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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yQdPFMXgT7rQHq8XYC5mP6M</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230200</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bloqueio Divisional Anterossuperior Esquerdo Associado a Bloqueio Atrioventricular Induzido ao Teste Ergom&#233;trico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2333-2828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suares</surname>
            <given-names>Vagner L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chalela</surname>
            <given-names>William A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Andrea Marinho Falc&#227;o &#8226; Departamento de Medicina Nuclear e Imagem Molecular &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-090, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>andrea.falcao@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230200</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a do Sistema de Condu&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o (TE) &#233; indicado em uma ampla variedade de situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar das evid&#234;ncias consistentes do significado cl&#237;nico das anormalidades de ST-T durante o exerc&#237;cio, pouca aten&#231;&#227;o tem sido dada ao desenvolvimento de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o induzidos ao TE s&#227;o incomuns e os bloqueios divisionais s&#227;o ainda mais raros. Estima-se que bloqueios de ramo esquerdo (BRE) induzidos ao esfor&#231;o apresentem uma preval&#234;ncia que varia de 0,3%-0,5% e est&#227;o associados a progn&#243;stico mais adverso (maior preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>J&#225; os bloqueios divisionais (anterossuperior, anteromedial e posteroinferior) induzidos ao esfor&#231;o se restringem a publica&#231;&#245;es de relatos de caso da literatura. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es, quando presentes, elevam o risco de eventos cardiovasculares, sendo preditoras de pior progn&#243;stico. Em geral, est&#227;o associadas a les&#245;es cr&#237;ticas da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA) ou de tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda, j&#225; que o maior suprimento sangu&#237;neo do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His e seus fasc&#237;culos &#233; da DA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Trata-se de paciente de 77 anos, sexo feminino, encaminhada para consulta cardiol&#243;gica. Apresentava hist&#243;ria de dispneia, dor tor&#225;cica e tontura com in&#237;cio h&#225; seis meses. N&#227;o fazia uso de medica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e n&#227;o apresentava fatores de risco cardiovascular. Apresentava-se ao exame f&#237;sico em bom estado geral, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de 64 bpm, press&#227;o arterial (PA) 140x80 mmHg. A paciente estava alerta e orientada, eupneica, com pulsos sim&#233;tricos nos quatro membros e sem edemas perif&#233;ricos. Ausculta card&#237;aca tinha ritmo regular, bulhas normofon&#233;ticas e sem sopros, ausculta pulmonar normal. Demais aparelhos e sistemas sem altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso evidenciou ritmo sinusal, FC de 60 bpm, BRD e altera&#231;&#245;es difusas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico evidenciou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) de 61% (Teicholz), c&#226;maras card&#237;acas de tamanhos normais n&#227;o sendo observadas altera&#231;&#245;es na motilidade segmentar. Foram realizados cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) associada ao TE com o protocolo Bruce e Holter-ECG de 24 horas.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Eletrocardiograma de repouso evidenciando BRD e altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230200-30200-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ao final do 2&#186; est&#225;gio do protocolo Bruce o BRD pr&#233;vio associou-se a um BAV 2:1 e per&#237;odos de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e intraventricular (BDASE) intermitente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ), associado aos sintomas de fadiga extenuante, dor precordial e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, que levaram &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do exame. O teste durou 13 minutos 39 segundos, com press&#227;o arterial (PA) variando de 122x63 mmHg a 202x68 mmHg no pico do esfor&#231;o. A FC m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada foi de 97 bpm, correspondendo a 67% do previsto para a idade e carga de trabalho de 7 METs. Na fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o (6 minutos), retorno ao padr&#227;o basal de BRD associado ao BAV 2:1 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). A CPM n&#227;o mostrou evid&#234;ncias de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida por esfor&#231;o at&#233; alcan&#231;ar a FC de 97 bpm.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Eletrocardiograma do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, onde se evidencia BRD (padr&#227;o basal) alternado com complexos QRS com desvio acentuado do eixo &#224; esquerda (BDASE) e acompanhado de BAV de 2&#186; grau Mobitz II. FC aproximadamente de 100 bpm e manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230200-30200-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Eletrocardiograma do 6&#186; min da recupera&#231;&#227;o: BRD (padr&#227;o basal), desaparecimento do BDASE e BAV de 2&#186; grau 2:1.