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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">snjSR7Wd9HWxVK9X4FsC4DB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230077</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel Incremental da Classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association e dos &#205;ndices do Teste de Exerc&#237;cio Cardiopulmonar para Progn&#243;stico na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: um Estudo de Coorte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7784-623X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Engster</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique de Borba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8977-6929</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaan</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1816-6602</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Marina S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Donelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FAMED</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; FAMED , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts &#8211; EUA </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Cardiologia, Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Anderson Donelli da Silveira &#8226; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>dededonelli@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230077</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Papel Incremental da Classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association e dos &#205;ndices do Teste de Exerc&#237;cio Cardiopulmonar para Progn&#243;stico na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: um Estudo de Coorte</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VO <sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/snjSR7Wd9HWxVK9X4FsC4DB/32e6612e5ffa4ddd2c7b2b89e92155bf28b0aa62.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/snjSR7Wd9HWxVK9X4FsC4DB/bb1f6b4d97ed352e0e61a323b09bb1ac1a1688c8.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/snjSR7Wd9HWxVK9X4FsC4DB/8744df6d933870ed2ab948693e1ddf85b7544122.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A precis&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association (NYHA) para avaliar o progn&#243;stico pode ser limitada em compara&#231;&#227;o com os par&#226;metros objetivos do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP) na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Investigar o valor progn&#243;stico da classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA e da classe Weber.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes ambulatoriais adultos com IC submetidos a TECP em um centro terci&#225;rio brasileiro. A classe NYHA atribu&#237;da pelo m&#233;dico e a classe Weber derivada do TECP foram estratificadas como &#8220;favor&#225;vel&#8221; (NYHA I ou II com Weber A ou B) ou &#8220;adversa&#8221; (NYHA III ou IV com Weber C ou D). Pacientes com uma classe favor&#225;vel e uma classe adversa foram definidos como &#8220;discordantes&#8221;. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi o tempo para mortalidade por todas as causas. Um valor de p bilateral &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 834 pacientes. A mediana de idade foi de 57 anos; 42% (351) eram do sexo feminino e a mediana da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 32%. Entre os pacientes com classes NYHA e Weber concordantes, aqueles com classes NYHA e Weber adversas tiveram mortalidade por todas as causas significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com classes favor&#225;veis ( <italic>hazard ratio</italic> [HR]: 5,65; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 3,38 a 9,42). Entre os pacientes com classes discordantes, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na mortalidade por todas as causas (HR: 1,38; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,82 a 2,34). No modelo multivariado, incrementos na classe NYHA (HR: 1,55 por aumento na classe; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,26 a 1,92) e redu&#231;&#245;es no VO <sub>2</sub> pico (HR: 1,47 por diminui&#231;&#227;o de 3 ml/kg/min; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,28 a 1,70) previu significativamente a mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>A classe NYHA atribu&#237;da pelo m&#233;dico e as medidas objetivas do TECP fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas complementares para pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade ao redor do mundo, afetando mais de 64 milh&#245;es de pessoas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Um dos pilares do manejo de pacientes com IC &#233; a defini&#231;&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association (NYHA), proposta em 1921 para medir o comprometimento funcional. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essa medida subjetiva tem sido amplamente utilizada como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o em protocolos cl&#237;nicos. Pacientes considerados assintom&#225;ticos durante a atividade f&#237;sica normal (ou seja, classe I da NYHA) t&#234;m sido sistematicamente exclu&#237;dos dos ensaios de IC. Consequentemente, as diretrizes cl&#237;nicas frequentemente usam um ponto de corte da classe NYHA para determinar a elegibilidade para tratamentos como antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides, inibidores do cotransportador s&#243;dio-glicose 2 e terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA &#233; um preditor potente e estabelecido do progn&#243;stico da IC em um n&#237;vel de grupo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Estudos recentes, entretanto, questionaram a reprodutibilidade da classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA e sua capacidade de discriminar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC em n&#237;vel individual. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essas limita&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m estimulado esfor&#231;os para obter par&#226;metros de capacidade funcional mais precisos e reprodut&#237;veis em pacientes com IC, desde question&#225;rios estruturados at&#233; medidas objetivas de capacidade funcional, como o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O TECP &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para analisar a aptid&#227;o cardiopulmonar e estabelecer o estado funcional. Atualmente, o TECP &#233; utilizado para avaliar a gravidade da IC, monitorar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e determinar a elegibilidade para transplante card&#237;aco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para pacientes com IC, tanto a classe NYHA atribu&#237;da pelo m&#233;dico quanto os par&#226;metros objetivos do TECP demonstraram ser fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No entanto, como dois substitutos da capacidade funcional, um subjetivo e um objetivo, sua capacidade combinada de progn&#243;stico &#233; menos clara. Por exemplo, para pacientes submetidos a TECP, &#233; plaus&#237;vel que a classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA n&#227;o tenha valor progn&#243;stico adicional. Na presente an&#225;lise, investigamos a intera&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices derivados do TECP e da classe NYHA para refinar a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de pacientes com IC, particularmente quando o TECP e a classe NYHA apresentaram resultados conflitantes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes e desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo de coorte incluiu pacientes consecutivos com IC que foram submetidos a TECP em um hospital terci&#225;rio no Brasil entre janeiro de 2008 e novembro de 2020. O primeiro TECP de cada paciente foi inclu&#237;do nesta an&#225;lise. A classe da NYHA foi determinada imediatamente antes do TECP ou na consulta ambulatorial anterior. Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis tinham 16 anos ou mais, com IC documentada, diagnosticada por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os pacientes deveriam estar clinicamente est&#225;veis antes do TECP e usar terapia m&#233;dica otimizada. N&#227;o houve crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade relacionados &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), ou seja, pacientes com FEVE reduzida, levemente reduzida e preservada foram eleg&#237;veis para inscri&#231;&#227;o. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que n&#227;o conseguiram realizar o TECP. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo conselho local de &#233;tica em pesquisa e todos os participantes forneceram consentimento informado por escrito para participa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es e desfechos</title>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA &#233; uma medida subjetiva, definida pelo m&#233;dico, da limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica de um paciente, variando desde nenhuma limita&#231;&#227;o durante atividade f&#237;sica normal (classe I) at&#233; sintom&#225;tica em repouso (classe IV). A classe de Weber &#233; derivada do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio durante o exerc&#237;cio (VO <sub>2</sub> pico) medido durante o TCPE, sendo categorizada da seguinte maneira: classe A (VO <sub>2</sub> pico &gt; 20 ml/kg/min), B (16 a 20 ml/kg/min), C (10 a 16 ml/kg/min) e D (&lt; 10 ml/kg/min). