<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">f3J7n9y6LncHvbMXwyRRhHc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230743</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Legumain &#8211; Outra Pe&#231;a no Complexo Quebra-Cabe&#231;a da Forma&#231;&#227;o e Vulnerabilidade da Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6061-9663</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tim&#243;teo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Marta</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia , Hospital Santa Marta - Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central , Lisboa &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina NOVA</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nova Lisboa</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina NOVA - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade Nova Lisboa , Lisboa &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Teresa Tim&#243;teo &#8226; Hospital Santa Marta - Rua Santa Marta Lisboa, 1110 - Portugal E-mail: <email>ana_timoteo@yahoo.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230743</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ciste&#237;na Proteases</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Inst&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia de Interven&#231;&#227;o/m&#233;todos, Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O processo de forma&#231;&#227;o de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas nas paredes arteriais &#233; um processo muito complexo. O desenvolvimento da placa ocorre devido a uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre c&#233;lulas endoteliais, c&#233;lulas musculares lisas e c&#233;lulas imunol&#243;gicas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> H&#225; aumento da permeabilidade endotelial e ativa&#231;&#227;o de mol&#233;culas sinalizadoras, incluindo mediadores inflamat&#243;rios e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o celular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as lipoprote&#237;nas circulantes (particularmente as lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade &#8211; LDL) podem atravessar a camada endotelial e depositar-se no espa&#231;o &#237;ntimo, onde sofrem altera&#231;&#245;es oxidativas (LDLox), aumentando a resposta inflamat&#243;ria local. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os mon&#243;citos amadurecem em macr&#243;fagos, sendo recrutados atrav&#233;s de quimiocinas atrativas, e enquanto tentam eliminar o LDLox atrav&#233;s de fagocitose, s&#227;o convertidos em c&#233;lulas espumosas e, por fim, sofrem necrose. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares (CMLVs) proliferam e migram da camada m&#233;dia para a &#237;ntima, levando &#224; hiperplasia intimal, e essas c&#233;lulas se organizam e depositam matriz extracelular, formando uma capa fibrosa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A eros&#227;o ou ruptura da capa fibrosa levar&#225; &#224; oclus&#227;o tromb&#243;tica ou embolia distal, resultando em isquemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste processo, as metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs) desempenham um papel importante. As MMPs s&#227;o uma fam&#237;lia de endoproteases dependentes de zinco que s&#227;o secretadas por c&#233;lulas endoteliais, CMLVs, fibroblastos, osteoblastos, macr&#243;fagos, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Durante o desenvolvimento est&#225;vel da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, a MMP-2 cliva a sintase do &#243;xido n&#237;trico end&#243;geno, causando disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e facilitando a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de LDL na &#237;ntima. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ent&#227;o, a MMP-2 expressa por plaquetas ativadas promove a transmigra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos para a &#237;ntima. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A MMP-2 tamb&#233;m facilita a migra&#231;&#227;o de CMLVs induzidas por LDLox para a &#237;ntima, formando a capa fibrosa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Portanto, pode induzir a migra&#231;&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o de CMLVs, aumentando a estabilidade da placa. No entanto, os n&#237;veis de MMP-2 s&#227;o mais elevados em placas ateroscler&#243;ticas inst&#225;veis do que em est&#225;veis, indicando que a MMP-2 desempenha um papel na vulnerabilidade da placa e na propens&#227;o &#224; ruptura. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Participam da degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular (MEC), o que causar&#225; adelga&#231;amento da capa fibrosa da placa, tornando-a mais propensa &#224; ruptura. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Legumain &#233; uma ciste&#237;na protease endolisossomal, tamb&#233;m conhecida como asparaginil endopeptidase, que est&#225; localizada principalmente nos lisossomos, embora tamb&#233;m seja encontrada extracelularmente como uma prote&#237;na secretada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> &#201; altamente expressa em diversos &#243;rg&#227;os, bem como na patog&#234;nese de diversas doen&#231;as malignas e n&#227;o malignas, como doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares, fibrose, envelhecimento e senesc&#234;ncia, doen&#231;as neurodegenerativas e c&#226;ncer. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Possui atividade proteol&#237;tica dependente do pH (portanto regulada pelo meio ambiente), mediando a ativa&#231;&#227;o, o processamento ou a degrada&#231;&#227;o de diferentes substratos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Pode ativar a MMP-2 e clivar e degradar a fibronectina, que controla a remodela&#231;&#227;o da MEC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m pode regular a fun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas imunol&#243;gicas e tem um papel vital na apresenta&#231;&#227;o de ant&#237;genos durante a resposta inflamat&#243;ria. Al&#233;m disso, tem tamb&#233;m fun&#231;&#227;o de ligase n&#227;o proteol&#237;tica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores sugeriram um papel da legumain no desenvolvimento e ruptura da placa ateroscler&#243;tica devido &#224; influ&#234;ncia nas MMPs. Na verdade, foi descrito que a legumain &#233; regulada positivamente em placas carot&#237;deas inst&#225;veis e em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral, sugerindo um papel potencial na vulnerabilidade e instabilidade da placa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, um efeito protetor tamb&#233;m foi descrito. Promove uma mudan&#231;a em dire&#231;&#227;o a um fen&#243;tipo anti-inflamat&#243;rio de macr&#243;fagos e promove depura&#231;&#227;o e degrada&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos apopt&#243;ticos ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da revista, Deng et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> estudaram a associa&#231;&#227;o da legumain com caracter&#237;sticas da placa ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana <sup>.