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230200-30200-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Esses achados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o infra-nodal, devido ao aparecimento dos bloqueios, especialmente o BAV podem representar doen&#231;a bilateral do sistema His-Purkinge. Al&#233;m de muito raro, requerem interven&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e adequada. O Holter de 24 horas evidenciou per&#237;odos de BAV 2:1 associado a bloqueio de ramo alternante nos per&#237;odos de maior FC. A paciente foi submetida ao implante de marca-passo atrioventricular permanente com sucesso, com melhora importante dos sintomas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados descritos representam um raro caso de bloqueio &#8220;trifascicular&#8221; ao esfor&#231;o (BRD em repouso associado ao BDASE e BAV 2&#186; grau Mobitz II ao esfor&#231;o). O padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico do dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o BDASE &#233; descrito na literatura. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Algumas vezes ele pode n&#227;o ser reconhecido por profissional pouco treinado quando induzido ao TE. Seu diagn&#243;stico requer aten&#231;&#227;o especial &#224;s mudan&#231;as do eixo card&#237;aco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios para identificar o BDASE transit&#243;rio ou permanente &#233; o aparecimento de S&#194;QRS igual ou al&#233;m de - 45&#186;; rS em DII, DIII e aVF, com S3 &gt; S2; QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 120 ms; qR em D1 e aVL com tempo de in&#237;cio da deflex&#227;o intrinsec&#243;ide; (TIDI) &gt; 45 ms ou qRs com &#8220;s&#8221; m&#237;nima em DI; qR em aVR com R empastado; diminui&#231;&#227;o de &#8220; r &#8220; de V1 at&#233; V3 e presen&#231;a de s de V4 a V6. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, a presen&#231;a de BDASE ao esfor&#231;o tamb&#233;m requer o diagn&#243;stico diferencial com algumas situa&#231;&#245;es como: atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o, outros dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o do ramo esquerdo, arritmias ventriculares, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, etc. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Apesar dos casos relatados na literatura de BDASE terem associa&#231;&#227;o com DAC grave, isso n&#227;o foi observado no nosso caso.</p>
      <p>J&#225; os BAVs induzidos durante o TE tamb&#233;m s&#227;o eventos bastante incomuns. A frequ&#234;ncia relativa de aparecimento durante a fase de exerc&#237;cio do TE &#233; reportada como 0,45%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Na fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o, o tipo mais frequentemente relatado &#233; o BAV de primeiro grau, com uma ocorr&#234;ncia variando entre 2,8% nos indiv&#237;duos abaixo dos 40 anos, at&#233; 11% naqueles acima de 60 anos. N&#227;o obstante sua raridade, o aparecimento de BAV no TE &#233; de grande relev&#226;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, podendo auxiliar na defini&#231;&#227;o de condutas em casos especiais. Entretanto, pouco se encontra publicado sobre o tema, mesmo em textos espec&#237;ficos sobre exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e TE. Com base nesses pressupostos, temos que os principais mecanismos envolvidos no surgimento dos BAV durante o TE s&#227;o os que seguem: desequil&#237;brio da regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica (regula&#231;&#227;o extr&#237;nseca); falha na regula&#231;&#227;o do sistema intr&#237;nseco nodal AV; degenera&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; eventos isqu&#234;micos comprometendo o n&#243; AV, feixe de His ou ainda a parede inferior do VE - nesse &#250;ltimo por promover ativa&#231;&#227;o do reflexo vagal de Bezold-Jarish. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Assim, os casos encontrados na literatura de BAV induzido ao esfor&#231;o ocorrem em pessoas idosas, mais de 60% tinham idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, sendo o indiv&#237;duo mais jovem de 31 anos, o que nos leva a supor a etiologia degenerativa como causa principal. O ECG de repouso, previamente ao aparecimento dos bloqueios, era normal em 40% dos casos e a altera&#231;&#227;o mais encontrada foi o BRD, como no caso descrito. A maioria dos BAV encontrados era de bloqueios de segundo grau 2:1 ou avan&#231;ados (quase 90% dos casos). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; a localiza&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o que normalmente determina o progn&#243;stico no BAV de II grau. O BAV de 2&#186; grau Mobitz I na grande maioria das vezes &#233; de localiza&#231;&#227;o nodal e, portanto, responde ao sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, melhora a condu&#231;&#227;o AV ao exerc&#237;cio. J&#225; nos BAV 2&#186; grau Mobitz II, sua localiza&#231;&#227;o j&#225; &#233; no sistema His-Purkinge e consequentemente n&#227;o &#233; influenciado pelo t&#244;nus adren&#233;rgico do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>No caso descrito, o BAV apresentado foi um bloqueio Mobitz II, de prov&#225;vel localiza&#231;&#227;o infra-nodal, mais comumente observado durante o esfor&#231;o, j&#225; que o sistema His-Purkinje n&#227;o &#233; responsivo ao sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo. Estudos confirmam que nos pacientes em que se realizou o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico invasivo (EEF), constatou-se que a localiza&#231;&#227;o dos bloqueios AV era infra-nodal em 85% deles. Tais achados, somados &#224; presen&#231;a de sintomas, justificam a indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de marca-passo definitivo em grande parte dos casos; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> isquemia mioc&#225;rdica raramente foi reportada como causa dos BAVs durante exerc&#237;cio. Mesmo em alguns casos em que se demonstrou a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana, o tratamento da les&#227;o obstrutiva n&#227;o resolveu o BAV, sugerindo que outros mecanismos al&#233;m da isquemia estavam presentes nesses indiv&#237;duos, semelhante ao caso apresentado, em que a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi normal, mesmo em baixa FC alcan&#231;ada. Assim, o TE com a sua an&#225;lise multifatorial foi de fundamental import&#226;ncia. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta dromotr&#243;pica exp&#244;s os BDASE n&#227;o conhecidos previamente, associados &#224; manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O TE foi fundamental para o diagn&#243;stico e manejo cl&#237;nico do caso e seus achados foram suficientes para indicar o implante de um marca-passo atrioventricular permanente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Anterior Fascicular Block Associated with Atrioventricular Block during Exercise Stress Test</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2333-2828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suares</surname>
            <given-names>Vagner L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chalela</surname>
            <given-names>William A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Andrea Marinho Falc&#227;o &#8226; Departamento de Medicina Nuclear e Imagem Molecular &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-090, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: andrea.falcao@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Conduction System Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The exercise stress test (EST) has been indicated in various clinical situations. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite the robust evidence about the clinical significance of ST-T abnormalities during exercise, little attention has been paid to the development of exercise-induced intraventricular conduction disorders.</p>
        <p>Conduction disorders and fascicular blocks induced during EST are rare. The prevalence of stress-induced left bundle-branch blocks (LBBB) ranges from 0.3%-0.5%, and frequently, the prognosis is more adverse (greater CAD and heart failure prevalence). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Data regarding stress-induced fascicular blocks (left anterior or posterior fascicular blocks) are restricted to case reports in the literature. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> When present, these alterations increase the risk for cardiovascular events and are predictors of worse prognosis, usually associated with critical lesions of the left anterior (LAD) or left main coronary artery, given that most of the blood supply for the left bundle of His and its fascicles come from the LAD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Description</title>
        <p>We describe a case of a 77-year-old female patient who was referred for cardiological screening. She presented with dyspnea CCS II/III, chest pain, and dizziness, which began six months before. She did not present any cardiovascular risk factors. Physical examination was normal: heart rate (HR) 64 bpm, blood pressure (BP) 140/80 mmHg. On physical examination, she was in good general condition, alert and oriented, eupneic, with symmetric pulses in the four limbs, and without peripheral edema. Normal heart sounds with regular rhythm and normal pulmonary auscultation. The other body parts and systems showed no alterations.</p>
        <p>The resting electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus rhythm, HR 60 bpm, RBBB, and diffuse alterations of the ventricular repolarization ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). A transthoracic echocardiogram showed a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 61% (Teicholz), heart chambers of normal sizes, and no wall motion alterations. She also underwent myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) with an EST and Bruce protocol and 24-hour Holter ECG.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Rest ECG - RBBB and alterations of the ventricular repolarization.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230200-30200-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>At the end of the Bruce protocol&#8217;s second stage, the previous RBBB pattern was associated with a 2:1 AV block and transient periods of light on the atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disturbances (LAFB) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ), associated with symptoms of strenuous fatigue, chest pain, and presyncope, which led to stop the exercise. The test lasted about 13 minutes, with BP ranging from 122/63 mmHg to 202/68 mmHg at peak exercise. The maximum HR achieved was 97 bpm, corresponding to 67% of the predicted for the age and the workload of 7 METs.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Rest and peak exercise ECG: RBBB with QRS complex markedly deviated to the left (LAFB) in association with a second-degree Mobitz II AV block. HR nearly 100 bpm and clinical manifestation of presyncope.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230200-30200-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>During recovery (6 minutes), the baseline RBBB pattern was associated with the 2:1 AV block ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). MPS showed no evidence of stress-induced myocardial ischemia until HR 97 bpm was achieved.