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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mQdTL7Yvkg7VgkwgP4TBpRt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230395</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre N&#237;veis Plasm&#225;ticos Aumentados de Legumain e Propriedades da Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica Coron&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3753-8352</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Deng</surname>
            <given-names>Yunpeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fan</surname>
            <given-names>Yudong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Di</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Zilong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Miaomiao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhiping</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gao</surname>
            <given-names>Yuxia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tianjin Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">General Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tianjin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Emergency General Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Yuxia Gao &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical - University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin - 300052, China E-mail: <email>gaoyuxiatjykdx@sina.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230395</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Figura Central</title>
        <p>
          <fig>
            <caption>
              <title>: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre N&#237;veis Plasm&#225;ticos Aumentados de Legumain e Propriedades da Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica Coron&#225;ria</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/mQdTL7Yvkg7VgkwgP4TBpRt/1c7c0f9b1866156d69ddaff54ee5bfe8c504cb66.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/mQdTL7Yvkg7VgkwgP4TBpRt/fc6b69285c832523dfce1de182ba5e186448f557.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Muitos estudos cl&#237;nicos confirmaram que a legumain est&#225; intimamente relacionada &#224; aterosclerose. Infelizmente, chegaram-se a conclus&#245;es diferentes e ainda faltam an&#225;lises e estudos sobre as caracter&#237;sticas da placa ateroscler&#243;tica em pacientes com n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos aumentados de legumain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas da legumain e da placa ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 81 pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana (DCAC), incluindo 43 pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel (AI) e 38 pacientes com angina est&#225;vel (AE), foram examinados por angiografia coron&#225;ria. Foi realizado ultrassom intravascular (IVUS) para avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas coronarianas, e os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de legumain tamb&#233;m foram medidos. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A concentra&#231;&#227;o de legumain foi significativamente maior nos dois subgrupos de doen&#231;a coronariana do que no grupo controle (todos p&lt;0,001). As concentra&#231;&#245;es de legumain no grupo AI foram significativamente maiores do que no grupo SA (p=0,001). A &#225;rea de placa, o &#237;ndice de remodelamento (IR) e o &#237;ndice de excentricidade (IE) no grupo AI foram significativamente maiores do que no grupo AE (p&lt;0,001, p=0,001, p=0,001, respectivamente). Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre os n&#237;veis de legumain e IR e IE em pacientes com AI e AE (todos p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de legumain estavam intimamente relacionados com a ocorr&#234;ncia e gravidade da doen&#231;a coronariana, e as les&#245;es tendiam a ser inst&#225;veis. Espera-se que a legumain seja um potencial biomarcador inflamat&#243;rio para o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a coronariana e a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias inst&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias crescentes de que a inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel crucial na forma&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose, na progress&#227;o das placas e na degrada&#231;&#227;o de placas vulner&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> V&#225;rias c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e fatores inflamat&#243;rios est&#227;o envolvidos na forma&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As concentra&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas perif&#233;ricas desses fatores inflamat&#243;rios est&#227;o intimamente ligadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia e ao progn&#243;stico de eventos cardiovasculares. Fatores inflamat&#243;rios como a prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR-as) est&#227;o significativamente elevados nos n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos perif&#233;ricos de pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica (DCAC) na fase aguda e t&#234;m sido amplamente utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A legumain, tamb&#233;m conhecida como asparagina endopeptidase, &#233; uma ciste&#237;na protease lisossomal que desempenha um papel vital na apresenta&#231;&#227;o de ant&#237;genos durante a resposta inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recentemente, descobriu-se que ativa proteases como a metaloproteinase de matriz-2, que induz a degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular, desempenha um papel importante na forma&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose e placas vulner&#225;veis, e &#233; provavelmente um potencial preditor de aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora estudos sobre legumain e aterosclerose tenham conclu&#237;do uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre as duas, faltam pesquisas sobre as caracter&#237;sticas das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas em pacientes com n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos aumentados de legumain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Este estudo investigou a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas da legumain e da placa ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Foram selecionados 81 pacientes, na faixa et&#225;ria de 35 a 80 anos, incluindo 38 homens e 43 mulheres, internados no Hospital Geral de Emerg&#234;ncia com diagn&#243;stico previsto de doen&#231;a coronariana entre setembro de 2021 e outubro de 2022. Todos foram confirmados como portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana por angiografia coron&#225;ria, e foi realizada uma ultrassonografia intravascular (IVUS). Esses pacientes foram diagnosticados com angina est&#225;vel (AE, 38 casos) ou angina inst&#225;vel (AI, 43 casos) e apresentavam estenose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 50% no di&#226;metro do l&#250;men e pelo menos 2,25 mm de di&#226;metro na angiografia coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Trinta e sete indiv&#237;duos correspondentes &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas de g&#234;nero e idade dos grupos experimentais foram inscritos como controles saud&#225;veis. O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os pacientes antes do estudo. O protocolo do estudo concordou com as diretrizes aprovadas pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. (N&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica: K22-6; N&#250;mero do ensaio cl&#237;nico: ChiCTR2200058185).</p>
