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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tDBnn6zqT43kQp5Dt3DjZWv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230047</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resposta Exagerada da Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica ao Exerc&#237;cio e Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica &#224; Ecocardiografia sob Estresse F&#237;sico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3749-5284</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Bispo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Lara Teles Alencar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Cleovaldo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Allexa Gabriele Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edvaldo Victor Gois</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Iana Carine Machado Bispo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-9726</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4325-0590</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Sergipe , S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o , SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz &#8211; Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas , Aracaju , SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Rede Primavera</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Primavera</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Rede Primavera &#8211; Setor de M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos do Hospital Primavera , Aracaju , SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Benefic&#234;ncia Hospital de Cirurgia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Funda&#231;&#227;o de Benefic&#234;ncia Hospital de Cirurgia &#8211; Setor de M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos , Aracaju , SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Cl&#225;udia Bispo Martins-Santos &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe &#8211; Rua Claudio Batista, s/n. CEP 49060-676, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>claudia.bispo.martins@live.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230047</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Resposta Exagerada da Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica ao Exerc&#237;cio e Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica &#224; Ecocardiografia sob Estresse F&#237;sico</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/tDBnn6zqT43kQp5Dt3DjZWv/100ca76d14622ce82c95b1c428b5f56b6de875dd.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre resposta exagerada da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio (REPASE) e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; controversa e pouco estudada em indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica estabelecida ou suspeita.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Verificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e REPASE em indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico (EEF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal com 14.367 indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; EEF, de janeiro de 2000 a janeiro de 2022, divididos em dois grupos: G1 &#8211; composto por pacientes cuja press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de pico apresentou incremento &#8805; 90 mmHg (valor correspondente ao percentil 95 da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada) &#8211;, e G2 &#8211; formado por indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o apresentaram resposta hipertensiva exagerada. Os grupos foram comparados mediante os testes <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> e qui-quadrado. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p &lt; 0,05. Realizou-se, tamb&#233;m, regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco independentes para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, REPASE, queixa de precordialgia t&#237;pica pr&#233;via ao exame e angina durante o teste.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Dos 14.367 pacientes, 1.500 (10,4%) desenvolveram REPASE e 7.471 (52,0%) eram do sexo feminino. Os percentuais de queixa pr&#233;via de precordialgia t&#237;pica, angina durante o teste e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica dos pacientes com REPASE foram de 5,8%, 2,4% e 18,1% contra 7,4%, 3,9% e 24,2%, em indiv&#237;duos sem REPASE, respectivamente (p = 0,021, p = 0,004, p &lt; 0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a REPASE foi associada, independentemente, a uma menor probabilidade de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (odds ratio: 0,73; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,58 a 0,93; p = 0,009).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O incremento exagerado da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica durante a EEF pode ser um marcador de exclus&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="50"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico (EEF) consiste em prova reconhecida para avalia&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o funcional de coronariopatias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Tal t&#233;cnica permite acesso a diversos elementos da cascata isqu&#234;mica como angina pectoris, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, al&#233;m de mudan&#231;as da contratilidade segmentar e da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tem sido sugerida poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre a resposta exagerada da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio (REPASE) e a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Especula-se que a eleva&#231;&#227;o intensa da press&#227;o arterial durante o exerc&#237;cio causaria aumento do consumo mioc&#225;rdico de oxig&#234;nio e, por conseguinte, isquemia subendoc&#225;rdica, at&#233; mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de estenoses coronarianas significativas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Assim sendo, a REPASE poderia estar associada ao aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, independentemente da capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (CCR). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em contrapartida, especula-se, tamb&#233;m, que a resposta excessiva da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) pode ser provocada pelo aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC), consistindo, portanto, em resposta fisiol&#243;gica que se traduz em progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel, caracterizado por menor probabilidade de dor tor&#225;cica e de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Desse modo, o incremento exagerado da PAS durante o exerc&#237;cio poderia ser um marcador de aus&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A diminui&#231;&#227;o da CCR seria determinante para o aumento da mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o foi verificar a frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) suspeita ou estabelecida que apresentaram ou n&#227;o REPASE submetidos &#224; EEF, bem como comparar suas diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal a partir de base de dados constru&#237;da prospectivamente, a qual compreende 14.503 indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; EEF entre janeiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2022 no Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (ECOLAB), refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica de Aracaju-Sergipe. Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos acima de 18 anos encaminhados ao servi&#231;o, exceto aqueles que se recusaram a participar do estudo. Pacientes que tivessem usado betabloqueador at&#233; tr&#234;s dias antes do exame e os que n&#227;o apresentaram aumento da PAS acima do seu respectivo valor basal com o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos. Restando, portanto, 14.367 pacientes com SCC suspeita ou estabelecida.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com a presen&#231;a de REPASE, a qual foi definida por um aumento &#8805; 90 mmHg (valor correspondente ao percentil 95 da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada). Desse modo, constitu&#237;ram-se dois grupos: G1 &#8211; composto por 1.500 (10,4%) pacientes cuja PAS de pico apresentou incremento &#8805; 90 mmHg &#8211;, e G2 &#8211; formado por 12.867 (89,6%) indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o exibiram resposta hipertensiva exagerada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram colhidos por meio de entrevistas realizadas antes do exame. Foi utilizado um question&#225;rio padronizado onde foram registrados: a ocorr&#234;ncia de sintomas como dispneia e dor tor&#225;cica &#8211; sendo esta considerada como t&#237;pica quando dor retroesternal desencadeada por esfor&#231;o ou estresse emocional e aliviada ao repouso ou pelo uso de nitratos e at&#237;pica quando presentes somente dois desses fatores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foram pesquisadas as medica&#231;&#245;es usadas, a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para SCC e o hist&#243;rico de cardiopatia familiar ou pessoal, al&#233;m de dados referentes &#224; s&#237;ndrome coronariana (SC) pr&#233;via.</p>
        <p>&#205;ndices de massa corp&#243;rea maiores que 30 kg/m <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> foram caracterizados como obesidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Definiu-se hipercolesterolemia com base nos antecedentes pessoais e no uso de agente antilipid&#234;mico (estatinas e/ou fibratos). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Indiv&#237;duos que referiram realizar menos que 150 minutos de atividade f&#237;sica de moderada intensidade ou 75 minutos de vigorosa intensidade foram considerados sedent&#225;rios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Considerou-se hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) quando os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos aferidos no membro superior, em repouso e condi&#231;&#245;es ideais, eram PAS &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg, repetidos e confirmados, ou quando o paciente estava em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O diabete melito foi definido pela presen&#231;a de glicemia em jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL, glicemia 2 horas ap&#243;s sobrecarga com 75 g de glicose &#8805; 200 mg/dL, hemoglobina glicada &#8805; 6,5% ou glicemia ao acaso &#8805; 200 mg/dL associada a sintomas cl&#225;ssicos de hiperglicemia ou pelo uso de insulina ou agentes hipoglicemiantes orais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Definiu-se infarto do mioc&#225;rdio antigo mediante hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e/ou pela presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas em exames complementares pr&#233;vios, como eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma e/ou cineangiocoronariografia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es isoladas ou combinadas para a EEF foram: avalia&#231;&#227;o de precordialgia; avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca; teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com baixo risco para SC; TE positivo em paciente com risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto para SC; TE negativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto para SC; surgimento de arritmia durante o TE; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de SCC previamente estabelecida e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco p&#243;s-SC aguda. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Foram considerados TE sugestivos de isquemia aqueles que apresentaram infradesnivelamentos do segmento ST na fase de exerc&#237;cio ou recupera&#231;&#227;o com: morfologia horizontal ou descendente &gt; 1 mm, aferido no ponto J; morfologia ascendente &gt; 1,5 mm, em indiv&#237;duos de risco moderado ou alto para SC; e &gt; 2 mm em indiv&#237;duos de baixo risco para SC, aferido no ponto Y. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> As classifica&#231;&#245;es de risco para SC seguiram o que &#233; preconizado em Knuuti et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Apesar de tra&#231;ados el&#233;tricos ao repouso com a presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo ou de altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST representarem limita&#231;&#245;es <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> aos crit&#233;rios el&#233;tricos mencionados, nestes casos os demais segmentos que n&#227;o envolvessem tais achados eram analisados, haja vista a aplicabilidade da EEF enquanto preditora de SC nestes cen&#225;rios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