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No presente estudo, estratificamos as classes NYHA e Weber como &#8220;favor&#225;veis&#8221; (NYHA I ou II; Weber A ou B) ou &#8220;adversas&#8221; (NYHA III ou IV; Weber C ou D). Foram classificados como &#8220;discordantes&#8221; pacientes com uma classe favor&#225;vel e uma classe adversa (ou seja, NYHA I ou II com Weber C ou D; ou NYHA III ou IV com Weber A ou B). O desfecho prim&#225;rio do presente estudo foi a mortalidade por todas as causas. O estado vital foi avaliado prospectivamente por meio de registros eletr&#244;nicos de sa&#250;de e liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas. Como parte da an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, tamb&#233;m estratificamos os pacientes em classifica&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis e adversas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; inclina&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> ) e ao percentual atingido do VO <sub>2</sub> pico predito (VO <sub>2</sub> pp). A inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> favor&#225;vel foi definida como VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> &#8804; 36, e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> adversa foi definida como VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> &gt; 36. O VO <sub>2</sub> pp favor&#225;vel foi definido como VO <sub>2</sub> pp &#8805; 50%, e o VO <sub>2</sub> pp adverso foi definido como VO <sub>2</sub> pp &lt; 50%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar</title>
        <p>A metodologia do TECP foi previamente relatada por nossa institui&#231;&#227;o <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> e segue recomenda&#231;&#245;es previamente validadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O TECP foi realizado por cardiologistas experientes e treinados, utilizando protocolos institucionais padronizados. Resumidamente, o TCPE foi realizado em esteira (General Electric T-2100, GE Healthcare, EUA) com an&#225;lise de gases respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o (Metalyzer 3B, Cortex, Leipzig, Alemanha ou Quark CPET, COSMED, Roma, It&#225;lia). Foi usado o teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo limitado por sintomas com um protocolo individualizado de rampa para produzir uma dura&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio de 8 a 12 minutos limitada pela fadiga. O VO <sub>2</sub> pico foi determinado pela medida mais alta de uma m&#233;dia m&#243;vel de 20 segundos dos valores respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o. A inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> foi determinada por um modelo de regress&#227;o linear utilizando dados de toda a dura&#231;&#227;o do teste. A inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (OUES) foi derivada de um modelo semelhante, e as estimativas do ppVO <sub>2</sub> utilizaram o algoritmo de Wasserman e Hansen, considerada a equa&#231;&#227;o preferida para pacientes com IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como mediana (percentis 25 e 75) porque um teste de Shapiro-Wilk indicou que todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas basais diferiram significativamente de uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. Foram utilizados testes de Kruskal-Wallis para comparar valores cont&#237;nuos e testes de qui-quadrado para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o foram utilizados testes <italic>post hoc</italic> . Para a an&#225;lise principal do tempo at&#233; o &#243;bito por todas as causas, os dois grupos de pacientes com classes NYHA e Weber discordantes (ou seja, classe NYHA favor&#225;vel e classe Weber adversa; e classe NYHA adversa e classe Weber favor&#225;vel) foram comparados usando um modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. O tempo at&#233; o &#243;bito por todas as causas foi usado para produzir estimativas de Kaplan-Meier e analisado com estat&#237;sticas de log-rank. Al&#233;m disso, para examinar visualmente a associa&#231;&#227;o entre VO <sub>2</sub> pico, classe NYHA e mortalidade, desenvolvemos um modelo multivari&#225;vel de Cox para calcular as taxas de mortalidade previstas em 5 anos de acordo com VO <sub>2</sub> pico e classe NYHA, ajustadas para idade e sexo na linha de base. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando R v4.0.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, R Core Team, 2023). Um valor de p bilateral &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O conjunto de dados utilizado para o presente manuscrito n&#227;o est&#225; abertamente dispon&#237;vel, mas encorajamos os colegas a entrar em contato com o autor correspondente se tiverem interesse em colaborar.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos 834 pacientes inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . A mediana de idade foi de 57,1 anos; 42% (351) eram mulheres e a mediana da FEVE foi de 32,0%. O tempo mediano de acompanhamento foi de 3,1 anos (intervalo interquartil: 1,6 a 5,1). No geral, os pacientes estavam bem distribu&#237;dos entre as classes I, II e III da NYHA, com apenas 3% classificados como NYHA IV. Os pacientes nas classes menos graves de IC tinham maior probabilidade de ser do sexo masculino, de ter FEVE preservada (versus reduzida) e de usar inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina ou bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas*</th>
                  <th>NYHA I (N=246)</th>
                  <th>NYHA II (N=362)</th>
                  <th>NYHA III (N=197)</th>
                  <th>NYHA IV (N=29)</th>
                  <th>Total (N=834)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">57,1 (48,0-64,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,8 (48,9-63,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,2 (49,8-65,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,1 (49,0-62,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,1 (49,0-64,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,346</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (36,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (41,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (49,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (44,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">351 (42,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26,1 (23,9-29,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,2 (24,4-32,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,7 (23,9-31,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,6 (24,7-29,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,4 (24,1-31,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (47,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">200 (55,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (54,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (41,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">437 (52,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (26,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (33,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (36,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (37,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">268 (32,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (17,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (19,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (25,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (27,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (20,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">34,0 (25,0-45,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,0 (25,0-45,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,0 (23,0-38,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,0 (20,0-53,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,0 (25,0-43,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE &lt; 40%</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (61,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">239 (66,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (75,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (69,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">558 (66,9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE 40,0% a 49,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (17,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (14,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (9,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (13,8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE &#8805; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (21,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (17,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (12,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (27,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (17,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (24,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (30,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (36,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (27,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">250 (30,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de beta bloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (92,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">345 (95,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">182 (92,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (89,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">781 (93,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de IECA ou BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">214 (87,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">304 (84,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (79,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (55,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">691 (82,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (55,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">229 (63,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (63,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (48,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">505 (60,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Notas: *Os dados cont&#237;nuos s&#227;o apresentados como mediana (Q1-Q3); os dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o exibidos como N (%). N&#227;o foram utilizados inibidores do cotransportador s&#243;dio-glicose 2. BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; NYHA: New York Heart Association. As medidas faltantes representaram 1,7% ou menos de cada vari&#225;vel.