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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Vd3tcjs4V7nNZvFNgPpB89H</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001200301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220592</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores de Risco para Infec&#231;&#227;o da Ferida Operat&#243;ria em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia Card&#237;aca Pedi&#225;trica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5956-5952</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Christina de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siciliano</surname>
            <given-names>Rinaldo Focaccia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strabelli</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Mara Varej&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica e Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas do Adulto, S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Equipe de Controle de Infec&#231;&#227;o - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Anna Christina de Lima Ribeiro &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>ribeirochristina2@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220592</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>1</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Fatores de Risco para Infec&#231;&#227;o da Ferida Operat&#243;ria em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia Card&#237;aca Pedi&#225;trica</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fatores de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Vd3tcjs4V7nNZvFNgPpB89H/251eb2f5819b5f2a465c7a43f49eccbf5a4a26e5.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Vd3tcjs4V7nNZvFNgPpB89H/fa1ba326eff4e31349c892d1a81b15556c814791.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Vd3tcjs4V7nNZvFNgPpB89H/01de2d7659775ab6529748123c268a7db38e97a3.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico (ISC) &#233; uma importante complica&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica associada ao aumento da morbimortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Identificar fatores de risco para a ISC ap&#243;s cirurgias card&#237;acas para corre&#231;&#227;o de malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Este estudo caso-controle incluiu 189 pacientes com um ano completo e 19 anos e 11 meses, submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca em hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio de cardiologia de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2018. Foi realizado registro e an&#225;lise de dados pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. Para cada caso foram selecionados dois controles, conforme o diagn&#243;stico da cardiopatia e cirurgia realizada em um intervalo de at&#233; 30 dias para minimizar diferen&#231;as pr&#233; e/ou intraoperat&#243;rias. Para a an&#225;lise dos fatores de risco foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o bin&#225;ria log&#237;stica. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica definida como valor de p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu 66 casos e 123 controles. A incid&#234;ncia de ISC variou de 2% a 3,8%. Fatores de risco identificados: faixa et&#225;ria de lactentes (OR 3,19, IC 95% 1,26 &#8211; 8,66, p=0,014), s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica (OR 6,20, IC 95% 1,70 &#8211; 21,65, p=0,004), RACHS-1 categorias 3 e 4 (OR 8,40, IC 95% 3,30 &#8211; 21,34, p&lt;0,001), o valor da prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) de 48 horas p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias foi demonstrado como fator protetor para esta infec&#231;&#227;o (OR 0,85, IC 95% 0,73 &#8211; 0,98, p=0,023).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os fatores de risco identificados n&#227;o s&#227;o vari&#225;veis modific&#225;veis. Vigil&#226;ncia e medidas preventivas cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o fundamentais para reduzir a infec&#231;&#227;o. O papel do PCR elevado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi fator protetor e precisa ser melhor estudado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida cir&#250;rgica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cardiopatia cong&#234;nita &#233; considerada um relevante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica principalmente nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Apesar do aprimoramento da cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica, a demanda de servi&#231;os especializados e as limita&#231;&#245;es dos recursos humanos e financeiros s&#227;o desafiadores para estes pa&#237;ses. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico (ISC) &#233; uma importante complica&#231;&#227;o associada ao aumento de morbidade, aumento do consumo de antibi&#243;ticos, da perman&#234;ncia em unidades de terapia intensiva e do tempo total de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, custos para o sistema de sa&#250;de e incremento na taxa de mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A incid&#234;ncia da ISC ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, segundo dados publicados, varia de 0,2% a 4,8%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos com enfoque na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o com mais de 1 ano de idade s&#227;o escassos, pois o foco tem sido o per&#237;odo neonatal. N&#227;o h&#225; estudos com esta abordagem espec&#237;fica na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica no Brasil e este estudo pretende contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento sobre o assunto.</p>
      <p>Os fatores de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica descritos em publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias foram: idade menor que um m&#234;s, s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica, escore da Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologia (ASA) alto, cardiopatia cian&#243;tica, hipotermia intraoperat&#243;ria, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria maior que 48 horas, dura&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia e tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos procedimentos durante a cirurgia, n&#250;mero de transfus&#245;es de hem&#225;cias e manuten&#231;&#227;o do esterno aberto ap&#243;s t&#233;rmino do procedimento cir&#250;rgico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio do estudo foi identificar fatores de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico ap&#243;s cirurgias card&#237;acas para corre&#231;&#227;o de malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas com e sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC <bold>)</bold> em crian&#231;as maiores de 1 ano de idade e como objetivo secund&#225;rio foram avaliadas a incid&#234;ncia e microbiologia das infec&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica e pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa do hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio de cardiologia. O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi dispensado.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Foi utilizado o desenho de estudo caso-controle 1:2, retrospectivo para a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco. Este estudo incluiu 189 pacientes com idade entre um ano completo e 19 anos e 11 meses, submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca realizada em centro de refer&#234;ncia universit&#225;rio especializado em assist&#234;ncia de alta complexidade em cirurgia cardiovascular pedi&#225;trica; no per&#237;odo de 01 de janeiro de 2011 a 31 de dezembro de 2018, sendo 66 casos e 123 controles. De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), a faixa et&#225;ria da adolesc&#234;ncia se situa entre 10 e 19 anos de idade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Esta foi a padroniza&#231;&#227;o adotada no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Defini&#231;&#227;o de caso: Paciente portador de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita com idade entre um ano completo e 19 anos e 11 meses, com infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Defini&#231;&#227;o de controle: Paciente portador de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita com idade entre um ano completo e 19 anos e 11 meses, submetido a cirurgia card&#237;aca sem infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes neonatos (28 dias) e lactentes at&#233; o primeiro ano de vida (29 dias de idade at&#233; 11 meses e 29 dias).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca por diagn&#243;sticos diferentes de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita como: cardiomiopatias, pericardiopatias, tumores card&#237;acos, doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, pacientes indicados para transplante card&#237;aco, pacientes indicados para coloca&#231;&#227;o de dispositivo eletr&#244;nico ou de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria na aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural cong&#234;nita.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de casos e controles</title>
        <p>Todos os diagn&#243;sticos de ISC foram confirmados pela equipe da Unidade de Controle de Infec&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar (UCIH) do hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio de cardiologia em conformidade com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos definidores segundo a ANVISA e o CDC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para cada caso foram selecionados dois controles e esta combina&#231;&#227;o foi baseada no diagn&#243;stico da cardiopatia e com cirurgia realizada em um intervalo de at&#233; 30 dias para minimizar diferen&#231;as pr&#233; e/ou intraoperat&#243;rias. Os controles foram definidos por sorteio utilizando o programa Excel. Os diagn&#243;sticos das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas foram agrupados em categorias de acordo com a base patog&#234;nica, fisiopatol&#243;gica e satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio totalizando quatro categorias: grupo 1) cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas acian&#243;ticas obstrutivas, grupo 2) cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas acian&#243;ticas com desvio de sangue da esquerda para a direita, grupo 3) cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas cian&#243;ticas com hipofluxo pulmonar e grupo 4) cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas cian&#243;ticas com hiperfluxo pulmonar. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Foi realizado o registro e an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios segundo revis&#227;o da literatura e relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e biol&#243;gica ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Considerando que a transfus&#227;o de hemoderivados pode ser um fator de risco importante, ter recebido pelo menos uma unidade de qualquer hemoderivado foi considerado como potencial fator de risco.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico nos pacientes com um a 19 anos de idade submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca de 2011 a 2018: an&#225;lise univariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Grupo Caso (N=66)</th>
