5509</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ven&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Rengin &#199;etin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6738-266X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ven&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Tolga Sinan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;avu&#351;o&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Y&#252;ksel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Temizhan</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Birhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Okan University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Okan University Faculty of Medicine , Department of Cardiology , Istanbul &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istinye University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Istinye University Faculty of Medicine , Department of Cardiology , Istanbul &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Eskisehir Osmangazi University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Eskisehir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Department of Cardiology , Eskisehir &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ankara City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Ankara City Hospital , Department of Cardiology , Ankara &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dokuz Eylul University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine , Department of Cardiology , Izmir &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Rengin &#199;etin G&#252;ven&#231; &#8226; Tepeoren District Tuzla Campus, Istanbul Okan University, 34959 Tuzla/Istanbul E-mail: <email>rcguvenc1@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230158</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Utilidade da Idade, Creatinina e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o - Modifica&#231;&#227;o da Dieta no Escore de Doen&#231;a Renal para Prever a Sobreviv&#234;ncia em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Resumo do desenho do estudo e principais conclus&#245;es. ACEF: Idade, creatinina e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (Age, creatinine and ejection fraction) MDRD: Dieta Modificada em Doen&#231;a Renal (Modified Diet in Renal Disease).</attrib>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NKdSBqdwBh4h5pFxtBHMdRx/a32a7fc672a65c343cb0355f1cf5ef13d0cccb02.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Embora muitos modelos de risco tenham sido desenvolvidos para prever o progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), esses modelos raramente s&#227;o &#250;teis para o cl&#237;nico, pois incluem m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis que podem ser demoradas para serem obtidas, s&#227;o geralmente dif&#237;ceis de calcular e podem sofrer de <italic>overfitting</italic> estat&#237;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Investigar se um modelo mais simples, nomeadamente o escore ACEF-MDRD, poderia ser usado para prever a mortalidade em um ano em pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>748 casos do registro SELFIE-HF tinham dados completos para calcular o escore ACEF-MDRD. Os pacientes foram agrupados em tercis para an&#225;lise. Para todos os testes, um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi aceito como significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Significativamente mais pacientes dentro do tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>alto</sub> (30,0%) morreram dentro de um ano, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros tercis (10,8% e 16,1%, respectivamente, para ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo</sub> e ACEF-MDRD <sub>med</sub> , p&lt;0,001 para ambas as compara&#231;&#245;es). Houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o gradual na sobrevida em um ano &#224; medida que o escore ACEF-MDRD aumentou (log-rank p&lt;0,001). ACEF-MDRD foi preditor independente de sobrevida ap&#243;s ajuste para outras vari&#225;veis (OR: 1,14, IC95%:1,04 &#8211; 1,24, p=0,006). O escore ACEF-MDRD ofereceu precis&#227;o semelhante ao escore GWTG-HF para prever a mortalidade em um ano (p=0,14).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>ACEF-MDRD &#233; um preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com IC e sua utilidade &#233; compar&#225;vel a modelos semelhantes, por&#233;m mais complicados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobreviv&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Estima-se que pelo menos 23 milh&#245;es de pessoas tenham insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), tornando-a uma das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares mais comuns na era contempor&#226;nea. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar dos avan&#231;os no rastreio, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da IC, as taxas de mortalidade permanecem elevadas, com uma taxa de 121 por 1.000 pacientes-ano para pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) e 141 por 1.000 pacientes para pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora o julgamento cl&#237;nico e os par&#226;metros individuais sejam comumente empregados para progn&#243;stico, m&#250;ltiplos modelos de risco tamb&#233;m est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para estimar a mortalidade e orientar decis&#245;es de manejo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um problema comum com estes modelos de risco &#233; que eles geralmente sofrem de &#8220; <italic>overfitting</italic> &#8221; de m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis redundantes que n&#227;o s&#227;o &#250;teis na estimativa do progn&#243;stico em outras coortes de IC onde o a taxa de mortalidade difere da coorte de deriva&#231;&#227;o original. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a necessidade de usar in&#250;meras vari&#225;veis (e &#224;s vezes trabalhosas de obter) para calcular um &#250;nico escore de risco para cada paciente com IC geralmente torna esses escores impratic&#225;veis para uso cl&#237;nico em uma cl&#237;nica movimentada.</p>
      <p>O escore de idade, creatinina e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (ACEF) foi inicialmente desenvolvido para prever a mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria ap&#243;s cirurgia cardiovascular, mantendo a &#8220;lei da parcim&#244;nia&#8221; em mente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, estudos posteriores encontraram o escore ACEF ou suas modifica&#231;&#245;es simples calculadas pela substitui&#231;&#227;o da creatinina com taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) com a equa&#231;&#227;o Dieta Modificada em Doen&#231;a Renal (MDRD) - o escore ACEF-MDRD - foram &#250;teis para prever mortalidade ou complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas ou estruturais, bem como aqueles que apresentavam s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> As vari&#225;veis individuais utilizadas para calcular o escore ACEF j&#225; foram demonstradas como preditoras de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade em pacientes com IC, e &#233; razo&#225;vel considerar que um escore calculado usando essas vari&#225;veis teria melhor utilidade na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Na presente an&#225;lise, procuramos investigar se o escore ACEF-MDRD poderia prever a mortalidade em um ano em pacientes com IC e entender como o escore ACEF-MDRD se compara a outros modelos estabelecidos, por&#233;m mais complexos, como o Get With The Guidelines &#8211; Heart Failure &#8211; Siga as Diretrizes - de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (GWTG-HF).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A concep&#231;&#227;o e execu&#231;&#227;o do registo SELFIE-TR j&#225; foram publicadas anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Para resumir, 23 centros de estudo representando todas as &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas da Turquia foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo SELFIE-TR. O diagn&#243;stico de IC foi estabelecido por meio de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ecocardiogr&#225;fica e laboratorial, e o diagn&#243;stico foi confirmado de forma independente por pelo menos dois cardiologistas que trabalham em cada centro de estudo. Todos os pacientes com 18 anos ou mais e que aceitaram inscri&#231;&#227;o no estudo foram inclu&#237;dos; nenhum crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foi utilizado. Foram inclu&#237;dos mil e cinquenta e quatro pacientes, e recentemente foram disponibilizados dados de sobrevida em um ano para 1.022 desses 1.054 pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Desses pacientes, 748 tinham dados completos para calcular o escore ACEF-MDRD, e todas as an&#225;lises foram feitas usando esses registros.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes do registro SELFIE-TR deram seu consentimento informado antes da inclus&#227;o, e o presente estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios descritos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1975 e suas revis&#245;es. O estudo foi aprovado por um comit&#234; de &#233;tica (aprova&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 288-AU/003), e a aprova&#231;&#227;o regulat&#243;ria foi obtida em cada centro de estudos de acordo com leis e outros regulamentos.</p>
      <p>Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais foram feitas nos centros individuais e as amostras utilizadas para an&#225;lises foram retiradas logo ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o do paciente no estudo. Nem todas as medidas estavam dispon&#237;veis para todos os pacientes devido &#224;s diferen&#231;as entre os centros em rela&#231;&#227;o aos recursos locais. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular foi calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi medida com ecocardiografia bidimensional em cada centro de estudo com o m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado por dois cardiologistas cegos para a medi&#231;&#227;o um do outro, e uma m&#233;dia dessas duas medi&#231;&#245;es foi tomada como resultado final. O escore ACEF-MDRD foi calculado da seguinte forma:</p>
      <p>Idade/fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o + 1 ponto para cada redu&#231;&#227;o de 10 mL/min na TFG quando a TFG estava abaixo de 60 ml/m <sup>2</sup> /min.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi determinado pelo n&#250;mero de casos eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o, e nenhuma an&#225;lise de poder foi feita devido &#224; natureza observacional do estudo. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi dividida em tr&#234;s tercis para an&#225;lise dos dados. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IQR), conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Padr&#245;es de distribui&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e igualdade de vari&#226;ncias entre tercis foram testados com testes de Shapiro-Wilk e Levene, respectivamente. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foram utilizados testes ANOVA unidirecional com corre&#231;&#227;o de Welch ou testes de Kruskal-Wallis, dependendo da presen&#231;a de padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. An&#225;lises post-hoc para ANOVA unidirecional foram feitas utilizando os testes HSD de Tukey ou Games-Howell, enquanto o teste Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner foi utilizado para an&#225;lises feitas com o teste Kruskal-Wallis. Para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado para compara&#231;&#245;es. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram tra&#231;adas para an&#225;lise de sobrevida e os tercis individuais foram comparados com o teste log-rank. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox foi utilizado para determinar preditores individuais de mortalidade em um ano. Todos os par&#226;metros com valor de p &lt;0,10 na regress&#227;o univariada de Cox foram inclu&#237;dos no modelo inicial, e um crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o retroativo foi utilizado para construir o modelo final. Curvas receptor-operador foram tra&#231;adas para analisar a acur&#225;cia preditiva do ACEF-MDRD para a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em um ano. Al&#233;m disso, o teste de DeLong foi utilizado para determinar se o ACEF-MDRD n&#227;o era inferior ao escore GWTG-HF em termos de precis&#227;o. O &#237;ndice l&#237;quido de melhoria da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o (NRI) foi calculado conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo para todas as an&#225;lises. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas usando Jamovi (The Jamovi project - 2020). Jamovi vers&#227;o 1.2 para Microsoft Windows), que &#233; uma interface gr&#225;fica de usu&#225;rio para linguagem R (R Core Team (2019). R: Uma linguagem e ambiente para computa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica. Vers&#227;o 3.6 para Microsoft Windows) e SPSS 25.0 (IBM Inc, Armonk, EUA).</p>
