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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6GFxmhpksYcksdkXt7Wgq3b</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230045</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es Hematol&#243;gicas durante um Per&#237;odo de Sete Dias de Interna&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9084-6592</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Cyntia Maria de Holanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8983-8744</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Gildo de Moura</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Dil&#234;nia de Oliveira Cipriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5301-7741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral</surname>
            <given-names>Dario Celestino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clara Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montarroyos</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Izadora Karina da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9170-5684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana C&#233;lia Oliveira dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas - Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UPE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE-UPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade de Pernambuco (FCM-UPPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana C&#233;lia Oliveira dos Santos &#8226; Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas - Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) - Rua Arnobio Marques, 310. CEP 50100-010, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE - Brasil Email: <email>ana.oliveira@upe.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230045</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; uma das principais causas de mortalidade em todo o mundo e a forma&#231;&#227;o de placa ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; o principal mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico, que resulta em inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e induz a matura&#231;&#227;o eritrocit&#225;ria, podendo causar aumento no &#237;ndice de amplitude de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (RDW).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o papel do &#237;ndice de anisocitose em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em ambos os tipos de infarto como preditor de gravidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, seguindo a rotina hospitalar baseada na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e laboratorial. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas de acordo com cada vari&#225;vel. Chegou-se a todas as conclus&#245;es considerando o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, nos 349 pacientes analisados, a taxa de mortalidade esteve associada &#224;s vari&#225;veis RDW (CV) e RDW (SD). Nos pacientes que foram a &#243;bito, notou-se aumento, conforme demonstrado no modelo multivariado, nos efeitos de um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e RDW, ajustado para fatores de confus&#227;o (valor-p = 0,03 e 0,04). Em contrapartida, o n&#250;mero total de eritr&#243;citos (valor-p = 0,00) e hemoglobina (valor-p = 0,03) apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o de pacientes graves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O &#237;ndice de anisocitose foi fator preditivo de mortalidade e pode ser utilizado como indicador de pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Anisocitose</kwd>
        <kwd>Amplitude de Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos Gl&#243;bulos Vermelhos</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Altera&#231;&#245;es Hematol&#243;gicas durante um Per&#237;odo de Sete Dias de Interna&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230045-30045-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de em todo o mundo, causando morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os primeiros sintomas do IAM manifestam-se nas primeiras horas e, sem assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica, muitas vezes resultam em mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O infarto pode ser dividido em seis categorias: infarto por aterotrombose coronariana (tipo 1); infarto devido &#224; incompatibilidade entre oferta e demanda do mioc&#225;rdio, n&#227;o devido a aterotrombose coronariana (tipo 2); infarto com morte s&#250;bita sem oportunidade de comprova&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica ou eletrocardiogr&#225;fica (tipo 3); infarto relacionado &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (angioplastia coronariana) (tipo 4a); infarto relacionado &#224; trombose de stent coronariano (4b); e infarto relacionado &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (tipo 5). Trata-se de uma doen&#231;a multifatorial que, em muitos casos, dificulta o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento. Consequentemente, torna-se importante o uso de biomarcadores que forne&#231;am informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a gravidade do evento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> </sup>A amplitude de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (RDW), um biomarcador tamb&#233;m conhecido como &#237;ndice de anisocitose, &#233; expressa pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade de tamanho dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos e, juntamente com as altera&#231;&#245;es hematol&#243;gicas dos eritr&#243;citos, hemoglobina e hemat&#243;crito, &#233; analisada rotineiramente em emerg&#234;ncias card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O RDW pode ser relatado, dependendo da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, tanto como o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (RDW-CV) e/ou como desvio padr&#227;o, (RDW-SD).</p>
      <p>Estudos demonstraram uma capacidade preditiva do aumento do RDW, refletindo diversas complica&#231;&#245;es durante e ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia do infarto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> </sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, aspectos multifatoriais como idade, sexo, gen&#233;tica, horm&#244;nios, medicamentos e dieta podem modular a biologia e a fisiologia dos eritr&#243;citos. Assim, esses aspectos podem ser considerados na patog&#234;nese do infarto, no qual a libera&#231;&#227;o de vias em cascata, como certas citocinas, por exemplo, pode afetar a regula&#231;&#227;o da medula &#243;ssea com a consequente matura&#231;&#227;o dos eritr&#243;citos, o que afeta a taxa de eritropoiese e o tamanho do eritr&#243;citos circulantes o que, por sua vez, influenciam no aumento do RDW.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> </sup> A forma&#231;&#227;o de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas, principal causa do infarto, &#233; resultado da inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica que induz a matura&#231;&#227;o dos eritr&#243;citos, causando um aumento no &#237;ndice RDW.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup> Portanto, se faz necess&#225;rio estudar e monitorar biomarcadores a fim de auxiliar nos resultados cl&#237;nicos e, assim, determinar um melhor progn&#243;stico imunol&#243;gico e hematol&#243;gico associado a doen&#231;as multifatoriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es hematol&#243;gicas como biomarcadores tem suas vantagens. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o medidas simples e baratas, e podem ser avaliadas rotineiramente al&#233;m de auxiliar na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Tamb&#233;m apresentam vantagem especial em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Assim, o presente artigo tem como objetivo avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es do RDW e compar&#225;-la com o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio durante sete dias de interna&#231;&#227;o em um hospital de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, observacional, com dados coletados de janeiro a setembro de 2018, com pacientes infartados, em um hospital universit&#225;rio refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia. Os pacientes foram selecionados e divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com o tipo de infarto: aqueles com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e aqueles sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (sem IAMCSST). As avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais foram realizadas pelo m&#233;dico plantonista e revisadas pelos pesquisadores. O acompanhamento e tratamento dos pacientes seguiram os protocolos institucionais. Informa&#231;&#245;es gerais como idade, sexo, presen&#231;a de comorbidades e desfechos cl&#237;nicos foram obtidas dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo de sete dias e os desfechos foram registrados exatamente de acordo com as informa&#231;&#245;es do prontu&#225;rio, pela equipe m&#233;dica respons&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes internados no hospital com IAM durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes menores de 18 anos, gestantes, portadores de doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas ou oncol&#243;gicas, que fizeram uso pr&#233;vio de corticoide ou quimioterapia e pacientes novamente internados ap&#243;s alta hospitalar. Todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido para participar do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o dos termos e vari&#225;veis do estudo</title>
        <p>Foram realizados exames laboratoriais com amostras de sangue coletadas diariamente por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa at&#233; as 9h. Foram respeitados crit&#233;rios rigorosos de controle de qualidade. As an&#225;lises laboratoriais foram realizadas com o sistema Sysmex XE-2100 (Sysmex Europe GmbH, Norderstedt, Alemanha). Os pontos de corte das vari&#225;veis hematol&#243;gicas analisadas foram: Hemat&#243;crito (%): Mulheres (35 - 47), Homens (40 - 54); Gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (milh&#245;es/mm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> ): Mulheres (4,0 - 5,6), Homens (4,5 - 6,5); Hemoglobina (g/100 ml): Mulheres (12 - 16,5), Homens (13,5 - 18); Plaquetas: 140.000 a 450.000 (&#181;l) para ambos os sexos; RDW-CV 12 em 14,4%; e RDW-SD 38,6 a 49,1fL, para ambos os sexos.</p>
        <p>Poss&#237;veis fatores de risco associados ao IAM, como caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas (idade, sexo), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (press&#227;o arterial &#8805; 140 x 90 mmHg), diabetes mellitus (glicemia plasm&#225;tica acima de 126 mg/dL) e sedentarismo (pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ou n&#227;o), foram ajustados pelo modelo estat&#237;stico.</p>
        <p>Durante as primeiras vinte e quatro horas de interna&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes tamb&#233;m foram classificados como infectados (sepse) e n&#227;o infectados, seguindo os crit&#233;rios da s&#237;ndrome da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, al&#233;m de foco infeccioso documentado ou presumido (uso de antibi&#243;ticos).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas e comparadas por meio do teste Qui-Quadrado (teste &#967; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> ). Os dados quantitativos com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentados por meio de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio relacionadas a &#243;bito e relacionadas a supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. O teste aplicado para comprovar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Um modelo GGE (Equa&#231;&#245;es de Estimativas Generalizadas) para medidas repetidas foi aplicado para estimar o efeito ao longo do tempo de cada medida laboratorial relacionada ao &#243;bito durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Foi realizado um modelo multivariado do efeito do supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e do RDW na mortalidade, ajustado para fatores de confus&#227;o. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%. Ap&#243;s a transfer&#234;ncia dos dados compilados em Word e Excel para o programa STATA, todo o banco de dados passou por um processo de verifica&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s pontos para detectar poss&#237;veis inconsist&#234;ncias e erros de digita&#231;&#227;o antes da elabora&#231;&#227;o dos relat&#243;rios estat&#237;sticos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Declara&#231;&#227;o de &#233;tica</title>
        <p>O presente estudo faz parte da linha de projetos (Biomarcadores em Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica) aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Complexo Hospitalar HUOC/PROCAPE da Universidade de Pernambuco, sob CAAE: 51802115.7.0000.5192 (Plataforma Brasil). Todos os procedimentos deste estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1975, atualizada em 2013. Foi obtido consentimento livre e esclarecido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Houve altera&#231;&#245;es nos dados hematol&#243;gicos dos pacientes infartados durante os sete dias de interna&#231;&#227;o, com aumento do RDW de acordo com o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, tanto para os pacientes que foram a &#243;bito quanto para os que n&#227;o foram a &#243;bito, sem associa&#231;&#227;o com o tipo de ataque card&#237;aco ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> ). Os n&#237;veis de eritr&#243;citos, hemoglobina e hemat&#243;crito diminu&#237;ram ao longo do per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, independentemente do tipo de infarto ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medidas laboratoriais dos pacientes que foram a &#243;bito (linha tracejada) e dos que n&#227;o foram a &#243;bito (linha reta) durante os sete dias de interna&#231;&#227;o, conforme condi&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito intra-hospitalar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230045-30045-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O presente estudo incluiu um total de 349 participantes da pesquisa. Houve predom&#237;nio de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) (70,4%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com IAMCSST e sem IAMCSST. Somando-se os n&#237;veis &#224; tabela geral, os n&#237;veis de RDW, tanto RDW (CV) quanto RDW (SD), analisados durante os primeiros sete dias de interna&#231;&#227;o, foram bastante semelhantes entre os dois tipos de IAM.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio relacionadas a supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>Total (n = 349)</th>
                <th>Non &#8211;ST (n = 103)</th>
                <th>ST (n = 246)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (m&#233;dia &#177; SD)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">64,4 &#177; 12,7</td>
                <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 13,36</td>