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros do TECP por classe NYHA na linha de base. Nenhuma das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os pacientes estavam bem distribu&#237;dos pelas classes de Weber, com aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes nas classes A, B e C, enquanto apenas 2% estavam na classe D. O VO <sub>2</sub> pico foi significativamente menor em pacientes com classe NYHA mais alta, e os valores medianos variaram de 19,1 (classe I da NYHA) a 13,6 (classe IV da NYHA) ml/kg/min. O VO <sub>2</sub> pp variou de 66,8% (NYHA I) a 48,1% (NYHA IV). A inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> mediana de variou de 36,7 (NYHA I) a 49,8 (NYHA IV), e a OUES mediana variou de 1,40 (NYHA I) a 1,07 (NYHA IV). Para todas as vari&#225;veis, houve associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre par&#226;metros desfavor&#225;veis do TECP e classe NYHA mais alta (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros do TECP por classe NYHA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>NYHA I (N=246)</th>
                  <th>NYHA II (N=362)</th>
                  <th>NYHA III (N=197)</th>
                  <th>NYHA IV (N=29)</th>
                  <th>Total (N=834)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VO</bold>
                    <sub>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sub>
                    <bold>pico, ml/kg/min</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19,1 (15,7-23,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4 (14,5-21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,3 (12,6-18,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,6 (12,3-16,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,2 (14,2-21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classe Weber</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A (&gt; 20 ml/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (31,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (13,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">249 (29,9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B (16 a 20 ml/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (27,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (30,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (28,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (24,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">242 (29,0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C (10 a 15,9 ml/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (28,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (36,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (51,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (65,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">322 (38,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D (&lt; 10 ml/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (6,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (2,5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO <sub><bold>2</bold></sub> </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36,7 (31,2-42,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,2 (32,7-44,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,0 (35,5-48,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,8 (43,1-57,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,1 (33,3-45,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> &lt; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (18,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (15,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (8,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (14,5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> 30 a 35,9</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (19,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (23,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (33,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (65,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">217 (26,0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> 36 a 44,9</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (26,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (25,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (18,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">194 (23,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> &gt; 45</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (35,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (35,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (38,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (31,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 (36,0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>OUES</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,38 (1,11-1,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,40 (1,01-1,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 (0,861-1,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,827-1,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,31 (0,990-1,72)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>OUES &gt; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (49,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (34,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">367 (44,0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VO</bold>
                    <sub>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sub>
                    <bold>pp</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 (0,55-0,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 (0,54-0,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58 (0,47-0,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48 (0,40-0,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 (0,52-0,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> pp &lt; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (19,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (30,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (51,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">183 (21,9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> pp &#8805; 75%</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (29,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (25,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (15,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">195 (23,4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Notas: *Os dados cont&#237;nuos s&#227;o apresentados como mediana (Q1-Q3); os dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o exibidos como N (%). NYHA: New York Heart Association; OUES: inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VE/VCO <sub>2</sub>: inclina&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; VO <sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VO <sub>2</sub> pp: percentual atingido do VO <sub>2</sub> pico predito. As medidas faltantes representaram 0,8% ou menos de cada vari&#225;vel.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valor progn&#243;stico das classes NYHA e Weber</title>
        <p>Um total de 64% (535) pacientes tinham classes NYHA e Weber concordantes (ou seja, NYHA I ou II com Weber A ou B; ou NYHA III ou IV com Weber C ou D). Entre aqueles com classes concordantes, os pacientes com ambas as classifica&#231;&#245;es adversas apresentaram mortalidade significativamente maior ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ). Dos 299 pacientes com classifica&#231;&#245;es discordantes, 208 (70%) tinham classe NYHA I ou II com classe C ou D de Weber, e 91 (30%) tinham classe III ou IV da NYHA com classe A ou B de Weber. Entre os dois grupos discordantes, os pacientes categorizados como tendo uma classe NYHA adversa e uma classe Weber favor&#225;vel n&#227;o tiveram taxas significativamente diferentes de mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes que tinham uma classe NYHA favor&#225;vel e uma classe Weber adversa ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> ). Os achados foram mantidos ao comparar medidas alternativas de TECP, como inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> ( <italic>hazard ratio</italic> [HR]: 1,11; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,58 a 2,14; p = 0,74; Figura Suplementar 1) e VO <sub>2</sub> pp (HR: 0,98; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,57 a 1,69; Figura Suplementar 2).