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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CXK4FGqHTBBWvQTmMGPgpNc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230809</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdico: Precisamos de Marcadores para Les&#227;o de Microcircula&#231;&#227;o? E a Rela&#231;&#227;o Fibrinog&#234;nio/Albumina Seria a Resposta?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0570-4368</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Neuenschwander</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Orizonti</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Orizonti, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">CardioOne Clinic</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CardioOne Clinic, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Wang</bold> &#8226; Rua Bernardo Figuereido, 33, 8&#186; andar. CEP <postal-code>30220-140</postal-code>, Serra, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rwang@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230809</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinol&#237;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Albumina</kwd>
        <kwd>Fen&#244;meno de N&#227;o Refluxo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; a principal causa de morte no mundo, e a segunda causa de morte no Brasil. O maior avan&#231;o no seu tratamento foi a terapia de reperfus&#227;o, seja ela medicamentosa, atrav&#233;s do uso de fibrinol&#237;ticos ou por angioplastia coronariana com implante de stents. Este &#250;ltimo, al&#233;m da superioridade na qualidade da reperfus&#227;o, tem se demostrado ser tempo sens&#237;vel, qu&#227;o mais precoce a interven&#231;&#227;o maior &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o nos desfechos cardiovasculares, tanto no contexto da S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda sem Supra do Segmento ST e principalmente com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No contexto do IAM com supra do segmento ST (IAMCSST), o tempo entre os sintomas e a reperfus&#227;o pela angioplastia prim&#225;ria, &#233; considerado o principal redutor de morte cardiovascular, levando a preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e recupera&#231;&#227;o mais precoce.</p>
    <p>Mesmo sendo tratada precocemente, uma parcela desses pacientes ir&#225; experimentar uma reperfus&#227;o incompleta, caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o acarretando a redu&#231;&#227;o blush mioc&#225;rdico, da velocidade em que o contraste percorre o leito coron&#225;rio, podendo chegar ao extremo que &#233; o fen&#244;meno de "no Reflow" (falta de fluxo, mesmo com a art&#233;ria aberta).</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Kaplangoray et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> demonstraram que a rela&#231;&#227;o Fibrinog&#234;nio/Albumina (F/A) pode ser um bom preditor de uma reperfus&#227;o incompleta, sendo assim, poderia ser utilizado como marcador para este evento. Neste estudo, ressaltamos que a popula&#231;&#227;o que apresentava maior rela&#231;&#227;o F/A eram: pacientes mais idosos, com maior preval&#234;ncia de diab&#233;ticos e les&#245;es coronarianas mais complexas (Syntax Score). Ap&#243;s realizar ajustes, por meio da an&#225;lise multivariada, a rela&#231;&#227;o F/A permaneceu como fator de risco isolado para redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o microvascular.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos autores elegantemente terem discutido o racional te&#243;rico para utiliza&#231;&#227;o rela&#231;&#227;o F/A, demonstrando todo embasamento te&#243;rico para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, consideramos desafiadora sua incorpora&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Para utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira de um marcador algumas perguntas devem ser respondidas: 1. O marcador auxilia no diagn&#243;stico da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica? 2. O marcador &#233; preditor de desfechos cl&#237;nicos de interesse? 3. &#201; f&#225;cil de ser utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica? 4. &#201; poss&#237;vel intervir de forma diferente a partir dos resultados encontrados e consequentemente reduzir eventos? 5. Qual &#233; o impacto financeiro para sua implementa&#231;&#227;o?</p>
    <p>Pensando na rela&#231;&#227;o fibrinog&#234;nio/albumina, temos d&#250;vidas de sua utilidade cl&#237;nica: N&#227;o auxilia no diagn&#243;stico, pois para o paciente com quadro de IAMCSST, a prioridade seguir&#225; sendo o diagn&#243;stico precoce, baseado na cl&#237;nica e nas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, seguida de terapia de reperfus&#227;o no menor tempo poss&#237;vel. Neste contexto, durante os v&#225;rios processos que correm simultaneamente, &#233; feita a coleta de amostra de sangue, entretanto estes exames raramente est&#227;o prontos antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da angioplastia coron&#225;ria e esperar acarretar&#225; o atraso do procedimento, e sem os resultados nada de diferente poder&#225; ser executado durante a interven&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, a n&#227;o reperfus&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o vai continuar por meio da angiografia e o eletrocardiograma p&#243;s procedimento. Outro ponto importante a considerar &#233; o tamanho da amostra. Os desfechos substitutivos poderiam se traduzir em aumentos dos desfechos cardiovasculares duros (mortalidade principalmente)?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Algumas hip&#243;teses permanecem abertas: e se tivermos dispon&#237;vel um <italic>kit fast</italic> para realiza&#231;&#227;o desse teste? Haveria mudan&#231;a na abordagem da angioplastia prim&#225;ria? Uso de fibrinol&#237;ticos, inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa pr&#233; procedimento (para reduzir o fibrinog&#234;nio)? Infus&#227;o de albumina? Infelizmente, at&#233; o presente momento n&#227;o possu&#237;mos evid&#234;ncias robustas para responder estas quest&#245;es. Neste contexto, podemos dizer que a medida da rela&#231;&#227;o F/A encontra-se no campo de gera&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses, e necessita de mais estudos para responder a todas essas perguntas, antes de ser incorporada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Sem isso, esse marcador corre o risco de cair no esquecimento.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Rela&#231;&#227;o Fibrinog&#234;nio/Albumina e a Perfus&#227;o Microvascular em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria para Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Eleva&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST: Um Estudo Prospectivo</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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              <surname>Piegas</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Timerman</surname>
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              <surname>Feitosa</surname>