        <p>AE foi definida como nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia, dura&#231;&#227;o ou intensidade dos sintomas anginosos com enzimas card&#237;acas normais nas &#250;ltimas 6 semanas. AI foi definida como 1) angina de repouso, 2) novo in&#237;cio de angina acelerada nos &#250;ltimos 2 meses, ou 3) angina acelerada, mas angina cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel em pacientes que n&#227;o tiveram angina de repouso nos 2 meses anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os controles saud&#225;veis foram aqueles pacientes sem achados coronarianos anormais. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), les&#245;es oclusivas cr&#244;nicas, les&#245;es calcificadas ou difusas, doen&#231;a infecciosa ou autoimune, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, valvopatia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (FEVE &lt; 40%), malignidade, doen&#231;a hematol&#243;gica, doen&#231;a renal (creatinina plasm&#225;tica &#8805; 2,2 mg/dL) e doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica grave (n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de alanina transaminase &gt;120 U/L).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de legumain plasm&#225;tica</title>
        <p>O sangue venoso foi coletado de todos os indiv&#237;duos em jejum. O plasma foi extra&#237;do e armazenado a -80&#176;C. As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de legumain foram quantificadas utilizando o Quality ELISA Assay Kit (Elisa Biotech Systems, Shanghai, PR China). Os intervalos de detec&#231;&#227;o dos ELISAs usados para medir legumain foram de 2,5 ng/mL a 80 ng/mL. O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o intraensaio (%) e o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o interensaio (%) foram &lt; 15%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, PCR-as, homociste&#237;na, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) e outros exames laboratoriais foram conclu&#237;dos simultaneamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exame de ultrassom intravascular (IVUS)</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o da angiografia coron&#225;ria, foi realizado exame de IVUS nos principais vasos afetados. O exame foi realizado utilizando aparelho IVUS da Boston Scientific e equipamento acompanhante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O cateter do IVUS foi enviado distalmente ao vaso alvo e avan&#231;ou at&#233; o segmento proximal a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/s por meio de dispositivo de retra&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> As imagens de IVUS foram continuamente registradas e analisadas quantitativamente por dois investigadores independentes e experientes em IVUS, cegos para este estudo usando software. Os segmentos de refer&#234;ncia proximais e distais foram as se&#231;&#245;es transversais de apar&#234;ncia mais normal dentro de 10 mm distais e proximais &#224; les&#227;o, sem qualquer ramo lateral significativo. A membrana el&#225;stica externa (MEE) e a &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal do l&#250;men (AST) foram medidas e, em seguida, a AST da placa foi calculada (AST da MEE - AST do l&#250;men). Carga de placa = (AST do MEE - AST do l&#250;men)/AST do MEE multiplicado por 100%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> De acordo com a maior espessura de placa e a espessura m&#237;nima de placa, foi calculado o &#237;ndice exc&#234;ntrico de placa (IE) (espessura m&#225;xima de placa - espessura m&#237;nima de placa/espessura m&#225;xima de placa) multiplicado por 100%. IE&lt;0,5 foi considerado placa conc&#234;ntrica; IE&#8805;0,5 foi considerado placa exc&#234;ntrica. O &#237;ndice de remodelamento (IR) &#233; definido como a AST da membrana de remodelamento da les&#227;o dividida pela m&#233;dia da AST do segmento de refer&#234;ncia. Geralmente, IR&gt;1,05 indica remodelamento positivo e IR&lt;0,95 indica remodelamento negativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o pacote de software SPSS 25. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov testou a normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o(DP) e comparadas pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia unidirecional (ANOVA). N&#227;o houve mais utiliza&#231;&#227;o de testes post hoc na ANOVA, uma vez que a vari&#225;vel relevante n&#227;o era o indicador principal. Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram representadas como medianas e intervalos interquartis e comparadas usando o teste U de Mann-Whitney ou o teste de Kruskal-Wallis (teste KW). O m&#233;todo Bonferroni foi usado para post hoc an&#225;lise no teste KW. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou pelo m&#233;todo exato de probabilidade de Fisher.</p>
        <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es entre legumain e vari&#225;veis como IR e IE foram avaliadas pela an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou Spearman. O valor diagn&#243;stico da legumain para AI foi avaliado por meio de curvas caracter&#237;sticas de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC). Os fatores de risco cardiovascular para AI foram avaliados por meio de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. Um valor p bilateral de 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Informa&#231;&#245;es e caracter&#237;sticas de base</title>
        <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es iniciais e as caracter&#237;sticas de todos os pacientes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os tr&#234;s grupos nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de LDL-c e usu&#225;rios de estatinas (%).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e bioqu&#237;micas de todos os participantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>AI (n=43)</th>
                  <th>AE (n=38)</th>
                  <th>Controle (n=37)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">67,0(57,0,71,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,0(52,8,73,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,0(56,0,73,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,624</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22(51,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(42,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(48,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,707</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">23h40(20h70,27h10)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,35(20,23,26,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,00(22,60,26,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,361</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22(51,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(42,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(43,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,669</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(46,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(31,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(24,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(41,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(44,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,931</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;lcool (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(48,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">14(36,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">14(37,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,473</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,72&#177;0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">2,53&#177;0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">2,18&#177;0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04(0,86,1,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02(0,85,1,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98(0,77,1,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,431</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homociste&#237;na (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.04(11.23,16.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.10(12.17,16.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,98(11,76,15,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,480</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCRas (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03(0,66,1,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03(0,59,1,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98(0,57,1,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,856</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose de jejum (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,12(5,57,7,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,91(5,23,7,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.02(5.17,7.