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ECG 6 min recovery: RBBB, disappearance of the LAFB, and 2:1 second-degree AV block.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230200-30200-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The above findings are compatible with infra-nodal conduction system disease, as indicated by the emergence of blocks, particularly AV block, and they represent a bilateral His-Purkinje system disease. In addition to being very rare, they demand a quick and appropriate intervention. The 24-hour Holter revealed 2:1 AV block periods associated with alternating branch block during the periods of higher HR. The patient then underwent a permanent atrioventricular pacemaker implantation, with improvement of her symptoms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The findings reported represent a rare case of &#8220;trifascicular block&#8221; on EST (RBBB at rest, associated with LAFB and second-degree Mobitz II AV block during exercise). The ECG pattern of the LAFB conduction disturbance is reported in the literature. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Sometimes, it may not be recognized by a less trained physician, especially when stress-induced. Its diagnosis demands special attention to the cardiac axis changes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The criteria to identify a transient or permanent LAFB is the appearance of S&#194;QRS &#8805;- 45&#186;; rS in DII, DIII and aVF, with S3 &gt; S2; QRS &lt; 120 ms of duration; qR in DI and aVL with a time of intrinsicoid deflection &#8805; 50 ms or qRs with minimal &#8220;s&#8221; in DI; qR in aVR with notched R; &#8220;r&#8221; decreasing from V1 to V3, and presence of &#8220;s&#8221; from V4 to V6. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, the presence of LAFB on effort also demands differential diagnosis with end-conduction delay, other left branch conduction disturbances, ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular enlargement, etc. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Although the cases of LAFB in the literature have been associated with CAD, this was not observed in this case.</p>
        <p>Atrioventricular blocks induced during EST are also very uncommon events. Their relative frequency during the EST is reported as 0.45%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> During the recovery phase, the most frequently reported type is the first-degree AV block, with an occurrence ratio ranging from 2.8% in individuals below 40 years of age to 11% in those older than 60. Despite their rarity, the appearance of an AV block during EST has great relevance in clinical practice and may help to establish the management in special cases. However, little is found in the literature about this theme, even in specific texts on EST. So, we may state that the mechanisms involved in the appearance of AV blocks during EST could be related to an imbalance of the autonomic regulation (extrinsic regulation), failure in the intrinsic AV nodal system regulation, degeneration of the cardiac conduction system, particularly in the older people; ischemic events impairing the AV node, His bundle or even the LV inferior wall &#8211; in the latter caused by promoting the activation of the Bezold-Jarish vagal reflex. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> So, cases of stress-induced AV block in the literature occur in older people, more than 60% of them &#8805; 60 y.o.; the youngest was 31 y.o., possibly having a degenerative etiology. In 40% of the cases, the rest-ECG before the appearance of blocks was normal, and the most common alteration was RBBB, similar to this case. Most AV blocks found were 2:1 second-degree or advanced blocks (almost 90% of the cases). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The site of the block along the conduction system normally determines the prognosis in the second-degree AV block. Most are Mobitz I AV block and localized in the AV node. Therefore, they respond to the autonomic nervous system and improve the conduction through the AV node during exercise. Regarding the second-degree Mobitz II AV blocks, their localization is already in the His-Purkinje system; consequently, they are not influenced by the adrenergic tone of the exercise.</p>
        <p>The AV block described here was a Mobitz II, probably of infra-nodal localization, more commonly noticed during the effort since the His-Purkinje system is not responsive to the autonomic nervous system. Reports in patients invasively studied (by an invasive electrophysiologic study [EEF]) found an infra-nodal localization of AV blocks in 85% of them. Those findings and the presence of symptoms warrant the indication for definitive pacemaker implantation in most cases, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and myocardial ischemia has rarely been reported to cause AV blocks during exercise. Even in some cases where the presence of CAD was demonstrated, treating the obstructive lesion did not resolve the AV block, indicating that mechanisms other than ischemia might have been in action in those individuals. This is similar to the case presented, which had a normal myocardial perfusion result, even with the low HR achieved. Therefore, the multifactorial analysis of the EST was of crucial significance. The evaluation of the dromotropic response shed LAFB that had not been previously noticed in association with the clinical manifestation of presyncope.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The EST was imperative for this patient&#8217;s diagnosis and clinical management, and these findings were enough to indicate a permanent atrioventricular pacemaker implantation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