        <p>O protocolo experimental b&#225;sico consistia na realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es e de ecocardiograma de repouso ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Em seguida, realizava-se o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em esteira rolante e, imediatamente ap&#243;s (em 30 segundos a 1 minuto), procedia-se a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o imediato por um per&#237;odo de 2 a 5 minutos em esquema de an&#225;lise simult&#226;nea (&#8220; <italic>side by side</italic> &#8221;) com as imagens obtidas no repouso para avalia&#231;&#227;o comparativa da contratilidade segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo como preconizado pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Todos os pacientes foram submetidos aos protocolos padr&#227;o de Bruce ou de Ellestad durante o TE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Todos os pacientes eram encorajados a atingir pico m&#225;ximo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), estimada pela equa&#231;&#227;o: 220 &#8211; idade; j&#225; a FC subm&#225;xima foi definida como 85% da FC m&#225;xima. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Motivos para interrup&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o antes do alcance da FC m&#225;xima inclu&#237;ram o desenvolvimento de angina, s&#237;ncope, fadiga e arritmias malignas ou a crit&#233;rio do paciente por fadiga muscular. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do exerc&#237;cio (VO <sub>2</sub> max) foi obtido, indiretamente, atrav&#233;s de c&#225;lculos metab&#243;licos padronizados que estimaram a capacidade aer&#243;bica em cada est&#225;gio dos protocolos supracitados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O VO <sub>2</sub> max predito de acordo com sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi determinado a partir das equa&#231;&#245;es de Almeida et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> para popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. A carga foi expressa tamb&#233;m em equivalentes metab&#243;licos (MET), em que 1 MET corresponde a 3,5 mL/kg&#183;min de VO <sub>2</sub> inspirado, referente ao repouso. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Durante o esfor&#231;o, os indiv&#237;duos foram continuamente monitorados com ECG. Foram denominadas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas ao exerc&#237;cio a ocorr&#234;ncia de infradesnivelamentos do segmento ST que atendessem aos mesmos crit&#233;rios supracitados para TE sugestivos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram observados antes, durante e ap&#243;s o estresse sob esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, atrav&#233;s de ECG de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es, para verifica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes dele, as quais foram classificadas segundo as defini&#231;&#245;es de Geleijnse et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de morte, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, ruptura card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e assistolia card&#237;aca foram consideradas complica&#231;&#245;es maiores. As complica&#231;&#245;es menores foram definidas como bloqueio atrioventricular, espasmo coron&#225;rio e arritmias ventriculares (taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada e extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares) bem como as supraventriculares (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou <italic>flutter</italic> , taquicardia supraventricular n&#227;o sustentada e extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Era recomendada a suspens&#227;o de drogas cronotr&#243;picas negativas, como os betabloqueadores, pelo menos tr&#234;s dias antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o das provas, mantendo-se as demais drogas usuais do paciente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os exames foram realizados com equipamento Hewlett Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500 at&#233; o ano de 2012 e, em seguida, por meio de um ecocardi&#243;grafo Phillips IE-33, observando-se os aspectos t&#233;cnicos vigentes descritos pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas bidimensionais foram obtidas nas janelas paraesternais e apicais, durante o repouso e imediatamente ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, com o paciente em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e sob registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico simult&#226;neo. A motilidade segmentar da parede do VE foi avaliada por ecocardiografista experiente, conforme preconizado pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O espessamento parietal segmentar do VE foi avaliado quantitativamente tanto no repouso como ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, contemplando-se a metodologia de 16 segmentos, graduado em: 1, normal; 2, hipocin&#233;tico; 3, acin&#233;tico e 4, discin&#233;tico. O &#237;ndice de escore da motilidade do VE (IEMVE) foi calculado no repouso e durante o exerc&#237;cio como a soma dos escores conferidos a cada um dos 16 segmentos dividida pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos avaliados no dado momento. O IEMVE igual a 1 corresponde &#224; normalidade, de 1,1 a 1,7 representa disfun&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria e maior que 1,7, disfun&#231;&#227;o importante. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A diferen&#231;a entre o IEMVE de esfor&#231;o e de repouso &#233; chamada de &#916;IEMVE. O desenvolvimento de nova altera&#231;&#227;o na motilidade parietal ou piora de dissinergia existente (&#916;IEMVE &#8800; 0) foi considerado indicativo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE foi avaliada e classificada segundo as preconiza&#231;&#245;es vigentes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o e, conforme o pressuposto de normalidade amostral de todas vari&#225;veis, avaliado pelo teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, elas foram analisadas por meio do teste t de Student para grupos independentes. J&#225; as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expostas em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e porcentagem. Para comparar as caracter&#237;sticas das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os dois grupos, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado. Em todas as an&#225;lises, a signific&#226;ncia de 5% foi adotada. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre os desfechos (REPASE, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e angina &#224; EEF e queixa pr&#233;via de precordialgia t&#237;pica) e os fatores associados, foram realizadas regress&#245;es log&#237;sticas pelo m&#233;todo hier&#225;rquico. Para entrar no modelo inicial, admitiram-se todas aquelas com p &lt; 0,25, enquanto que, para permanecer no modelo de an&#225;lise multivariada, adotou-se p &lt; 0,05. As vari&#225;veis foram adicionadas e retiradas do modelo de forma manual, conforme crit&#233;rio citado anteriormente. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram processadas por meio do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), vers&#227;o 22.0 (Chicago, IL, EUA). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos que regem a experimenta&#231;&#227;o humana foram cuidadosamente seguidos, e todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (CAAE 1818.0.000.107-06).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>A amostra foi composta por 14.367 indiv&#237;duos, com idade m&#233;dia de 58 &#177; 11 anos, sendo 52,0% de mulheres. Um total de 1.500 (10,4%) pacientes desenvolveram REPASE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). A propor&#231;&#227;o de homens no grupo que apresentou incremento exagerado na PAS foi maior que entre aqueles que n&#227;o desenvolveram REPASE. Em m&#233;dia, indiv&#237;duos com REPASE foram mais jovens do que os sem resposta excessiva. A principal indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para a EEF foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o de precordialgia, presente em 52,6% dos indiv&#237;duos. Em alguns casos, havia mais de uma indica&#231;&#227;o para o exame.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes que apresentaram ou n&#227;o resposta exagerada da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio (REPASE)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>REPASE n=1500 (10,4%)</th>
                  <th>Sem REPASE n=12867 (89,6%)</th>
                  <th>p <sup><bold>*</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1008(67,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5888(45,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (m&#233;dia em anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,6&#177;10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">58,1&#177;11,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">972(65,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7459(58,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabete melito</td>
                  <td align="center">202(13,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1651(13,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,516</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">819(55,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7353(57,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumantes</td>
                  <td align="center">88(5,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">631(5,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                  <td align="center">602(53,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4783(52,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,726</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">489(32,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2859(22,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antecedentes familiares de SCC</td>
                  <td align="center">831(56,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7283(57,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,323</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antecedente pessoal de SCC</td>
                  <td align="center">188(19,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1738(21,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,242</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento cl&#237;nico para SCC <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">83(44,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">795(45,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,677</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angioplastia + <italic>stent</italic> <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">78(41,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">680(39,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,529</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">32(17,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">344(20,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto pr&#233;vio antigo (&gt; 60 dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">76(5,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">680(5,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,730</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto pr&#233;vio recente (&lt; 60 dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48(0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Sintomatologia <sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup> </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Assintom&#225;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">648(45,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5209(42,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Precordialgia t&#237;pica pr&#233;via ao exame</td>
                  <td align="center">83(5,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">922(7,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Precordialgia at&#237;pica pr&#233;via ao exame</td>
                  <td align="center">644(44,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5630(45,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,642</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Dispneia pr&#233;via ao exame</td>
                  <td align="center">69(4,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">731(5,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,091</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">42(2,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">534(4,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Uso de anti-hipertensivos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">723(49,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6020(47,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,271</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Diur&#233;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">17(3,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">200(4,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,657</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">159(10,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1159(9,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; BRA II</td>
                  <td align="center">346(23,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2672(21,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td align="center">121(8,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">918(7,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,178</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">303(20,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2887(23,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Nitrato</td>
                  <td align="center">40(2,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">357(2,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,814</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para a EEF <sup><bold>&#167;</bold></sup> </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Investiga&#231;&#227;o de precordialgia</td>
                  <td align="center">727(50,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6552(52,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,097</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">58(6,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">585(7,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,170</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; TES em indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco para SC</td>
                  <td align="center">221(23,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1675(21,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; TES em indiv&#237;duos com risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto para SC</td>
                  <td align="center">41(4,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">436(5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; TEN em indiv&#237;duos com risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto para SC</td>
                  <td align="center">12(1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">112(1,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,730</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Arritmias durante TE</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48(0,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de SCC</td>
                  <td align="center">188(19,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1738(21,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,242</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>BRA II: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II; EEF: ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; SC: s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias; SCC: s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica; TE: teste ergom&#233;trico; TEN: teste ergom&#233;trico negativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica; TES: teste ergom&#233;trico sugestivo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. (*) As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram calculadas por meio do m&#233;todo de qui-quadrado de Pearson, e, as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, por meio do teste t de Student para amostras independentes, conforme o pressuposto de normalidade da amostra. (&#8224;) Para a an&#225;lise das terap&#234;uticas de SCC (tratamento cl&#237;nico, angioplastia + stent e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica), foram considerados exclusivamente os pacientes com coronariopatia (n = 1926). (&#8225;) Para a an&#225;lise da sintomatologia, foram considerados apenas os dados completos (n = 13936). (&#167;) Para a an&#225;lise das indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, foram considerados apenas os dados completos (n = 12394). Fonte: dados coletados pelos autores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os pacientes com REPASE apresentaram frequ&#234;ncia menor de dislipidemia e maior de HAS e de obesidade. Ademais, o grupo com REPASE usava mais inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e de bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II. Quanto &#224; sintomatologia, a maior parte de assintom&#225;ticos pertencia ao grupo REPASE, enquanto indiv&#237;duos sem incremento sist&#243;lico exagerado apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de queixa pr&#233;via de precordialgia t&#237;pica que os com REPASE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve registro de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores. A maioria dos pacientes que referiram angina durante o teste eram do grupo sem REPASE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Houve frequ&#234;ncia maior de infradesnivelamento de ST no grupo com REPASE e de altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas compat&#237;veis com presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nos indiv&#237;duos sem REPASE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ), bem como de maiores n&#237;veis de IEMVE ao repouso e no esfor&#231;o ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e ergom&#233;tricas dos pacientes que apresentaram ou n&#227;o resposta exagerada da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio (REPASE)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>REPASE n=1500 (10,4%)</th>