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,483</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deo (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,98(1,30,2,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,87(1,38,2,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47(1,22,2,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,342</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol (mmol/L) Usu&#225;rio de estatina, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,15(3,59,5,01)29(67,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,99(3,64,5,18)27(71,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,99(3,59,4,73)15(40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,873 0,012</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dias &#177; DP, mediana (intervalo interquartil). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. AI: angina inst&#225;vel; AE: angina est&#225;vel; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PCRas: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de legumain em todas as popula&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de legumain nos tr&#234;s grupos foram 25,90 [14,11, 34,19] ng/ml, 14,83 [10,45, 19,64] ng/ml e 8,55[6,70,11,81] ng/ml, respectivamente. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos AI e AE, entre os grupos AI e controle e entre os grupos AE e controle foram estatisticamente significativas (p=0,001, p&lt;0,001, p&lt;0,001, respectivamente; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis de legumain entre os tr&#234;s grupos.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AI: angina inst&#225;vel; AE: angina est&#225;vel; *p&lt;0,01, **p&lt;0,001.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230395-30395-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros do IVUS</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao comprimento da les&#227;o, di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo do l&#250;men (DLM), &#225;rea m&#237;nima do l&#250;men (AML) ou carga de placa. A &#225;rea de placa, IR e IE no grupo AI foram significativamente maiores do que no grupo AE (p&lt;0,001, p=0,001, p=0,003, respectivamente, mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros de IVUS em pacientes com AI versus pacientes com AE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>AI (n=43)</th>
                  <th>AE (n=38)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comprimento da les&#227;o, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">31,77&#177;8,80</td>
                  <td align="center">31,60&#177;7,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,930</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DML, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47(1,33,1,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44(1,31,1,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,716</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AML, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2,66(2,38,2,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,62(2,09,3,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,936</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea da placa, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">13,25&#177;2,19</td>
                  <td align="center">11,06&#177;1,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carga de placa, %</td>
                  <td align="center">76,66(71,12,81,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,61(69,44,78,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,195</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de remodelamento</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99&#177;0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89&#177;0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Remodelamento positivo[n (%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">17(39,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Remodelamento negativo [n (%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">16(37,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26(68,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de excentricidade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68&#177;0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60&#177;0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Les&#227;o exc&#234;ntrica [n (%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">39(90,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(73,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Les&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica [n (%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">4(9,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(26,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dias &#177; DP, mediana (intervalo interquartil). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. AI: angina inst&#225;vel; AE: angina est&#225;vel; DML: di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo do l&#250;men; AML: &#225;rea m&#237;nima do l&#250;men.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es da concentra&#231;&#227;o de legumain com par&#226;metros de IVUS</title>
        <p>Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre concentra&#231;&#227;o de legumain e IR nos grupos AI e AE foram 0,523 e 0,553, respectivamente (todos p&lt;0,001). Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre concentra&#231;&#227;o de legumain e IE nos grupos AI e AE foram 0,486 (p=0,001) e 0,651 (p&lt;0,001), respectivamente. Os dados acima indicaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre legumain e RI e entre legumain e placa IE em ambos os grupos AI e AE (mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#245;es da concentra&#231;&#227;o de legumain com &#237;ndice de remodelamento (A,B) &#237;ndice de excentricidade (C,D) nos grupos AE e AI. AE: angina est&#225;vel; AI: angina inst&#225;vel.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230395-30395-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla de fatores de risco cardiovascular para pacientes com AI</title>
        <p>Para investigar fatores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes com AI, ap&#243;s incluir fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, como tabagismo e LDL-C, realizamos an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla juntamente com par&#226;metros de IVUS que diferiram entre os grupos AI e AE. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o mostrou que os fatores de risco cardiovascular independentes para pacientes com AI foram concentra&#231;&#227;o de legumain e &#225;rea de placa coronariana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla dos fatores de risco cardiovascular para os pacientes com AI</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Raz&#227;o de probabilidade</th>
                  <th>(IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>AI</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentra&#231;&#227;o de legumain</td>
                  <td align="center">1.198</td>
                  <td align="center">1.058-1.356</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea de placa coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">1.652</td>