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sobrevida global para pacientes com classes NYHA e Weber concordantes. Curva de Kaplan-Meier exibindo o tempo at&#233; o &#243;bito por todas as causas. Classe NYHA favor&#225;vel foi definida como NYHA I ou II; classe NYHA adversa foi definida como NYHA III ou IV. Classe Weber favor&#225;vel foi definida como Weber A ou B; classe Weber adversa foi definida como Weber C ou D. Os pacientes com a mesma classifica&#231;&#227;o (favor&#225;vel ou adversa) em ambas as classifica&#231;&#245;es foram classificados como concordantes e inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise. NYHA: New York Heart Association.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230077-30077-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sobrevida global para pacientes com classes NYHA e Weber discordantes. Curva de Kaplan-Meier exibindo o tempo at&#233; o &#243;bito por todas as causas. Classe NYHA favor&#225;vel foi definida como NYHA I ou II; classe NYHA adversa foi definida como NYHA III ou IV. Classe Weber favor&#225;vel foi definida como Weber A ou B; classe Weber adversa foi definida como Weber C ou D. Os pacientes com uma classe favor&#225;vel e uma classe adversa foram classificados como discordantes e inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise. NYHA: New York Heart Association.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230077-30077-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No modelo multivari&#225;vel, tanto classe NYHA mais alta (HR: 1,55 por aumento de unidade; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,26 a 1,92; p &lt; 0,001) quanto VO <sub>2</sub> pico mais baixo (HR: 1,47 por diminui&#231;&#227;o de 3 ml/kg/min; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,28 a 1,70; p &lt; 0,001) previram independentemente a mortalidade por todas as causas. Quando a classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA foi analisada como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica, a diferen&#231;a entre as classes NYHA I e II foi de magnitude menor e n&#227;o estatisticamente significativa (HR: 0,83 para NYHA II versus I; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,51 a 1,36; p = 0,46). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> mostra a taxa de mortalidade prevista em 5 anos de acordo com a classe NYHA e o VO <sub>2</sub> pico na linha de base. Cada vari&#225;vel mostrou ter um valor preditivo independente. Por exemplo, para pacientes de qualquer classe da NYHA, as taxas de mortalidade em 5 anos foram mais de 2 vezes maiores se o VO <sub>2</sub> pico fosse de 12 ml/kg/min em vez de 20 ml/kg/min. Por outro lado, para pacientes com um determinado VO <sub>2</sub> pico, a taxa de mortalidade em 5 anos aproximadamente dobrou se fossem classificados como NYHA III em vez de NYHA II.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Probabilidade prevista de mortalidade em 5 anos por classe NYHA e VO 2 pico. Probabilidade prevista de mortalidade para um paciente masculino de 57,2 anos de idade. NYHA: New York Heart Association; VO 2 : consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230077-30077-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em uma grande coorte de pacientes com IC submetidos a TECP, tanto a classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA quanto o VO <sub>2</sub> pico foram preditores independentes de mortalidade por todas as causas. Os pacientes que tinham classes NYHA mais altas apresentaram resultados consistentemente piores no TECP. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com uma classe NYHA favor&#225;vel e uma classe Weber adversa tiveram um risco intermedi&#225;rio de mortalidade por todas as causas que n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente dos pacientes com uma classe NYHA adversa e uma classe Weber favor&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores analisaram a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA. Muntwyler et al. mostraram que a classe NYHA foi um fator progn&#243;stico independente na an&#225;lise multivariada, com mortalidade em 1 ano variando de 7,1% em pacientes com NYHA II a 28,0% naqueles com NYHA IV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA tamb&#233;m permaneceu um preditor potente de mortalidade em pelo menos 10 anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> V&#225;rios outros estudos, no entanto, sugeriram que a classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA pode ser um marcador de progn&#243;stico n&#227;o confi&#225;vel em n&#237;vel individual. Caraballo et al. mostraram heterogeneidade significativa do risco de mortalidade em pacientes com NYHA II e III entre estudos, sugerindo que a implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica da classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA depende em grande parte do risco basal do paciente sendo avaliado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, Blacher et al. mostraram sobreposi&#231;&#227;o significativa em v&#225;rias m&#233;tricas entre pacientes com NYHA I e II, sugerindo que a classe NYHA, por si s&#243;, pode ser um discriminador insuficiente de pacientes individuais com IC leve. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foi estudado se as mudan&#231;as na classe NYHA ao longo do tempo podem prever o progn&#243;stico. Greene et al. mostraram que melhorias na classe NYHA n&#227;o levaram a melhores desfechos em pacientes com IC, enquanto a melhora na pontua&#231;&#227;o geral do Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Summary Score foi correlacionada com melhora no progn&#243;stico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Rohde et al. sugeriram que mudan&#231;as na classe NYHA ao longo do tempo podem ter valor preditivo limitado, particularmente na IC leve. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O TECP tem sido cada vez mais proposto como forma de melhorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em pacientes com IC, oferecendo m&#233;tricas objetivas e reprodut&#237;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O TECP tem sido utilizado como ferramenta para auxiliar na tomada de decis&#227;o sobre transplante card&#237;aco h&#225; mais de 3 d&#233;cadas, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> dada a sua confiabilidade na distin&#231;&#227;o de risco entre pacientes com IC grave. Tamb&#233;m houve apelos para a inclus&#227;o do TECP como parte dos crit&#233;rios de inscri&#231;&#227;o e de desfecho em ensaios de IC j&#225; em 1988. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que muitas m&#233;tricas do TECP t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas, incluindo VO <sub>2</sub> pico, OUES, inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> , press&#227;o de CO <sub>2</sub> no final de expira&#231;&#227;o em repouso e ventila&#231;&#227;o oscilat&#243;ria de exerc&#237;cio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maioria dos estudos progn&#243;sticos teve como foco a classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA ou o TECP, mas raramente em ambos. Isso deixa os m&#233;dicos inseguros sobre como interpretar as informa&#231;&#245;es derivadas das avalia&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas da NYHA e do TECP. Isso &#233; especialmente importante quando se deparam com informa&#231;&#245;es conflitantes, por exemplo, um paciente classificado em classe NYHA avan&#231;ada com TECP apresentando classifica&#231;&#227;o de Weber favor&#225;vel (classe A ou B). Nosso estudo visou combinar essas avalia&#231;&#245;es para refinar a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em pacientes com IC. Na presente an&#225;lise de uma grande coorte de pacientes com IC submetidos a TECP, tanto a classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA quanto o VO <sub>2</sub> pico foram preditivos de mortalidade por todas as causas ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e sexo. Em todas as classes da NYHA, as diminui&#231;&#245;es no VO <sub>2</sub> pico foram associadas ao aumento da mortalidade; da mesma forma, em todo o espectro do VO <sub>2</sub> pico, os incrementos na classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA tamb&#233;m foram associados ao aumento da mortalidade. A exce&#231;&#227;o not&#225;vel foi a falta de uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre as classes I e II da NYHA, em conformidade com estudos anteriores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Este achado &#233; cr&#237;tico porque os pacientes classificados como NYHA I t&#234;m sido exclu&#237;dos dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos de IC com base na suposi&#231;&#227;o de que eles constituem um grupo uniformemente de baixo risco. Os pacientes com NYHA I s&#227;o, portanto, ineleg&#237;veis para diversas terapias de prolongamento da vida que est&#227;o bem estabelecidas para pacientes com IC na classe NYHA II e acima. