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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sy4jwWjHjLzNVL4jQh6gcxh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230760</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Risco em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Abrangente &#233; Sempre Melhor!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2756-7934</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental EPE</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental EPE &#8211; Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Cardiologia, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Miguel Mendes &#8226; CHLO - Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Cardiologia - Av. Prof. Reynaldo dos Santos. Carnaxide 2790-134 - Portugal E-mail: <email>miguel.mendes.md@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230760</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Sist&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Classifica&#231;&#227;o/New York Heart Association</kwd>
        <kwd>Clasiifica&#231;&#227;o de Weber</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; muito desafiadora, abrangendo muitos dados, como classe NYHA, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, comorbidades, par&#226;metros de testes cl&#237;nicos, marcadores bioqu&#237;micos, ades&#227;o e toler&#226;ncia aos medicamentos recomendados pelas diretrizes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco &#233; fundamental na IC avan&#231;ada para apoiar a decis&#227;o de fornecer a terapia mais adequada para um determinado paciente, desde o transplante card&#237;aco at&#233; o DAVi de longa dura&#231;&#227;o ou cuidados paliativos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>V&#225;rios sistemas de escore, como o Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS), Seattle Heart Failure Score (SHFM), Metabolic Exercise Cardiac Kidney Index (MECKI) e Meta-analysis Global Group Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC), demonstraram ser insatisfat&#243;rios, particularmente no grupo de pacientes de alto risco. Os par&#226;metros do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP) s&#227;o considerados no HFSS (pico VO <sub>2</sub> ) e no escore MECKI (pico previsto VO <sub>2</sub> e VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope; a classe NHYA integra SHFM e MAGGIC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pedro Engster et al. em &#8220; Papel Incremental da Classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association e dos &#205;ndices do Teste de Exerc&#237;cio Cardiopulmonar para Progn&#243;stico na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: um Estudo de Coorte&#8221;, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, avaliou o valor agregado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco da classifica&#231;&#227;o subjetiva NHYA &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o objetiva de Weber, com base no valor do VO <sub>2</sub> pico. Estudaram uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta com IC (n=834), avaliada em um centro terci&#225;rio brasileiro, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) inferior a 50% (FE mediana = 32%), 30% com etiologia isqu&#234;mica, sob os medicamentos para IC recomendados nas diretrizes, bem equilibradas entre ambos os sexos (42% mulheres) e classes NHYA, exceto classe IV da NYHA (apenas 29 pacientes).</p>
    <p>Encontraram um ganho na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica para o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas quando os dois tipos de dados s&#227;o considerados em conjunto.</p>
    <p>A classe NYHA atribu&#237;da pelo m&#233;dico e a classe Weber derivada do TECP foram estratificadas em &#8220;favor&#225;vel&#8221; (NYHA I ou II e Weber A ou B) ou &#8220;adversa&#8221; (NYHA III ou IV e Weber C ou D). Pacientes com uma classe favor&#225;vel e uma classe adversa foram definidos como &#8220;discordantes&#8221;.</p>
    <p>Eles tamb&#233;m estudaram o impacto das classifica&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis e adversas para o VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> <italic>slope</italic> e o percentual previsto do VO <sub>2</sub> pico (PPVO <sub>2</sub> ), classificando os pacientes como favor&#225;veis quando o VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope era inferior ou igual a 36 e o PPVO <sub>2</sub> era igual ou superior a 50%, e como adversos quando VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> e PPVO <sub>2</sub> , foram respectivamente superiores a 36 ou inferiores a 50%.</p>
    <p>Como esperado, descobriram que os pacientes com perfil favor&#225;vel (classes I-II do NHYA e classes A e B de Weber) tinham melhores progn&#243;sticos do que os pacientes com perfil adverso (classes NYHA III-IV e classes C e D de Weber). Em uma an&#225;lise multivariada, um aumento de uma classe da NYHA e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 3ml/Kg/min no pico VO <sub>2</sub> aumentaram significativamente a mortalidade em 50%.</p>
    <p>Nos 299 pacientes com classifica&#231;&#227;o discordante foi encontrado progn&#243;stico intermedi&#225;rio. O alargamento da an&#225;lise aos valores do PPVO <sub>2</sub> e da VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> <italic>slope</italic> n&#227;o alterou significativamente a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, ao contr&#225;rio do que foi encontrado em muitos artigos publicados, nomeadamente no que diz respeito &#224; VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> <italic>slope</italic> , a quem tem atribu&#237;do um elevado impacto progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a classe NYHA e as medidas do TECP atribu&#237;das pelo m&#233;dico fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas complementares, mostrando que ambos os par&#226;metros t&#234;m impacto progn&#243;stico independente.</p>