                  <td align="center">1.150-2.375</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>A vari&#225;vel dependente foi a presen&#231;a de AI. As vari&#225;veis covari&#225;veis inclu&#237;ram idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo ou n&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, IMC, homociste&#237;na, LDL-Cl, glicemia de jejum, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total, concentra&#231;&#227;o de legumain, IR, IE, e &#225;rea de placa. AI: angina inst&#225;vel.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Legumain como fator de diagn&#243;stico de AI</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise ROC foi realizada para determinar a sensibilidade e especificidade dos n&#237;veis de legumain no diagn&#243;stico de AI. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC) dos n&#237;veis de legumain para o diagn&#243;stico de AI foi de 0,789 (IC 95%: 0,689-0,888, p&lt;0,001). A an&#225;lise ROC mostrou que o valor de corte ideal do n&#237;vel de legumain foi de 21,68 ng/mL, e a sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico de AI foram de 65,1% e 92,1%, respectivamente. Estes resultados sugerem que a legumain est&#225; altamente correlacionada com les&#245;es inst&#225;veis. Espera-se que seja um fator inflamat&#243;rio confi&#225;vel para o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a coronariana, especialmente AI, para orientar a detec&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica precoce de pessoas com alto risco de les&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (mostradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) da legumain para diagn&#243;stico de AI. A &#225;rea sob a curva da legumain foi de 0,789 (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%, 0,689&#8211;0,888, p&lt;0,001).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230395-30395-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A aterosclerose coronariana &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica com mecanismos espec&#237;ficos, complexos e ainda n&#227;o totalmente compreendidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Entre eles, os fatores inflamat&#243;rios desempenham um papel crucial na progress&#227;o da aterosclerose coronariana e na forma&#231;&#227;o de placas inst&#225;veis, o que foi confirmado em muitos estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como fator inflamat&#243;rio, a legumain est&#225; envolvida na apresenta&#231;&#227;o de ant&#237;genos durante a aterosclerose e pode induzir a forma&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o de placas inst&#225;veis, como foi provisoriamente demonstrado em muitos estudos. J&#225; em 2006, Papaspyridonos et al. identificaram um aumento significativo na express&#227;o do gene legumain em placas ateroscler&#243;ticas inst&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em 2020, Hui Yang et al. investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o da legumain com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e conclu&#237;ram que a legumain &#233; um preditor de mortalidade por todas as causas e um potencial alvo terap&#234;utico no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ao mesmo tempo, Lunde et al. cheguei quase &#224; conclus&#227;o oposta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Eles conclu&#237;ram que a legumain &#233; regulada positivamente em eventos cardiovasculares agudos e est&#225; associada a melhores resultados. As raz&#245;es para os diferentes resultados de experi&#234;ncias anteriores podem ser as seguintes: Existe uma intera&#231;&#227;o complexa entre legumain e macr&#243;fagos M1 e M2, de modo que os efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios e pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios dos macr&#243;fagos exercem diferentes graus de influ&#234;ncia em diferentes fases da doen&#231;a. e outros fatores externos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria est&#225; associada &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de legumain, e uma alta propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares utiliza medicamentos antiplaquet&#225;rios como a aspirina, um fen&#244;meno que tamb&#233;m pode influenciar os resultados do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Nossos resultados mostraram que os n&#237;veis de legumain foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com AI e AE do que em controles saud&#225;veis, enquanto as concentra&#231;&#245;es de legumain no grupo de AI foram significativamente maiores do que aquelas em indiv&#237;duos com AE, sugerindo que n&#237;veis mais elevados de legumain est&#227;o associados ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana e a forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es inst&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas no comprimento da les&#227;o, DLM e AML comparando os par&#226;metros do IVUS dos vasos da les&#227;o coronariana em pacientes dos grupos AI e AE. Notavelmente, a &#225;rea da placa, o IR coron&#225;rio e o IE da placa foram significativamente maiores no grupo AI do que no grupo AE. Al&#233;m disso, a incid&#234;ncia de remodelamento positivo e placa exc&#234;ntrica foi significativamente maior no grupo AI do que no grupo AE, e a diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa. Isto tamb&#233;m indicou que a gravidade e o risco da doen&#231;a coronariana est&#227;o intimamente relacionados com a instabilidade da les&#227;o, mas n&#227;o necessariamente relacionados diretamente com a taxa de estenose dos vasos coron&#225;rios. Em geral, as placas exc&#234;ntricas s&#227;o mais vulner&#225;veis que as placas conc&#234;ntricas e t&#234;m maior probabilidade de romper sob v&#225;rios estresses intraluminais, que s&#227;o mais frequentemente encontrados em segmentos de les&#227;o inst&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o remodelamento positivo est&#225; amplamente presente nos segmentos de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica. De acordo com estudos anteriores de IVUS, as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda s&#227;o propensas a remodelamento positivo em compara&#231;&#227;o com les&#245;es vasculares AE, e o remodelamento positivo est&#225; intimamente associado a eventos adversos, como ruptura de placa e trombose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, descobrimos que a legumain foi significativamente correlacionada positivamente com o IR e o IE da placa nos grupos AI e AE. Em resumo, o risco de desenvolver doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica aumenta em pessoas sem doen&#231;a coronariana &#224; medida que os n&#237;veis de legumain aumentam. Na popula&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a coronariana, n&#237;veis mais elevados de legumain indicam les&#245;es vasculares mais graves e placas mais inst&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Muitos fatores inflamat&#243;rios est&#227;o associados &#224; aterosclerose, mas poucos apresentam alta especificidade e podem ser amplamente utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Por exemplo, fatores inflamat&#243;rios tradicionais, como PCR-as e homociste&#237;na, t&#234;m muitos fatores de influ&#234;ncia, incluindo baixa especificidade e aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica limitada. O fator inflamat&#243;rio legumain estudado neste estudo est&#225; altamente correlacionado com a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana e &#233; atualmente um tema de pesquisa importante por estudiosos. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada sobre fatores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes com AI neste estudo tamb&#233;m sugeriu ainda que o n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de legumain era um fator de risco cardiovascular independente em pacientes com AI (OR = 1,198, p = 0,004). A AUC para o diagn&#243;stico de AI com o n&#237;vel de legumain neste estudo atingiu 0,789, e a sensibilidade e a especificidade de um n&#237;vel de legumain de 21,68 ng/mL para o diagn&#243;stico de AI foram de 65,1% e 92,1%, respectivamente. Os resultados acima sugerem a viabilidade, precis&#227;o e especificidade do legumain para o diagn&#243;stico de AI. Pode-se dizer que se prev&#234; que a legumain se torne um fator inflamat&#243;rio para o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido &#224; falta de estudos anteriores e relatos na literatura sobre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de legumain em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e AI, o tamanho da amostra foi determinado por um estudo piloto neste estudo. A partir dos pr&#233;-experimentos, conclu&#237;mos que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de legumain para os tr&#234;s grupos de indiv&#237;duos foi de 21,18&#177;12,28 ng/ml no grupo AI, 14,94&#177;6,14 ng/ml no grupo AE e 8,75&#177;3,01 ng/ml no grupo controle. O tamanho geral da amostra foi calculado em 99 casos (33 casos por grupo) usando o software PASS, e o tamanho final da amostra foi determinado em 118 casos, considerando a perda de acompanhamento e dados incompletos.