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, visamos analisar o valor progn&#243;stico de ambas as classifica&#231;&#245;es quando os pacientes apresentavam resultados do TECP que aparentemente conflitavam com a classe NYHA atribu&#237;da pelo m&#233;dico. N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a significativa na mortalidade por todas as causas entre pacientes com classes discordantes (NYHA I ou II com Weber C ou D versus NYHA III ou IV com Weber A ou B), sugerindo que ambas as m&#233;tricas da NYHA e do TECP s&#227;o vari&#225;veis progn&#243;sticas complementares. Os pacientes com classes discordantes apresentaram progn&#243;stico intermedi&#225;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com classifica&#231;&#245;es concordantes favor&#225;veis (NYHA I ou II e Weber A ou B) ou concordantes adversas (NYHA III ou IV e Weber C ou D). Nossos achados foram consistentes nas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade usando a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> e VO <sub>2</sub> pp em vez do VO <sub>2</sub> pico para determinar classes conflitantes. Nossos resultados est&#227;o em conformidade com um estudo anterior de Ritt et al. que demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre as classes NYHA e Weber, embora com baixa concord&#226;ncia entre elas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que merecem considera&#231;&#227;o. Primeiro, embora normalmente realizado dentro de semanas, per&#237;odo em que n&#227;o se espera que o estado funcional de um paciente com IC mude, o momento exato entre a defini&#231;&#227;o da NYHA e o TECP n&#227;o foi registrado. Em segundo lugar, o presente estudo foi retrospectivo e incluiu uma avalia&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica da classe NYHA e os resultados n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para a varia&#231;&#227;o da classe da NYHA ao longo do tempo. Terceiro, para a an&#225;lise longitudinal, n&#227;o est&#225; claro como os resultados do TECP foram usados para orientar as decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o estudamos o impacto de TCPEs repetidos nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, o per&#237;odo do estudo abrange mais de uma d&#233;cada e a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica pode ter mudado ao longo desse per&#237;odo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA e os par&#226;metros do TECP fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas complementares que s&#227;o mais precisas do que o uso de qualquer um dos dois isoladamente. O TCPE pode ser uma ferramenta valiosa para discriminar o risco em pacientes com IC em todas as classes da NYHA, particularmente para aqueles nas classes NYHA I e II.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do HCPA sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2014-0162. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para Figura Suplementar, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12011/2023-0077_Figura Suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Incremental Role of New York Heart Association Class and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Indices for Prognostication in Heart Failure: A Cohort Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7784-623X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Engster</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique de Borba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis;</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8977-6929</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaan</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1816-6602</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Marina S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Donelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript;</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; FAMED, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Anderson Donelli da Silveira &#8226; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: dededonelli@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Incremental Role of New York Heart Association Class and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Indices for Prognostication in Heart Failure: A Cohort Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VO <sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230077-30077-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The accuracy of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification to assess prognosis may be limited compared with objective cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) parameters in heart failure (HF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To investigate the prognostic value of the NYHA classification in addition to Weber class.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Adult outpatients with HF undergoing CPET in a Brazilian tertiary care center were included. The physician-assigned NYHA class and the CPET-derived Weber class were stratified into &#8220;favorable&#8221; (NYHA I or II; Weber A or B) or &#8220;adverse&#8221; (NYHA III or IV; Weber C or D). Patients with one favorable class and one adverse class were defined as &#8220;discordant.&#8221; The primary endpoint was time to all-cause mortality. A 2-sided p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 834 patients were included. Median age was 57 years; 42% (351) were female, and median left ventricular ejection fraction was 32%. Among patients with concordant NYHA and Weber classes, those with adverse NYHA and Weber classes had significantly higher all-cause mortality compared to those with favorable classes (hazard ratio [HR]: 5.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.38 to 9.42). Among patients with discordant classes, there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 0.82 to 2.34). In the multivariable model, increments in NYHA class (HR: 1.55 per class increase; 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.92) and reductions in peak VO <sub>2</sub> (HR: 1.47 per 3 ml/kg/min decrease; 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.70) significantly predicted mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Physician-assigned NYHA class and objective CPET measures provide complementary prognostic information for patients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting over 64 million people. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> One of the cornerstones of HF management is the definition of a patient&#8217;s New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, proposed in 1921 to measure functional impairment. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This subjective measurement has been widely used as an inclusion criterion for clinical protocols. Patients considered asymptomatic at ordinary physical activity (namely, NYHA class I) have been systematically excluded from HF trials. Consequently, clinical guidelines frequently use an NYHA class cutoff to determine eligibility for treatments such as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, and cardiac resynchronization therapy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The NYHA classification is an established, powerful predictor of HF prognosis at a group level. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Recent studies, however, have questioned the reproducibility of the NYHA classification and its ability to discriminate the prognosis of patients with HF at the individual level. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These limitations have encouraged efforts to attain more accurate and reproducible parameters of functional capacity in patients with HF, ranging from structured questionnaires to objective measurements of functional capacity, such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> CPET is a non-invasive method to analyze cardiopulmonary fitness and establish functional status. Currently, CPET is used to assess HF severity, monitor disease progression, and determine eligibility for heart transplantation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>For patients with HF, both the physician-assigned NYHA class and the objective CPET parameters have been shown to be independent prognostic factors. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, as two surrogates of functional capacity, one subjective and one objective, their combined ability for prognostication is less clear. For example, for patients who have undergone a CPET, it is plausible that the NYHA classification lacks additional prognostic value. In the current analysis, we investigated the interplay of CPET-derived indices and NYHA class to refine prognostic assessment in patients with HF, particularly when CPET and NYHA class depicted conflicting results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients and study design</title>
          <p>This cohort study included consecutive patients with HF who underwent a CPET in a tertiary care hospital in Brazil between January 2008 and November 2020. The first CPET of each patient was included in this analysis. NYHA class was determined immediately before CPET or in the previous outpatient visit. Eligible patients were 16 years or older with documented HF, diagnosed by clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic criteria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Subjects had to be clinically stable prior to CPET and using optimal medical therapy. There were no left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) eligibility criteria, i.e., patients with reduced, mildly reduced, and preserved LVEF were eligible for enrollment. Patients who were unable to perform a CPET were excluded. This study was approved by the local research ethics board, and all participants provided written informed consent for participation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions and endpoints</title>
