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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Lhr5r8njR4v3NsQDgmPM3bF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230843</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Atenua&#231;&#227;o da Gordura Pericoron&#225;ria na Tomografia Computadorizada Revela um Fator Culpado de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Associada a Esteroides Anab&#243;licos-Androg&#234;nicos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0814-6672</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mancio</surname>
            <given-names>Jennifer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Royal Brompton Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Londres</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Royal Brompton Hospital, Londres &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina do Porto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PR">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jennifer Mancio</bold> Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas NHS Trust Foundation, Sydney St, London SW3 6NP &#8211; Reino Unido E-mail: <email>j.manciosilva@rbht.nhs.uk</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230843</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Congeneres da Testoterona/toxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica/patologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O uso il&#237;cito de esteroides anab&#243;lico-androg&#234;nicos (EAA) &#233; um problema crescente de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica que afeta principalmente n&#227;o-atletas, fisiculturistas e adultos jovens, incluindo mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; dif&#237;cil determinar quantas pessoas usam esteroides anabolizantes por raz&#245;es n&#227;o m&#233;dicas. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise populacional geral, 6,4% dos homens e 1,6% das mulheres afirmaram ter usado EAA em sua vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, onde a apar&#234;ncia est&#233;tica, o culto ao corpo e a beleza desempenham um papel social e econ&#244;mico especial, a preval&#234;ncia do uso de EAA pode variar entre 2,1% e 31,6%, conforme a regi&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> EAA s&#227;o subst&#226;ncias sint&#233;ticas relacionadas aos horm&#244;nios sexuais masculinos, principalmente &#224; testosterona. Em doses normais e durante um curto per&#237;odo, os EAA podem melhorar a for&#231;a muscular e aumentar a massa corporal magra, mas em doses mais elevadas (muitas vezes 100 vezes acima da dose cl&#237;nica), os EAA est&#227;o associados a uma taxa de mortalidade 4,6 vezes superior em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> V&#225;rios casos de eventos cardiovasculares agudos, incluindo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral (alguns deles fatais), foram descritos na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O principal mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico por tr&#225;s dessa associa&#231;&#227;o em adultos jovens &#233; a promo&#231;&#227;o de um perfil lip&#237;dico e metab&#243;lico adverso caracterizado por n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol LDL e diminui&#231;&#227;o do colesterol HDL e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, o que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, pode levar ao ac&#250;mulo de placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que a trombose sem aterosclerose subjacente ou vasoespasmo tamb&#233;m &#233; altamente poss&#237;vel em usu&#225;rios de EAA, dado seu estado de hipercoagulabilidade e aumento da viscosidade sangu&#237;nea devido ao tromboxano A2 e &#224; s&#237;ntese de fibrinog&#234;nio, inibi&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de prostaciclina e aumento da eritropoiese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Diagnosticar doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) em usu&#225;rios (e abusadores) de EAA pode ser um desafio dado seu risco muito baixo com base nos escores de risco cl&#225;ssicos. A angiocoronariografia por tomografia computadorizada (ACTC) &#233; atualmente o m&#233;todo de imagem de primeira linha para investiga&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suspeita de DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Apesar de sua excelente resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial, a avalia&#231;&#227;o visual da ACTC apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es na detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a da parede arterial coronariana em est&#225;gios iniciais, quando as placas coron&#225;rias ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o vis&#237;veis ao olho humano. Pesquisadores da Universidade de Oxford mostraram que mais da metade dos eventos acontecem em pacientes com placas n&#227;o obstrutivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos, desde a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo hist&#243;rico CRISP-CT, Oikonomou et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> demonstraram de forma detalhada que a inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria &#8211; a causa da forma&#231;&#227;o e instabilidade da DAC &#8211; pode estar presente apesar da aus&#234;ncia de placas vis&#237;veis; eles descobriram que os sinais liberados por vasos inflamados no tecido adiposo perivascular circundante, bloqueia a diferencia&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-adip&#243;citos perivasculares em adip&#243;citos maduros e carregados de lip&#237;dios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Assim, pacientes com DAC acumulam tecido adiposo perivascular com adipocitos de menor tamanho e menor conte&#250;do lip&#237;dico pr&#243;ximo &#224; parede vascular e, consequentemente, menores valores negativos de atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura em compara&#231;&#227;o com vasos n&#227;o doentes. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o da gordura perivascular podem ser detetadas tridimensionalmente pelo &#205;ndice de Atenua&#231;&#227;o de Gordura (FAI) &#8211; um biomarcador derivado de ACTC desenvolvido para detectar DAC precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Resumidamente, FAI &#233; o sinal m&#233;dio de gordura perivascular ao redor do vaso que pode ser obtido em qualquer ACTC adquirida rotineiramente. Este biomarcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria foi desenvolvido e validado em grandes coortes de pacientes europeus e americanos e posteriormente integrado (juntamente com os fatores de risco cardiovascular) num modelo progn&#243;stico para obter o risco individual absoluto de eventos. O c&#225;lculo do FAI implica o contorno da parede dos vasos nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias contrastadas, o que &#233; uma tarefa demorada e dependente do operador. Atualmente, uma ferramenta de IA est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para segmentar automaticamente a gordura perivascular e fornecer pontua&#231;&#227;o de risco de cada indiv&#237;duo para uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, De Souza et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> compararam o FAI pericoron&#225;rio derivado de ACTC e os n&#237;veis perif&#233;ricos de Interleucina (IL) (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10) e TNF-alfa entre 20 usu&#225;rios de EAA treinados em for&#231;a, 20 n&#227;o usu&#225;rios de EAA e 10 controles sedent&#225;rios. Os autores mostraram que os usu&#225;rios de EAA apresentam maior FAI ao redor da art&#233;ria descendente anterior e coronariana direita em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#227;o usu&#225;rios de EAA ou controles, apesar de sua menor gordura corporal total. Notavelmente, os n&#237;veis circulantes de IL-1, IL-6 e IL-10 tamb&#233;m s&#227;o mais elevados em usu&#225;rios de EAA. Esses achados demonstram que a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e coronariana (avaliada de forma n&#227;o invasiva pelo FAI) est&#225; presente nos usu&#225;rios de EAA, identificando assim a inflama&#231;&#227;o como um potencial alvo diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico de comorbidades relacionadas &#224; EAA. Nota-se o pequeno tamanho da coorte e a aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o de dados de resultados cl&#237;nicos. No entanto, este estudo contribui para uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos fen&#243;menos fisiopatol&#243;gicos locais que ocorrem ao n&#237;vel da parede coron&#225;ria e alarga as aplica&#231;&#245;es do FAI a este grupo espec&#237;fico de jovens.</p>
    <p>Como o abuso de EAA &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o crescente para os m&#233;dicos, os cardiologistas devem consider&#225;-lo como um poss&#237;vel diagn&#243;stico diferencial no contexto de um paciente jovem que sofre um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais (MINOCA). As imagens s&#227;o mais do que podemos ver. Especificamente, em usu&#225;rios de EAA, o FAI perivascular pode servir como uma ferramenta para detectar e monitorar a carga de inflama&#231;&#227;o da parede dos vasos coron&#225;rios, independentemente da presen&#231;a de placas coron&#225;rias vis&#237;veis. Futuros estudos maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para corroborar os achados de De Souza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> contra resultados cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s a retirada do EAA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Inflama&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Avaliada pela Atenua&#231;&#227;o de Gordura Pericoron&#225;ria na Tomografia Computadorizada e Eleva&#231;&#227;o de Citocinas em Usu&#225;rios Jovens de Esteroides Anab&#243;licos Androg&#234;nicos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pericoronary Fat Attenuation on Computed Tomography Unveils a Guilty Factor of Coronary Artery Disease Associated with Anabolic&#8211;Androgenic Steroids</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0814-6672</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mancio</surname>
            <given-names>Jennifer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Royal Brompton Hospital, London &#8211; United Kingdom</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jennifer Mancio</bold> Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas NHS Trust Foundation, Sydney St, London SW3 6NP &#8211; United Kingdom E-mail: <email>j.manciosilva@rbht.nhs.uk</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disese</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>X-Ray Computed/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Testosterone Congeners/toxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque Atherosclerotic/pathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The illicit use of anabolic&#8211;androgenic steroids (AAS) is a growing public health problem that affects mainly nonathletes, bodybuilders, and young adults, including women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is difficult to determine how many people use anabolic steroids for non-medical reasons. In a general population meta-analysis, 6.4% of males and 1.6% of females appealed to have used AAS in their lives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, where aesthetic appearance, body cult, and beauty play a special social and economic role, the prevalence of AAS use can vary between 2.1% and 31.6%, according to the region.