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, este &#233; um estudo de caso-controle, unic&#234;ntrico, n&#227;o randomizado, com amostra pequena, falta de acompanhamento e incapacidade de explicar a causalidade. Em segundo lugar, o IVUS utilizado neste estudo n&#227;o tinha capacidade de VH-IVUS, por isso foi imposs&#237;vel classificar as les&#245;es com mais precis&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Terceiro, um subgrupo de pacientes com IAM n&#227;o foi estabelecido neste estudo porque a realiza&#231;&#227;o de IVUS prolonga o tempo de opera&#231;&#227;o e pode afetar o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes. Finalmente, o IVUS tem resolu&#231;&#227;o limitada na identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias e &#233; menos capaz de identificar algumas les&#245;es espec&#237;ficas do que a OCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Altos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de legumain est&#227;o intimamente associados ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana e &#224; progress&#227;o de les&#245;es inst&#225;veis. A detec&#231;&#227;o da legumain plasm&#225;tica pode ajudar a identificar mais cedo pacientes com alto risco de doen&#231;a coronariana, para que a interven&#231;&#227;o possa ocorrer mais cedo e o progn&#243;stico possa ser melhorado.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Queremos agradecer aos muitos coordenadores de estudo e volunt&#225;rios que ajudaram a facilitar o recrutamento de pacientes e a coleta de amostras. Obrigado &#224; AJE pela revis&#227;o meticulosa deste manuscrito. Obrigado a todos os autores que trabalharam neste experimento. Yuxia Gao e Yunpeng Deng contribu&#237;ram para o conceito e design do estudo e supervisionaram o projeto; Yunpeng Deng realizou a maioria dos experimentos, a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e escreveu o manuscrito; Yudong Fan e Di Wu participaram de partes dos experimentos; Zilong Zhang, Miaomiao Zhang e Zhiping Huang participaram da coleta de amostras. Todos os autores leram e aprovaram o manuscrito final.</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Yunpeng Deng pelo Tianjin Medical University General Hospital.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Emergency General Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo K22-6. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between Increased Plasma Levels of Legumain and Properties of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3753-8352</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Deng</surname>
            <given-names>Yunpeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fan</surname>
            <given-names>Yudong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Di</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Zilong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Miaomiao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhiping</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gao</surname>
            <given-names>Yuxia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Yuxia Gao &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical - University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin - 300052, China E-mail: gaoyuxiatjykdx@sina.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Central Illustration</title>
        <p>
          <fig>
            <caption>
              <title>: Relationship between Increased Plasma Levels of Legumain and Properties of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230395-30395-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Many clinical studies have confirmed that legumain is closely related to atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, different conclusions have been reached, and analyses and studies on atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in patients with increased plasma levels of legumain are still lacking.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to investigate the correlation between legumain and coronary atherosclerotic plaque characteristics.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A total of 81 patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD), including 43 patients with unstable angina (UA) and 38 patients with stable angina (SA), were screened by coronary angiography. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was performed to evaluate the characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, and plasma legumain levels were also measured. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Legumain concentration was significantly higher in the two CHD subgroups than in the control group (all p&lt;0.001). Legumain concentrations in the UA group were significantly higher than in the SA group (p=0.001). The plaque area, remodeling index (RI), and eccentricity index (EI) in the UA group were significantly higher than those in the SA group (p&lt;0.001, p=0.001, p=0.001, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between legumain levels and RI and EI in both UA and SA patients (all p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> High plasma levels of legumain were closely related to the occurrence and severity of CHD, and the lesions tended to be unstable. Legumain is expected to be a potential inflammatory biomarker for the diagnosis of CHD and the early identification of unstable coronary lesions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>There is growing evidence that inflammation plays a crucial role in the formation of atherosclerosis, the progression of plaques, and the breakdown of vulnerable plaques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Various inflammatory cells and inflammatory factors are involved in atherosclerosis formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The peripheral blood concentrations of these inflammatory factors are closely linked to the occurrence and prognosis of cardiovascular events. Inflammatory factors such as C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are significantly elevated in peripheral blood levels of patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD) in the acute phase and have been widely used in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Legumain, also known as asparagine endopeptidase, is a lysosomal cysteine protease that plays a vital role in antigen presentation during the inflammatory response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recently, it has been found to activate proteases such as matrix metalloproteinase-2, which induces extracellular matrix degradation, plays an important role in forming atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaques, and is most likely a potential atherosclerosis predictor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although studies on legumain and atherosclerosis have concluded a strong correlation between the two, there is a lack of research on the characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques in patients with increased plasma levels of legumain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This study investigated the correlation between legumain and coronary atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in patients with CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>A total of 81 patients, age range 35~80 years, including 38 males and 43 females, admitted to the Emergency General Hospital with a predicted diagnosis of CHD between September 2021 and October 2022 were selected. All were confirmed to have CHD by coronary angiography, and an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was also performed. These patients were diagnosed with stable angina (SA, 38 cases) or unstable angina (UA, 43 cases) and presented with coronary artery stenosis with at least 50% reduction in lumen diameter stenosis and at least 2.25 mm in diameter on coronary angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Thirty-seven subjects matching the gender and age characteristics of the experimental groups were enrolled as healthy controls. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before the study. The study protocol agreed with the guidelines approved by the ethics committee at our institution. (Ethics Approval Number: K22-6;Clinical Trial Number: ChiCTR2200058185)</p>