        <p>Para evitar perda de dados na regress&#227;o de Cox e no teste de DeLong, um procedimento de imputa&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla foi utilizado para prever valores faltantes. Um total de 5 imputa&#231;&#245;es foram feitas, e os resultados de uma estimativa conjunta dessas 5 imputa&#231;&#245;es foram apresentados como resultado sempre que poss&#237;vel. Para todos os outros testes estat&#237;sticos, foram utilizados dados originais e o n&#250;mero de casos em que os dados estavam dispon&#237;veis foi indicado entre par&#234;nteses. Como os dados sobre pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos eram muito escassos para serem imputados (&gt; 50% dos dados estavam faltando), uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo separada foi realizada para entender como a precis&#227;o progn&#243;stica do escore ACEFMDRD foi comparada com a do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-tipo B N-terminal (NT-proBNP) em pacientes nos quais os dados estavam dispon&#237;veis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A m&#233;dia de idade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 63,7 &#177; 13,1 anos e 524 pacientes (70,1%) eram do sexo masculino. A mediana do escore ACEF-MDRD na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 2,43 (1,73 - 3,74) e a mediana do escore ACEF-MDRD foi de 1,51 (1,29 - 1,73), 2,41 (2,13 - 2,80) e 4,60 (3,74 - 5,77) para tercis ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo</sub> , ACEF-MDRD <sub>med</sub> e ACEF-MDRD <sub>alto</sub> , respectivamente. Cento e quarenta e dois pacientes (19,0%) faleceram ao final do acompanhamento de um ano.</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes foram resumidas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>. Como esperado, houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os tercis em termos de caracter&#237;sticas. Os pacientes dentro do tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>alto</sub> eram mais propensos a serem mais velhos e do sexo masculino do que o tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo</sub> . Sintomas e sinais individuais de congest&#227;o e IC foram mais frequentes em pacientes dentro do tercil alto da ACEF-MDRD, e mais pacientes neste tercil apresentaram sintomas de classe 3 ou 4 da New York Heart Association (NYHA) em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros tercis. Al&#233;m de apresentar maior creatinina e menor taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular no in&#237;cio do estudo, a hemoglobina e a albumina foram significativamente mais baixas, e o NT-proBNP foi significativamente maior no tercil alto do ACEF-MDRD. Por fim, tanto a frequ&#234;ncia de pacientes com pelo menos uma interna&#231;&#227;o quanto o n&#250;mero total de interna&#231;&#245;es repetidas foram mais frequentes no tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>alto</sub> , e a mortalidade foi significativamente maior neste &#250;ltimo tercil em compara&#231;&#227;o com ACEF-MDRD <sub>med</sub> e ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo</sub> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos tercis da ACEF-MDRD</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>baixo</bold></sub> (n=249)</th>
                <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>med</bold></sub> (n=249)</th>
                <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>alto</bold></sub> (n=250)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Anos de idade)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">57,5&#177;13,3</td>
                <td align="center">65,1&#177;11,6***</td>
                <td align="center">68,6&#177;11,7***</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo: Feminino)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">61 (24,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (24,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (40,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso (kg) (n=624)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">79,1&#177;14,9</td>
                <td align="center">76,3&#177;14,6</td>
                <td align="center">74,8&#177;14,2*</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Altura (cm) (n=620)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">167,0&#177;8,22</td>
                <td align="center">167,0&#177;8,34</td>
                <td align="center">165,0&#177;8,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#181;</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>) (n=616)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28,5&#177;4,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,3&#177;4,8*</td>
                <td align="center">27,4&#177;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sinais vitais</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg) (n=663)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">120,0&#177;18,3</td>
                <td align="center">121,0&#177;17,9</td>
                <td align="center">119,0&#177;19,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg) (n=663)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">73,8&#177;10,3</td>
                <td align="center">73,2&#177;11,2</td>
                <td align="center">74,1&#177;12,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batimentos/m) (n=657)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">79,0&#177;17,1</td>
                <td align="center">80,2&#177;17,7</td>
                <td align="center">82,1&#177;16,7*</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo ativo (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">51 (2,05%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (14,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (15,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">50 (20,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (30,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (34,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o (ativa ou passada) (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">96 (38,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (45,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (53,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28 (11,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (15,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (11,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,261</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">123 (49,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (49,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (48,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;via</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>ICP (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">96 (38,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (36,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (37,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>CRM (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">47 (18,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (25,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (20,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (%) (n=672)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">57 (25,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (29,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (26,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Etiologia (n=666)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Cardiomiopatia Isqu&#234;mica (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">134 (62,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (61,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">143 (63,8%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/Outros (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">82 (28,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (38,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (36,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Novo (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">43 (17,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (23,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (35,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">67 (26,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (46,4%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Falha cr&#244;nica do cora&#231;&#227;o (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">182 (73,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (66,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">134 (53,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sintomas na apresenta&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Dispneia aos esfor&#231;os di&#225;rios (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">55 (22,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (27,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (48,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Dispneia parox&#237;stica</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">23 (9,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (11,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (12,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Congestionamento autorrelatado (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">39 (15,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (21,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (42,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Palpita&#231;&#245;es (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (6,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (9,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Resultados do exame</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Distens&#227;o venosa jugular (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28 (11,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (28,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (31,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Edema Pr&#233;-tibial (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">77 (30,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (35,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (43,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Crepita&#231;&#245;es (%) (n=737)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">58 (23,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (35,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">136 (55,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Aula da NYHA</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>NYHA 1 ou 2 (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">160 (76,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">143 (63,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (41,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>NYHA 3 ou 4 (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">48 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (36,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (58,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dispositivos Card&#237;acos Implant&#225;veis</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Marcapasso VVI (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15 (5,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (4,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (6,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Marcapasso DDD (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>CDI (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">35 (14,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (20,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (19,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (6,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (7,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Valores de p abaixo de 0,05 foram apresentados em negrito. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PA: press&#227;o arterial; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; CDI: desfibrilador cardioversor implant&#225;vel; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. *valor de p&lt;0,05 comparado ao tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo.</sub> ** valor de p &lt;0,01 &lt;0,05 comparado ao tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo.</sub> *** valor p &lt;0,001 &lt;0,05 comparado ao tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo.</sub></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores laboratoriais, medicamentos e resultados para tercis ACEF-MDRD</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>baixo</bold></sub> (n=249)</th>
                <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>med</bold></sub> (n=249)</th>
                <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>alto</bold></sub> (n=250)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl) (n=738)</td>
                <td align="center">13,5&#177;2,01</td>
                <td align="center">13,2&#177;1,77</td>
                <td align="center">12,2&#177;1,98***</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue (n=621)</td>
                <td align="center">21,0&#177;11,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,1&#177;14,7***</td>
                <td align="center">40,2&#177;21,1***</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">0,90&#177;0,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,00&#177;0,23**</td>
                <td align="center">1,71&#177;0,81***</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG-MDRD</td>
                <td align="center">91,8&#177;23,7</td>
                <td align="center">79,7&#177;23,5***</td>
                <td align="center">46,2&#177;21,5***</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP (n=44)</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 (20,4-64,2)</td>
                <td align="center">70,7 (33,3-116,0)</td>
                <td align="center">30,3 (21,5-40,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP (n=211)</td>
                <td align="center">941,0 (498,0-2660,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1537,0 (634,0-4850,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2798,0 (560,0-5310,0) *</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (n=739)</td>
                <td align="center">138,0 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">138,0&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">137,0&#177;6,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumina (n=426)</td>
                <td align="center">3,94&#177;0,60</td>
                <td align="center">3,92&#177;0,69</td>
                <td align="center">3,74&#177;0,70***</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidores da ECA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (68,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">162 (65,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">160 (64,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (32,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (33,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (40,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueadores beta (%)</td>
                <td align="center">224 (90,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">229 (92,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">229 (91,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueadores dos receptores mineralocorticoides (%)</td>
                <td align="center">149 (59,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">160 (64,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (56,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (38,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (46,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (46,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (8,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (15,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Resultados</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pelo menos uma interna&#231;&#227;o durante o acompanhamento (%) (n=670)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (51,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (60,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (67,7%)***</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero total de interna&#231;&#245;es durante o acompanhamento (%) (n=668)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,00-1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,00-2,00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,00-2,25)***</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade por todas as causas (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (10,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (16,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (30,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Valores de p abaixo de 0,05 foram apresentados em negrito. BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B, TFG-MDRD: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular calculada com a f&#243;rmula Dieta Modificada em Doen&#231;a Renal, NT-proBNP: N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B. *valor de p&lt;0,05 comparado ao tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo.</sub> ** valor de p &lt;0,01 &lt;0,05 comparado ao tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo.</sub> *** valor p &lt;0,001 &lt;0,05 comparado ao tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo.</sub></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Os gr&#225;ficos de barras mostram a porcentagem de pacientes que morreram dentro de um ano de acompanhamento. As taxas m&#233;dias de mortalidade previstas em um ano foram de 0,12, 0,16 e 0,29, respectivamente, para tercis de escore ACEF-MDRD baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto. ACEF-MDRD: Escore de Idade, Creatinina e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o - Dieta Modificada em Doen&#231;a Renal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230158-30158-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As curvas de Kaplan-Meier para sobrevida em um ano e riscos cumulativos para tercis foram fornecidas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> . Houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os tercis ACEF-MDRD em termos de sobrevida em um ano. Em compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas, os pacientes no tercil ACEF <sub>alto</sub> tiveram sobrevida em um ano significativamente menor do que o tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo</sub> e ACEF-MDRD <sub>med</sub> (p&lt;0,001). Houve tamb&#233;m uma tend&#234;ncia de menor sobrevida no tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>med</sub> em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tercil ACEF-MDRD <sub>baixo</sub> , mas isso n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (p=0,08).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier para sobrevida em um ano (A) e taxa de risco cumulativo (B) para tercis ACEF-MDRD. As &#225;reas coloridas ao redor das linhas s&#243;lidas indicam intervalos de confian&#231;a. ACEF-MDRD: Escore de Idade, Creatinina e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o - Dieta Modificada em Doen&#231;a Renal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230158-30158-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os preditores univariados e multivariados de mortalidade foram fornecidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . Ap&#243;s ajuste, houve uma rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre cada aumento de um ponto no escore ACEF-MDRD e a mortalidade em um ano. Al&#233;m do ACEF-MDRD, outros par&#226;metros associados &#224; mortalidade foram a presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o autorreferida na admiss&#227;o, menor s&#243;dio e maior classe NYHA.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preditores univariados e multivariados de mortalidade em um ano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OU (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>OU (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o (IC aguda)</td>
                <td align="center">3,56 (2,54 &#8211; 5,00)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,26 (1,55 &#8211; 3,29)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Congestionamento auto-relatado (presen&#231;a de)</td>
                <td align="center">2,95 (2,12 &#8211; 4,10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia (presen&#231;a de)</td>
                <td align="center">2,43 (1,75 &#8211; 3,38)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (aumento por batimentos/minuto)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (1,00 &#8211; 1,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna (presen&#231;a de)</td>
                <td align="center">2,02 (1,34 &#8211; 3,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Distens&#227;o jugular (presen&#231;a de)</td>
                <td align="center">2,10 (1,50 &#8211; 2,96)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Edema pr&#233;-tibial (presen&#231;a de)</td>
                <td align="center">1,50 (1,08 &#8211; 2,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Crepita&#231;&#245;es (presen&#231;a de)</td>
                <td align="center">3,12 (2,21 &#8211; 4,39)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (aumento por g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 (0,78 &#8211; 0,91)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (aumento por g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,94 &#8211; 0,98)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,95 &#8211; 0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA (Classe 3/4)</td>
                <td align="center">4,02 (2,77 &#8211; 5,82)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,45 (1,60 &#8211; 3,72)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACEF-MDRD (por aumento de 1 ponto)</td>