          <p>The NYHA classification is a subjective, physician-defined measure of a patient&#8217;s physical limitation, ranging from no limitation at ordinary physical activity (class I) to symptomatic at rest (class IV). The Weber class is derived from the maximum oxygen consumption during exercise (peak VO <sub>2</sub> ) measured during CPET and is categorized into class A (peak VO <sub>2</sub> &gt; 20 ml/kg/min), B (16 to 20 ml/kg/min), C (10 to 16 ml/kg/min), and D (&lt; 10 ml/kg/min). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In this study, we stratified NYHA and Weber classes into &#8220;favorable&#8221; (NYHA I or II; Weber A or B) or &#8220;adverse&#8221; (NYHA III or IV; Weber C or D). Subjects with one favorable class and one adverse class (i.e., NYHA I or II with Weber C or D, or NYHA III or IV with Weber A or B) were classified as &#8220;discordant.&#8221; The primary endpoint of this study was all-cause mortality. Vital status was prospectively evaluated using electronic health records and telephone calls. As part of a sensitivity analysis, we also stratified patients into favorable and adverse classifications regarding minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> ) slope and percent-predicted peak VO <sub>2</sub> (ppVO <sub>2</sub> ). Favorable VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope was defined as VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> &#8804; 36, and adverse VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope was defined as VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> &gt; 36. Favorable ppVO <sub>2</sub> was defined as ppVO <sub>2</sub> &#8805; 50%, and adverse ppVO <sub>2</sub> was defined as ppVO <sub>2</sub> &lt; 50%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
          <p>CPET methodology has been previously reported by our institution, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and it follows previously validated recommendations. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> CPET was conducted by experienced and trained cardiologists using standardized institutional protocols. In brief, CPET was performed on a treadmill (General Electric T-2100, GE Healthcare, USA) with breath-by-breath gas analysis (Metalyzer 3B, Cortex, Leipzig, Germany or Quark CPET, COSMED, Rome, Italy). Symptom-limited maximal exercise testing with an individualized ramp protocol was used to yield fatigue-limited exercise duration of 8 to 12 minutes. Peak VO <sub>2</sub> was determined by the highest measure of a 20-second rolling average of breath-by-breath values. VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope was determined by a linear regression model using data from the entire duration of the test. Oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) was derived from a similar model, and ppVO <sub>2</sub> estimations used Wasserman and Hansen&#8217;s algorithm, considered the preferred equation for patients with HF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables are displayed as median (25 <sup>th</sup> and 75 <sup>th</sup> percentiles), as a Shapiro-Wilk test indicated that all continuous baseline variables significantly differed from a normal distribution. Categorical variables are displayed as absolute numbers and percentages. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare continuous values, and chi-square tests were used to compare proportions. No <italic>post hoc</italic> tests were used. For the main analysis of time to all-cause death, the two groups of subjects with discordant NYHA and Weber classes (i.e., favorable NYHA and adverse Weber class, and adverse NYHA and favorable Weber class) were compared using a Cox proportional hazards model. Time to all-cause death was used to produce Kaplan-Meier estimates and analyzed with log-rank statistics. Furthermore, to visually examine the association between peak VO <sub>2</sub> , NYHA class, and mortality, we developed a multivariable Cox model to compute the predicted 5-year mortality rates according to peak VO <sub>2</sub> and NYHA class, adjusted for age and sex at baseline. All analyses were performed using R v4.0.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, R Core Team, 2023). A 2-sided p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The dataset used for this manuscript is not openly available, but we encourage colleagues to contact the corresponding author if they are interested in collaborating.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          <p>The clinical characteristics of the 834 patients included are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Median age was 57.1 years; 42% (351) were female, and median LVEF was 32.0%. Median follow-up time was 3.1 years (interquartile range: 1.6 to 5.1). Overall, patients were well distributed between NYHA classes I, II, and III, with only 3% classified as NYHA IV. Patients in milder HF classes were more likely to be male, to have preserved (versus reduced) LVEF, and to be using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Caracteristics*</th>
                    <th>NYHA I (N=246)</th>
                    <th>NYHA II (N=362)</th>
                    <th>NYHA III (N=197)</th>
                    <th>NYHA IV (N=29)</th>
                    <th>Overall (N=834)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">57.1 (48.0-64.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.8 (48.9-63.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.2 (49.8-65.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.1 (49.0-62.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.1 (49.0-64.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.346</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female sex</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (36.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">151 (41.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">98 (49.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (44.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">351 (42.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.039</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body mass index, kg/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">26.1 (23.9-29.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.2 (24.4-32.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.7 (23.9-31.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.6 (24.7-29.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.4 (24.1-31.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (47.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">200 (55.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (54.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (41.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">437 (52.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (26.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (33.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (36.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (37.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">268 (32.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (17.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (19.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (25.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (27.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">172 (20.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF, %</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">34.0 (25.0-45.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.0 (25.0-45.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.0 (23.0-38.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.0 (20.0-53.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.0 (25.0-43.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF &lt; 40%</td>
                    <td align="center">150 (61.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">239 (66.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">149 (75.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (69.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">558 (66.9%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF 40.0% to 49.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (17.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (14.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (9.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">115 (13.8%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF &#8805; 50%</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (21.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (17.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (12.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (27.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">147 (17.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">59 (24.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">111 (30.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (36.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (27.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">250 (30.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta blocker use</td>
                    <td align="center">228 (92.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">345 (95.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">182 (92.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (89.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">781 (93.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI or ARB use</td>
                    <td align="center">214 (87.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">304 (84.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">157 (79.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (55.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">691 (82.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spironolactone use</td>