          <p>SA was defined as no change in frequency, duration, or intensity of anginal symptoms with normal cardiac enzymes in the past 6 weeks. UA was defined as 1) resting angina, 2) new onset accelerated angina within the past 2 months, or 3) accelerated angina but chronic stable angina in patients who had not had resting angina in the previous 2 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Healthy controls were those patients without abnormal coronary findings. Exclusion criteria were acute myocardial infarction(AMI), chronic occlusive lesions, calcified or diffuse lesions, infectious or autoimmune disease, prior percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting, valvular heart disease, congestive heart failure (LVEF &lt; 40%), malignancy, hematologic disease, renal disease (plasma creatinine &#8805; 2.2 mg/dL), and severe liver disease (plasma alanine transaminase levels &gt;120 U/L).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of plasma legumain</title>
          <p>Venous blood was drawn from all subjects in a fasting state. Plasma was extracted and stored at -80 &#176;C. Plasma legumain concentrations were quantified using the Quality ELISA Assay Kit (Elisa Biotech Systems, Shanghai, PR China). The detection ranges of the ELISAs used to measure legumain were 2.5 ng/mL-80 ng/mL. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (%) and interassay coefficient of variation (%) were &lt; 15%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In addition, hs-CRP, homocysteine, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), and other laboratory tests were completed simultaneously.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) examination</title>
          <p>After the completion of coronary angiography, an IVUS examination was performed on the main diseased vessels. The examination was performed using Boston Scientific&#8217;s IVUS machine and accompanying equipment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The IVUS catheter was sent distal to the target vessel and advanced to the proximal segment at a speed of 0.5 mm/s using an automatic pullback device.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The IVUS images were continuously recorded and quantitatively analyzed using software by two independent, experienced IVUS investigators blinded to this study. Proximal and distal reference segments were the most normal-looking cross-sections within 10 mm distal and proximal to the lesion without any significant side branch. The external elastic membrane (EEM) and lumen cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured, and then the plaque CSA was calculated (EEM CSA - lumen CSA). Plaque burden = (EEM CSA - lumen CSA)/EEM CSA multiplied by 100%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> According to the largest plaque thickness and minimum plaque thickness, the plaque eccentric index (EI) was calculated (maximum plaque thickness - minimum plaque thickness/maximum plaque thickness) multiplied by 100%. EI&lt;0.5 was considered concentric plaque; EI&#8805;0.5 was considered eccentric plaque. The remodeling index (RI) is defined as the remodeling membrane CSA of the lesion divided by the mean CSA of the reference segment. Generally, RI&gt;1.05 indicates positive remodeling, and RI&lt;0.95 indicates negative remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 25 software package. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test tested the normality of continuous variables. Continuous variables with normal distributions are shown as the mean&#177;standard deviation(SD) and were compared by Student&#8217;s unpaired t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). There was no further use of post hoc tests in the ANOVA since the relevant variable was not the main indicator. Nonnormally distributed variables were represented as medians and interquartile ranges and were compared using the Mann&#8211;Whitney U-test or the Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test(K-W test). The Bonferroni method was used for post hoc analysis in the K-W test. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages and were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact probability method.</p>
          <p>Correlations between legumain and variables such as RI and EI were evaluated using Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis. The diagnostic value of legumain for UA was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Cardiovascular risk factors for UA were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis. A two-sided p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline information and characteristics</title>
          <p>The baseline information and characteristics of all patients are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. There were significant differences among the three groups in serum LDL-c levels and statin users (%).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic and biochemical characteristics of all participants</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>UA(n=43)</th>
                    <th>SA(n=38)</th>
                    <th>Control(n=37)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, yrs</td>
                    <td align="center">67.0(57.0,71.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">67.0(52.8,73.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">66.0(56.0,73.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.624</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22(51.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">16(42.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">18(48.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.707</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.40(20.70,27.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.35(20.23,26.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.00(22.60,26.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.361</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22(51.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">16(42.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">16(43.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.669</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20(46.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">12(31.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(24.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.102</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18(41.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">17(44.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">15(40.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.931</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Drinking, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21(48.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">14(36.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">14(37.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.473</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.72&#177;0.98</td>