    <p>A classe NYHA, por ser subjetiva, &#233; frequentemente criticada, mas mostrou-se neste manuscrito &#250;til nos pacientes &#8220;discordantes&#8221;, onde um risco intermedi&#225;rio poderia ser definido.</p>
    <p>As conclus&#245;es deste manuscrito devem ser consideradas com cautela. A classe NYHA atribu&#237;da &#233; resultado da estimativa subjetiva das limita&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas percebidas pelos pacientes e pelo m&#233;dico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Est&#225; sujeito &#224; variabilidade interindividual (paciente) e interobservador (m&#233;dico). Depende do psiquismo do paciente e do n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica habitual, que pode diminuir ou aumentar as queixas, e da percep&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico sobre o caso. Por outro lado, os m&#233;dicos, muitas vezes, t&#234;m dificuldade em escolher uma classe da NYHA para um determinado paciente. &#201; comum encontrar classifica&#231;&#245;es como I-II, II-III e III-IV em prontu&#225;rios. A classifica&#231;&#227;o das classes II e III da NYHA aos pacientes deste trabalho pode ter sofrido dificuldades e imposto erros de classifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o de Weber, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> algum erro de classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes tamb&#233;m pode ter ocorrido, uma vez que os autores n&#227;o demonstraram que apenas os pacientes que atingiram um VO <sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo, confirmado pela obten&#231;&#227;o de um plat&#244; ou queda de VO <sub>2</sub> no pico do exerc&#237;cio, ou um valor de pico da rela&#231;&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria acima de 1,10, um substituto do VO <sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo ou quase m&#225;ximo foi inclu&#237;do. Al&#233;m disso, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Weber n&#227;o leva em considera&#231;&#227;o o valor do PPVO <sub>2</sub> em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade, sexo e massa corporal magra, classificando, consequentemente, na mesma classe pacientes com diferentes graus de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Na verdade, a ACR &#233; melhor definida pelo pico VO <sub>2</sub> , que &#233; uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua (n&#227;o categ&#243;rica) reconhecida para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco juntamente com outros par&#226;metros do TECP <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e na IC avan&#231;ada, particularmente quando um valor de pico VO <sub>2</sub> abaixo de 12 ou 14 mL/Kg/min foi alcan&#231;ado, respectivamente para pacientes em uso ou n&#227;o de betabloqueadores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, Engster et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstraram que considerar em conjunto os dados das classifica&#231;&#245;es NYHA e Weber pode ser um primeiro passo para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca reduzida ou levemente reduzida. Esta abordagem restritiva deve ser enriquecida pela inclus&#227;o de outros par&#226;metros e biomarcadores para ser mais preciso e clinicamente &#250;til.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Papel Incremental da Classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association e dos &#205;ndices do Teste de Exerc&#237;cio Cardiopulmonar para Progn&#243;stico na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: um Estudo de Coorte</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk Assessment in Heart Failure: Comprehensive is Always Better!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2756-7934</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental EPE &#8211; Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Cardiologia, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing address: Miguel Mendes</bold> &#8226; CHLO - Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Cardiologia - Av. Prof. Reynaldo dos Santos. Carnaxide 2790-134 - Portugal E-mail: miguel.mendes.md@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure, Systolic</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment/mehods</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Classification/NYHA</kwd>
        <kwd>Classification Weber</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Risk assessment in heart failure (HF) is very challenging, encompassing many data, like NYHA class, clinical history, comorbidities, clinical test parameters, biochemical markers, adherence, and tolerance to guideline-recommended drugs. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Risk assessment is critical in advanced HF to support the decision to provide the most adequate therapy for a given patient, from heart transplantation to long-duration LVAD or palliative care. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Several scoring systems, like the Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS), Seattle Heart Failure Score (SHFM), Metabolic Exercise Cardiac Kidney Index (MECKI), and Meta-analysis Global Group Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC), demonstrated to be unsatisfactory, particularly in the high-risk group of patients. Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) parameters are considered in HFSS (peak VO <sub>2</sub> ) and MECKI score (predicted peak VO <sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope); the NHYA class integrates both SHFM and MAGGIC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pedro Engster et al. in &#8220;Incremental Role of New York Heart Association Class and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Indices for Prognostication in Heart Failure: A Cohort Study&#8221;, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> published in this issue, studied the added value for risk assessment of the subjective NHYA classification to the objective Weber classification, based on the value of peak VO <sub>2</sub> . They studied an adult HF population (n=834), assessed in a tertiary Brazilian center, with an ejection fraction (EF) below 50% (median EF = 32%), 30% with ischemic etiology, under the HF drugs recommended in the guidelines, well-balanced between both genders (42% female) and NHYA classes, except for NYHA class IV (only 29 patients).</p>
      <p>They found a gain in prognostic assessment for all-cause mortality risk when both types of data are considered together.</p>
      <p>The physician-assigned NYHA class and the CPET-derived Weber class were stratified into &#8220;favorable&#8221; (NYHA I or II and Weber A or B) or &#8220;adverse&#8221; (NYHA III or IV and Weber C or D). Patients with one favorable class and one adverse class were defined as &#8220;discordant.&#8221;</p>
      <p>They also studied the impact of favorable and adverse classifications for VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope, and percent predicted peak VO <sub>2</sub> (PPVO <sub>2</sub> ), classifying the patients as favorable when VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope was inferior or equal to 36, and PPVO <sub>2</sub> was equal or superior 50%, and as adverse when VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> and PPVO <sub>2</sub> , were respectively superior to 36 or inferior to 50%.</p>
      <p>As expected, they found that patients with a favorable profile (NHYA class I-II and Weber class A and B) had better prognoses than patients with an adverse profile (NYHA III-IV and Weber class C and D). In a multivariate analysis, an increase by one NYHA class and a decrease by 3ml/Kg/min in peak VO <sub>2</sub> significantly increased mortality by 50%.</p>
      <p>In the 299 patients with discordant classification, an intermediate prognosis was found. Enlarging the analysis to the values of PPVO <sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope did not change the prognosis assessment significantly, contrary to what was found in many published papers, particularly regarding VE/VCO2 slope, to whom it has attributed a high prognostic impact.</p>
      <p>The authors concluded that physician-assigned NYHA class and CPET measures provide complementary prognostic information, showing that both parameters have independent prognostic impact.</p>
      <p>NYHA class, being subjective, is frequently criticized, but it showed in this manuscript to be useful in the &#8220;discordant&#8221; patients, where an intermediate risk could be defined.</p>
      <p>This manuscript&#8217;s conclusions must be considered with caution. The attributed NYHA class is the result of subjective estimation of the clinical limitations perceived by the patients and by the doctor. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It is subject to inter-individual (patient) and inter-observer (physician) variability. It depends on the patient&#8217;s psychism and level of usual physical activity, which may decrease or increase the complaints, and the perception of the doctor to the case. On the other side, the clinicians several times, have difficulty choosing one NYHA class for a given patient. It is common to find classifications like I-II, II-III, and III-IV in medical records. The classification of II and III NYHA classes to patients in this paper may have suffered difficulties and imposed misclassification.</p>
      <p>Concerning Weber classification, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> some patient misclassification may also have happened since the authors did not demonstrate that only patients reaching a VO <sub>2</sub> maximum, confirmed by the attainment of a VO <sub>2</sub> plateau or drop at peak exercise, or a peak value of respiratory exchange ratio over 1.10, a surrogate of VO <sub>2</sub> maximum or near-maximum were included. Besides this, Weber&#8217;s classification does not take into consideration the value of PPVO <sub>2</sub> in function of age, gender, and lean body mass, classifying, consequently, in the same class patients with different degrees of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Indeed, CRF is best defined by peak VO <sub>2,</sub> which is a continuous (not a categorical) variable recognized for risk stratification together with other CPET parameters <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and in advanced HF, particularly when a value of peak VO <sub>2</sub> below 12 or 14 mL/Kg/min was reached, respectively for patients on or without beta-blockers. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In conclusion, Engster et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstrated that considering together data from NYHA and Weber classifications may be a first step for risk stratification in reduced or mildly reduced heart failure. This restrictive approach must be enriched by including other parameters and biomarkers to be more accurate and clinically useful.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Incremental Role of New York Heart Association Class and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Indices for Prognostication in Heart Failure: A Cohort Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