                <td align="center">63,2 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo: Masculino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">222 (63,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (45,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (32,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fatores de risco</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">254 (72,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (85,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (67,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">95 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (14,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (32,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DM</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">128 (36,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (37,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (36,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,760</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">221 (63,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (62,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">157 (63,8%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">133 (38,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (48,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (33,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">216 (61,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (51,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">163 (66,2%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Desfechos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cirurgia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">22 (6,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (12,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">325 (96,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (87,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">235 (95,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Angioplastia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">174 (49,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (21,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">152 (61,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">175 (50,14%)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (78,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (38,2%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#211;bito</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">305 (87,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (91,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">211 (85,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,159</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">44 (12,61%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8,74%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (14,23%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>* RDW % (CV)</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 (&#177; 2,25)</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 (&#177; 0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 (&#177; 1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,817</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>* RDW fL (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">44,1 (&#177; 10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">43,3 (&#177; 4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">43,5 (&#177; 4,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sepse</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">24 (6,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (6,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,671</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">325 (93,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (92,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (93,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: Diabetes mellitus; RDW: amplitude de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos* m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o do RDW (coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o) e RDW (desvio padr&#227;o) obtidos durante os primeiros sete dias de interna&#231;&#227;o. ST: Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas nas vari&#225;veis idade, ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, sedentarismo, procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e angioplastia, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada comparando as caracter&#237;sticas gerais com a mortalidade dos pacientes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Houve uma taxa de mortalidade de 44 (12,6%). A maioria dos que faleceram eram pacientes do sexo masculino com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (14,23%), com idade m&#233;dia de 63 anos. A alta hospitalar apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> foi o desfecho mais prevalente (87,3%) e predominou em pacientes sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (91,6%).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio relacionadas a morte</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>Nenhuma morte (n = 305)</th>
                <th>&#211;bito (n = 44)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (m&#233;dia &#177; SD)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">63,5 &#177; 12,7</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo: Masculino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">194 (63,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (63,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,997</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">217 (71,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (84,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">88 (28,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (15,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DM</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">107 (35,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (47,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">198 (64,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (52,2%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">118 (38,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (34,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,557</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">187 (61,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (65,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Resultado</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cirurgia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">22 (7,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,513</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">283 (92,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (95,4%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Angioplastia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">152 (49,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (50,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,984</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">153 (50,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (50,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sepse</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">12 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (27,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">293 (96,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (72,7%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: Diabetes mellitus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os dados laboratoriais foram obtidos ao longo dos sete dias por meio da diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia nas medidas laboratoriais entre os pacientes com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de hemat&#243;crito e hemoglobina dos eritr&#243;citos. A contagem total de eritr&#243;citos apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estimativa de dados laboratoriais ao longo do tempo e diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia nas medidas laboratoriais entre pacientes com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada e valor-p</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Medidas laboratoriais</th>
                <th>Efeito ao longo do tempo</th>
                <th>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ST</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
                <th>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ST ajustada</th>