                  <th>Sem REPASE n=12867 (89,6%)</th>
                  <th>p <sup><bold>*</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Resultado da cin&#233;tica segmentar <sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">1227(81,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9751(75,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Isquemia induzida</td>
                  <td align="center">127(8,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1563(12,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Isquemia fixa</td>
                  <td align="center">121(8,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1151(9,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Isquemia fixa e induzida</td>
                  <td align="center">24(1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">391(3,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS no repouso (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">123,6&#177;12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">128,6&#177;12,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS no pico (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">219,3&#177;16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">189,1&#177;16,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">156,5&#177;25,8</td>
                  <td align="center">145,0&#177;20,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC no repouso (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,9&#177;13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">77,9&#177;14,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC no pico (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">159,8&#177;16,8</td>
                  <td align="center">154,1&#177;19,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">101,7&#177;15,3</td>
                  <td align="center">98,0&#177;18,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DP no repouso (&#215;10 <sup>3</sup> mmHg.bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5&#177;2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0&#177;2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DP no pico (&#215;10 <sup>3</sup> mmHg.bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,0&#177;4,0</td>
                  <td align="center">29,2&#177;4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DP ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o (&#215;10 <sup>3</sup> mmHg.bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,9&#177;3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">14,2&#177;3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% da FC m&#225;xima te&#243;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">96,7&#177;8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">95,2&#177;9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Alcance da FC no teste <sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup> </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Abaixo da subm&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">119(7,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1657(12,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Subm&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">619(41,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5138(40,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,329</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; M&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">211(14,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1392(10,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Acima da m&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">551(36,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4670(36,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,754</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina durante o teste</td>
                  <td align="center">36(2,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">500(3,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dispneia durante o teste</td>
                  <td align="center">164(11,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1421(11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,951</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Infradesnivelamento de ST</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">883(59,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6824(53,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Ascendente <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">325(36,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2661(39,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,209</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Retificado <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">318(36,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2669(39,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,075</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Descendente <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">241(27,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1499(22,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio atrioventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">3(0,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,304</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espasmo coron&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,766</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TV n&#227;o sustentada</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24(0,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,448</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares</td>
                  <td align="center">75(21,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1012(25,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,088</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou <italic>flutter</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">0(0,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(0,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,399</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TSV n&#227;o sustentada</td>
                  <td align="center">5(1,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59(1,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,925</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares</td>
                  <td align="center">30(8,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">406(10,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,313</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de esteira em minutos</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2&#177;2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1&#177;2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Capacidade funcional (METs)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5&#177;3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7&#177;3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2max</sub> predito (mL.kg <sup>-1.</sup> min <sup>-1</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">26,3&#177;6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">24,5&#177;6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2max</sub> atingido (mL.kg <sup>-1.</sup> min <sup>-1</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">36,7&#177;10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">34,1&#177;10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o VO <sub>2max</sub> atingido por predito (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">143,2&#177;38,9</td>
                  <td align="center">143,2&#177;42,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,986</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,1&#177;6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">67,1&#177;6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,808</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa do VE (g/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">88,6&#177;22,1</td>
                  <td align="center">84,9&#177;22,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (mL/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">28,8&#177;13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">29,3&#177;14,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,400</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IEMVE repouso</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02&#177;0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03&#177;0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IEMVE ao esfor&#231;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03&#177;0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04&#177;0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica <sup><bold>//</bold></sup> </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">230(20,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1998(22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,163</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Disfun&#231;&#227;o grau I</td>
                  <td align="center">618(54,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5016(55,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,531</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Disfun&#231;&#227;o grau II</td>
                  <td align="center">277(24,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1950(21,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; Disfun&#231;&#227;o grau III</td>
                  <td align="center">4(0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38(0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,738</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>DP: duplo produto; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IEMVE: &#237;ndice de escore de motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular; TV: taquicardia ventricular; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VO <sub>2max</sub>: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio. ( <sup>*</sup> ) As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram calculadas por meio do m&#233;todo de qui-quadrado de Pearson, e, as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, por meio do teste t de Student para amostras independentes, conforme o pressuposto de normalidade da amostra. ( <sup>&#8224;</sup> ) Para a an&#225;lise da cin&#233;tica segmentar, foram considerados apenas os dados completos (n = 14355). ( <sup>&#8225;</sup> ) Para a an&#225;lise da FC alcan&#231;ada, apenas os dados completos foram considerados (n = 14357). ( <sup>&#167;</sup> ) Para a an&#225;lise das morfologias do infradesnivelamento do segmento ST (ascendente, retificado e descendente), foram considerados exclusivamente os pacientes que apresentaram depress&#227;o do segmento (n = 7707). ( <sup>//</sup> ) Para a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, foram considerados apenas os dados completos (n = 10131). Fonte: dados coletados pelos autores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico entre os grupos que apresentaram ou n&#227;o resposta exagerada da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio (REPASE). Fonte: dados coletados pelos autores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230047-30047-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>&#192; an&#225;lise multivariada, manteve-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa e significativa entre isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e REPASE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). O maior preditor de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi o aparecimento de angina durante o teste ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). A REPASE n&#227;o se associou &#224; precordialgia t&#237;pica pr&#233;via ao exame ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ), tampouco ao surgimento de angina durante o teste ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com par&#226;metros associados &#224; resposta exagerada da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>
                    <italic>Odds ratio</italic>
                  </th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59-0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">2,38</td>
                  <td align="center">2,05-2,77</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97-0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21-1,65</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70-1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,54</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32-1,79</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina t&#237;pica pr&#233;via ao exame</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61-1,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,229</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dor t&#237;pica ao exame</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52-1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,367</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Fonte: dados coletados pelos autores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com par&#226;metros associados &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>
                    <italic>Odds ratio</italic>
                  </th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>REPASE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58-0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15-1,55</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00-1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,361</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94-1,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,241</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabete melito</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10-1,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21-1,61</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">3,69</td>