                    <td align="center">137 (55.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">229 (63.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">125 (63.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (48.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">505 (60.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>* Continuous data are displayed as median (Q1-Q3); categorical data are displayed as N (%). Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors were not used. ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association. Missing measurements accounted for 1.7% or less of each variable.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test characteristics</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> illustrates the distribution of CPET parameters by baseline NYHA class. None of the continuous variables were normally distributed. Patients were well distributed across Weber classes, with approximately one third of patients in classes A, B, and C, while only 2% were in class D. Peak VO <sub>2</sub> was significantly lower in patients with higher NYHA class, and median values ranged from 19.1 (NYHA class I) to 13.6 (NYHA class IV) ml/kg/min. ppVO <sub>2</sub> varied from 66.8% (NYHA I) to 48.1% (NYHA IV). Median VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope ranged from 36.7 (NYHA I) to 49.8 (NYHA IV), and median OUES ranged from 1.40 (NYHA I) to 1.07 (NYHA IV). Across all variables, there was a statistically significant association between unfavorable CPET parameters and higher NYHA class (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; CPET parameters by NYHA class</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Caracteristics</th>
                    <th>NYHA I (N=246)</th>
                    <th>NYHA II (N=362)</th>
                    <th>NYHA III (N=197)</th>
                    <th>NYHA IV (N=29)</th>
                    <th>Overall (N=834)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Peak VO</bold>
                      <sub>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sub>
                      <bold>, ml/kg/min</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">19.1 (15.7-23.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.4 (14.5-21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.3 (12.6-18.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.6 (12.3-16.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.2 (14.2-21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Weber class</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>A (&gt; 20 ml/kg/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">107 (43%)</td>
                    <td align="center">114 (31.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (13.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">249 (29.9%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>B (16 to 20 ml/kg/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (27.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (30.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (28.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (24.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">242 (29.0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>C (10 to 15.9 ml/kg/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (28.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">131 (36.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">101 (51.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (65.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">322 (38.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D (&lt; 10 ml/kg/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (6.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (6.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (2.5%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>VE/VCO <sub><bold>2</bold></sub> slope</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">36.7 (31.2-42.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.2 (32.7-44.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.0 (35.5-48.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.8 (43.1-57.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.1 (33.3-45.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> &lt; 30</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (18.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (15.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (8.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">121 (14.5%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> 30 to 35.9</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (19.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">84 (23.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (33.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (65.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">217 (26.0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> 36 to 44.9</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (26.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (25.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (18.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">194 (23.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> &gt; 45</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (35.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (35.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (38.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (31.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">300 (36.0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>OUES</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.38 (1.11-1.88)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.40 (1.01-1.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18 (0.861-1.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07 (0.827-1.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.31 (0.990-1.72)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>OUES &gt; 1.4</td>
                    <td align="center">118 (48%)</td>
                    <td align="center">178 (49.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (34.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (10.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">367 (44.0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Percent-predicted peak VO</bold>
                      <sub>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sub>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.67 (0.55-0.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64 (0.54-0.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58 (0.47-0.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48 (0.40-0.62)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63 (0.52-0.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Percent-predicted peak VO <sub>2</sub> &lt; 50%</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (15.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (19.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (30.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (51.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">183 (21.9%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Percent-predicted peak VO <sub>2</sub> &#8805; 75%</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (29.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (25.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (15.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">195 (23.4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>*Continuous data are displayed as median (Q1-Q3); categorical data are displayed as N (%). NYHA: New York Heart Association; OUES: oxygen uptake efficiency slope; VE/VCO <sub>2</sub>: minute ventilation/carbon dioxide output slope; VO <sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption. Missing measurements accounted for 0.8% or less of each variable.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prognostic value of NYHA and Weber classes</title>
          <p>A total of 64% (535) patients had concordant NYHA and Weber classes (i.e., NYHA I or II with Weber A or B, or NYHA III or IV with Weber C or D). Among those with concordant classes, patients with both adverse classifications had significantly higher mortality ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ). Of the 299 patients with discordant classifications, 208 (70%) had NYHA class I or II with Weber class C or D, and 91 (30%) had NYHA class III or IV with Weber class A or B. Among the two discordant groups, patients categorized as having an adverse NYHA class and a favorable Weber class did not have significantly different rates of all-cause mortality compared with patients who had a favorable NYHA class and an adverse Weber class ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> ). Findings were maintained when comparing alternative CPET measures, such as VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58 to 2.14; p = 0.74; Supplementary <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ) and ppVO <sub>2</sub> (HR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.57 to 1.69; Supplementary <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Overall survival for patients with concordant NYHA and Weber classes. Notes: Kaplan-Meier curve displaying time to all-cause death. Favorable NYHA class was defined as NYHA I or II; adverse NYHA class was defined as NYHA III or IV. Favorable Weber class was defined as Weber A or B; adverse Weber class was defined as Weber C or D. Patients with the same classification (either favorable or adverse) in both classes were classified as concordant and included in this analysis. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230077-30077-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Overall survival for patients with discordant NYHA and Weber classes. Notes: Kaplan-Meier curve displaying time to all-cause death. Favorable NYHA class was defined as NYHA I or II; adverse NYHA class was defined as NYHA III or IV. Favorable Weber class was defined as Weber A or B; adverse Weber class was defined as Weber C or D. Patients with one favorable class and one adverse class were classified as discordant and included in this analysis. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230077-30077-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the multivariable model, both higher NYHA class (HR: 1.55 per unit increase; 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.92; p &lt; 0.001) and lower peak VO <sub>2</sub> (HR: 1.47 per 3 ml/kg/min decrease; 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.70; p &lt; 0.001) independently predicted all-cause mortality. When the NYHA classification was analyzed as a categorical variable, the difference between NYHA classes I and II was minor in magnitude and not statistically significant (HR: 0.83 for NYHA II versus I; 95% CI: 0.51 to 1.36; p = 0.46). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> displays the predicted 5-year mortality rate according to baseline NYHA class and peak VO <sub>2</sub> . Each variable was shown to have an independent predictive value. For example, for patients within any NYHA class, 5-year mortality rates were more than 2-fold higher if the peak VO <sub>2</sub> was 12 ml/kg/min instead of 20 ml/kg/min. Conversely, for patients with a certain peak VO <sub>2</sub> , the 5-year mortality rate approximately doubled if they were classified as NYHA III instead of NYHA II.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Predicted probability of mortality at 5 years by NYHA class and peak VO 2 . Predicted probability of mortality for a male patient of age 57.2 years. NYHA: New York Heart Association; VO 2 : oxygen consumption.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230077-30077-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
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      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In a large cohort of patients with HF undergoing CPET, both NYHA classification and peak VO <sub>2</sub> were independent predictors of all-cause mortality. Patients who exhibited higher NYHA classes consistently presented worse results in the CPET. Furthermore, patients with a favorable NYHA class and an adverse Weber class had an intermediate risk of all-cause mortality that was not significantly different from patients with an adverse NYHA class and a favorable Weber class.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have analyzed the prognostic importance of the NYHA classification. Muntwyler et al. showed NYHA class to be an independent prognostic factor in multivariable analysis, with 1-year mortality ranging from 7.1% in patients with NYHA II to 28.0% in those with NYHA IV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> NYHA classification also remained a powerful predictor of mortality for at least 10 years. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Several other studies, however, have suggested that NYHA classification might be an unreliable marker of prognosis on an individual level. Caraballo et al. showed significant heterogeneity of mortality risk in NYHA II and III patients across studies, suggesting that the prognostic implication of the NYHA classification is largely dependent on the baseline risk of the patient being assessed. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> More recently, Blacher et al. showed significant overlap in several metrics between NYHA I and II patients, suggesting that the NYHA class, by itself, may be an insufficient discriminator of individual patients with mild HF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The question of whether changes in NYHA class over time can predict prognosis has been studied as well. Greene et al. showed that improvements in NYHA class did not lead to better outcomes in patients with HF, while improvement in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Summary Score was correlated with improved prognosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Rohde et al. suggested that changes in NYHA class over time may have limited predictive value, particularly in mild HF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CPET has been increasingly proposed as a way to improve prognostic assessment in patients with HF by offering objective and reproducible metrics. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> CPET has been used as a tool to aid in cardiac transplantation decision-making for over three decades, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> given its reliability in distinguishing risk among patients with severe HF. There have also been calls for the inclusion of CPET as part of the enrollment and endpoint criteria in HF trials as early as 1988. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Many CPET metrics have been shown to have prognostic implications, including peak VO <sub>2</sub> , OUES, VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope, resting end-tidal CO <sub>2</sub> pressure, and exercise oscillatory ventilation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Most prognostic studies have focused either on NYHA classification or CPET, but rarely on both. This leaves clinicians unsure of how to interpret the information derived from simultaneous NYHA and CPET assessments. This is especially important when they are faced with conflicting information, such as a patient categorized in an advanced NYHA class with CPET showing favorable Weber classification (class A or B). Our study aimed to combine these assessments to refine the prognostic evaluation in patients with HF. In this analysis of a large cohort of patients with HF undergoing CPET, both NYHA classification and peak VO <sub>2</sub> were predictive of all-cause mortality after adjusting for age and sex. Across all NYHA classes, decreases in peak VO <sub>2</sub> were associated with increased mortality; likewise, across the spectrum of peak VO <sub>2</sub> , increments in NYHA classification were also linked to increased mortality. The notable exception was the lack of a significant difference between NYHA classes I and II, in conformity with prior studies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This finding is critical because patients classified as NYHA I have been excluded from HF clinical trials based on the assumption that they constitute a uniformly low-risk group, and NYHA I patients are thus ineligible for several life-prolonging therapies that are well established for patients with HF in NYHA class II and above. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Furthermore, we sought to analyze the prognostic value of both classifications when patients had CPET results that apparently conflicted with their physician-assigned NYHA class. We found no significant difference in all-cause mortality between patients with discordant classes (NYHA I or II with Weber C or D versus NYHA III or IV with Weber A or B), suggesting that both NYHA and CPET metrics are complementary prognostic variables. Patients with discordant classes displayed an intermediate prognosis compared to those with concordant favorable (NYHA I or II and Weber A or B) or concordant adverse (NYHA III or IV and Weber C or D) classifications. Our findings were consistent in sensitivity analyses using VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope and ppVO <sub>2</sub> instead of peak VO <sub>2</sub> to determine conflicting classes. Our results are in conformity with a previous study by Ritt et al. that demonstrated an association between NYHA and Weber classes, albeit with low concordance between them. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study had limitations that merit consideration. First, although ordinarily performed within weeks, a period in which the functional status of a patient with HF is not expected to shift, the exact timing between NYHA determination and the CPET was not recorded. Second, this study was retrospective and included a one-time NYHA assessment, and results cannot be extrapolated to NYHA class variation over time. Third, for the longitudinal analysis, it is unclear how CPET findings were used to guide therapeutic decisions. Furthermore, we did not study the impact of repeated CPETs in this population. Finally, the study time frame spans over a decade, and clinical practice might have shifted over that time.</p>
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      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>NYHA classification and CPET parameters provide complementary prognostic information that is more accurate than using either alone. CPET may be a valuable tool to discriminate risk in patients with HF across all NYHA classes, particularly for those in NYHA classes I and II.</p>
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          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HCPA under the protocol number 2014-0162. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding : There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For Supplementary Figure, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12011/2023-0077_Figura Suplementar.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
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