                    <td align="center">2.53&#177;0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">2.18&#177;0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">0.024</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04(0.86,1.41)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02(0.85,1.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98(0.77,1.11)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.431</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Homocystein(&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.04(11.23,16.44)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.10(12.17,16.85)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.98(11.76,15.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.480</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03(0.66,1.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03(0.59,1.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98(0.57,1.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.856</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fasting glucose (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.12(5.57,7.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.91(5.23,7.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.02(5.17,7.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.483</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglyceride (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.98(1.30,2.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.87(1.38,2.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.47(1.22,2.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.342</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cholesterol (mmol/L) Statin user, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.15(3.59,5.01)29(67.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.99(3.64,5.18)27(71.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.99(3.59,4.73)15(40.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.873 0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Continuous variables are presented as means &#177; SD, median (interquartile range). Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. UA: unstable angina; SA: stable angina; BMI: body index mass; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Plasma levels of Legumain in all study populations</title>
          <p>Legumain levels in the three groups were 25.90 [14.11, 34.19] ng/ml, 14.83 [10.45, 19.64] ng/ml, and 8.55[6.70,11.81] ng/ml, respectively. The differences between the UA and SA groups, between the UA and control groups, and between the SA and control groups were statistically significant (p=0.001, p&lt;0.001, p&lt;0.001, respectively; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparisons of the legumain levels among the three groups.</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>UA: unstable angina; SA: stable angina;*p&lt;0.01, **p&lt;0.001).</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230395-30395-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Parameters of IVUS</title>
          <p>There were no differences between the two groups concerning lesion length, minimum lumen diameter (MLD), minimum lumen area (MLA), or plaque burden. The plaque area, RI, and EI in the UA group were significantly higher than in the SA group (p&lt;0.001, p=0.001, p=0.003, respectively, shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; IVUS parameters in UA versus SA patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>UA(n=43)</th>
                    <th>SA(n=38)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lesion length, mm</td>
                    <td align="center">31.77&#177;8.80</td>
                    <td align="center">31.60&#177;7.86</td>
                    <td align="center">0.930</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLD, mm</td>
                    <td align="center">1.47(1.33,1.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.44(1.31,1.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.716</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLA, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2.66(2.38,2.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.62(2.09,3.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.936</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plaque area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">13.25&#177;2.19</td>
                    <td align="center">11.06&#177;1.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plaque burden,%</td>
                    <td align="center">76.66(71.12,81.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">73.61(69.44,78.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.195</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Remodeling index Positive remodeling [n (%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99&#177;0.15 17(39.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89&#177;0.12 4(10.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001 0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Negative remodeling [n (%)] Eccentricity index Eccentric lesion [n (%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">16(37.2) 0.68&#177;0.11 39(90.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">26(68.4) 0.60&#177;0.13 28(73.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005 0.003 0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Concentric lesion [n (%)]</td>
                    <td align="center">4(9.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">10(26.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Continuous variables are presented as means &#177; SD, median (interquartile range). Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. UA: unstable angina; SA: stable angina; MLD: minimum lumen diameter; MLA: minimum lumen area.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlations of legumain concentration with IVUS parameters</title>
          <p>The correlation coefficients between legumain concentration and RI in the UA and SA groups were 0.523 and 0.553, respectively (all p&lt;0.001). The correlation coefficients between legumain concentration and EI in the UA and SA groups were 0.486 (p=0.001) and 0.651 (p&lt;0.001), respectively. The above data indicated a significant positive correlation between legumain and RI and between legumain and plaque EI in both the UA and SA groups (shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlations of legumain concentration with remodeling index (A,B), eccentricity index (C,D) in SA and UA groups. SA: stable angina; UA: unstable angina.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230395-30395-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multiple logistic regression analysis of cardiovascular risk factors for patients with UA</title>
          <p>To investigate cardiovascular risk factors in patients with UA, after including traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking and LDL-C, we conducted multiple logistic regression analyses together with IVUS parameters that differed between the UA and SA groups. The regression analysis showed that the independent cardiovascular risk factors for patients with UA were legumain concentration and coronary plaque area (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multiple logistic regression analysis of cardiovascular risk factors for the patients with UA</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Odds ratio</th>
                    <th>(95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>UA</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Legumain concentration</td>
                    <td align="center">1.198</td>
                    <td align="center">1.058-1.356</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary plaque area</td>
                    <td align="center">1.652</td>
                    <td align="center">1.150-2.375</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>The dependent variable was the presence of UA. The covariate variables included age, gender, hypertension, smoking or not, diabetes mellitus, BMI, homocysteine, LDL-Cl, fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, legumain concentration, RI, EI, and plaque area. UA: unstable angina.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Legumain as a factor for diagnosing UA</title>