                  <td align="center">3,16-4,30</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08-1,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antecedente familiar de SCC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19-1,59</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina t&#237;pica pr&#233;via ao exame</td>
                  <td align="center">2,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1,87-3,02</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina durante o teste</td>
                  <td align="center">11,03</td>
                  <td align="center">7,60-16,01</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infradesnivelamento de ST</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33-1,76</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Capacidade funcional (METs)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91-0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93-0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; REPASE: resposta exagerada da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio; SCC: s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Fonte: dados coletados pelos autores</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com par&#226;metros associados &#224; presen&#231;a de queixa de precordialgia t&#237;pica pr&#233;via ao exame</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>
                    <italic>Odds ratio</italic>
                  </th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>REPASE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56-1,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,218</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ecocardiogr&#225;fica</td>
                  <td align="center">2,37</td>
                  <td align="center">1,88-3,00</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84-1,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,676</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98-0,995</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85-1,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,602</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabete melito</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84-1,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,501</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06-1,64</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78-1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,964</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,81</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24-2,64</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina durante o teste</td>
                  <td align="center">6,52</td>
                  <td align="center">4,73-8,99</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infradesnivelamento de ST</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72-1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,256</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Capacidade funcional (METs)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91-0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; REPASE: resposta exagerada da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio. Fonte: dados coletados pelos autores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com par&#226;metros associados ao aparecimento de angina durante a ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="left">
                    <italic>Odds ratio</italic>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="left">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>REPASE</td>
                  <td>1,12</td>
                  <td>0,68-1,85</td>
                  <td>0,651</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td>10,37</td>
                  <td>7,21-14,91</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td>1,63</td>
                  <td>1,17-2,26</td>
                  <td>0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td>0,98</td>
                  <td>0,96-0,99</td>
                  <td>0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td>1,01</td>
                  <td>0,72-1,42</td>
                  <td>0,950</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabete melito</td>
                  <td>1,04</td>
                  <td>0,71-1,51</td>
                  <td>0,856</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td>0,89</td>
                  <td>0,65-1,22</td>
                  <td>0,471</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td>1,02</td>
                  <td>0,73-1,43</td>
                  <td>0,892</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina t&#237;pica pr&#233;via ao exame</td>
                  <td>6,51</td>
                  <td>4,72-8,97</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infradesnivelamento de ST</td>
                  <td>1,70</td>
                  <td>1,25-2,32</td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Capacidade funcional (METs)</td>
                  <td>0,83</td>
                  <td>0,78-0,88</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; REPASE: resposta exagerada da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio. Fonte: dados coletados pelos autores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, a REPASE associou-se a menor probabilidade de queixa de precordialgia t&#237;pica pr&#233;via, de angina induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio e de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF, com menores IEMVE ao repouso e esfor&#231;o. Contudo, o grupo que apresentou REPASE tamb&#233;m se associou a maior presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o infradesnivelamento do segmento ST e a REPASE observada nesta pesquisa pode ser explicada pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre o incremento sist&#243;lico e os falsos positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; eletrocardiografia, descrita em estudos pr&#233;vios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Possivelmente, outra teoria seria a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana nos pacientes com infradesnivelamento de ST, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> a qual ocasionaria funcionamento distinto da bomba card&#237;aca em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos com SC obstrutivas, o que n&#227;o impediria o alcance de maiores n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos no primeiro grupo. Daubert et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> observaram que a combina&#231;&#227;o de ECG sugestivo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com ecocardiograma normal ao esfor&#231;o associou-se a maiores n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos no pico da EEF.</p>
      <p>Diferentemente de outros trabalhos, nossa amostra era composta em sua maioria por mulheres (52,0%), e, inobstante, houve manuten&#231;&#227;o da predile&#231;&#227;o da REPASE pelo sexo masculino, constata&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m verificada na literatura, bem como a predomin&#226;ncia de pacientes mais jovens com resposta sist&#243;lica exagerada ao exerc&#237;cio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> N&#227;o foram registradas complica&#231;&#245;es maiores no presente estudo. A EEF &#233; uma modalidade com baixa preval&#234;ncia de eventos adversos que representem risco de morte. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo evidenciou maior alcance de METs entre aqueles com REPASE. Possivelmente, tal situa&#231;&#227;o esteja atrelada ao fato do grupo REPASE apresentar indiv&#237;duos mais jovens e, por conseguinte, com maior facilidade de incremento do duplo produto, aumentando o trabalho card&#237;aco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Kokkinos et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre a baixa CCR e o aumento da mortalidade por todas as causas, sendo o risco substancialmente maior (47% versus 92%) entre aqueles que n&#227;o conseguiram um incremento superior a 52 mmHg na PAS no pico do esfor&#231;o. Tal descoberta corrobora com o conceito de que a resposta da PAS ao exerc&#237;cio fornece informa&#231;&#245;es essenciais acerca da integridade do sistema cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O predom&#237;nio da HAS no grupo REPASE &#233; esperado, o que proporciona alcance de maiores n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos &#8211; padr&#227;o observado tamb&#233;m em outros estudos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Quanto aos demais fatores de risco cardiovascular, os indiv&#237;duos com incremento sist&#243;lico exagerado associaram-se tamb&#233;m &#224; obesidade no presente estudo. Giang et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> demonstraram que pacientes com elevados n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos ao exerc&#237;cio apresentavam maiores &#237;ndices de massa corporal. Al&#233;m disso, a dislipidemia foi mais prevalente entre os indiv&#237;duos sem REPASE em nossa amostra. Bouzas-Mosquera et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o distinta, na qual a dislipidemia correlacionou-se ao exagero da resposta sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>H&#225; relatos de que o uso de anti-hipertensivos n&#227;o exerce influ&#234;ncia significativa sobre a resposta sist&#243;lica exagerada ao exerc&#237;cio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Contrariamente, nossa amostra exibiu associa&#231;&#227;o entre a REPASE e o maior uso de inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e de bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II. Todavia, este achado pode ser justificado pela maioria de hipertensos neste grupo, uma vez que as duas drogas comp&#245;em a primeira linha no tratamento da HAS. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A CCR e o hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio do indiv&#237;duo dever&#227;o ser ponderados durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o da REPASE, especialmente no que tange aos atletas. Em popula&#231;&#227;o de atletas, Caselli et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> encontraram valores de corte para a REPASE acima de 220 mmHg para homens e de 200 mmHg para mulheres, e demonstraram ainda associa&#231;&#227;o entre o incremento sist&#243;lico exagerado e os esportes de <italic>endurance</italic> (definidos enquanto atividades primariamente isot&#244;nicas) e as modalidades com componentes isot&#244;nicos e isom&#233;tricos. Desse modo, atletas destas modalidades esportivas espec&#237;ficas poderiam apresentar REPASE sem, no entanto, associar-se a patologias como a HAS. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Optamos por definir a REPASE enquanto aumento na PAS maior ou igual ao percentil 95 da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o a fim de adequar o incremento &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas intr&#237;nsecas da amostra, par&#226;metro tamb&#233;m utilizado em outros estudos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> permitindo reprodutibilidade. Nessas pesquisas, conduzidas em popula&#231;&#227;o europeia, os deltas de incremento sist&#243;lico referentes ao percentil 95 de suas respectivas amostras foram valores menores que o de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o (&#8805; 80 e &#8805; 70 mmHg). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados n&#227;o invalidam o efeito ben&#233;fico oriundo da redu&#231;&#227;o de ambas press&#245;es sist&#243;licas (em repouso e no pico do esfor&#231;o) induzida pela atividade f&#237;sica regular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Em nossa amostra, o valor m&#233;dio do &#237;ndice de massa do VE foi maior entre indiv&#237;duos com REPASE, o que pode ser oriundo do remodelamento do VE induzido pelos elevados n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. Per&#231;uku et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> baseados em metan&#225;lise com oito estudos longitudinais que inclu&#237;ram um total de 47.188 pacientes sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, conclu&#237;ram que a REPASE constitui um fator de risco independente de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade. Para verificar se a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e REPASE encontrada no presente estudo poderia indicar um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o independente para eventos cardiovasculares, an&#225;lises futuras s&#227;o necess&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre hist&#243;ria pessoal positiva para SCC e aus&#234;ncia de REPASE em nosso estudo, conjuntura tamb&#233;m observada em estudos europeus. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Contudo, no presente trabalho, a REPASE manteve-se como um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o ao surgimento de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; an&#225;lise multivariada. Outro trabalho que dispunha de dados de angiografia demonstrou menor frequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana em pacientes com REPASE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Durante o estresse f&#237;sico, espera-se, em indiv&#237;duo saud&#225;vel, aumento progressivo da PAS concomitantemente ao incremento do trabalho card&#237;aco, enquanto a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica permanece constante ou discretamente reduzida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> O incremento da PAS resulta do aumento no DC, o qual, por sua vez, &#233; proveniente das eleva&#231;&#245;es da FC e do volume de eje&#231;&#227;o. Simultaneamente, a resposta simp&#225;tica redistribui o fluxo sangu&#237;neo para &#225;reas com maior necessidade metab&#243;lica, produzindo vasodilata&#231;&#227;o muscular e vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o em &#225;reas inativas, o que explica a discreta redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Embora um aumento do DC proporcione melhores progn&#243;sticos, um aumento inesperado da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica em circunst&#226;ncias de estresse f&#237;sico pode ser um indicador de pior progn&#243;stico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tais diferen&#231;as entre os dois determinantes do incremento da PAS ao exerc&#237;cio &#8211; aumento do DC e aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica &#8211; podem explicar, em partes, as inconsist&#234;ncias apresentadas entre os diversos estudos acerca da presen&#231;a de REPASE e o efeito na mortalidade por todas as causas. Consonantemente, Daubert et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> observaram que indiv&#237;duos com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF alcan&#231;avam menor duplo produto. Em nosso trabalho, os indiv&#237;duos com REPASE partiram de valores de PAS mais baixos e apresentaram maior aumento tanto da PAS quanto da FC com o exerc&#237;cio, o que corrobora com a hip&#243;tese de que o aumento do DC poder&#225; ser o principal determinante para os presentes resultados.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo apresenta as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes a estudos observacionais transversais cuja amostra prov&#233;m de um &#250;nico centro, assim sendo, destacamos que a compreens&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia da REPASE na mortalidade e nos eventos cardiovasculares requer realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos longitudinais que possam observar os desfechos nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Salienta-se que os resultados s&#227;o referentes a pacientes com SCC estabelecida ou suspeita. Ademais, apesar da exclus&#227;o de pacientes tratados com betabloqueadores tr&#234;s dias antes do teste, n&#227;o se pode descartar um efeito residual dessas drogas. Reitera-se que indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o apresentaram incremento na PAS com o esfor&#231;o acima do valor basal foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O incremento exagerado da PAS durante a EEF pode ser um marcador associado &#224; aus&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com SCC conhecida ou suspeita. Portanto, o uso da EEF expressa importante vantagem no que diz respeito &#224; possibilidade de acessar a capacidade aer&#243;bica do paciente e, com isso, compreender o comportamento da resposta press&#243;rica sist&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio. Ademais, salienta-se que o valor progn&#243;stico do incremento sist&#243;lico exagerado demandar&#225; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novos estudos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fagard</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pardaens</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Staessen</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thijs</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of Invasive Hemodynamic Measurements at Rest and During Exercise in Hypertensive Men</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.hyp.28.1.31</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <label>50</label>