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> AAS are synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones, particularly testosterone. In normal doses and over a short time, AAS can improve muscle strength and increase lean body mass, but at higher doses (often 100 times above the clinical dose), AAS are associated with a 4.6-fold higher mortality rate compared to the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Several cases of acute cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and stroke (some of them fatal), have been described in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The main pathophysiological mechanism behind this association in young adults is the promotion of an adverse lipidic and metabolic profile characterized by elevated LDL- and decreased HDL-cholesterol and insulin resistance, which, ultimately, can lead to atherosclerotic plaque build-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Importantly, thrombosis without underlying atherosclerosis or vasospasm is also highly possible in AAS users, given its hypercoagulability state and increased blood viscosity because of thromboxane A2, and fibrinogen synthesis, inhibition of prostacyclin production, and increase erythropoiesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) in AAS users (and abusers) may be challenging given its very low risk based on the classical risk scores. Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) is the current first-line imaging method for the investigation of patients with suspicion of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Despite its excellent spatial resolution, visual CTCA assessment has limitations in detecting coronary artery wall disease at early stages, when coronary plaques are not yet visible to the human eye. Researchers from the University of Oxford showed that more than half of the events happen in patients with non-obstructive plaques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Over the past 5 years, since the publication of the landmark CRISP-CT study, Oikonomou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> have comprehensively demonstrated that coronary inflammation &#8211; the driver of CAD formation and instability &#8211; may be present despite the absence of visible plaques; they discovered that signals released from inflamed vessels into the surrounding perivascular adipose tissue block the differentiation of perivascular pre-adipocytes into mature, lipid-laden adipocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Thus, patients with CAD accumulate perivascular adipose tissue with smaller adipocyte size and lower lipid content near the vascular wall and, consequently, less negative fat attenuation values compared with non-diseased vessels. These changes in the perivascular fat composition can be tri-dimensionally captured by the Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) &#8211; a CTCA-derived biomarker developed to detect early CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Briefly, FAI is the mean perivascular fat signal around the vessel that can be obtained in any routinely acquired CTCA. This biomarker of coronary inflammation was developed and validated in large cohorts of European and American patients and further integrated (along with the cardiovascular risk factors) into a prognostic model to obtain the absolute individual risk of events. FAI calculation implies vessel wall contouring in contrasted coronary arteries, which is a time-consuming and operator-dependent task. Currently, an AI-tool is available to automatically segment the perivascular fat and provide each subject risk score for use in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>In this edition, De Souza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> compared the CTCA-derived pericoronary FAI and the peripheral levels of Interleukin (IL) (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10) and TNF-alpha among 20 strength-trained AAS users, 20 AAS nonusers and 10 sedentary controls. The authors showed that AAS users exhibit higher FAI around the LAD and the RCA compared with AAS nonusers or controls, despite its lower total body fat. Remarkably, circulating levels of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 are also higher in AAS users. These findings demonstrate that systemic and coronary inflammation (assessed non-invasively by FAI) is present in AAS, thereby pining inflammation as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target of AAS-related comorbidities. Note is made of the small cohort size and absence of clinical outcome data correlation. Nonetheless, this study is a contribution to a better understanding of the local pathophysiological phenomena happening at the coronary wall level, and it extends the applications of FAI to this specific group of young subjects.</p>
      <p>As the abuse of AAS is a growing concern for clinicians, cardiologists must consider this as a possible differential diagnosis in the context of a young patient suffering a myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries (MINOCA). Images are more than what we can see. Specifically, in AAS users, perivascular FAI can serve as a tool to detect and monitor the coronary vessel wall inflammation burden, regardless of the presence of visible coronary plaques. Future larger studies are needed to corroborate De Souza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> findings against clinical outcomes following the withdrawal of AAS.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Coronary Inflammation by Computed Tomography Pericoronary Fat Attenuation and Increased Cytokines in Young Male Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