                  <th>Grupo Controle (N=123)</th>
                  <th>Raz&#227;o de chances - OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios Faixa et&#225;ria, N (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lactente (1-2 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (29,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,14 (1,15 &#8211; 3,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Crian&#231;a (3-9 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (21,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (31,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58 (0,28 - 1,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adolescente (10-19 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (31,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73 (0,39 -1,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,327</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Magreza, N (%)*</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (24,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25 0,61- 2,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,534</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eutrofia, N (%)**</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (72,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (0,56 - 2,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,772</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade, N (%)***</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (9,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29 (0,63 - 1,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prematuridade, N (%)****</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,90 (0,37 - 9,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,438</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,03 (1,53 - 10,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Satura&#231;&#227;o O <sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (80-98)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (90-98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,65 - 1,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,570</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RACHS-1 &#8805;3, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (65%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,35 (1,79 - 6,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procedimentos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,83 (0,53 - 6,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,311</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia pr&#233;via, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,86 (1,01 - 3,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total de dias interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,75-8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1-5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 (0,96 - 1,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,188</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UTI, N %</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,70 (0,59 - 4,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,324</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PS, N %</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (6,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,59 (0,47 - 5,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,454</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enfermaria, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (86%)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (93%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44 (0,16 - 1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Laboratorial Pr&#233;-op</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb (11,0 a 14,5 g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,7 (12,6-16,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,8 (12,8-15,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,91 - 1,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,870</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dados intraoperat&#243;rios</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo cirurgia (minutos)</td>
                  <td align="center">295 (225-361)</td>
                  <td align="center">293(230-350)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,90 - 1,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,997</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CEC (minutos)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (59-127)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (59-127,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 (0,89 - 1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,992</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clampeamento (minutos)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (36-87)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (40-99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,975 (0,87 - 1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,669</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipotermia</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (86%)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (91%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,622 (0,24 - 1,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,321</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transfus&#227;o de qualquer hemoderivado, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (54,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (53%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,80 - 1,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,823</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transfus&#227;o de hem&#225;cias, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (51%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35 (0,74 - 2,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,318</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECMO, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89 (0,26 - 13,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,529</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T&#243;rax aberto, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,88 (0,46 -17,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,253</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose s&#233;rica m&#237;nima (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (85-110)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (84-109)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,92 - 1,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,604</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose s&#233;rica m&#225;xima (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (131-191)</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (131-195)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,92 - 1,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,743</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio - laboratorial</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>P&#243;s&#8211;operat&#243;rio imediato</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos (4000 a 12000/mm <sup>3</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">13.920 (10.723 -20.398)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.150 (12.230-18.110)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 (0,88 &#8211; 1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,681</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa (&lt; 5,0 mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,29 (1,54-13,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0 (1,65-58,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,83 &#8211; 1,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,255</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Per&#237;odo 48h p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb (11,0 a 14,5 g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6 (8,4-12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6 (9,4-11,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,92 - 1,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,688</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos (4000 a 12000/mm <sup>3</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">12.980 (11.280-17.980)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.500 (10.740-18.020)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,91 - 1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,835</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa (&lt; 5,0 mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,90 (49,55-118,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">93,90 (64,89-151,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 (0,77 - 0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reopera&#231;&#227;o na mesma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,75 (2,24 - 14,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Profilaxia adequada</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (88%)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27 (0,05 - 1,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,144</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Dados apresentados como medianas e percentis 25-75, n&#250;mero de casos ou porcentagem. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; ECMO: membrana de oxigena&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; PS: pronto socorro; Hb: hemoglobina; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; OR: odds ratio; pr&#233;: per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. *Magreza: &#237;ndice antropom&#233;trico definido por valores de &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea ou rela&#231;&#227;o peso/ estatura &#8805; percentil 0,1 e &lt; p 3 (&#8805;Escore z -3 e &lt;Escore Z-2). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> **Eutrofia: &#237;ndice antropom&#233;trico definido por valores de &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea ou rela&#231;&#227;o peso/ estatura &#8805; percentil 3 e &#8804; p 85 (&#8805;Escore z -2 e &#8804; Escore Z+ 1). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> ***Obesidade: &#237;ndice antropom&#233;trico definido por valores de &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea ou rela&#231;&#227;o peso/ estatura &gt; percentil 97 e &#8804; p 99,9 (&#8805;Escore z +2 e &#8804; Escore Z+ 3). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> ****Prematuridade: idade gestacional ao nascimento &lt; 37 semanas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Fonte: Ribeiro. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; profilaxia antimicrobiana</title>