        <mixed-citation>50. D&#8217;Silva A, Sharma S. Cardiovascular response induced by exercise. In: Pelliccia A, Heidbuchel H, Corrado D, Borjesson M, Sharma S, editors. The ESC Textbook of Sports Cardiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2019. p. 3-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Silva</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Cardiovascular response induced by exercise</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Pelliccia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heidbuchel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corrado</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borjesson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>The ESC Textbook of Sports Cardiology</source>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
          <year>2019</year>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Sergipe sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1818.0.000.107-06. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exaggerated Systolic Blood Pressure Increase with Exercise and Myocardial Ischemia on Exercise Stress Echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3749-5284</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Bispo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Lara Teles Alencar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Cleovaldo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Allexa Gabriele Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edvaldo Victor Gois</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Iana Carine Machado Bispo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the dataAnalysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-9726</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4325-0590</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz &#8211; Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Rede Primavera &#8211; Setor de M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos do Hospital Primavera, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Funda&#231;&#227;o de Benefic&#234;ncia Hospital de Cirurgia &#8211; Setor de M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Cl&#225;udia Bispo Martins-Santos &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe &#8211; Rua Claudio Batista, s/n. Postal Code 49060-676, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: claudia.bispo.martins@live.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Exaggerated Systolic Blood Pressure Increase with Exercise and Myocardial Ischemia on Exercise Stress Echocardiography</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ESBPRE: exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230047-30047-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The association between exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise (ESBPRE) and myocardial ischemia is controversial and little studied in patients with established or suspected chronic coronary syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To verify the relationship between myocardial ischemia and ESBPRE in patients undergoing exercise stress echocardiography (ESE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional study with 14,367 patients undergoing ESE, from January 2000 to January 2022, divided into the following 2 groups: G1, composed of patients whose peak systolic pressure increased &#8805; 90 mmHg (value corresponding to the 95th percentile of the study population), and G2, patients who did not demonstrate an exaggerated hypertensive response. The groups were compared using Student&#8217;s t and chi-square tests. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. Logistic regression was also performed to identify independent risk factors for myocardial ischemia, ESBPRE, complaints of typical chest pain prior to the exam, and angina during the test.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Of the 14,367 patients, 1,500 (10.4%) developed ESBPRE, and 7,471 (52.0%) were female. The percentages of previous complaints of typical chest pain, angina during the test, and myocardial ischemia in patients with ESBPRE were 5.8%, 2.4% and 18.1%, compared to 7.4%, 3.9%, and 24.2%, in patients without ESBPRE, respectively (p = 0.021,p = 0.004, p &lt; 0.001). In multivariate analysis, ESBPRE was independently associated with a lower probability of myocardial ischemia (odds ratio: 0.73; 95% confidence interval: 0.58 to 0.93; p = 0.009).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Exaggerated increase in systolic blood pressure during ESE may be a marker for excluding myocardial ischemia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) is a recognized test for evaluating the functional evolution of coronary disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This technique provides access to various elements of the ischemic cascade such as angina pectoris, electrocardiographic changes, and changes in segmental contractility and the diastolic function of the left ventricle (LV). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A possible association has been suggested between exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise (ESBPRE) and the presence of myocardial ischemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It has been speculated that an intense blood pressure elevation during exercise would cause an increase in myocardial oxygen consumption and, consequently, subendocardial ischemia, even in the absence of significant coronary stenoses. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Therefore, ESBPRE could be associated with an increased occurrence of cardiovascular events, regardless of cardiorespiratory capacity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, it has also been speculated that the excessive systolic blood pressure (SBP) response in may be caused by an increase in cardiac output, thus, consisting of a physiological response that translates into favorable prognosis, characterized by a lower probability of chest pain and myocardial ischemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Therefore, the exaggerated increase in SBP during exercise could be a marker of the absence of myocardial ischemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The decrease in cardiorespiratory capacity would be a determinant of increased mortality. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to verify the frequency of myocardial ischemia in patients with suspected or established chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) who did or did not present ESBPRE when undergoing ESE, as well as to compare their clinical and echocardiographic differences.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study was based on a prospectively constructed database, which comprised 14,503 patients who underwent ESE between January 2000 and January 2022 at the Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (Echocardiography Laboratory of the S&#227;o Lucas Clinic and Hospital, abbreviated ECOLAB in Portuguese), a cardiological reference center in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. Patients over 18 years of age referred to the service were included, except those who refused to participate in the study. Patients who had used beta blockers up to 3 days before the exam and those who did not show an increase in SBP above their respective baseline value during physical exercise were also excluded. Therefore, 14,367 patients with suspected or established CCS remained.</p>
          <p>Patients were divided according to the presence of ESBPRE, which was defined by an increase of &#8805; 90 mmHg (value corresponding to the 95th percentile of the study population). Thus, the following 2 groups were formed: G1, made up of 1,500 (10.4%) patients whose peak SBP increased by &#8805; 90 mmHg, and G2, made up of 12,867 (89.6%) patients who did not exhibit an exaggerated hypertensive response.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical characteristics</title>
          <p>Clinical data were collected through interviews carried out before the test. A standardized questionnaire was used to record the following: the occurrence of symptoms such as dyspnea and chest pain, which was considered typical when retrosternal pain triggered by effort or emotional stress and relieved by rest or the use of nitrates and atypical when only 2 of these factors were present. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The medications used, the presence of risk factors for CCS, and family or personal history of heart disease were also investigated, in addition to data regarding prior coronary syndrome.</p>
          <p>Body mass indexes greater than 30 kg/m <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> were characterized as obesity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Hypercholesterolemia was defined based on personal history and use of lipid-lowering agents (statins and/or fibrates). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Individuals who reported that they did less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or less than 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity were considered sedentary. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) was considered when blood pressure levels measured in the upper limb, at rest and in ideal conditions, were SBP &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg, repeated and confirmed, or when the patient was using antihypertensive medication. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Diabetes mellitus was defined by the presence of fasting blood glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL, blood glucose 2 hours after a 75 g glucose overload &#8805; 200 mg/dL, glycated hemoglobin &#8805; 6.5%, or random blood glucose &#8805; 200 mg/dL associated with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia, or the use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Old myocardial infarction was defined based on clinical history and/or the presence of suggestive changes in previous complementary tests, such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and/or coronary cineangiography. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The isolated or combined indications for ESE were as follows: assessment of chest pain; preoperative assessment for non-cardiac surgery; positive exercise test for myocardial ischemia in patients with low risk of coronary syndrome; positive exercise test in patients with intermediate or high risk of coronary syndrome; negative exercise test for myocardial ischemia in patients with intermediate or high risk of coronary syndrome; appearance of arrhythmia during exercise test; stratification of previously established CCS; and risk stratification after acute coronary syndrome. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Exercise tests were considered suggestive of ischemia when they presented ST segment depressions during the exercise or recovery phase with any of the following: horizontal or descending morphology &gt; 1 mm, measured at the J point; ascending morphology &gt; 1.5 mm, in patients with moderate or high risk of coronary syndrome; and &gt; 2 mm in patients with low risk of coronary syndrome, measured at the Y point. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The risk classifications for coronary syndrome followed the recommendations by Knuuti et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although ECG tracings at rest with the presence of left bundle branch block or changes in the ST segment represent limitations <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> to the aforementioned ECG criteria, in these cases, the other segments that did not involve these findings were analyzed, given the applicability of ESE as a predictor of coronary syndrome in these scenarios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise stress echocardiography</title>