                <td align="center">1,28 (1,17 &#8211; 1,38)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,14 (1,04 &#8211; 1,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis que tiveram valor de p &lt;0,1 foram fornecidas na tabela. As vari&#225;veis do modelo final foram fornecidas nas colunas relevantes. NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>ACEF-MDRD apresentou estat&#237;stica-c global de 0,66 &#177; 0,03 para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em um ano e, para ponto de corte de 2,71, teve sensibilidade de 71,1%, especificidade de 61,9%, valor preditivo positivo de 30,1%. e valor preditivo negativo de 90,1%. Todas as vari&#225;veis componentes do ACEF-MDRD tiveram uma estat&#237;stica C mais baixa para prever a mortalidade em um ano em compara&#231;&#227;o com o ACEF-MDRD (idade: 0,62 &#177; 0,03, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: 0,64 &#177; 0,03, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular: 0,56 &#177; 0,03, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular: 0,56 &#177; 0,03, p=0,001).</p>
      <p>Em um modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada composto pelos escores ACEF-MDRD e GWTG-HF ambos foram encontrados como preditores independentes de mortalidade em um ano (OR:1,08 (IC95%:1,05 - 1,11), p&lt;0,001 para escore GWTG-HF e OR:1,12 (IC95%: 1,02 - 1,23), p=0,02 para ACEF-MDRD). Para prever a mortalidade em um ano, o escore GWTG-HF apresentou estat&#237;stica c de 0,70 &#177; 0,02, e a diferen&#231;a entre o escore GWTG-HF e o ACEF-MDRD n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> ). No geral, o NRI foi de 0,107, indicando uma melhoria na previs&#227;o de mortalidade com o escore ACEF-MDRD em rela&#231;&#227;o ao escore GWTG-HF. Os componentes individuais das an&#225;lises do NRI mostraram que a previs&#227;o correta da mortalidade em um ano foi ligeiramente inferior com o ACEF-MDRD (NRIe -0,023), mas a previs&#227;o da sobrevida em um ano foi muito melhor quando o ACEF-MDRD foi usado (NRIne 0,130).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas receptor-operador para modelos ACEF-MDRD e GWTG-HF para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em um ano na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. As linhas interrompidas mostram curvas reais, enquanto as linhas s&#243;lidas mostram suaviza&#231;&#227;o LOESS para compara&#231;&#227;o de dois modelos. ACEF-MDRD: Idade, Creatinina e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o - Escore de Dieta Modificada em Doen&#231;a Renal, GWTG-HF: Siga as Diretrizes - Escore de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230158-30158-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>No subgrupo de pacientes nos quais um NT-proBNP estava dispon&#237;vel (n = 211, 28,2% da amostra do estudo), o NT-proBNP foi significativamente maior em pacientes que morreram ao final de um ano em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que sobreviveram ( 2510 (390 - 4994) pg/ml vs. 1399 (547 - 4113) pg/ml, p&lt;0,001). Comparado ao NT-proBNP, a capacidade preditiva do escore ACEF-MDRD foi significativamente maior ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> suplementar). O escore ACEF-MDRD permaneceu um preditor significativo de mortalidade em um ano ap&#243;s ajuste para NT-proBNP neste subgrupo (OR: 1,45, IC 95%: 1,22 - 1,73, p&lt;0,001).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Tal como muitas outras doen&#231;as m&#233;dicas, o progn&#243;stico de um determinado paciente com IC tem uma natureza estoc&#225;stica &#8211; e n&#227;o determin&#237;stica. Como resultado direto, um modelo de risco nunca poderia ter uma capacidade discriminat&#243;ria perfeita para a mortalidade, independentemente da complexidade do modelo. Usar muitas vari&#225;veis para um modelo de risco torna-o menos &#250;til para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e aumenta o risco de &#8220; <italic>overfitting</italic> &#8221; &#8211; o que amea&#231;a a precis&#227;o de um modelo quando aplicado a popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes da amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o original. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> De prefer&#234;ncia, um modelo deve seguir o &#8220;lei da parcim&#244;nia&#8221; e cont&#233;m o menor n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis com maior valor, em vez de incluir todas as vari&#225;veis que fornecem apenas um aumento marginal na precis&#227;o. O presente estudo mostrou que um escore de risco simples composto apenas por tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis tem boa precis&#227;o preditiva para mortalidade em um ano e apresenta desempenho bastante compar&#225;vel a escores de risco mais complexos, como o modelo GWTG-HF. As principais conclus&#245;es do presente trabalho est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> .</p>
      <p>Os modelos de risco t&#234;m desvantagens importantes que limitam a sua utilidade. Um modelo de risco de IC poderia fornecer resultados imprecisos quando aplicado a popula&#231;&#245;es al&#233;m da sua deriva&#231;&#227;o inicial; eles raramente s&#227;o precisos na previs&#227;o do progn&#243;stico para pacientes com IC individuais e podem se tornar obsoletos com o tempo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> No entanto, ainda s&#227;o convenientes, pois os modelos de risco permitem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais objetiva da esperan&#231;a m&#233;dia de vida e podem ser &#250;teis para selecionar a estrat&#233;gia de gest&#227;o ideal para um determinado paciente com IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Mesmo modelos de risco com valida&#231;&#227;o externa s&#227;o subutilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, talvez pelas limita&#231;&#245;es e pela inconveni&#234;ncia de encontrar e inserir m&#250;ltiplos dados para calcular o escore final. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Escore de risco MAGGIC, que tem uma boa base de evid&#234;ncias para validade e um formid&#225;vel escore c de 0,74 para mortalidade quando aplicado a outras coortes de IC, precisa de 13 vari&#225;veis diferentes para serem inseridas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O escore GWTG-HF teve uma capacidade preditiva aceit&#225;vel para mortalidade em um ano (c- o escore variou entre 0,64 - 0,67 para ICFEr e ICFEp, respectivamente), embora fossem necess&#225;rias apenas 7 vari&#225;veis que tornassem o escore GWTG-HF um pouco mais f&#225;cil de calcular e mais compat&#237;vel com a lei da parcim&#244;nia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Os resultados atuais indicam que o escore ACEF-MDRD poderia prever a mortalidade em um ano com uma precis&#227;o compar&#225;vel ao escore GWTG e, semelhante ao escore GWTG-HF, poderia ser aplicado a popula&#231;&#245;es com IC, independentemente do fen&#243;tipo apresentado. O escore ACEF-MDRD teve a vantagem adicional de usar tr&#234;s par&#226;metros simples e universalmente dispon&#237;veis que tornam seu c&#225;lculo conveniente, tornando-o um pouco mais adequado para ir al&#233;m do &#8220;dom&#237;nio da pesquisa&#8221; para o mundo real do que outros modelos de risco.</p>
      <p>Os componentes do escore ACEF n&#227;o s&#227;o usados apenas como preditores independentes de progn&#243;stico na IC, mas tamb&#233;m uma ou mais dessas vari&#225;veis s&#227;o comumente encontradas em quase todos os escores de risco de IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A combina&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis permite uma estimativa global do expectativa de vida, comorbidades, fun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e desempenho ventricular esquerdo. Apesar da disponibilidade de m&#250;ltiplos estudos que demonstram a capacidade preditiva do escore ACEF em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, incluindo pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente ou aqueles submetidos a cirurgia cardiovascular ou interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas, os dados sobre a utilidade progn&#243;stica do escore ACEF em pacientes com IC s&#227;o extremamente limitados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Chen et al. estudaram ACEF e ACEF-MDRD em 862 pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica e descobriram que ambos os escores tinham uma boa capacidade discriminativa (a estat&#237;stica C foi de 0,73 para ACEF e 0,72 para ACEF-MDRD, respectivamente). No entanto, n&#227;o ficou claro se estes pacientes tinham IC concomitante, uma vez que este estudo foi apresentado apenas como um resumo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Os resultados atuais sugerem que o escore ACEF-MDRD &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade em todos os pacientes com IC, independentemente da etiologia subjacente, apresenta&#231;&#227;o, ou fen&#243;tipo, tornando-se assim uma ferramenta potencialmente &#250;til para v&#225;rios pacientes.</p>
      <p>Note-se que o escore ACEF-MDRD n&#227;o foi desenvolvida a partir da presente amostra, mas aplicada a ela e, como tal, a presente an&#225;lise em si deve ser considerada um estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o. Embora muitos estudos tenham relatado uma precis&#227;o preditiva mais impressionante para seus modelos do que os n&#250;meros fornecidos neste estudo, eles carecem de valida&#231;&#227;o externa ou sua precis&#227;o preditiva &#233; substancialmente menor quando testados em amostras diferentes de suas coortes de deriva&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Dado que as estat&#237;sticas C fornecidas raramente excede 0,8 para quase todos os modelos, o uso de um &#237;ndice com uma precis&#227;o preditiva bastante modesta poderia ser justificado dada a simplicidade do c&#225;lculo (que poderia ser feito at&#233; mesmo com caneta e papel), tornando-o pr&#225;tico para o uso di&#225;rio e a falta de &#8220; <italic>overfitting</italic> &#8221; - tornando-o adequado para uso em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es de IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os tratamentos dispon&#237;veis para a IC s&#227;o numerosos na era contempor&#226;nea e os algoritmos fornecidos para orientar as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento n&#227;o s&#227;o baseados em evid&#234;ncias. Embora a principal expectativa de um modelo de risco seja uma estimativa da mortalidade global, &#233;, no entanto, mais &#250;til quando pode orientar as decis&#245;es de tratamento. V&#225;rios estudos mostraram que modelos de risco poderiam ser utilizados para esse fim. Por exemplo, foi demonstrado que o Modelo de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Seattle (SHFM) prediz a mortalidade ap&#243;s o implante de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Se o escore ACEF-MDRD poderia ser utilizado de forma semelhante seria uma perspectiva interessante para pesquisa em estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>Os presentes resultados indicam que o escore ACEF-MDRD teve uma capacidade discriminativa bastante modesta para mortalidade. Adicionar novas vari&#225;veis &#224; equa&#231;&#227;o seria uma forma de melhorar a precis&#227;o, uma vez que nossos achados indicam que o escore ACEF por si s&#243; n&#227;o explica toda a variabilidade na mortalidade. No entanto, esta abordagem violaria o princ&#237;pio fundador do escore ACEF, que utilizava um n&#250;mero limitado de preditores em vez de todas as vari&#225;veis com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise multivariada. Outra forma seria encontrar preditores de mortalidade semelhantes, por&#233;m mais poderosos, para redesenhar o escore ACEF-MDRD. Embora os componentes individuais do escore ACEF sejam preditores independentes de mortalidade, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se s&#227;o os melhores preditores, uma vez que o escore ACEF n&#227;o foi desenvolvido para prever a mortalidade ap&#243;s IC. Como tal, melhores preditores poderiam ser usados para substituir os componentes principais do escore ACEF, mas a lei da parcim&#244;nia ainda deve ser aplicada para manter os preditores no m&#237;nimo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Apesar do desenho multic&#234;ntrico do estudo, o n&#250;mero de pacientes inscritos foi bastante limitado, afetando assim o poder da an&#225;lise. Algumas vari&#225;veis estavam faltando e precisavam ser imputadas para an&#225;lises multivariadas. Os dados faltantes foram superiores a 50% para algumas vari&#225;veis, e esses par&#226;metros - principalmente os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos - n&#227;o puderam ser inclu&#237;dos nas an&#225;lises multivariadas. Embora o ACEF-MDRD parecesse ter um significado progn&#243;stico independente no subgrupo de 211 pacientes nos quais as concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-proBNP estavam dispon&#237;veis, esta an&#225;lise foi invariavelmente tendenciosa devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra e &#224; disponibilidade de dados de alguns centros. Assim, uma amostra maior &#233; necess&#225;ria para determinar se o escore ACEF-MDRD tem utilidade adicional em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos. Da mesma forma, escores preditivos como o escore MAGGIC ou o Modelo de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Seattle n&#227;o puderam ser calculados devido &#224; falta de dados, portanto a utilidade do ACEF-MDRD em rela&#231;&#227;o a essas ferramentas permanece incerta. Finalmente, embora os presentes resultados forne&#231;am uma verifica&#231;&#227;o externa para o escore ACEF-MDRD, mais dados de estudos adicionais aumentariam a confiabilidade para uso cl&#237;nico futuro do escore ACEF-MDRD em pacientes com IC.