</sup> Eles inclu&#237;ram 81 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e um grupo controle. A ultrassonografia intravascular foi utilizada para avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas coronarianas. Os n&#237;veis de legumain foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com DAC, principalmente no grupo inst&#225;vel. Pacientes inst&#225;veis apresentaram maior &#225;rea de remodela&#231;&#227;o e &#237;ndice de excentricidade, ambos significativa e positivamente correlacionados com os n&#237;veis de legumain. Os n&#237;veis de legumain foram preditores independentes de angina inst&#225;vel e mostraram boa precis&#227;o preditiva por uma &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,789. Um ponto de corte de 21,7 ng/mL apresentou sensibilidade de 65% e especificidade de 92% para angina inst&#225;vel. Portanto, os autores concluem que este biomarcador pode ser &#250;til na detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias inst&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Esta pesquisa &#233; relevante porque contribui para o conhecimento conceitual dos processos por tr&#225;s da forma&#231;&#227;o e vulnerabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, somando-se &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es j&#225; dispon&#237;veis. Se a ultrassonografia intravascular com histologia virtual tivesse sido utilizada, mais informa&#231;&#245;es poderiam ter sido coletadas sobre a composi&#231;&#227;o da placa. No entanto, n&#227;o pode ser utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica porque a medi&#231;&#227;o da legumain n&#227;o est&#225; atualmente dispon&#237;vel em laborat&#243;rios cl&#237;nicos. No entanto, os resultados atuais abrem uma porta para futuras pesquisas sobre alvos de tratamento relacionados &#224; vulnerabilidade da legumain e da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. J&#225; foi demonstrado anteriormente que medicamentos como as estatinas s&#227;o capazes de inibir a atividade da legumain. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os inibidores da bomba de pr&#243;tons (IBP) tamb&#233;m podem inibir diretamente a legumain por liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; ciste&#237;na no s&#237;tio ativo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, os mecanismos exatos e as consequ&#234;ncias da inibi&#231;&#227;o da legumain pelas estatinas ou IBPs continuam por elucidar, e s&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas nesta &#225;rea.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Morrison AM, Sullivan AE, Aday AW. Atherosclerotic Disease: Pathogenesis and Approaches to Management. Med Clin North Am. 2023;107(5):793-805. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2023.04.004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morrison</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aday</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atherosclerotic Disease: Pathogenesis and Approaches to Management</article-title>
          <source>Med Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>793</fpage>
          <lpage>805</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mcna.2023.04.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Samah N, Ugusman A, Hamid AA, Sulaiman N, Aminuddin A. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 in the Development of Atherosclerosis among Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Mediators Inflamm. 2023; 2023:9715114. doi: 10.1155/2023/9715114.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Samah</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ugusman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamid</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sulaiman</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aminuddin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 in the Development of Atherosclerosis among Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Mediators Inflamm</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>2023</volume>
          <size units="pages">9715114</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2023/9715114</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Solberg R, Lunde NN, Forbord KM, Okla M, Kassem M, Jafari A. The Mammalian Cysteine Protease Legumain in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(24):15983. doi: 10.3390/ijms232415983.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Solberg</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lunde</surname>
              <given-names>NN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forbord</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okla</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kassem</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jafari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Mammalian Cysteine Protease Legumain in Health and Disease</article-title>
          <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <size units="pages">15983</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms232415983</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Lunde NN, Bosnjak T, Solberg R, Johansen HT. Mammalian legumain - A lysosomal cysteine protease with extracellular functions? Biochimie. 2019;166:77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.06.002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lunde</surname>
              <given-names>NN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bosnjak</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Solberg</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johansen</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mammalian legumain - A lysosomal cysteine protease with extracellular functions?</article-title>
          <source>Biochimie</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>166</volume>
          <fpage>77</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.biochi.2019.06.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Zhen Y, Chunlei G, Wenzhi S, Shuangtao Z, Na L, RongrongW, et al. Clinicopathologic significance of legumain overexpression in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16599. doi: 10.1038/srep16599.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chunlei</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenzhi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shuangtao</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Na</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rongrong</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinicopathologic significance of legumain overexpression in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <size units="pages">16599</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep16599</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Zhang Z, Xie M, Ye K. Asparagine endopeptidase is an innovative therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2016;20:(10)1237-45. doi: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1182990.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ye</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Asparagine endopeptidase is an innovative therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases</article-title>
          <source>Expert Opin Ther Targets</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1237</fpage>