          <p>The basic experimental protocol consisted of a 12-lead ECG and resting echocardiogram after clinical evaluation. Subsequently, physical exercise was performed on a treadmill, and, immediately (30 seconds to 1 minute) afterwards, echocardiographic images were acquired in the immediate post-exercise period for a period of 2 to 5 minutes using simultaneous side-by-side analysis of the images obtained at rest for comparative evaluation of LV segmental contractility, as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> All patients underwent the standard Bruce or Ellestad protocol during the exercise test. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> All patients were encouraged to reach maximum peak heart rate (HR), estimated by the equation: 220 &#8211; age; submaximal HR was defined as 85% of maximum HR. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Reasons for interrupting exercise before reaching maximum HR included the development of angina, syncope, fatigue, and malignant arrhythmias, or at the patient&#8217;s discretion due to muscle fatigue. Oxygen consumption at peak exercise (VO <sub>2</sub> max) was obtained indirectly, through standardized metabolic calculations that estimated aerobic capacity at each stage of the aforementioned protocols. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The VO <sub>2</sub> max predicted according to sex, age, body mass index, and level of physical activity was determined based on the equations by Almeida et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> for the Brazilian population. The load was also expressed in metabolic equivalents (MET), where 1 MET corresponds to 3.5 mL/kg&#183;min of inhaled VO <sub>2</sub> at rest. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> During exercise, patients were continuously monitored with ECG. The occurrence of ST segment depressions that met the same criteria mentioned above for exercise tests suggestive of myocardial ischemia were considered ischemic ECG changes during exercise. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Patients were observed before, during, and after physical exercise, using a 12-lead ECG, to check for possible complications arising from exercise stress, which were classified according to the definitions by Geleijnse et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The presence of death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac rupture, ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac asystole were considered major complications. Minor complications were defined as atrioventricular block, coronary spasm, ventricular arrhythmias (non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular extrasystoles), and supraventricular arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation or flutter, non-sustained supraventricular tachycardia, and supraventricular extrasystoles). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Suspension of negative chronotropic drugs, such as beta blockers, was recommended at least 3 days before the tests, while maintaining the patient&#8217;s other usual medications. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The tests were performed with Hewlett Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500 equipment until 2012 and, subsequently, with a Phillips IE-33 echocardiography device, observing the effective technical aspects described by the American Society of Echocardiography. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> The 2-dimensional echocardiographic images were obtained in the parasternal and apical windows, during rest and immediately after exercise, with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position and under simultaneous ECG recording. The segmental LV wall motion was evaluated by an experienced echocardiographer, as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Segmental LV wall thickening was evaluated quantitatively both at rest and after exercise, using the 16-segment methodology, graded as follows: 1, normal; 2, hypokinetic; 3, akinetic; and 4, dyskinetic. The left ventricular wall motion score index (LVWMSI) was calculated at rest and during exercise as the sum of the scores assigned to each of the 16 segments divided by the number of segments evaluated at the given moment. An LVWMSI equal to 1 corresponds to normality; 1.1 to 1.7 represents intermediate dysfunction; and greater than 1.7 represents significant dysfunction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The difference between the LVWMSI during exercise and at rest is known as &#916; LVWMSI. The development of a new change in wall motion or worsening of existing dyssynergy (&#916;LVWMSI &#8800; 0) was considered indicative of myocardial ischemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> LV diastolic function was evaluated and classified according to the current recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Quantitative variables were described as mean and standard deviation. According to the assumption of sample normality for all variables, as assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, they were analyzed using Student&#8217;s t test for independent groups. Categorical variables were displayed as absolute frequency and percentage. To compare the characteristics of the categorical variables between both groups, the chi-square test was used. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all analyses. To evaluate the association between the outcomes (ESBPRE, myocardial ischemia and</p>
          <p>angina on ESE, and previous complaint of typical chest pain) and the associated factors, logistic regressions were performed using the hierarchical method. To be inserted into the initial model, all variables with p &lt; 0.25 were admitted, whereas, to remain in the multivariate analysis model, p &lt; 0.05 was adopted. The variables were added and removed from the model manually, according to the aforementioned criteria. Statistical analyses were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>The ethical principles governing experimentation in humans were carefully followed, and all patients signed a free and informed consent form. The study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Sergipe (CAAE 1818.0.000.107-06).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>The sample consisted of 14,367 patients, with a mean age of 58 &#177; 11 years, 52.0% of whom were women. A total of 1,500 (10.4%) patients developed ESBPRE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). The proportion of men in the group who demonstrated an exaggerated increase in SBP was greater than in the group that did not develop ESBPRE. On average, individuals with ESBPRE were younger than those without excessive response. The main clinical indication for ESE was the assessment of chest pain, present in 52.6% of individuals. In some cases, there was more than one indication for the exam.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of patients who did or did not present exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise (ESBPRE)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>ESBPRE n=1500 (10.4%)</th>
                    <th>Without ESBPRE n=12,867 (89.6%)</th>
                    <th>p <sup><bold>*</bold></sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center">1008(67.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5888(45.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (mean, years)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.6&#177;10.3</td>
                    <td align="center">58.1&#177;11.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">972(65.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7459(58.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">202(13.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1651(13.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.516</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">819(55.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7353(57.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">88(5.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">631(5.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.110</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                    <td align="center">602(53.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4783(52.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.726</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">489(32.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2859(22.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of CCS</td>
                    <td align="center">831(56.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7283(57.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.323</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Personal history of CCS</td>
                    <td align="center">188(19.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1738(21.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.242</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Clinical treatment for CCS <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">83(44.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">795(45.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.677</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angioplasty + stent <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">78(41.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">680(39.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.529</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Surgical revascularization <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">32(17.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">344(20.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.397</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Old infarction (&gt; 60 days)</td>
                    <td align="center">76(5.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">680(5.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.730</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Recent infarction (&lt; 60 days)</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">48(0.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Symptoms <sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup> </bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Asymptomatic</td>
                    <td align="center">648(45.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5209(42.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Typical chest pain prior to the test</td>
                    <td align="center">83(5.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">922(7.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Atypical chest pain prior to the test</td>
                    <td align="center">644(44.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5630(45.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.642</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Dyspnea prior to the test</td>
                    <td align="center">69(4.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">731(5.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.091</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left bundle branch block</td>
                    <td align="center">42(2.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">534(4.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Use of antihypertensive medication</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">723(49.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6020(47.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.271</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Diuretics</td>
                    <td align="center">17(3.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">200(4.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.657</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; ACEI</td>
                    <td align="center">159(10.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1159(9.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">346(23.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2672(21.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.034</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Calcium channel blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">121(8.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">918(7.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.178</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Beta blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">303(20.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2887(23.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.052</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Nitrate</td>
                    <td align="center">40(2.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">357(2.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.814</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Clinical indications for ESE <sup><bold>&#167;</bold></sup> </bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Investigation of chest pain</td>
                    <td align="center">727(50.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6552(52.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.097</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Preoperative assessment for non-cardiac surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">58(6.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">585(7.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.170</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; SET in patients with low risk of coronary syndromes</td>
                    <td align="center">221(23.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1675(21.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.099</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; SET in patients with intermediate or high risk of coronary syndromes</td>
                    <td align="center">41(4.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">436(5.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.133</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; NET in patients with intermediate or high risk of coronary syndromes</td>
                    <td align="center">12(1.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">112(1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.730</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Arrhythmias during ET</td>
                    <td align="center">1(0.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">48(0.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.051</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; CCS risk stratification</td>
                    <td align="center">188(19.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1738(21.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.242</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCS: chronic coronary syndrome; ESE: exercise stress echocardiography; ET: exercise test; NET: negative exercise test for myocardial ischemia; SET: exercise test suggestive of myocardial ischemia. ( <sup>*</sup> ) Qualitative variables were calculated using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square method, and quantitative variables were calculated using Student&#8217;s t test for independent samples, in accordance with the assumption of sample normality. ( <sup>&#8224;</sup> ) For the analysis of CCS therapies (clinical treatment, angioplasty + stent, and surgical revascularization), only patients with coronary artery disease were considered (n = 1926). ( <sup>&#8225;</sup> ) For the analysis of symptoms, only complete data were considered (n = 13,936). ( <sup>&#167;</sup> ) For the analysis of clinical indications, only complete data were considered (n = 12,394). Source: Data collected by the authors.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Patients with ESBPRE had a lower frequency of dyslipidemia and a greater frequency of SAH and obesity. Furthermore, the group with ESBPRE used more angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Regarding symptoms, the majority of asymptomatic patients belonged in the ESBPRE group, while individuals without exaggerated systolic increase demonstrated a higher frequency of previous complaints of typical chest pain than those with ESBPRE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise stress echocardiography</title>