        <p>Utilizou-se cefuroxima por via venosa (dose=50 mg/kg) administrada na indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, repetida a cada 4 horas durante a cirurgia. N&#227;o &#233; recomendada a administra&#231;&#227;o de dose ao t&#233;rmino da CEC. Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da cirurgia administra-se 30 mg/kg a cada seis horas at&#233; completar 24 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (quatro doses na UTI cir&#250;rgica). Para crian&#231;as com mais de 30 kg, utiliza-se cefuroxima 1,5 g na indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica e 750 mg a cada 4 horas durante a cirurgia e a cada 6 horas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio por 24 horas. Para a an&#225;lise da profilaxia antimicrobiana foram consultados os prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nico e de papel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 23.0 ( <italic>SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA</italic> ).</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram expressas em mediana e intervalo interquartil (percentis 25 e 75). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas utilizando frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As diferen&#231;as entre dois grupos foram analisadas com o uso do teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas ap&#243;s verifica&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro Wilk, e testes de Qui-quadrado ou teste de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, quando adequado.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos fatores de risco para a infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o bin&#225;ria log&#237;stica. Para este modelo as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram analisadas em decis. As vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o com valor de p &lt;0,1 na an&#225;lise univariada foram escolhidas para a an&#225;lise multivariada e o procedimento <italic>forward LR</italic> foi usado para a sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis neste modelo final. Para cada poss&#237;vel preditor foi calculada a raz&#227;o de chances, assim como seu intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como valor de p &lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2011 e 31 de dezembro de 2018 foram operados 2378 pacientes. O n&#250;mero total final de casos foi de 66 pacientes. Nove casos foram pareados com apenas um controle, por inexist&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico equivalente para ser pareado no per&#237;odo ou por outra infec&#231;&#227;o concomitante. O n&#250;mero final de controles ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o e adequa&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios foi de 123 pacientes.</p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia anual de infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca para cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas no per&#237;odo de 2011 a 2018 na faixa et&#225;ria de um a 19 anos variou de 2% a 3,8%.</p>
      <p>Os diagn&#243;sticos de infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico foram: 29 casos (44%) de ISC superficial, 14 (21%) de ISC profunda e 23 (35%) como ISC &#243;rg&#227;o/ espa&#231;o, sendo 7 mediastinites, 5 osteomielites, 5 endocardites e 6 casos com dois diagn&#243;sticos associados, a saber osteomielite e mediastinite (3 casos); osteomielite e endocardite (2 casos) e 1 paciente com mediastinite associada &#224; endocardite. Foram coletadas amostras de secre&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico de 50 pacientes (76%) e houve identifica&#231;&#227;o de agente em 37 casos (74%): <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> em 26 pacientes (70,3%), <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> (6 pacientes - 16,2%), <italic>Staphylococcus cohnii</italic> (1 paciente - 2,7%), <italic>Staphylococcus hominis</italic> (1 paciente - 2,7%), <italic>Enterococcus faecium</italic> (1 paciente - 2,7%), <italic>Acinetobacter haemolyticus</italic> (1 paciente - 2,7%) <italic>e Enterobacter cloacae complex</italic> (1 paciente - 2,7%). Quanto ao perfil de sensibilidade, 29% dos estafilococos (10/34) foram resistentes &#224; oxacilina e 71%,(24/34) sens&#237;veis. <italic>Enterococcus faecium</italic> foi resistente a vancomicina. Em 8 pacientes (21%) houve tamb&#233;m hemocultura positiva. Os agentes etiol&#243;gicos identificados nas hemoculturas foram: <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (quatro ISC profundas e duas mediastinites), <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> (uma osteomielite) e <italic>Enterococcus faecium</italic> (uma mediastinite).</p>
      <p>Houve 6 &#243;bitos (3,2%), apenas nos pacientes infectados e com diagn&#243;stico de ISC &#243;rg&#227;o/espa&#231;o e hemocultura positiva em todos. Os agentes etiol&#243;gicos identificados nas hemoculturas foram: <italic>S aureus, S. epidermidis</italic> e <italic>E. faecium</italic> .</p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da antibioticoprofilaxia, faltaram dados em 6% (04/66) no grupo caso e 13% (16/123) no grupo controle. Houve conformidade da profilaxia antimicrobiana com o protocolo institucional acima de 90%, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre casos e controles (p=0,144).</p>
      <p>Os potenciais fatores de risco para ISC est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e os fatores significantes obtidos na an&#225;lise univariada est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Os lactentes, portadores de s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica, pacientes pertencentes &#224;s categorias 3 e 4 do RACHS-1, antecedente de cirurgia realizada em anos anteriores e reopera&#231;&#227;o na mesma interna&#231;&#227;o estavam sob maior risco para o desenvolvimento da infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico. Por outro lado, os pacientes com valores maiores da PCR ap&#243;s 48 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio apresentaram menor risco para esta infec&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ilustra a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos valores da PCR nos pacientes de 1 a 19 anos submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca nos per&#237;odos pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s&#8211;operat&#243;rios.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fatores de risco significantes para infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico nos pacientes com um a 19 anos de idade submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca de 2011 a 2018: an&#225;lise univariada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Grupo Caso (N=66)</th>
                <th>Grupo Controle (N=123)</th>
                <th>Raz&#227;o de chances &#8211; OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Faixa et&#225;ria lactente, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (29,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,14 (1,15 - 3,98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,03 (1,53 - 10,77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RACHS-1 &#8805;3, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (65%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,35 (1,79 - 6,28)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia pr&#233;via, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,86 (1,01 - 3,41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa 48 hs PO (&lt; 5,0 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">75,90 (49,55 &#8211; 118,19)</td>
                <td align="center">93,90 (64,89 &#8211; 151,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,77 - 0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reopera&#231;&#227;o na mesma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,75 (2,24 - 14,74)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Dados apresentados como medianas e percentis 25-75, n&#250;mero de casos ou porcentagem. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; h: horas; OR: odds ratio; PO: per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; RACHS-1: Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery, version 1.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Ribeiro. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Evolu&#231;&#227;o dos valores em medianas da PCR nos pacientes de um a 19 anos submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, 2011-2018</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20220592-20592-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os fatores de risco para a infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico obtidos na an&#225;lise multivariada est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fatores de risco associados a infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico na an&#225;lise multivariada nos pacientes com um a 19 anos de idade submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca de 2011 a 2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Faixa et&#225;ria lactente</td>
