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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5bbHgbS6Rm3RV8J8yqP3XBh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230737</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resposta da Press&#227;o Arterial e Ecocardiografia sob Estresse F&#237;sico: Novas Perspectivas sobre um Desafio Contempor&#226;neo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1886-6641</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vila Nova de Gaia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia , Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho , Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade do Porto , Porto &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo M. Vilela &#8226; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho &#8211; Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>eduardomvilela@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230737</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O exerc&#237;cio impacta substancialmente o sistema cardiovascular e est&#225; associado a muitos benef&#237;cios potenciais em diferentes momentos do continuum cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tem sido postulado h&#225; v&#225;rias d&#233;cadas como uma poss&#237;vel abordagem para avaliar a resposta cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Como tal, esta metodologia pode ser de interesse para fins de diagn&#243;stico, ao mesmo tempo que fornece informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Embora o amadurecimento de protocolos que abrangem a resposta eletrocardiogr&#225;fica ao exerc&#237;cio tenha proporcionado grandes avan&#231;os, novas t&#233;cnicas permitiram uma vis&#227;o ampliada da complexa intera&#231;&#227;o entre o exerc&#237;cio e o sistema cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico (EEF) tem evolu&#237;do progressivamente para um quadro de grande relev&#226;ncia, nomeadamente na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia tamb&#233;m tem a vantagem de avaliar componentes como capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, gradientes din&#226;micos e valvopatia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica tamb&#233;m fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es essenciais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dados recentes tamb&#233;m mostram o potencial da combina&#231;&#227;o com outras t&#233;cnicas, como a ultrassonografia pulmonar, para avaliar a congest&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Embora, conforme ilustrado nas diretrizes contempor&#226;neas, a EEF tenha obtido grande interesse (sendo preferido aos testes farmacol&#243;gicos em pacientes capazes de praticar exerc&#237;cio), ainda existem algumas ressalvas na sua aplica&#231;&#227;o ideal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Incorporar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA durante o teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; fundamental para fornecer uma perspectiva abrangente da resposta cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Durante o exerc&#237;cio, espera-se que a PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) aumente, embora aumentos acima de certos limites sejam considerados anormais [sendo definidos como uma resposta hipertensiva ao exerc&#237;cio (RHE)]. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Embora as redu&#231;&#245;es na PAS durante o exerc&#237;cio tenham sido descritas como potenciais precursores de risco aumentado, o impacto global de uma RHE tem sido um tema de discuss&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Embora os dados descrevam uma associa&#231;&#227;o potencial entre uma RHE e eventos adversos, fatores como os pontos de corte utilizados, a carga de trabalho alcan&#231;ada e a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria devem ser considerados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, embora dados anteriores sugerissem uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre uma RHE durante a EEF e um resultado positivo na aus&#234;ncia de DAC significativa, alguns dados n&#227;o apresentaram esta associa&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A este respeito, um estudo cl&#225;ssico n&#227;o relatou diferen&#231;as em falsos positivos para indiv&#237;duos com valores normais em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com eleva&#231;&#245;es anormais na PAS. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Curiosamente, outro estudo abrangendo 21.949 pacientes (embora deva ser sublinhado que no contexto da ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina) relatou que aqueles com RHE n&#227;o tinham maior probabilidade de apresentar resultados falso-positivos, embora tivessem menor probabilidade de ter DAC de grau superior ou multiarterial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste contexto, Martins-Santos et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> fornecem insights derivados de um estudo interessante que visa fornecer dados sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre uma RHE sist&#243;lico (RHES) durante a EEF e a isquemia (avaliada por altera&#231;&#245;es na contratilidade segmentar). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m &#233; fornecida uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada dos sintomas, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Este estudo abrangeu 14.367 indiv&#237;duos (52% do sexo feminino, com idade entre 58&#177;11 anos) submetidos &#224; EEF no contexto de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas cr&#244;nicas estabelecidas ou suspeitas, dos quais 10,4% apresentavam RHES (definido como aumento &gt;90 mmHg, descrito como o percentil 95 na popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Aqueles com RHES eram mais jovens, mais frequentemente do sexo masculino e tinham maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial basal e obesidade. Embora n&#227;o tenha havido diferen&#231;as entre os grupos na hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica, aqueles que apresentavam RHES eram mais frequentemente assintom&#225;ticos antes do exame, enquanto aqueles que n&#227;o apresentavam tinham maior probabilidade de ter tido dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica pr&#233;via. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Como esperado, aqueles com RHES alcan&#231;aram pico de PAS mais alto e n&#237;veis superiores de pico de duplo produto. Curiosamente, embora as altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST tenham sido mais frequentes neste grupo, a angina durante a EEF foi menos frequente. Al&#233;m disso, as altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas (em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica) foram significativamente menos frequentes neste grupo (81,9% com padr&#227;o de contratilidade segmentar normal vs 75,8% naqueles sem RHES). Na verdade, neste estudo, uma RHES foi inversamente associado ao desenvolvimento de isquemia. Notavelmente, apresentar angina durante o exame foi o mais forte preditor de isquemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Este estudo acrescenta informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes &#224; literatura sobre o tema, sendo o tamanho da amostra e a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o aspectos importantes. Entretanto, conforme reconhecido pelos autores, devem ser observadas limita&#231;&#245;es como o desenho do estudo e a exclus&#227;o de pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam aumento de PAS. Al&#233;m disso, deve tamb&#233;m ser considerada a falta de informa&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica ou de dados sobre eventos cardiovasculares (nomeadamente naqueles com altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST mas contratilidade segmentar normal).</p>