          <p>There were no records of major complications. The majority of patients who reported angina during the test were in the group without ESBPRE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). There was a higher frequency of ST depression in the group with ESBPRE. In patients without ESBPRE, there was a higher frequency of echocardiographic changes compatible with the presence of myocardial ischemia ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ), as well as higher LVWMSI levels at rest and during exercise ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic and exercise characteristics of patients who did or did not present exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise (ESBPRE)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>ESBPRE n=1500 (10.4%)</th>
                    <th>Without ESBPRE n=12,867 (89.6%)</th>
                    <th>p <sup><bold>*</bold></sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Results of segmental motion <sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> </bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Normal</td>
                    <td align="center">1227(81.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9751(75.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Induced ischemia</td>
                    <td align="center">127(8.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1563(12.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Fixed ischemia</td>
                    <td align="center">121(8.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1151(9.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Fixed and induced ischemia</td>
                    <td align="center">24(1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">391(3.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Resting SBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">123.6&#177;12.1</td>
                    <td align="center">128.6&#177;12.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak SBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">219.3&#177;16.3</td>
                    <td align="center">189.1&#177;16.6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP after exercise (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">156.5&#177;25.8</td>
                    <td align="center">145.0&#177;20.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Resting HR (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">76.9&#177;13.1</td>
                    <td align="center">77.9&#177;14.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak HR (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">159.8&#177;16.8</td>
                    <td align="center">154.1&#177;19.2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR after exercise (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">101.7&#177;15.3</td>
                    <td align="center">98.0&#177;18.3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Resting DP (&#215;103 mmHg.bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.5&#177;2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">10.0&#177;2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak DP (&#215;103 mmHg.bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.0&#177;4.0</td>
                    <td align="center">29.2&#177;4.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DP after exercise (&#215;103 mmHg.bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.9&#177;3.7</td>
                    <td align="center">14.2&#177;3.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>% of theoretical maximum HR</td>
                    <td align="center">96.7&#177;8.3</td>
                    <td align="center">95.2&#177;9.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>HR reached on the test <sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup> </bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Below submaximal</td>
                    <td align="center">119(7.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1657(12.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Submaximal</td>
                    <td align="center">619(41.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5138(40.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.329</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Maximum</td>
                    <td align="center">211(14.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1392(10.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Above maximum</td>
                    <td align="center">551(36.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4670(36.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.754</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina during the test</td>
                    <td align="center">36(2.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">500(3.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyspnea during the test</td>
                    <td align="center">164(11.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1421(11.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.951</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ST depression</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">883(59.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6824(53.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Ascending <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">325(36.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2661(39.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.209</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Horizontal <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">318(36.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2669(39.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.075</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Descending <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">241(27.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1499(22.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrioventricular block</td>
                    <td align="center">3(0.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18(0.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.304</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary spasm</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.766</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-sustained VT</td>
                    <td align="center">1(0.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24(0.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.448</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ventricular extrasystole</td>
                    <td align="center">75(21.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1012(25.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.088</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation or flutter</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(0.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.399</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-sustained SVT</td>
                    <td align="center">5(1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">59(1.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.925</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Supraventricular extrasystole</td>
                    <td align="center">30(8.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">406(10.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.313</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Treadmill time (minutes)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.2&#177;2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">7.1&#177;2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Functional capacity (METs)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.5&#177;3.1</td>
                    <td align="center">9.7&#177;3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Predicted VO <sub>2</sub> max (mL.kg <sup>-1</sup> .min <sup>-1</sup> )</td>
                    <td align="center">26.3&#177;6.0</td>
                    <td align="center">24.5&#177;6.2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO <sub>2</sub> max achieved (mL.kg <sup>-1</sup> .min <sup>-1</sup> )</td>
                    <td align="center">36.7&#177;10.7</td>
                    <td align="center">34.1&#177;10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ratio between predicted and achieved VO <sub>2</sub> max (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">143.2&#177;38.9</td>
                    <td align="center">143.2&#177;42.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.986</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">67.1&#177;6.4</td>
                    <td align="center">67.1&#177;6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.808</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass index (g/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                    <td align="center">88.6&#177;22.1</td>
                    <td align="center">84.9&#177;22.9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrial volume (mL/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                    <td align="center">28.8&#177;13.1</td>
                    <td align="center">29.3&#177;14.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.400</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Resting LVWMSI</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02&#177;0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03&#177;0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVWMSI during exercise</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03&#177;0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04&#177;0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Diastolic function <sup><bold>//</bold></sup> </bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Normal</td>
                    <td align="center">230(20.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1998(22.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.163</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Grade I dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">618(54.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5016(55.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.531</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Grade II dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">277(24.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1950(21.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8211; Grade III dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">4(0.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">38(0.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.738</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>DP: double product; HR: heart rate; LV: left ventricle; LVWMSI: left ventricular wall motion score index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SVT: supraventricular tachycardia; VO <sub>2</sub> max: peak oxygen consumption; VT: ventricular tachycardia. ( <sup>*</sup> ) Qualitative variables were calculated using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square method, and quantitative variables were calculated using Student&#8217;s t test for independent samples, in accordance with the assumption of sample normality. ( <sup>&#8224;</sup> ) For the analysis of segmental motion, only complete data were considered (n = 14,355). ( <sup>&#8225;</sup> ) For analysis of HR achieved, only complete data were considered (n = 14,357). ( <sup>&#167;</sup> ) For analysis of the morphologies of ST segment depression (ascending, horizontal, and descending), only patients who presented ST segment depression were considered (n = 7707). ( <sup>//</sup> ) For analysis of diastolic function, only complete data were considered (n = 10,131). Source: Data collected by the authors.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of the frequency of myocardial ischemia on exercise stress echocardiography between groups of patients who did or did not present exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise (ESBPRE). Source: Data collected by the authors.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230047-30047-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the multivariate analysis, a significant inverse relationship was maintained between myocardial ischemia and ESBPRE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). The biggest predictor of myocardial ischemia was the appearance of angina during the test ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). ESBPRE was not associated with typical chest pain prior to the test ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ), nor with the appearance of angina during the test ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate logistic regression with parameters associated with exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise on stress echocardiography</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Odds ratio</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocardial ischemia</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59-0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center">2.38</td>
                    <td align="center">2.05-2.77</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97-0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.42</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21-1.65</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic coronary syndrome</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70-1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.103</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">1.54</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32-1.79</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Typical angina prior to the test</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61-1.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.229</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Typical pain during the test</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52-1.27</td>
                    <td align="center">0.367</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>CI: confidence interval. Source: Data collected by the authors.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate logistic regression with parameters associated with the presence of myocardial ischemia on exercise stress echocardiography</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Odds ratio</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ESBPRE</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58-0.93</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center">1.33</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15-1.55</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00-1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.361</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94-1.28</td>
                    <td align="center">0.241</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10-1.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">1.39</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21-1.61</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CCS</td>