                <td align="center">3,19</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 &#8211; 8,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica</td>
                <td align="center">6,20</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 &#8211; 21,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RACHS &#8805;3</td>
                <td align="center">8,40</td>
                <td align="center">3,30 &#8211; 21,34</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa 48 hs PO</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 &#8211; 0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; h: horas; OR: odds ratio; PO: per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; RACHS-1: Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery, version 1.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Ribeiro. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> ilustra incid&#234;ncia da ISC e os fatores de risco encontrados no estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria de lactentes como fator de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico &#233; biologicamente plaus&#237;vel visto que o processo de desenvolvimento do sistema imune na crian&#231;a inicia-se na vida fetal e continua at&#233; a adolesc&#234;ncia. O rec&#233;m-nascido e o lactente possuem menor capacidade de resposta aos ant&#237;genos em compara&#231;&#227;o com as crian&#231;as mais velhas, adolescentes e adultos. Este achado corrobora para o papel preditor da baixa idade para ISC j&#225; descrito na literatura. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo verificou-se que a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica foi fator de risco para ISC. Estudos pr&#233;vios como o de Costello et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Sen et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e Hatachi et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> mostraram presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es cromoss&#244;micas como preditoras para infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca para cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. A s&#237;ndrome de Down &#233; a s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica reconhecidamente mais associada a altera&#231;&#245;es imunes nos compartimentos celular, humoral e fagoc&#237;tico e foi a mais prevalente em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. A capacidade l&#237;tica dos polimorfonucleares &#233; efetuada pela atividade de super&#243;xidos e outros radicais, os quais provocam danos celulares oxidativos, eliminando fungos e bact&#233;rias como <italic>Candida spp</italic> . e <italic>Staphyloccocus spp</italic> . A enzima cobre-zinco-superoxidodismutase-1 (Cu-Zn-SOD-1) a qual converte super&#243;xidos em per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio &#233; codificada pelo gene <italic>SOD1,</italic> localizado no cromossomo 21. A carga gen&#233;tica extra determinada pela trissomia est&#225; relacionada a n&#237;veis elevados de Cu-Zn-SOD-1, o que reduz a quantidade de super&#243;xidos em polimorfonucleares de portadores da trissomia do cromossomo 21. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Costello et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e Sen et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> descreveram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o da complexidade de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos para cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas pelo RACHS-1 e o risco para ISC. Em nosso estudo identificou-se a categoria de RACHS-1 acima de 3 como fator de risco independente para ISC. Os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos relacionados &#224;s anatomias mais complexas podem acarretar maior tempo em sala cir&#250;rgica, manejo mais intenso e prolongado dos tecidos com maior chance de contamina&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico e de dano celular. Neste estudo os tempos de cirurgia e de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea n&#227;o foram evidenciados como preditores de infec&#231;&#227;o. Outra considera&#231;&#227;o a ser feita &#233; o fato de que o paciente com cardiopatia mais complexa pode ter uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica basal com potencial de descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica maior em rela&#231;&#227;o a um paciente com altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas mais simples. A altera&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco pode acarretar a redu&#231;&#227;o da vasculariza&#231;&#227;o tecidual e colaborar para a infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Quando analisamos a presen&#231;a de cirurgia pr&#233;via realizada em anos anteriores, foi observado que estes pacientes estavam sob maior risco para ISC p=0,046 (IC 95%,1,01-3,41), OR=1,86. O hist&#243;rico de cirurgia pr&#233;via &#233; sugerido em publica&#231;&#245;es como fator de risco para ISC, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> entretanto esta vari&#225;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o permaneceu como fator de risco para a infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico quando foi submetida posteriormente &#224; an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
      <p>Os valores da prote&#237;na C reativa ap&#243;s 48 horas da opera&#231;&#227;o significantemente superiores no grupo de pacientes n&#227;o infectados foi um achado inesperado. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, mostrou-se como um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o, p= 0,023 (IC 95%, 0,73-0,98), OR=0,85. Para cada incremento de um decil houve redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico em 15%.</p>
      <p>A PCR &#233; denominada prote&#237;na de fase aguda inflamat&#243;ria. A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; a resposta humoral e celular protetora do corpo humano &#224; inj&#250;ria. Ela engloba a ativa&#231;&#227;o de diferentes cascatas como a do sistema complemento, das citocinas e da coagula&#231;&#227;o. No contexto da cirurgia card&#237;aca ela j&#225; &#233; desencadeada na anestesia e aumentada pela incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da pele e esternotomia e, finalmente &#233; amplificada de forma robusta pela circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da PCR necessitam ser interpretados com cautela e avaliados em conjunto com dados cl&#237;nicos, epidemiol&#243;gicos, demais exames complementares e outros biomarcadores, pois n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados podem ser interpretados como uma complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa e justificar a introdu&#231;&#227;o de terapia antimicrobiana emp&#237;rica ou prolongamento da profilaxia antimicrobiana. A antibioticoprofilaxia nos pacientes com PCR elevada n&#227;o foi prolongada em fun&#231;&#227;o destes valores, e todos os pacientes do grupo controle que receberam algum antimicrobiano por suspeita de diagn&#243;stico infeccioso no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
      <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da PCR ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> est&#225; em conformidade com dados da literatura a respeito do pico da PCR no segundo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Jaworski et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> realizaram estudo para avalia&#231;&#227;o da cin&#233;tica da prote&#237;na C reativa em crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita submetidas &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca com CEC e observaram que os maiores n&#237;veis da PCR ocorreram no segundo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e que os valores eram altos mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Tradicionalmente utilizada como marcador de infec&#231;&#227;o e de eventos cardiovasculares, a prote&#237;na C reativa atualmente est&#225; sendo apontada por novas evid&#234;ncias como uma prote&#237;na com papel ativo e relevante nos processos de inflama&#231;&#227;o e resposta do hospedeiro a infec&#231;&#245;es incluindo a via do sistema complemento, apoptose, fagocitose, libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, particularmente a interleucina 6 e o fator de necrose tumoral alfa. Na presen&#231;a de c&#225;lcio a PCR liga-se a polissacar&#237;deos nos microrganismos e ativa a via cl&#225;ssica do complemento que promove a opsoniza&#231;&#227;o de pat&#243;genos. H&#225; relatos de que a PCR pode mediar a resposta do hospedeiro ao <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> promovendo o aumento da fagocitose bacteriana. Sproston et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> mostraram a a&#231;&#227;o da PCR sobre a parede polissacar&#237;dica bacteriana. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Ponderando-se que <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> &#233; o principal microrganismo identificado nas infec&#231;&#245;es do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico na maioria dos estudos, o que tamb&#233;m foi constatado em nossos casos, o valor mais elevado da PCR nas 48 h p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias nos pacientes do grupo controle demonstra a possibilidade de a mesma exercer um papel de opsonina, fator protetor para a ISC. Os valores menores da PCR nos pacientes infectados do grupo caso em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo controle enfatizam a import&#226;ncia de n&#227;o interpretarmos esta prote&#237;na de forma isolada e apenas como marcador de infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>D&#8217;Souza et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> realizaram estudo observacional prospectivo do valor preditivo de biomarcadores como a PCR, procalcitonina, lactato, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, plaquetas para o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Foram inclu&#237;dos 368 pacientes e foi descrito como sendo o maior estudo com foco neste assunto publicado at&#233; o momento. Apesar disto, eles conclu&#237;ram que a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre infec&#231;&#227;o e estado inflamat&#243;rio p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio permanece dif&#237;cil nesta faixa et&#225;ria. As medidas longitudinais da PCR e procalcitonina e monitoramento das altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que ocorrem na evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio s&#227;o informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas e devem ser consideradas na decis&#227;o sobre o uso racional de antimicrobianos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores como PCR e procalcitonina no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca infantil requer uma an&#225;lise detalhada e atrelada a uma situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para evitar diagn&#243;sticos equivocados de infec&#231;&#245;es, prescri&#231;&#227;o indiscriminada de antimicrobianos e sele&#231;&#227;o de microrganismos multirresistentes. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos prospectivos multic&#234;ntricos para confirma&#231;&#227;o e consolida&#231;&#227;o dos achados.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao n&#250;mero total de pacientes infectados e ao desenho retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico. O fato da infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico ser um desfecho raro pode prejudicar a an&#225;lise de fatores preditores. A an&#225;lise retrospectiva de dados em prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos e f&#237;sicos apresenta dificuldades quanto &#224; acur&#225;cia das informa&#231;&#245;es. A popula&#231;&#227;o de um centro &#250;nico de refer&#234;ncia pode ter caracter&#237;sticas peculiares. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos multic&#234;ntricos e a amplia&#231;&#227;o das linhas de investiga&#231;&#227;o poder&#227;o validar os achados deste estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, foram identificados fatores de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico que n&#227;o s&#227;o modific&#225;veis antes da cirurgia (idade, doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica, por exemplo). Deste modo, a preven&#231;&#227;o desta infec&#231;&#227;o requer o cumprimento rigoroso das medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o, tais como reduzir tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, utilizar antibioticoprofilaxia individualizada, manipula&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa de sondas, cateteres e curativos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>Outro ponto a destacar foi o valor mais elevado da PCR nas primeiras 48 hs ap&#243;s a cirurgia ter sido demonstrado como fator protetor para a ocorr&#234;ncia da ISC. O prov&#225;vel papel imunomodulador da prote&#237;na C reativa no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da cirurgia card&#237;aca requer maior investiga&#231;&#227;o, evitando que seu resultado seja interpretado exclusivamente como marcador de infec&#231;&#227;o e levando ao uso inapropriado de antimicrobianos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
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        <article-title>Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection in Patients Undergoing Pediatric Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5956-5952</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Christina de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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          <name>
            <surname>Siciliano</surname>
            <given-names>Rinaldo Focaccia</given-names>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strabelli</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Mara Varej&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
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        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica e Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas do Adulto, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Equipe de Controle de Infec&#231;&#227;o - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Anna Christina de Lima Ribeiro &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: ribeirochristina2@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection in Patients Undergoing Pediatric Cardiac Surgery</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Risk factors for surgical site infection in patients undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20220592-20592-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Surgical site infection is an important complication after pediatric cardiac surgery, associated with increased morbidity and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>We sought to identify risk factors for surgical site infection after pediatric cardiac surgeries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A case-control study included patients aged between 1 year and 19 years and 11 months of age, submitted to cardiac surgery performed at a tertiary cardiac center from January 1 <sup>st</sup> , 2011, through December 31, 2018. Charts were reviewed for pre-, intra, and postoperative variables. We identified two randomly selected control patients with the same pathophysiological diagnosis and underwent surgery within thirty days of each index case. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors. Statistical significance was defined as p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Sixty-six cases and 123 controls were included. Surgical site infection incidence ranged from 2% to 3.8%. The following risk factors were identified: Infant age (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.26 to 8.66, p=0.014), presence of genetic syndrome (OR 6.20, CI 95% 1.70 to 21.65, p=0.004), categories 3 and 4 of RACHS-1 (OR 8.40, CI 95% 3.30 to 21.34, p&lt;0.001), 48 h C-reactive protein level range was detected as a protective factor for this infection (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.98, p=0.023).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The risk factors defined in this study could not be modified. Therefore, additional surveillance and new preventive strategies need to be implemented to reduce the incidence of surgical site infection. The increased CRP in the postoperative period was a protective factor that needs further understanding.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Congenital Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgical Wound Infection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Congenital heart disease is a growing public health concern worldwide, especially in developing countries. Despite the improvement in pediatric cardiac surgery, the need for specialized services and the limitations of human beings and financial resources are challenging for those countries. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Surgical site infection (SSI) is a relevant complication associated with increased morbidity and mortality and higher costs to the health system. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In pediatric cardiac surgical patients, reported SSI incidence rates vary from 0.2% to 4.8%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Only a few studies have focused on identifying risk factors for SSI after cardiac surgery in children older than one-year-old, as the focus is on the neonatal period. There are no studies with this specific focus on the pediatric population in Brazil. This study aims to contribute to expanding knowledge on the subject.</p>
        <p>Prior studies have identified age under one month, genetic syndrome, high American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score, cyanogenic heart disease, intraoperative hypothermia, preoperative hospitalization for more than 48 hours, duration of surgery, and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, use of multiple procedures during surgery, number of red blood cell transfusions and delay in completion of sternal closure as risk factors for SSI. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The study&#8217;s primary objective was to identify risk factors for infection at the surgical site after cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease with and without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children. As a secondary endpoint, the incidence and microbiology of infections were evaluated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The Scientific Committee and the Ethics Committee for Analysis of Research Projects of the tertiary cardiology university hospital approved this study. The free and informed consent form was waived.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>A retrospective 1:2 case-control study design was used to identify risk factors. This study included 189 patients aged between 1 and 19 years old who had undergone cardiac surgery at a tertiary cardiac center specialized in high-complexity pediatric care cardiovascular surgery from January 1 <sup>st</sup> , 2011, to December 31, 2018. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition, the age group of adolescents in pediatrics encompasses 10 to 19 years. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> We adopted this standardization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Case definition: Patients with congenital heart disease aged between one and 19 years old who underwent cardiac surgery with surgical site infection (SSI).</p>
          <p>Control definition: Patients with congenital heart disease aged between one and 19 years old who underwent cardiac surgery without SSI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Newborn patients and infants until the first year of life (29 days of age until 11 months and 29 days).</p>
          <p>Patients undergoing cardiac surgery for diagnoses other than congenital heart disease, such as cardiomyopathies, pericardiopathies, cardiac tumors, chronic rheumatic disease, patients indicated for heart transplantation, patients indicated for placement of an electronic device or circulatory assistance device in the absence of congenital heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection of cases and controls</title>