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          <article-title>V Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST V Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology on Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment with ST Segment Elevation</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>2 Supl 1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
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            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150107">https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150107</ext-link>
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        <mixed-citation>1 Piegas LS, Timerman A, Feitosa GS, Mattos LAP, Andrade MD, Avezum A, Feldman A, et al.. V Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST V Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology on Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment with ST Segment Elevation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;105(2 Supl 1):1-105. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150107">https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150107</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
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        <label>2</label>
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            <name>
              <surname>Kaplangoray</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toprak</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Cicek</surname>
              <given-names>OF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deveci</surname>
              <given-names>E.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between the Fibrinogen/Albumin Ratio and Microvascular Perfusion in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevated Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Study</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Kaplangoray M, Toprak K, Cicek OF, Deveci, E. Relationship between the Fibrinogen/Albumin Ratio and Microvascular Perfusion in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevated Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Study. Arq Bras Cardiol.2023;120(11):e20230002. Doi: 10.36660/abc.20230002</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Myocardial Infarction: Do We Need Markers for Microcirculation Injury? Moreover, Would the Fibrinogen/Albumin Ratio Be the Answer?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0570-4368</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Neuenschwander</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Orizonti, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CardioOne Clinic, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Wang</bold> &#8226; Rua Bernardo Figuereido, 33, 8&#186; andar. Postal Code <postal-code>30220-140</postal-code>, Serra, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>rwang@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinolytic Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Albumins</kwd>
        <kwd>No-Reflow Phenomenon</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of death in the world and the second cause of death in Brazil. The biggest advance in its treatment was reperfusion therapy, be it medication, through the use of fibrinolytics or coronary angioplasty with stent implantation. The latter, in addition to the superiority in the quality of reperfusion, has been shown to be time-sensitive; the earlier the intervention, the greater the reduction in cardiovascular outcomes, both in the context of Acute Coronary Syndrome without ST-Segment Elevation and especially with ST<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> segment elevation.</p>
      <p>In the context of ST-segment elevation AMI (STEMI), the time between symptoms and reperfusion by primary angioplasty is considered the main reduction in cardiovascular death, leading to the preservation of ventricular function and earlier recovery.</p>
      <p>Even if treated early, a portion of these patients will experience incomplete reperfusion, characterized by microcirculation dysfunction, resulting in a reduction in myocardial blush, the speed at which the contrast travels through the coronary bed, and can reach the extreme that is the "no-Reflow" phenomenon (lack of flow, even with the artery open).</p>
      <p>In this edition of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Kaplangoray et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> demonstrated that the Fibrinogen/Albumin (F/A) ratio can be a good predictor of incomplete reperfusion; therefore, it could be used as a marker for this event. In this study, we emphasize that the population with the highest F/A ratio were older patients with a higher prevalence of diabetics and more complex coronary lesions (Syntax Score). After making adjustments through multivariate analysis, the F/A ratio remained an isolated risk factor for reduced microvascular perfusion.</p>
      <p>Although the authors elegantly discussed the theoretical rationale for using the F/A ratio, demonstrating all theoretical basis for its use, we consider its incorporation into clinical practice challenging. For routine use of a marker, some questions must be answered: 1. Does the marker help in diagnosing the clinical condition? 2. Is the marker a predictor of clinical outcomes of interest? 3. Is it easy to use in clinical practice? 4. Is it possible to intervene differently based on the results found and consequently reduce events? 5. What is the financial impact of its implementation?</p>
      <p>Thinking about the fibrinogen/albumin relationship, we have doubts about its clinical usefulness: It does not help in the diagnosis because, for the patient with STEMI, the priority will continue to be early diagnosis, based on clinical and electrocardiographic changes, followed by reperfusion therapy in the shortest possible time. In this context, during the various processes that run simultaneously, a blood sample is collected; however, these tests are rarely ready before the coronary angioplasty is performed, and waiting will result in a delay in the procedure, and without the results, nothing different can be carried out during the intervention. Therefore, non-reperfusion of the microcirculation will continue through angiography and post-procedure electrocardiogram. Another important point to consider is the sample size. Could surrogate outcomes translate into increases in hard cardiovascular outcomes (mainly mortality)?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Some hypotheses remain open: what if we have a fast kit available to carry out this test? Would there be a change in the approach to primary angioplasty? Use of fibrinolytic, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors pre-procedure (to reduce fibrinogen)? Albumin infusion? Unfortunately, to date, we do not have robust evidence to answer these questions. In this context, we can say that the measurement of the F/A ratio is in the field of generating hypotheses and requires further studies to answer all these questions before being incorporated into clinical practice. Without this, this marker risks falling into oblivion.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Relationship between the Fibrinogen/Albumin Ratio and Microvascular Perfusion in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevated Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
