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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">m6YxwF7Q5z5nb4ByTYhX4br</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Isqu&#234;mica e N&#237;vel de Renda &#8211; Uma Reflex&#227;o Acerca de Determinantes Sociais e Estruturais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6353-040X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoletti</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ot&#225;vio Azevedo Bertoletti</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>otavio.bertoletti@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240014</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Isqu&#234;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>N&#237;vel de Renda</kwd>
        <kwd>Caminhabilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Determinantes Sociais da Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Determinantes sociais e estruturais da sa&#250;de t&#234;m ganhado destaque quanto a sua influ&#234;ncia na sa&#250;de cardiovascular da popula&#231;&#227;o. Em recentes publica&#231;&#245;es, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> tem dirigido sua aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s desigualdades nos cuidados de sa&#250;de, mediadas por determinantes sociais (como renda, educa&#231;&#227;o, seguran&#231;a, local de moradia e vizinhan&#231;a) e estruturais (acesso &#224; sa&#250;de, saneamento b&#225;sico, ar limpo, ambiente saud&#225;vel), e seus impactos delet&#233;rios na sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Discute como implementar a&#231;&#245;es com potencial para eliminar essas desigualdades no cuidado de sa&#250;de que afetam desfavoravelmente a sa&#250;de cardiovascular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> das popula&#231;&#245;es marginalizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, aborda estrat&#233;gias para atingir uma sa&#250;de cardiovascular para todos, de forma equ&#226;nime, com foco no aumento m&#233;dio da longevidade populacional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> haja vista que as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares continuam sendo a principal causa de morte mundialmente, inclusive no Brasil, liderada pela doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nessa dire&#231;&#227;o, o estudo transversal de Cerci et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> vem a contribuir na an&#225;lise se um ambiente p&#250;blico prop&#237;cio a caminhadas (walkability) na vizinhan&#231;a medeia a potencial rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) de residentes de uma cidade de 1.773.718 habitantes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> inserida num pa&#237;s de renda mediana. Os autores analisaram 26.415 indiv&#237;duos da cidade de Curitiba/Brasil, no per&#237;odo entre 2010 e 2017, sendo 96,5% cobertos por plano privado de sa&#250;de, diagnosticados com DIC atrav&#233;s de exame de imagem de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por tomografia computadorizada com emiss&#227;o &#250;nica de f&#243;tons (SPECT-MPI).</p>
    <p>Por meio da geolocaliza&#231;&#227;o e cruzamento com dados censit&#225;rios da regi&#227;o de domic&#237;lio identificaram e cruzaram dados de renda, escolaridade e n&#237;vel de criminalidade. E, assim, analisaram as caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas dos participantes. Os autores encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa e independente entre n&#237;vel de renda e preval&#234;ncia de DIC, odds ratio = 0,91 (IC de 95%: 0,87 a 0,96).</p>
    <p>Embora a caminhabilidade, mensurada atrav&#233;s da combina&#231;&#227;o de 4 vari&#225;veis &#8211; conectividade vi&#225;ria, densidade residencial, densidade comercial e uso misto do solo &#8211;, tenha apresentado associa&#231;&#227;o direta com os n&#237;veis de renda &#8211; os setores censit&#225;rios de maior renda apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com uma maior caminhabilidade 1,79 (IC 95%: 1,49 a 2,08) &#8211;, ela n&#227;o mediou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e DIC (percentual de media&#231;&#227;o= -0,3%).</p>
    <p>Secundariamente, este estudo corroborou os dados da literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstrando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco. Identificaram que quanto menor a renda, maior a preval&#234;ncia de pessoas fisicamente inativas, tabagistas, hipertensas e com diabetes.</p>
    <p>Em que pese o desenho deste estudo n&#227;o tenha se fundamentado numa an&#225;lise probabil&#237;stica de representa&#231;&#227;o populacional e, portanto, tem limita&#231;&#245;es na extrapola&#231;&#227;o de seus resultados para esse fim, os autores evidenciam an&#225;lises relevantes acerca da sa&#250;de de residentes de um grande centro urbano. Concluem que residir em um setor censit&#225;rio de baixa renda foi independentemente associado a maior preval&#234;ncia de DIC, independente do sexo. Vizinhan&#231;as com estrutura que n&#227;o favorece a caminhabilidade s&#227;o ocupadas por pessoas de menor renda, apesar de n&#227;o ter sido evidenciado que a caminhabilidade possa influenciar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e DIC.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o de N&#237;vel de Renda e Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o: Papel Potencial da Caminhabilidade</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ischemic Heart Disease and Income Level &#8211; A Thinking on Social and Structural Determinants</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6353-040X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoletti</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ot&#225;vio Azevedo Bertoletti</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>otavio.bertoletti@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Ischemic Heart Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Income Level</kwd>
        <kwd>Walkability</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Social Determinants</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Social and structural determinants of health have gained prominence regarding their influence on the cardiovascular health of the population. In recent publications, the American Heart Association has directed its attention to inequalities in healthcare, mediated by social (such as income, education, safety, place of residence, and neighborhood) and structural determinants (access to healthcare, basic sanitation, clean air, healthy environment), and its deleterious impacts on cardiovascular health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It discusses how to implement actions with the potential to eliminate these inequalities in health care that adversely affect the cardiovascular health<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> of marginalized populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In addition, it addresses strategies to achieve cardiovascular health for all in an equitable way, with a focus on increasing the average population longevity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> given that cardiovascular diseases continue to be the main cause of death worldwide, including in Brazil, led by ischemic heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>.</p>
      <p>In this direction, the cross-sectional study by Cerci et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> contributes to the analysis of whether a public environment conducive to walking (walkability) in the neighborhood mediates the potential relationship between income level and ischemic heart disease (IHD) of residents of a city with 1,773,718 inhabitants,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> located in a middle-income country. The authors analyzed 26,415 individuals from the city of Curitiba/Brazil, in the period between 2010 and 2017, 96.5% of whom were covered by a private health plan and diagnosed with IHD through myocardial perfusion imaging using computed tomography with single photon emission. (SPECT-MPI).</p>
      <p>Through geolocation and cross-referencing with census data from the region of residence, they identified and cross-referenced data on income, education, and level of crime. So, they analyzed the socioeconomic characteristics of the participants. The authors found an inverse and independent association between income level and IHD prevalence, odds ratio = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87 to 0.96).</p>
      <p>Although walkability, measured through the combination of 4 variables &#8211; road connectivity, residential density, commercial density, and mixed land use &#8211; has shown a direct association with income levels &#8211; the census tracts with higher income have been associated with greater walkability 1 .79 (95% CI: 1.49 to 2.08) &#8211; it did not mediate the association between income level and IHD (percentage of mediation = -0.3%).</p>
      <p>Secondarily, this study corroborated data from the literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstrating statistical significance in the relationship between income level and prevalence of risk factors. They identified that the lower the income, the higher the prevalence of physically inactive people, smokers, hypertensive people, and people with diabetes.</p>
      <p>Despite the fact that the design of this study was not based on a probabilistic analysis of population representation and, therefore, has limitations in extrapolating its results for this purpose, the authors highlight relevant analyses regarding the health of residents of a large urban center. They conclude that living in a low-income census tract was independently associated with a higher prevalence of IHD, regardless of sex. Neighborhoods with structures that do not favor walkability are occupied by people with lower incomes, although there has been no evidence that walkability can influence the relationship between income level and IHD.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Association of Income Level and Ischemic Heart Disease: Potential Role of Walkability</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