          <p>All SSI diagnoses were confirmed by the Hospital Infection Control Unit (UCIH) team in line with defining diagnostic criteria according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>For each case, two controls were selected and combined by diagnosis of heart disease and by surgery date (&#177;30 days) to minimize pre and/or intraoperative differences. The controls were randomly selected using the Excel program. Congenital heart diseases were divided into categories according to the pathogenic, pathophysiological basis and arterial oxygen saturation in four groups: group 1) acyanotic congenital heart disease with an obstructive lesion, group 2) acyanotic congenital heart disease with left to - right shunt defect, group 3) cyanotic congenital heart disease with obstruction to pulmonary blood flow and group 4) cyanotic congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary blood flow. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Pre, intra, and postoperative data (demography, clinical, laboratory values) were recorded, and exposure variables were analyzed if considered biologically relevant and according to the literature review. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ) Considering that the transfusion of blood products can be an important risk factor, having received at least one unit of any blood product was considered a potential risk factor.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Potential risk factors for surgical site infection by univariate analysis in patients with congenital heart disease aged between one and 19 years old, who underwent cardiac surgery, 2011-2018</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Exposure</th>
                    <th>Case Group (N=66)</th>
                    <th>Control Group (N=123)</th>
                    <th>OR (CI 95%)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Preoperative data Age range, N (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infant (1-2 years old)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (47%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (29.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.14 (1.15 - 3.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Children (3-9 years old)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (21.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (31.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58 (0.28 - 1.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.128</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Teenager (10-19 years old)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (31.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (39%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73 (0.39 -1.37)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.327</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Underweight, N (%)*</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (24.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25 0.61- 2.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.534</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal weigth, N (%)**</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (72.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (70%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (0.56 - 2.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.772</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity, N (%)***</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (9.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29 (0.63 - 1.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.111</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prematurity, N (%)****</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.90 (0.37 - 9.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.438</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Genetic syndrome, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (5.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.03 (1.53 - 10.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Saturation O <sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (80-98)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (90-98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91 (0.65 - 1.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.570</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RACHS-1 &#8805;3, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (65%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (35%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.35 (1.79 - 6.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Preoperative procedures, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.83 (0.53 - 6.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.311</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous surgery, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (35%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.86 (1.01 - 3.41)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.046</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total days of preoperative hospitalization, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.75-8)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1-5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09 (0.96 - 1.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.188</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Preoperative hospitalization</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICU, N %</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (4.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.70 (0.59 - 4.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.324</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ER, N %</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (6.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.59 (0.47 - 5.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.454</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nursery, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (86%)</td>
                    <td align="center">115 (93%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44 (0.16 - 1.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.110</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Preoperative Laboratory values</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hb (11.0 to 14.5 g/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.7 (12.6-16.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.8 (12.8-15.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 (0.91 - 1.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.870</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Intraoperative data</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Duration of surgery (minutes)</td>
                    <td align="center">295 (225-361)</td>
                    <td align="center">293(230-350)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.90 - 1.11)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.997</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CPB (minutes)</td>
                    <td align="center">98 (59-127)</td>
                    <td align="center">98 (59-127.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99 (0.89 - 1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.992</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic Cross-Clamp (minutes)</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (36-87)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (40-99)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.975 (0.87 - 1.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.669</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypothermia</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (86%)</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (91%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.622 (0.24 - 1.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.321</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Any transfusion, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (54.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (53%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07 (0.80 - 1.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.823</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Red blood cell transfusion, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (51%)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (44%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.35 (0.74 - 2.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.318</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECMO, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.89 (0.26 - 13.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.529</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Delayed sternal closure, N (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.88 (0.46 -17.69)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.253</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lowest glucose value (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (85-110)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (84-109)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (0.92 - 1.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.604</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Highest glucose value (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">169 (131-191)</td>
                    <td align="center">164 (131-195)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (0.92 - 1.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.743</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Postoperative data - Laboratory values</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Immediate postoperative</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBC count (4.000 to 12.000/mm <sup>3</sup> )</td>
                    <td align="center">13.920 (10.723 -20.398)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.150 (12.230-18.110)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97 (0.88 - 1.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.681</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>C reactive protein (&lt; 5.0 mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.29 (1.54-13.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0 (1.65-58.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.83 - 1.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.255</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>48 h postoperative</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hb (11.0 to 14.5 g/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.6 (8.4-12.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.6 (9.4-11.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (0.92 - 1.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.688</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBC count (4.000 to 12.000/mm <sup>3</sup> )</td>