          <p>ROC analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of legumain levels in diagnosing UA. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of legumain levels for diagnosing UA was 0.789 (95% CI: 0.689-0.888, p&lt;0.001). ROC analysis showed that the optimal cutoff value of the legumain level was 21.68 ng/mL, and the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing UA were 65.1% and 92.1%, respectively. These results suggested that legumain is highly correlated with unstable lesions. It is expected to be a reliable inflammatory factor for diagnosing CHD, especially UA, to guide early clinical detection of people at high risk for coronary artery lesions(shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of legumain for diagnosing UA. The area under the curve of legumain was 0.789 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.689&#8211;0.888, p&lt;0.001).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230395-30395-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Coronary atherosclerosis is a systemic disease with specific mechanisms that are complex and still not fully understood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Among them, inflammatory factors play a crucial role in the progression of coronary atherosclerosis and the formation of unstable plaques, which has been confirmed in many previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As an inflammatory factor, legumain is involved in antigen presentation during atherosclerosis and may induce the formation and progression of unstable plaques, as has been tentatively demonstrated in many studies. As early as 2006, Papaspyridonos et al. identified a significant increase in legumain gene expression within atherosclerotic unstable plaques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In 2020, Hui Yang et al. investigated the association of legumain with acute myocardial infarction and concluded that legumain is a predictor of all-cause mortality and a potential therapeutic target in acute myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> At the same time, Lunde et al. reached almost the opposite conclusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> They concluded that legumain is upregulated in acute cardiovascular events and associated with improved outcomes. The reasons for the different results from previous experiments may be as follows: There is a complex interaction between legumain and M1 and M2 macrophages such that the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects of macrophages exert different degrees of influence at different stages of the disease and other external factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In addition, platelet function is associated with the release of legumain, and a high proportion of patients with cardiovascular disease use antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin, a phenomenon that may also influence the results of the trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Our results showed that legumain levels were significantly higher in UA and SA patients than in healthy controls, while legumain concentrations in the UA group were significantly higher than those in SA subjects, suggesting that higher levels of legumain are associated with the development of coronary atherosclerotic disease and the formation of unstable lesions.</p>
        <p>In this trial, we found no significant differences in lesion length, MLD, and MLA by comparing the IVUS parameters of coronary lesion vessels in patients in the UA and SA groups. Notably, the plaque area, coronary RI, and plaque EI were significantly higher in the UA group than in the SA group. Moreover, the incidence of positive remodeling and eccentric plaque was significantly higher in the UA group than in the SA group, and the difference was statistically significant. This also indicated that the severity and hazard of CHD are closely related to the instability of the lesion but not necessarily directly related to the stenosis rate of coronary vessels. In general, eccentric plaques are more vulnerable than concentric plaques and are likely to rupture under various intraluminal stresses, which are more often found within unstable lesion segments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In addition, positive remodeling is widely present within atherosclerotic lesion segments. According to previous IVUS studies, vascular changes in acute coronary syndrome are prone to positive remodeling compared with SA vascular lesions, and positive remodeling is closely associated with adverse events such as plaque rupture and thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Additionally, we found that legumain was significantly positively correlated with RI and plaque EI in both the UA and SA groups. In summary, the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease rises in people without CHD as legumain levels increase. In the CHD population, higher legumain levels indicate more severe vascular lesions and more unstable plaques.</p>
        <p>Many inflammatory factors are associated with atherosclerosis, but few have high specificity and can be widely used in clinical practice. For example, traditional inflammatory factors such as hs-CRP and homocysteine have many influencing factors, including poor specificity and limited clinical application. The inflammatory factor legumain studied in this trial is highly correlated with coronary atherosclerotic disease and is currently a hot research topic by scholars. The multivariate logistic regression analysis on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with UA in this trial also further suggested that the plasma level of legumain was an independent cardiovascular risk factor in patients with UA (OR=1.198, p=0.004). The AUC for the diagnosis of UA with the legumain level in this study reached 0.789, and the sensitivity and specificity of a legumain level of 21.68 ng/mL for the diagnosis of UA were 65.1% and 92.1%, respectively. The above results suggest legumain&#8217;s feasibility, accuracy, and specificity for diagnosing UA. It can be said that legumain is predicted to become an inflammatory factor for the diagnosis of coronary atherosclerotic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the lack of previous studies and reports in the literature on legumain concentration in patients with coronary artery disease and unstable angina, the sample size was determined by a pilot study in this trial. From the pre-experiments, we concluded legumain concentration for the three groups of subjects as 21.18&#177;12.28 ng/ml in the UA group, 14.94&#177;6.14 ng/ml in the SA group, and 8.75&#177;3.01 ng/ml in the control group. The overall sample size was calculated to be 99 cases (33 cases per group) using PASS software, and the final sample size was determined to be 118 cases by considering loss to follow-up and incomplete data.</p>
        <p>Our study has several limitations. First, this trial is a single-center, nonrandomized, case-control study with a small sample size, lack of follow-up, and inability to account for causality. Second, the IVUS used in this trial did not have VH-IVUS capability, so it was impossible to classify lesions more finely.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Third, a subgroup of patients with AMI was not established in this trial because performing IVUS prolongs the operation time and may affect the prognosis of the patients. Finally, IVUS has limited resolution in identifying coronary lesions and is less able to identify some specific lesions than OCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>High plasma levels of legumain are closely associated with the development of coronary atherosclerotic disease and the progression of unstable lesions. Detecting plasma legumain can help identify patients at high risk of CHD earlier so that intervention may occur earlier and the prognosis may be improved.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We want to thank the many study coordinators and volunteers who helped facilitate patient enrolment and sample collections. Thanks to AJE for the meticulous polishing of this manuscript. Thank you to every author who worked hard on this experiment.Yuxia Gao and Yunpeng Deng contributed to the study concept and design and supervised the project; Yunpeng Deng performed most of the experiments, undertook the statistical analysis, and wrote the manuscript; Yudong Fan and Di Wu participated in parts of the experiments; Zilong Zhang, Miaomiao Zhang, and Zhiping Huang participated in sample collection. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Yunpeng Deng, from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Emergency General Hospital under the protocol number K22-6. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