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O escore ACEF-MDRD &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade em um ano em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e sua acur&#225;cia preditiva &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224; do escore GWTG-HF. Em contraste com outros modelos &#8220;complexos&#8221; que necessitam de m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis e ferramentas especializadas para c&#225;lculo, o ACEF-MDRD necessita de tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis simples para estimativa de mortalidade, tornando-se uma alternativa bastante mais conveniente para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores desejam agradecer a todos os investigadores do estudo SELFIE-HF pelas suas contribui&#231;&#245;es para a base de dados SELFIE-HF.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Ankara Kecioren Training and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 288-AU/003. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn_ast1">
        <label> * </label>
        <p>Um preprint deste artigo foi publicado anteriormente no Authorea e pode ser encontrado no endere&#231;o web <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162436988.81924600/v1">https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162436988.81924600/v1</ext-link> </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Usefulness of Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction - Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Score for Predicting Survival in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9579-5509</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ven&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Rengin &#199;etin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6738-266X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ven&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Tolga Sinan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;avu&#351;o&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Y&#252;ksel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Temizhan</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Birhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Okan University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Istinye University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Ankara City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Ankara &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Izmir &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Rengin &#199;etin G&#252;ven&#231; &#8226; Tepeoren District Tuzla Campus, Istanbul Okan University, 34959 Tuzla/Istanbul E-mail: rcguvenc1@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Usefulness of Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction - Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Score for Predicting Survival in Patients with Heart Failure</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Summary of the study design and key findings. ACEF: Age, creatinine and ejection fraction, MDRD: Modified Diet in Renal Disease.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230158-30158-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>While many risk models have been developed to predict prognosis in heart failure (HF), these models are rarely useful for the clinical practitioner as they include multiple variables that might be time-consuming to obtain, they are usually difficult to calculate, and they may suffer from statistical overfitting.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To investigate whether a simpler model, namely the ACEF-MDRD score, could be used for predicting one-year mortality in HF patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>748 cases within the SELFIE-HF registry had complete data to calculate the ACEF-MDRD score. Patients were grouped into tertiles for analyses. For all tests, a p-value &lt;0.05 was accepted as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Significantly more patients within the ACEF-MDRD <sub>high</sub> tertile (30.0%) died within one year, as compared to other tertiles (10.8% and 16.1%, respectively, for ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> and ACEF-MDRD <sub>med</sub> , p&lt;0.001 for both comparisons). There was a stepwise decrease in one-year survival as the ACEF-MDRD score increased (log-rank p&lt;0.001). ACEF-MDRD was an independent predictor of survival after adjusting for other variables (OR: 1.14, 95%CI:1.04 &#8211; 1.24, p=0.006). ACEF-MDRD score offered similar accuracy to the GWTG-HF score for predicting one-year mortality (p=0.14).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>ACEF-MDRD is a predictor of mortality in patients with HF, and its usefulness is comparable to similar yet more complicated models.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Survivorship</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>It has been estimated that at least 23 million people have heart failure (HF), making it one of the most common cardiovascular disorders in the contemporary age. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite the advances in the screening, diagnosis, and management of HF, mortality rates remain high, with a rate of 121 per 1000 patient-years for patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and 141 per 1000 patients for patients with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> While clinical judgment and individual parameters are commonly employed for prognostication, multiple risk models are also available to estimate mortality and to guide management decisions. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A common issue with these risk models is that they generally suffer from &#8220;overfitting&#8221; of multiple redundant variables that are not useful in estimating prognosis in other HF cohorts where the mortality rate differs from the original derivation cohort. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Moreover, the necessity of using numerous (and sometimes laborious to obtain) variables to calculate a single risk score for each HF patient usually renders these scores impractical for clinical use in a busy clinic.</p>
        <p>Age, creatinine, and ejection fraction (ACEF) score was initially developed to predict postoperative mortality after cardiovascular surgery while keeping the &#8220;law of parsimony&#8221; in mind. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, later studies have found the ACEF score or its simple modifications computed by substituting creatinine with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation - the ACEF-MDRD score - were useful to predict mortality or complications following percutaneous coronary or structural interventions, as well as those who had acute coronary syndromes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Individual variables used to calculate the ACEF score have already been shown as predictors of hospitalizations and mortality in patients with HF, and it is reasonable to consider that a score calculated using these variables would have better usefulness in predicting mortality in HF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In the present analysis, we sought to investigate whether the ACEF-MDRD score could predict one-year mortality in HF patients and to understand how the ACEF-MDRD score compares to other established but more complex models, such as the Get With The Guidelines - Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) score.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The design and execution of the SELFIE-TR registry have been published before. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> To summarize, 23 study centers representing all geographic areas in Turkey were included in the SELFIE-TR study. The diagnosis of HF was established using a combination of clinical evaluation, echocardiographic, and laboratory findings, and the diagnosis was independently confirmed by at least two cardiologists working at each study center. All patients 18 years old or older and accepted enrolment to the study were included; no exclusion criteria were used. One thousand fifty-four patients were enrolled, and one-year survival data became recently available for 1022 out of these 1054 patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Of these patients, 748 had complete data to calculate the ACEF-MDRD score, and all analyses were done using these records.</p>
        <p>All patients in the SELFIE-TR registry gave their informed consent before inclusion, and the present study was conducted according to the principles outlined in the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and its revisions. The study was approved by an ethics committee (approval no 288-AU/003), and regulatory approval was obtained in each study center per laws and other regulations.</p>
        <p>All laboratory measurements were done at the individual centers, and samples used for analyses were withdrawn soon after the inclusion of the patient in the study. Not all measurements were available for all patients due to the differences between the centers regarding local resources. The glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the MDRD equation. Ejection fraction was measured with two-dimensional echocardiography in each study center with modified Simpson&#8217;s method by two cardiologists blinded to each other&#8217;s measurement, and an average of these two measurements was taken as the final result. ACEF-MDRD score was calculated as follows:</p>