                    <td align="center">12.980 (11.280-17.980)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.500 (10.740-18.020)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 (0.91 - 1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.835</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>C-Reactive Protein (&lt; 5.0 mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">75.90 (49.55-118.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">93.90 (64.89-151.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 (0.77 - 0.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.032</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Reoperation in the same hospitalization (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (26%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (5.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.75 (2.24 - 14.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (88%)</td>
                    <td align="center">105 (85%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27 (0.05 - 1.55)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.144</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Data are presented as median with interquartile range (25-75 <sup>th</sup> ) and numbers and percentiles. CI: confidence interval; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ER: emergency room; Hb: hemoglobin; ICU: intensive care unit; O <sub>2</sub>: oxygen; OR: odds ratio; Pre: preoperative period; WBC: white blood cell. * Underweight: anthropometric index defined by values of body mass index or weight/height ratio &#8805; 0.1 percentile and &lt; p 3 (&#8805; z-score -3 and &lt; z-score-2). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> ** Normal weight: defined anthropometric index by body mass index values or weight-to-height ratio &#8805; 3 <sup>rd</sup> percentile and &#8804; p 85 (&#8805; z-score -2 and &#8804; z-score 1). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> *** Obesity: anthropometric index defined by body mass index values or ratio weight/height &gt; 97 <sup>th</sup> percentile and e &#8804; p 99.9 (&#8805; z-score +2 and &#8804; z-score + 3). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> **** Prematurity: gestational age at birth &lt; 37 weeks. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </p>
                </fn>
                <attrib>Source: RIBEIRO, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antibiotic prophylaxis recommendations</title>
          <p>Intravenous cefuroxime (dose=50mg/kg) was administered during anesthetic induction and repeated every 4 hours during surgery. Dose administration at the end of CPB is not recommended. After the end of the surgery, 30mg/kg is administered every six hours until completed 24 hours postoperatively (four doses in the surgical ICU). For children weighing more than 30 kg, cefuroxime 1.5g is used during anesthetic induction and 750mg every 4 hours during surgery and every 6 hours postoperatively for 24 hours. For the analysis of antimicrobial prophylaxis, electronic and paper records were consulted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>SPSS software version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Numerical variables were expressed as median and interquartile range (25 <sup>th</sup> and 75 <sup>th</sup> percentile). Categorical variables were presented using absolute and relative frequencies. Differences between the two groups were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test for numeric variables after checking for non-normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s test for categorical variables, when appropriate. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for SSI. In regression analysis, numerical variables were categorized into deciles. Exposure variables with a probability value below 0.1 were considered in the univariate analysis for inclusion in a multivariate model. Procedure <italic>LR Forward</italic> was used to select each variable in the final model. The odds ratio (OR) ratio with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated. Statistical significance was defined as p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between January 1 <sup>st</sup> , 2011, and December 31, 2018, 2378 patients underwent cardiac surgery, of whom 66 had SSI. These cases were matched with two controls by date of operation and congenital heart defect group. Nine cases were matched with only one control due to a lack of equivalent diagnosis to be matched during the period or due to another concomitant infection. The final number of controls after randomization and matching criteria was 123 patients.</p>
        <p>The annual incidence of SSI after cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease in children over the eight-year study ranged from 2.0% to 3.8%.</p>
        <p>The type of SSI was superficial incisional in 29 patients (44%), deep incisional in 14 (21%), and organ space in 23 (35%), with seven mediastinitis, five osteomyelitis, five endocarditis, and six cases with two associated diagnoses, namely osteomyelitis and mediastinitis (three cases); osteomyelitis and endocarditis (two cases) and one patient with mediastinitis associated with endocarditis. Surgical site cultures were obtained in 50 patients (76%) and were positive in 37 cases (74%): <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> was identified in 26 patients (70.3%), <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> in six (16.2%), <italic>Staphylococcus cohnii</italic> in one (2.7%), <italic>Staphylococcus hominis</italic> in one (2.7%), <italic>Enterococcus faecium</italic> in one (2.7%), <italic>Acinetobacter sp</italic> in one (2.7%) and <italic>Enterobacter cloacae</italic> complex in one (2.7%). As to the sensitivity profile, 29% of the staphylococci (10/34) were resistant to oxacillin and 71% (24/34) sensitive. Enterococcus faecium was resistant to vancomycin. Blood cultures were positive in eight patients (21%) out of 37 cases. The etiological agents identified in blood cultures were <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (four deep SSIs and two mediastinitis), <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> (one osteomyelitis), and <italic>Enterococcus faecium</italic> (one mediastinitis).</p>
        <p>Six patients died (3.2%). All had SSI organ space and positive blood culture. Etiological agents identified in blood cultures were <italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Enterococcus faecium</italic> .</p>
        <p>Regarding antibiotic prophylaxis, the percentage of missing data was around 6% (four out of 66) in the case group and 13% (16 out of 123) in the control group. There was compliance of antimicrobial prophylaxis with the institutional protocol above 90%, with no statistically significant difference between cases and controls (p=0.144).</p>
        <p>The potential risk factors for SSI are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Those that are significant by univariate analysis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Infant patients, those with genetic syndrome, RACHS-1 categories 3 and 4, and those who required surgery performed in previous years and reoperation in the same hospitalization had a higher risk of developing SSI. Conversely, patients with higher C-reactive protein (C-RP) levels in the 48 postoperative hours presented a lower risk for SSI ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). The evolution of the serum levels of C-RP in the preoperative and postoperative periods is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> . Independent risk factors for SSI in multivariate analysis are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . The annual incidence of SSI and risk factors for SSI are illustrated in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Significant risk factors for surgical site infection by univariate analysis in patients with congenital heart disease aged between one and 19 years old, who underwent cardiac surgery, 2011-2018: univariate analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Exposures</th>
                  <th>Case Group (N=66)</th>
                  <th>Control Group (N=123)</th>
                  <th>OR (CI 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infant age, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (29.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14 (1.15 - 3.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Genetic syndrome, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.03 (1.53 - 10.77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RACHS-1 &#8805;3, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (65%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.35 (1.79 - 6.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous surgery, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.86 (1.01 - 3.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-reactive protein 48 h PO (&lt;5.0 mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.90 (49.55 - 118.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">93.90 (64.89 - 151.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87 (0.77 - 0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reoperation in the same hospitalization, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.75 (2.24 - 14.74)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Data are presented as median with interquartile range (25-75 <sup>th</sup> ) and numbers and percentiles. CI: confidence interval; h: hours; OR: odds ratio; PO: postoperative period; RACHS-1: Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery, version 1.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: RIBEIRO. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; C-reactive protein level range (median) evolution in patients with congenital heart disease aged between one year and 19 years old, who underwent cardiac surgery, 2011-2018</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-12-e20220592-20592-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Risk factors for surgical site infection by multivariate analysis in patients with congenital heart disease aged between one and 19 years old, submitted to cardiac surgery, 2011-2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>CI 95%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infant age</td>