          <lpage>1245</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14728222.2016.1182990</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Deng Y, Fan Y, Wu D, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Huang Z, et al. Relationship between Increased Plasma Levels of Legumain and Properties of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(11):e20230395. doi: 10.36660/abc.20230395.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deng</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between Increased Plasma Levels of Legumain and Properties of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230395</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230395</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre N&#237;veis Plasm&#225;ticos Aumentados de Legumain e Propriedades da Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica Coron&#225;ria</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Legumain &#8211; Another Piece in the Complex Puzzle of Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation and Vulnerability</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6061-9663</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tim&#243;teo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Santa Marta - Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina NOVA - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade Nova Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ana Teresa Tim&#243;teo &#8226; Hospital Santa Marta - Rua Santa Marta Lisboa, 1110 - Portugal E-mail: ana_timoteo@yahoo.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cysteine Proteases</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque,Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina, Unstable</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The atherosclerotic plaque formation process in the arterial walls is a very complex process. Plaque development occurs due to an interplay between endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> There is an increase in endothelial permeability and activation of signaling molecules, including inflammatory mediators and cell adhesion molecules. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Moreover, circulating lipoproteins (particularly low-density lipoproteins &#8211; LDL) can cross the endothelial layer and be deposited in the intimal space, where they undergo oxidative changes (oxLDL), increasing the local inflammatory response. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Furthermore, monocytes mature into macrophages, being recruited via attractant chemokines, and while they attempt to clear oxLDL via phagocytosis, they are converted into foam cells and ultimately undergo necrosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In addition, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferate and migrate from the media to the intima, leading to intimal hyperplasia, and these cells organize and deposit extracellular matrix, forming a fibrous cap. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Erosion or rupture of the fibrous cap will lead to thrombotic occlusion or distal embolism, resulting in ischemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this process, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role. MMPs are a family of zinc-dependent endoproteases that are secreted by endothelial cells, VSMCs, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> During stable atherosclerotic plaque development, MMP-2 cleaves the endogenous nitric oxide synthase, causing endothelial dysfunction and facilitating infiltration of LDL into the intima. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Then, MMP-2 expressed by activated platelets promotes monocyte transmigration into the intima <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . MMP-2 also facilitates oxLDL-induced VSMCs migration to the intima, forming the fibrous cap. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Therefore, it can induce migration and proliferation of VSMCs, enhancing plaque stability. However, MMP-2 levels are higher in unstable than in stable atherosclerotic plaque, indicating that MMP-2 plays a role in plaque vulnerability and propensity to rupture. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> They participate in the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which will cause thinning of the plaque fibrous cap, becoming more prone to rupture. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Legumain is an endolysosomal cysteine protease, also known as asparaginyl endopeptidase, that is mainly located in the lysosomes, although it is also found extracellularly as a secreted protein. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> It is highly expressed in several organs, as well as in the pathogenesis of several malignant and non-malignant diseases, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, fibrosis, aging and senescence, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It has a proteolytic activity that is pH-dependent (therefore regulated by the environment), mediating either the activation, processing, or degradation of different substrates. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It can activate MMP-2 and cleavage and degrade fibronectin, which controls ECM remodeling. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It can also regulate immune cell function and has a vital role in antigen presentation during the inflammatory response. In addition, it has also a nonproteolytic ligase function. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Previous studies suggested a role for legumain in atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture due to the influence in MMPs. In fact, it has been described that legumin is upregulated in unstable carotid plaques and patients with stroke, suggesting a potential role in plaque vulnerability and instability. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nevertheless, a protective effect has also been described. It promotes a shift towards an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype and promotes clearance and degradation of apoptotic cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of the journal, Deng et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> studied the association of legumain with coronary atherosclerotic plaque characteristics. They included 81 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and a control group. Intravascular ultrasound was used to evaluate the characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Legumin levels were significantly higher in patients with CAD, particularly in the unstable group. Unstable patients had a higher remodeling area and eccentricity index, both significantly and positively correlated with legumin levels. Legumain levels were independent predictors of unstable angina and showed good predictive accuracy by an area under the ROC curve of 0.789. A cut-off of 21.7 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 65% and specificity of 92% for unstable angina. Therefore, the authors conclude that this biomarker can be useful in the detection of unstable coronary lesions.</p>
      <p>This research is relevant because it contributes to the conceptual knowledge of the processes behind atherosclerotic plaque formation and vulnerability, adding to information already available. If virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound had been used, more information could have been gathered regarding plaque composition. However, it cannot be used in clinical practice because legumain measurement is not currently available in clinical labs. Nevertheless, the current results open a door for further research in treatment targets related to legumain and plaque vulnerability. It has been previously shown that drugs such as statins are able to inhibit legumain activity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In addition, proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can also directly inhibit legumain by binding to the cysteine in the active site. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, the exact mechanisms and consequences of legumain inhibition by statins or PPIs remain to be elucidated, and further research in this area is warranted.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Relationship between Increased Plasma Levels of Legumain and Properties of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