        <p>Age/ejection fraction + 1 point per every 10 mL/min reduction in GFR when GRF was below 60 ml/m <sup>2</sup> /min.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>The sample size was determined by the number of cases eligible for inclusion, and no power analyses were done due to the study&#8217;s observational nature. The study population was divided into three tertiles for data analysis. Continuous variables were given as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR) as appropriate. Categorical variables are presented through absolute and relative frequencies. Patterns of distribution of continuous variables and equality of variances across tertiles were tested with Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. For continuous variables, either a one-way ANOVA test with Welch correction or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used depending on the presence of a normal distribution pattern. Post-hoc analyses for one-way ANOVA were done using Tukey&#8217;s HSD or Games-Howell tests, while the Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner test was used for analyses done with the Kruskal-Wallis test. For categorical variables, the chi-square test was used for comparisons. Kaplan-Meier curves were drawn for survival analysis, and individual tertiles were compared with the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine individual predictors of one-year mortality. All parameters with a p-value &lt;0.10 on univariate Cox regression were included in the initial model, and a backward selection criterion was used to construct the final model. Receiver-operator curves were drawn to analyze the predictive accuracy of ACEF-MDRD for the prediction of one-year mortality. Additionally, DeLong&#8217;s test was used to determine whether ACEF-MDRD was non-inferior to the GWTG-HF score in terms of accuracy. The net reclassification improvement index (NRI) was calculated as described before. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A p-value of &lt;0.05 was accepted as statistically significant for all analyses. All statistical analyses were done using Jamovi (The Jamovi project (2020). Jamovi version 1.2 for Microsoft Windows), which is a graphical user interface for R language (R Core Team (2019). R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. Version 3.6 for Microsoft Windows) and SPSS 25.0 (IBM Inc, Armonk, USA).</p>
          <p>To avoid data loss in Cox regression and DeLong&#8217;s test, a multiple imputation procedure was used to predict missing values. A total of 5 imputations were done, and results from a pooled estimate of these 5 imputations were given as the result whenever possible. For all other statistical tests, original data was used, and the number of cases in whom data was available was indicated in parentheses. Since the data on natriuretic peptides was too scarce to be imputed (&gt;50% of data was missing), a separate subgroup analysis was performed to understand how the prognostic accuracy of the ACEF-MDRD score compared to that of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients in whom the data was available.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The mean age of the study population was 63.7 &#177; 13.1 years, and 524 patients (70.1%) were male. The median ACEF-MDRD score in the study population was 2.43 (1.73 - 3.74), and median ACEF-MDRD scores were 1.51 (1.29 - 1.73), 2.41 (2.13 - 2.80) and 4.60 (3.74 - 5.77) for ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> , ACEF-MDRD <sub>med</sub> and ACEF-MDRD <sub>high</sub> tertiles, respectively. One hundred forty-two patients (19.0%) were dead at the end of the one-year follow-up.</p>
        <p>The patients&#8217; demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and laboratory characteristics were summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref>. As expected, there were significant differences across tertiles in terms of characteristics. Patients within the ACEF-MDRD <sub>high</sub> tertile were likelier to be older and male than ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> tertile. Individual symptoms and signs of congestion and HF were more frequent in patients within the ACEF-MDRD <sub>high</sub> tertile, and more patients in this tertile had New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 3 or 4 symptoms compared to other tertiles. Besides having a higher creatinine and lower glomerular filtration rate at baseline, hemoglobin and albumin were significantly lower, and NT-proBNP was significantly higher in ACEF-MDRD <sub>high</sub> tertile. Finally, both the frequency of patients with at least one hospitalization and the total number of repeat hospitalizations were more frequent in the ACEF-MDRD <sub>high</sub> tertile, and mortality was significantly higher in the latter tertile compared to both ACEF-MDRD <sub>med</sub> and ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Anthropometric, demographic, and clinical characteristics of ACEF-MDRD tertiles</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>low</bold></sub> (n=249)</th>
                  <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>med</bold></sub> (n=249)</th>
                  <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>high</bold></sub> (n=250)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Demographic Characteristics</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">57.5&#177;13.3</td>
                  <td align="center">65.1&#177;11.6***</td>
                  <td align="center">68.6&#177;11.7***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender (%Female)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">61 (24.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (24.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (40.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Weight (kg) (n=624)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79.1&#177;14.9</td>
                  <td align="center">76.3&#177;14.6</td>
                  <td align="center">74.8&#177;14.2*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Height (cm) (n=620)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">167.0&#177;8.22</td>
                  <td align="center">167.0&#177;8.34</td>
                  <td align="center">165.0&#177;8.45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m2) (n=616)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28.5&#177;4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">27.3&#177;4.8*</td>
                  <td align="center">27.4&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Clinical Characteristics</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vital Signs</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Systolic BP (mmHg) (n=663)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">120.0&#177;18.3</td>
                  <td align="center">121.0&#177;17.9</td>
                  <td align="center">119.0&#177;19.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Diastolic BP (mmHg) (n=663)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">73.8&#177;10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">73.2&#177;11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">74.1&#177;12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Heart rate (beats/m) (n=657)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79.0&#177;17.1</td>
                  <td align="center">80.2&#177;17.7</td>
                  <td align="center">82.1&#177;16.7*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Active smoking (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51 (2.05%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (14.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (15.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50 (20.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (30.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (34.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension (active or past) (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">96 (38.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (45.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (53.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28 (11.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (15.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (11.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.261</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Previous Myocardial Infarction (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">123 (49.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (49.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (48.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Previous Revascularization</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>PCI (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">96 (38.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (36.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (37.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CABG (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">47 (18.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (25.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (20.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Atrial Fibrillation (%) (n=672)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">57 (25.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (29.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (26.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etiology (n=666)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">134 (62.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (61.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (63.8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Dilated Cardiomyopathy/Other (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">82 (28.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (38.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (36.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>De Novo Heart Failure (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">43 (17.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (23.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (35.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Presentation</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Acute Heart Failure (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">67 (26.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (33.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (46.4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Chronic Heart Failure (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">182 (73.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (66.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (53.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Symptoms at presentation</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Dyspnea on daily exertion (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">55 (22.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (27.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (48.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Paroxysmal dyspnea</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23 (9.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (11.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (12.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Self-reported congestion (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">39 (15.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (21.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (42.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Palpitations (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">13 (5.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (6.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (9.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Examination Findings</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Jugular Venous Distention (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28 (11.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (28.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (31.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Pretibial Edema (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">77 (30.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (35.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (43.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Crepitations (%) (n=737)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">58 (23.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (35.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (55.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NYHA Class</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>NYHA 1 or 2 (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">160 (76.