                  <td align="center">3.19</td>
                  <td align="center">1.26 &#8211; 8.66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Genetic syndrome</td>
                  <td align="center">6.20</td>
                  <td align="center">1.70 &#8211; 21.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RACHS &#8805;3</td>
                  <td align="center">8.40</td>
                  <td align="center">3.30 &#8211; 21.34</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-reactive protein 48h PO</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73 &#8211; 0.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>CI: confidence interval; h: hours; OR: odds ratio; PO: postoperative period; RACHS-1: Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery, version 1</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: RIBEIRO ACL, 2022</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The infant age group was identified as a risk factor for SSI. Previous studies have already described the predictive role of young age for SSI. The process of immune system development in children begins in fetal life and continues through adolescence. The newborn and infant are less able to respond to antigens than older children, adolescents, and adults. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Genetic syndrome was a predictor for SSI in our study. Costello et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Sen et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and Hatachi et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> observed chromosomal changes as predictors of SSI in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease. Down syndrome is the most common recognizable genetic syndrome associated with immunological changes in the cellular, humoral, and phagocytic compartments and is the most prevalent in our population. The lytic capacity of neutrophils polymorphonuclears is affected by the activity of superoxides and other radicals, which cause oxidative cellular damage, eliminating fungi and bacteria such as <italic>Candida spp</italic> . and <italic>Staphylococcus spp.</italic> The copper-zinc-superoxydodismutase-1 enzyme (Cu-Zn-SOD-1) that converts superoxides into hydrogen peroxide is encoded by the SOD1 gene, located on chromosome 21. The extra genetic load determined by trisomy is related to high levels of Cu-Zn-SOD-1, which reduces the amount of superoxides in polymorphonuclear patients with chromosome 21 trisomy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>RACHS-1 categories 3 to 4 patients were found to have a 3 times higher risk for SSI. The association between the complexity of surgical procedure evidenced by RACHS-1 and the risk for SSI had already been described by Costello et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and Sen et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Complex and prolonged cardiovascular operations may increase cardiac surgery time, tissue management, and cellular damage. Patients with complex congenital heart defects might have a baseline clinical condition prone to hemodynamic decompensation. Changes in cardiac output may reduce tissue vascularization and contribute to infection. However, the surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass duration were not statistically significantly associated with SSI in our study.</p>
        <p>When we analyzed the influence of previous surgery performed in recent years, it was associated with SSI p=0.046 (CI 95%,1.01-3.41), OR=1.86. The previous cardiac surgery is suggested in publications as a risk factor for SSI; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> however, this exposure variable did not remain a risk factor for infection in the surgical site after multivariate analysis by logistic regression.</p>
        <p>The fact that the levels of C-reactive protein after 48 hours of operation were significantly higher in the group of non-infected patients was an unexpected finding, p=0.032 (IC 95%, 0.77-0.99), OR=0.87. In multivariate analysis, it was shown to be a protective factor, p=0.023 (95% CI, 0.73-0.98) OR=0.85. For each additional C-RP 48-hour decile, surgical site infection risk was reduced by 15%.</p>
        <p>Inflammation is the human body&#8217;s protective humoral and cellular response to injury. It involves the activation of different cascades, such as the complement system, cytokines, and coagulation. In the context of cardiac surgery, it is already triggered in anesthesia, is increased by the surgical incision of the skin and sternotomy, and is robustly amplified by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, the serum levels of C-RP need to be interpreted with caution and evaluated together with clinical, and epidemiological data, other complementary exams, and other biomarkers. High C-RP serum levels may be interpreted as an infectious complication and cause the introduction of empirical antimicrobial therapy or prolongation of antimicrobial prophylaxis. Antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with high CRP was not prolonged due to these values, and patients who received some antimicrobial drug due to suspected infectious diagnosis in the postoperative period were excluded from the control group.</p>
        <p>The evolution of C-RP serum levels illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> follows the literature data on the C-RP peak on the second postoperative day. Jaworski et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> conducted a study to evaluate the kinetics of C-reactive protein in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. They observed that the highest levels of C-RP occurred on the second postoperative day and that the values were high even in the absence of infectious complications. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Traditionally used as a marker of infection and cardiovascular events, C-reactive protein is currently being pointed out by new evidence as a protein with an active and relevant role in the processes of inflammation and host response to infections, including the complement system pathway, apoptosis, phagocytosis, release of nitric oxide and production of cytokines, particularly interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In the presence of calcium, C-RP binds to polysaccharides in microorganisms and activates the classic complement pathway that promotes the opsonization of pathogens. There are reports that C-RP can mediate the host&#8217;s response to <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> by promoting an increase in the phagocytosis of this bacterium. Sproston et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> showed the action of C-RP on the bacterial polysaccharide wall. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Considering that <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> is the most frequent main agent of surgical site infections, described in the literature and was also the most frequent agent in patients in the case group, the highest 48-hour C-RP level range in not infected patients demonstrates the possibility of performing a role of opsonin, a protective effect for SSI. It is of great importance that this protein should not be interpreted as only a marker of infection.</p>
        <p>D&#8217;Souza et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> carried out a prospective observational study of the predictive value of biomarkers such as C-RP, procalcitonin, lactate, neutrophils and lymphocytes, and platelets for the diagnosis of bacterial infection after cardiac surgery in the pediatric population. Three hundred sixty-eight patients were included, and it was described as the largest study focusing on this subject published until March 2022. Nevertheless, they concluded that this age group&#8217;s differentiation between infection and postoperative inflammatory status remains difficult. The longitudinal measurements of C-RP and procalcitonin and monitoring of clinical changes that occur in the evolution of the patient in the perioperative period are valuable information. They should be considered when deciding on the rational use of antimicrobials in the postoperative period. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Using biomarkers such as C-RP and procalcitonin in the postoperative period of child cardiac surgery requires a detailed analysis to avoid misdiagnosis of numerous infections, indiscriminate prescription of antimicrobials, and selection of multi-resistant microorganisms. Prospective multicenter studies are needed to confirm and consolidate the findings.</p>
        <p>The present study has limitations. Surgical site infection is a rare outcome; thus, it can impair predictive factors analysis. The retrospective design of the study and the analysis of data in electronic and physical records presented difficulties related to the accuracy of the information. The population of a single referral center may have peculiar characteristics. Multicenter studies can validate the findings of this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, only non-modifiable risk factors for SSI were identified, such as patient age and presence of genetic syndrome. Therefore, infection prevention requires strict compliance with measures such as shortened preoperative hospital stay, individualized surgical prophylaxis, and careful handling of probes, catheters, and postoperative dressings.</p>
        <p>Another point to highlight is that the higher value of CRP in the 48 hours after surgery in patients in the control group has been shown to be a protective factor for SSI. The likely immunomodulatory role of C-reactive protein in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery needs further investigation, preventing its result from being interpreted exclusively as a marker of infection, leading to inappropriate antimicrobials.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is part of a doctoral thesis by Anna Christina de Lima Ribeiro to the Program in Cardiology of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