    <p>A DAC continua a ser uma patologia desafiadora cujos princ&#237;pios fundamentais est&#227;o em constante mudan&#231;a &#224; medida que novos dados, num contexto de t&#233;cnicas mais avan&#231;adas e integrativas, permitem melhorias na compreens&#227;o desta entidade complexa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> &#192; medida que se d&#225; cada vez mais &#234;nfase &#224; relev&#226;ncia de uma abordagem abrangente da DAC, reavaliar o papel da resposta da PA e a sua intera&#231;&#227;o com fatores auxiliares pode ser outro passo importante na jornada cont&#237;nua para um cuidado individualizado e otimizado centrado no paciente.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Resposta Exagerada da Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica ao Exerc&#237;cio e Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica &#224; Ecocardiografia sob Estresse F&#237;sico</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Blood Pressure Response and Exercise Stress Echocardiography: New Perspectives on a Contemporary Challenge</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1886-6641</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Eduardo M. Vilela &#8226; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho &#8211; Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal E-mail: eduardomvilela@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Stress/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Exercise substantially impacts the cardiovascular system and is associated with many potential benefits across different momentums of the cardiovascular continuum. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> On the other hand, physical exercise has for several decades been postulated as a possible approach to assess the cardiovascular response. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As such, this methodology could be of interest for diagnostic purposes while also providing prognostic information. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> While the maturation of protocols encompassing the electrocardiographic response to exercise provided major breakthroughs, novel techniques have allowed an expanded view of the complex interplay between exercise and the cardiovascular system. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) has progressively evolved into a highly relevant framework, namely when assessing coronary artery disease (CAD). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Echocardiography also has the advantage of assessing components such as exercise capacity, diastolic function, dynamic gradients, and valvular heart disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Furthermore, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiographic monitoring also provide pivotal inputs <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> . Recent data also showcases the potential of combining with other techniques, such as lung ultrasound, to assess congestion. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> While, as illustrated in contemporary guidelines, ESE has garnered great interest (being preferred to pharmacological testing in patients able to exercise), there are still some caveats in its optimal application. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Incorporating BP evaluation during exercise testing is paramount to providing a comprehensive cardiovascular response outlook. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> During exercise, systolic BP (SBP) is expected to increase, although increases above certain thresholds are considered abnormal [being defined as a hypertensive response to exercise (HRE)]. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> While decreases in SBP during exercise have been described as potential harbingers of increased risk, the overall impact of a HRE has been a topic of discussion. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Although data describes a potential association between a HRE and adverse events, factors such as the cut-offs used, workload achieved, and cardiorespiratory fitness should be considered. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Furthermore, while prior data suggested a possible association between a HRE during ESE and a positive result in the absence of significant CAD, some data did not present this association. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In this regard, a classical study reported no differences in false positives for subjects with normal compared to those with abnormal elevations in SBP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Interestingly, another study encompassing 21949 patients (albeit it should be underscored that in the setting of dobutamine stress echocardiography) reported that those with a HRE were not more likely to have false positive results, albeit being less likely to have higher-grade or multivessel CAD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this background, Martins-Santos et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> provide insights derived from an interesting study aiming to provide data on the relationship between a systolic HRE (SHRE) during ESE and ischemia (assessed by changes in segmental contractility). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A detailed description of symptoms, electrocardiographic changes, and diastolic function parameters is also provided. This study encompassed 14367 individuals (52% female gender, aged 58&#177;11 years old) who underwent ESE in the setting of established or suspected chronic coronary syndromes, of whom 10.4% had a SHRE (defined as an increase &gt;90 mmHg, described as the 95 <sup>th</sup> percentile in the population under study). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Those with a SHRE were younger, more often male, and had a higher prevalence of baseline arterial hypertension and obesity. While there were no differences between groups in a prior history of atypical chest pain, those who presented a SHRE were more frequently asymptomatic prior to the exam, whereas those who did not were more likely to have had prior typical chest pain. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As expected, those with a SHRE achieved a higher peak SBP and superior levels of peak double-product. Interestingly, although ST-segment changes were more frequent in this group, angina during ESE was less frequent. Moreover, ischemic changes (regarding echocardiographic assessment) were significantly less frequent in this group (81.9% having a normal segmental contractility pattern <italic>vs</italic> 75.8% in those without a SHRE). Indeed, in this study, a SHRE was inversely associated with developing ischemia. Notably, presenting angina during the test was the strongest predictor of ischemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This study adds relevant information to the literature on this topic, with the sample size and population characterization being important aspects. However, as acknowledged by the authors, limitations such as the study design and the exclusion of patients who did not present increases in SBP should be noted. In addition, the lack of angiographical information or data on cardiovascular events (namely in those with ST-segment changes but normal segmental contractility) should also be considered.</p>
      <p>CAD remains a challenging pathology whose core tenets are continuously shifting as new data, on a background of more advanced and integrative techniques, allows for improvements in understanding this complex entity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> As an increasing emphasis is placed on the relevance of a comprehensive approach to CAD, reappraising the role of the BP response and its interplay with ancillary factors may be another important step on the continuous journey to individualized and optimized patient-centered care.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Exaggerated Systolic Blood Pressure Increase with Exercise and Myocardial Ischemia on Exercise Stress Echocardiography</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