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (63.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (41.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>NYHA 3 or 4 (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">48 (23.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (36.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (58.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiac Implantable Devices</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>VVI Pacemaker (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15 (5.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (4.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (6.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DDD Pacemaker (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (3.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>ICD (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">35 (14.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (20.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (19.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cardiac Resynchronization (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (6.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (7.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>P-values below 0.05 were given in bold. BMI: Body mass index, BP: Blood pressure, CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting, ICD: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, NYHA: New York Heart Association, PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention. * p-value &lt;0.05 compared to ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> tertile; ** p-value &lt;0.01 &lt;0.05 compared to ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> tertile; *** p-value &lt;0.001 &lt;0.05 compared to ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> tertile.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Laboratory values, medications, and outcomes for ACEF-MDRD tertiles</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>low</bold></sub> (n=249)</th>
                  <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>med</bold></sub> (n=249)</th>
                  <th>ACEF-MDRD <sub><bold>high</bold></sub> (n=250)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Laboratory characteristics</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dl) (n=738)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5&#177;2.01</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2&#177;1.77</td>
                  <td align="center">12.2&#177;1.98***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blood urea nitrogen (n=621)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.0&#177;11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1&#177;14.7***</td>
                  <td align="center">40.2&#177;21.1***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90&#177;0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00&#177;0.23**</td>
                  <td align="center">1.71&#177;0.81***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR-MDRD</td>
                  <td align="center">91.8&#177;23.7</td>
                  <td align="center">79.7&#177;23.5***</td>
                  <td align="center">46.2&#177;21.5***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP (n=44)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9 (20.4-64.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.7 (33.3-116.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.3 (21.5-40.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (n=211)</td>
                  <td align="center">941.0 (498.0-2660.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1537.0 (634.0-4850.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2798.0 (560.0-5310.0) *</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (n=739)</td>
                  <td align="center">138.0 &#177; 4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">138.0&#177;3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">137.0&#177;6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin (n=426)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.94&#177;0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">3.92&#177;0.69</td>
                  <td align="center">3.74&#177;0.70***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Medications</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE inhibitors (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (68.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (65.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (64.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiotensin receptor blockers (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (32.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (33.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (40.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">224 (90.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">229 (92.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">229 (91.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mineralocorticoid receptor blockers (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (59.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (64.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (56.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (38.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (46.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (46.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxin (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (8.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (15.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (11.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Outcomes</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At least one hospitalization during follow-up (%) (n=670)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (51.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (60.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (67.7%)***</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total number of hospitalizations during follow-up (%) (n=668)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.00-1.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.00-2.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.00-2.25)***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>All-cause mortality (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (10.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (16.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (30.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>P-values below 0.05 were given in bold. BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide, GFR-MDRD: Glomerular filtration rate calculated with Modified Diet in Renal Disease formula, NT-proBNP: N-terminal of the pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. * p-value &lt;0.05 compared to ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> tertile; ** p-value &lt;0.01 &lt;0.05 compared to ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> tertile; *** p-value &lt;0.001 &lt;0.05 compared to ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> tertile.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Bar graphs show the percentage of patients who died within one year of follow-up. Predicted mean one-year mortality rates were 0.12, 0.16, and 0.29, respectively, for low, intermediate, and high ACEF-MDRD score tertiles. ACEF-MDRD: Age, Creatinine, and Ejection Fraction - Modified Diet in Renal Disease score.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230158-30158-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Kaplan-Meier curves for one-year survival and cumulative hazards for tertiles were provided in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> . There were significant differences between the ACEF-MDRD tertiles in terms of one-year survival. On pairwise comparisons, patients within the ACEF <sub>high</sub> tertile had significantly lower one-year survival than ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> and ACEF-MDRD <sub>med</sub> tertile (p&lt;0.001). There was also a trend towards lower survival in the ACEF-MDRD <sub>med</sub> tertile compared to ACEF-MDRD <sub>low</sub> tertile, but this was not statistically significant (p=0.08).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier Curve for one-year survival (A) and cumulative hazard ratio (B) for ACEF-MDRD tertiles. Colored areas around the solid lines indicate confidence intervals. ACEF-MDRD: Age, Creatinine, and Ejection Fraction - Modified Diet in Renal Disease score.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230158-30158-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Univariate and multivariate predictors of mortality were provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . After adjustment, there was a linear relationship between each one-point increase in the ACEF-MDRD score and one-year mortality. In addition to ACEF-MDRD, other parameters associated with mortality were the presence of self-reported congestion at admission, lower sodium, and higher NYHA class.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate predictors of one-year mortality</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Characteristic</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariate Analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariate Analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presentation (Acute HF)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.56 (2.54 &#8211; 5.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.26 (1.55 &#8211; 3.29)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Self-reported congestion (presence of)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.95 (2.12 &#8211; 4.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyspnea (presence of)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.43 (1.75 &#8211; 3.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate (per beats/minute increase)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01 (1.00 &#8211; 1.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (presence of)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.02 (1.34 &#8211; 3.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Jugular distention (presence of)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.10 (1.50 &#8211; 2.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pretibial edema (presence of)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.50 (1.08 &#8211; 2.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Crepitations (presence of)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.12 (2.21 &#8211; 4.39)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (per g/dl increase)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84 (0.78 &#8211; 0.91)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (per g/dl increase)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.94 &#8211; 0.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 (0.95 &#8211; 0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA (Class 3/4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.02 (2.77 &#8211; 5.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.45 (1.60 &#8211; 3.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEF-MDRD (per 1 point increase)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28 (1.17 &#8211; 1.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14 (1.04 &#8211; 1.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>All variables that had a p-value &lt;0.1 were provided in the table. Variables in the final model were provided in the relevant columns. NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>ACEF-MDRD had an overall c-statistic of 0.66 &#177; 0.03 for prediction of one-year mortality, and for a cut-off point of 2.71, it had a sensitivity of 71.1%, specificity of 61.9%, positive predictive value of 30.1% and negative predictive value of 90.1%. All component variables of ACEF-MDRD had a lower c-statistic for predicting one-year mortality as compared to ACEF-MDRD (age: 0.62 &#177; 0.03, left ventricular ejection fraction: 0.64 &#177; 0.03, glomerular filtration rate: 0.56 &#177; 0.03, overall p=0.001).</p>