                    <td align="center">3.69</td>
                    <td align="center">3.16-4.30</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tobacco use</td>
                    <td align="center">1.44</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08-1.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of CCS</td>
                    <td align="center">1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19-1.59</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Typical angina prior to the test</td>
                    <td align="center">2.38</td>
                    <td align="center">1.87-3.02</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina during the test</td>
                    <td align="center">11.03</td>
                    <td align="center">7.60-16.01</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ST depression</td>
                    <td align="center">1.53</td>
                    <td align="center">1.33-1.76</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Functional capacity (METs)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91-0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93-0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>CCS: chronic coronary syndrome; CI: confidence interval; ESBPRE: exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise; LV: left ventricle. Source: Data collected by the authors.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate logistic regression with parameters associated with the presence of complaints of typical chest pain prior to the test</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Odds ratio</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ESBPRE</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56-1.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.218</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Echocardiographic myocardial ischemia</td>
                    <td align="center">2.37</td>
                    <td align="center">1.88-3.00</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84-1.31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.676</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98-0.995</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85-1.33</td>
                    <td align="center">0.602</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84-1.44</td>
                    <td align="center">0.501</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06-1.64</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic coronary syndrome</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78-1.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.964</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tobacco use</td>
                    <td align="center">1.81</td>
                    <td align="center">1.24-2.64</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina during the test</td>
                    <td align="center">6.52</td>
                    <td align="center">4.73-8.99</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ST depression</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72-1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.256</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Functional capacity (METs)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91-0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>CI: confidence interval; ESBPRE: exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise. Source: Data collected by the authors.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate logistic regression with parameters associated with the appearance of angina during exercise stress echocardiography</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Odds ratio</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ESBPRE</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68-1.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.651</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocardial ischemia</td>
                    <td align="center">10.37</td>
                    <td align="center">7.21-14.91</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center">1.63</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17-2.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96-0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72-1.42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.950</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71-1.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.856</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65-1.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.471</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic coronary syndrome</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73-1.43</td>
                    <td align="center">0.892</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Typical angina prior to the test</td>
                    <td align="center">6.51</td>
                    <td align="center">4.72-8.97</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ST depression</td>
                    <td align="center">1.70</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25-2.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Functional capacity (METs)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78-0.88</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>CI: confidence interval; ESBPRE: exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise. Source: Data collected by the authors.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, ESBPRE was associated with a lower probability of complaint of prior typical chest pain, exercise-induced angina, and myocardial ischemia on ESE, with lower LVWMSI during rest and exercise. Nonetheless, the group that presented ESBPRE was also associated with a greater presence of ECG changes suggestive of myocardial ischemia.</p>
        <p>The association between ST segment depression and ESBPRE observed in this study can be explained by the relationship between the systolic increase and false positives for myocardial ischemia on ECG, described in previous studies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Another possible theory would be the presence of coronary microvascular disease in patients with ST depression, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> which would cause distinct functioning of the heart pump compared to individuals with obstructive coronary syndrome and would not prevent the first group from reaching higher blood pressure levels. Daubert et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> observed that the combination of an ECG suggestive of myocardial ischemia with a normal exercise echocardiogram was associated with higher blood pressure levels at peak ESE.</p>
        <p>Unlike other studies, our sample was mostly composed of women (52.0%); nevertheless, the predilection of ESBPRE for the male sex was maintained. This finding has also been verified in the literature, in addition to the predominance of younger patients with exaggerated systolic response to exercise. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> No major complications were recorded in the present study. ESE is a modality with a low prevalence of adverse events that represent a risk of death. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study showed that patients with ESBPRE achieved greater MET values. This situation is possibly linked to the fact that the ESBPRE group included younger individuals, and it was, consequently, easier to increase the double product, increasing cardiac work. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Kokkinos et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> found an association between low cardiorespiratory capacity and increased all-cause mortality, and the risk was substantially higher (47% versus 92%) among those who did not reach an increase above 52 mmHg in SBP during peak exercise. This finding corroborates the concept that the SBP response to exercise provides essential information about the integrity of the cardiovascular system. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The predominance of SAH in the ESBPRE group was expected, as SAH makes it possible to reach higher blood pressure levels, a pattern also observed in other studies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> As for other cardiovascular risk factors, patients with an exaggerated systolic increase were also associated with obesity in the present study. Giang et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> demonstrated that patients with high blood pressure levels during exercise had higher body mass indexes. Furthermore, dyslipidemia was more prevalent among patients without ESBPRE in our sample. Bouzas-Mosquera et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> found a distinct association, in which dyslipidemia was correlated with ESBPRE.</p>
        <p>There are reports that the use of antihypertensive medication does not have a significant influence on ESBPRE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> On the contrary, our sample showed an association between ESBPRE and greater use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. However, this finding can be justified by the fact that the majority of patients with hypertension were in this group, and both medications compose the first line in the treatment of SAH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiorespiratory capacity and the individual&#8217;s previous history should be considered during assessment of ESBPRE, especially in relation to athletes. In a population of athletes, Caselli et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> found cutoff values for ESBPRE above 220 mmHg for men and 200 mmHg for women, and they also demonstrated an association between exaggerated systolic increase and endurance sports (defined as primarily isotonic activities) and modalities with isotonic and isometric components. Accordingly, athletes from these specific sports could present ESBPRE without, however, being associated with pathologies such as SAH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We opted to define ESBPRE as an increase in SBP greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of our population in order to adapt the increase to the intrinsic characteristics of the sample, a parameter also used in other studies, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> allowing reproducibility. In these studies, carried out in a European population, the deltas in systolic increase referring to the 95th percentile of their respective samples were values lower than those of our population (&#8805; 80 and &#8805; 70 mmHg). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our results do not invalidate the beneficial effect that arises from reducing both systolic pressures (at rest and peak effort) induced by regular physical activity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> In our sample, the mean value of the LV mass index was higher among individuals with ESBPRE, which may be due to LV remodeling induced by high blood pressure levels. Per&#231;uku et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> based on a meta-analysis of 8 longitudinal studies that included a total of 47,188 patients without coronary artery disease, concluded that ESBPRE constitutes an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. Future analyses are necessary to verify whether the inverse relationship between myocardial ischemia and ESBPRE found in the present study could indicate an independent protective factor for cardiovascular events.</p>
        <p>There was no association between positive personal history for CCS and the absence of ESBPRE in our study, a situation also observed in European studies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Nonetheless, in the present study, ESBPRE remained a protective factor against the appearance of myocardial ischemia in multivariate analysis. Another study with angiography data demonstrated a lower frequency of coronary disease in patients with ESBPRE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>During physical stress, a progressive SBP increase is expected in a healthy individual, concomitantly with an increase in cardiac work, while diastolic blood pressure remains constant or slightly reduced. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> The increase in SBP results from an increase in cardiac output, which, in turn, originates from increases in HR and stroke volume. Simultaneously, the sympathetic response redistributes blood flow to areas with greater metabolic need, producing muscular vasodilation and vasoconstriction in inactive areas, which explains the slight reduction in diastolic blood pressure. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Although an increase in cardiac output provides better prognoses, an unexpected increase in peripheral vascular resistance in circumstances of physical stress may be an indicator of worse prognosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These differences between both determinants of increased SBP during exercise (increased cardiac output and increased peripheral vascular resistance) may, in part, explain the inconsistencies present between different studies regarding the presence of ESBPRE and the effect on all-cause mortality. Accordingly, Daubert et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> observed that individuals with myocardial ischemia on ESE achieved lower double product. In our study, individuals with ESBPRE started with lower SBP values and showed a greater increase in both SBP and HR with exercise, which corroborates the hypothesis that the increase in cardiac output may be the main determinant for the present results.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has the limitations that are inherent to cross-sectional observational studies whose sample comes from a single center; therefore, we highlight that understanding the influence of ESBPRE on mortality and cardiovascular events requires longitudinal studies that can observe outcomes in this population. It is worth underscoring the fact that the results refer to patients with established or suspected CCS. Furthermore, despite the exclusion of patients treated with beta blockers up to 3 days before the test, we cannot rule out a residual effect of these drugs. We reiterate that patients who did not show an increase in SBP above the baseline value during exercise were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>ESBPRE during ESE may be a marker associated with the absence of myocardial ischemia in patients with known or suspected CCS. Therefore, the use of ESE represents an important advantage with respect to the possibility of accessing the patient&#8217;s aerobic capacity and, therefore, understanding the behavior of the SBP response to exercise. Furthermore, it is worth underscoring that the prognostic value of exaggerated systolic increase will require further studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe under the protocol number 1818.0.000.107-06. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