        <p>On a multivariate regression model consisting of ACEF-MDRD and GWTG-HF scores, both were found as independent predictors of one-year mortality (OR:1.08 (95%CI:1.05 - 1.11), p&lt;0.001 for GWTG-HF score and OR:1.12 (95%CI: 1.02 - 1.23), p=0.02 for ACEF-MDRD). For predicting one-year mortality, the GWTG-HF score had a c-statistic of 0.70 &#177; 0.02, and the difference between the GWTG-HF score and ACEF-MDRD was not statistically different ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> ). Overall, NRI was 0.107, indicating an improvement in mortality prediction with ACEF-MDRD score over GWTG-HF score. Individual components of the NRI analyses have shown that the correct prediction of one-year mortality was slightly inferior with ACEF-MDRD (NRIe -0.023), but the prediction of one-year survival was much better when ACEF-MDRD was used (NRIne 0.130).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Receiver-operator curves for ACEF-MDRD and GWTG-HF models for predicting one-year mortality in the study population. Interrupted lines show actual curves, while solid lines show LOESS smoothing for comparison of two models. ACEF-MDRD: Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction - Modified Diet in Renal Disease score, GWTG-HF: Get With The Guidelines - Heart Failure score.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20230158-30158-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the subgroup of patients in whom an NT-proBNP was available (n=211, 28.2% of the study sample), NT-proBNP was significantly higher in patients who were dead at the end of one year as compared to those who survived (2510 (390 - 4994) pg/ml vs. 1399 (547 - 4113) pg/ml, p&lt;0.001). Compared to NT-proBNP, the predictive ability of the ACEF-MDRD score was significantly higher (Supplementary <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ). ACEF-MDRD score remained a significant predictor of one-year mortality after adjustment for NT-proBNP in this subgroup (OR:1.45, 95%CI: 1.22 - 1.73, p&lt;0.001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Like many other medical disorders, the prognosis of a particular patient with HF has a stochastic - rather than deterministic - nature. As a direct result, a risk model could never have a perfect discriminatory ability for mortality, regardless of the complexity of the model. Using too many variables for a risk model makes it less useful for clinical practice and increases the risk of &#8216;overfitting&#8217; - which threatens the accuracy of a model when applied to populations other than the original derivation sample. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Preferably, a model should follow the &#8220;law of parsimony&#8221; and contain the least number of variables with the most value rather than including every variable that only provides a marginal increase in accuracy. The present study showed that a simple risk score consisting only of three variables has good predictive accuracy for one-year mortality and performs rather comparably to more complex risk scores such as the GWTG-HF model. The main findings of the present work are summarized in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> .</p>
        <p>Risk models have important drawbacks that limit their usefulness. An HF risk model could give inaccurate results when applied to populations beyond their initial derivation; they are rarely accurate in predicting prognosis for individual HF patients and can become obsolete with time. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> However, they are still convenient as risk models enable a more objective assessment of the average life expectancy, and they could be useful for selecting the optimal management strategy for a given HF patient. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Even risk models with external validation are underutilized in daily clinical practice, perhaps because of the limitations and the inconvenience of finding and entering multiple data to calculate the final score. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> MAGGIC risk score, which has a good evidence base for validity and a formidable c-score of 0.74 for mortality when applied to other HF cohorts, needs 13 different variables to be entered. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> GWTG-HF score had an acceptable predictive ability for one-year mortality (c-score varied between 0.64 - 0.67 for HFrEF and HFpEF, respectively), though it needed a mere 7 variables that made GWTG-HF score somewhat easier to calculate and more compatible with the law of parsimony. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Present findings indicate that the ACEF-MDRD score could predict one-year mortality with an accuracy comparable to the GWTG score; and similar to the GWTG-HF score, it could be applied to HF populations regardless of the presenting phenotype. ACEF-MDRD score had the additional advantage of using three simple and universally available parameters that make it convenient to calculate, thus making it somewhat better suited to move beyond the &#8220;research realm&#8221; to the real world than other risk models.</p>
        <p>The components of the ACEF score are not only used as standalone predictors of prognosis in HF but also one or more of these variables are commonly found in nearly all HF risk scores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Combining these variables allows an overall estimation of life expectancy, comorbidities, end-organ function, and left ventricular performance. Despite the availability of multiple studies demonstrating the predictive ability of ACEF score in many different cardiovascular conditions, including patients with recent myocardial infarction or those undergoing cardiovascular surgery or percutaneous interventions, data on the prognostic usefulness of ACEF score in patients with HF is extremely limited. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Chen et al. have studied ACEF and ACEF-MDRD in 862 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and found that both scores had a good discriminative ability (c-statistics were 0.73 for ACEF and 0.72 for ACEF-MDRD, respectively). However, whether these patients had accompanying HF was unclear, as this study was only presented as an abstract. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Present findings suggest that the ACEF-MDRD score is an independent predictor of mortality in all HF patients, regardless of the underlying etiology, presentation, or phenotype, thus making it a potentially useful tool for various patients.</p>
        <p>To note, the ACEF-MDRD score was not developed from the present sample but applied to it, and as such, the present analysis itself should be considered a validation study. While many studies have reported a more impressive predictive accuracy for their models than the figures provided in this study, they either lack external validation or their predictive accuracy is substantially lower when tested in samples other than their derivation cohorts. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Given that provided c-statistics rarely exceed 0.8 for nearly all models, using an index with a rather modest predictive accuracy could be justified given the sheer simplicity of the calculation (which could be done even with a pen and paper) making it practical for daily use and the lack of &#8220;overfitting&#8221; - making it suitable for use in different HF populations. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Available treatments for HF are numerous in the contemporary era, and algorithms provided to guide management strategies are not evidence-based. While the main expectation from a risk model is an estimation of overall mortality, it is nonetheless more useful when it can guide treatment decisions. Several studies have shown that risk models could be utilized for this aim. For example, the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) has been shown to predict mortality after left ventricular assist device implantation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Whether the ACEF-MDRD score could be utilized similarly would be an interesting prospect to research in future studies.</p>
        <p>Present findings indicate that the ACEF-MDRD score had a rather modest discriminative ability for mortality. Adding new variables to the equation would be one way to improve the accuracy since our findings indicate that the ACEF score itself does not explain all the variability in mortality. However, this approach would violate the founding principle of the ACEF score, which was using a limited number of predictors rather than every variable with statistical significance in multivariate analysis. Another way would be to find similar yet more powerful predictors of mortality to redesign the ACEF-MDRD score. Although individual components of the ACEF score are standalone predictors of mortality, it is unclear whether they are the best predictors, as the ACEF score was not developed to predict mortality after HF. As such, better predictors could be used to replace core components of the ACEF score, but the law of parsimony should still be applied to keep the predictors at a minimum.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Despite the multicenter design of the study, the number of patients enrolled was rather limited, thus affecting the power of the analysis. Some variables were missing and needed to be imputed for multivariate analyses. The missing data was higher than 50% for some variables, and these parameters - most notably natriuretic peptides - could not be included in the multivariate analyses. Although ACEF-MDRD appeared to have an independent prognostic significance in the subgroup of 211 patients in whom NT-proBNP concentrations were available, this analysis was invariably biased due to the small sample size and data availability from a few centers. Thus, a larger sample is needed to determine whether the ACEF-MDRD score has additional usefulness over natriuretic peptides. Similarly, predictive scores such as the MAGGIC score or Seattle Heart Failure Model could not be calculated due to missing data, so the usefulness of ACEF-MDRD over these tools remains uncertain. Finally, while present findings provide an external verification for the ACEF-MDRD score, more data from additional studies would increase the reliability for future clinical use of ACEF-MDRD score in HF patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>ACEF-MDRD score is an independent predictor of one-year mortality in patients with heart failure, and its predictive accuracy is comparable to the GWTG-HF score. In contrast to other &#8220;complex&#8221; models needing multiple variables and specialized tools for calculation, ACEF-MDRD needs three simple variables for mortality estimation, making it a rather more convenient alternative for daily clinical practice.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors wish to thank all investigators of the SELFIE-HF study for their contributions to the SELFIE-HF database.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ankara Kecioren Training and Research Hospital under the protocol number 288-AU/003. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>A preprint of this article was previously published on Authorea and can be found at the web address <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162436988.81924600/v1">https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162436988.81924600/v1</ext-link> </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