                <th>CI (95%)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Eritr&#243;citos <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,078</td>
                <td align="center">-0,022</td>
                <td align="center">0,751</td>
                <td align="center">-0,143</td>
                <td align="center">-0,28 a -0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,280</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
                <td align="center">0,679</td>
                <td align="center">-0,369</td>
                <td align="center">-0,81 a 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemat&#243;crito <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,629</td>
                <td align="center">0,266</td>
                <td align="center">0,644</td>
                <td align="center">-0,762</td>
                <td align="center">-2,06 a 0,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,287</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,110</td>
                <td align="center">6,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,404</td>
                <td align="center">5,66</td>
                <td align="center">-11.1 a 22.4</td>
                <td align="center">0,507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW (SD) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,464</td>
                <td align="center">-0,127</td>
                <td align="center">0,879</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">-0.03 a 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">0,756</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW (CV) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
                <td align="center">-0,302</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
                <td align="center">-0,025</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06 a 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,123</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>RDW: amplitude de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos. <sup>a</sup> Ajustado por sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, cirurgia e angioplastia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O n&#237;vel da contagem total de eritr&#243;citos variou em -0,078, com diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis, causando, consequentemente, efeito negativo, de acordo com o tipo de infarto, ao longo do tempo. Quando ajustada pelos fatores sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o, sedentarismo, cirurgia e angioplastia, a anisocitose teve efeito positivo ao longo do tempo em pacientes com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Foi observada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para RDW (CV) e RDW (SD), bem como para contagem total de eritr&#243;citos e concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina, que foram (p &lt; 0,006) e (p &lt; 0,032), respectivamente ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estimativa dos dados laboratoriais ao longo do tempo e diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia das medidas laboratoriais ao longo do tempo entre pacientes que faleceram e n&#227;o faleceram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada e valor-p</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Medidas laboratoriais</th>
                <th>Efeito ao longo do tempo</th>
                <th>Suprades-nivelamento do segmento ST</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
                <th>Suprades-nivelamento do segmento ST ajustado</th>
                <th>IC (95%)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Eritr&#243;citos <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,077</td>
                <td align="center">-0,362</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-0,243</td>
                <td align="center">-0,42 a -0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,283</td>
                <td align="center">-0,922</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">-0,619</td>
                <td align="center">-1,18 a -0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemat&#243;crito <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,620</td>
                <td align="center">-2,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-0,730</td>
                <td align="center">-2,30 a 0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,09</td>
                <td align="center">-7,040</td>
                <td align="center">0,404</td>
                <td align="center">-7,160</td>
                <td align="center">-28,8 a 14,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW (SD) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,431</td>
                <td align="center">2,619</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">2,277</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 a 4,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW (CV) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,531</td>
                <td align="center">0,02 a 1,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>RDW: amplitude de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos. <sup>a</sup> Ajustado para idade, hipertens&#227;o e septicemia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dados do presente estudo avaliaram altera&#231;&#245;es no &#237;ndice de anisocitose (RDW) em pacientes com IAM nos dois tipos de infartos, aqueles com IAMCSST e aqueles sem IAMCSST. Os &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos medidos rotineiramente nos exames laboratoriais de emerg&#234;ncia avaliados neste estudo demonstraram que a presen&#231;a de anisocitose em pacientes infartados est&#225; associada a maior mortalidade no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, especialmente naqueles com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). Dados de hemograma completo s&#227;o rotina em emerg&#234;ncias card&#237;acas e podem contribuir para o atendimento m&#233;dico prestado por meio de informa&#231;&#245;es de f&#225;cil acesso.</p>
      <p>Durante a &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, tem havido um interesse crescente em estudos voltados ao uso do RDW como um novo marcador para o progn&#243;stico e gravidade das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup> Ye et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> analisaram a utilidade do RDW em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e relataram associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre aumento do RDW e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O presente estudo descreveu as condi&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes, no momento da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e ao longo dos sete dias de interna&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com o acompanhamento hospitalar de rotina, incluindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos escores de risco utilizados pela equipe de cardiologia. A maior parte da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada era composta por idosos, com idade m&#233;dia de 64 anos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ), condi&#231;&#227;o que est&#225; associada a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Nossos achados v&#227;o ao encontro do estudo de Arbel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> que relatou que em pacientes com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, o &#237;ndice de anisocitose esteve associado a maiores taxas de mortalidade, com influ&#234;ncia sobre os efeitos fisiopatol&#243;gicos do sedentarismo e, consequentemente, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de pacientes com IAM. Ao comparar os n&#237;veis de RDW em pacientes com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre as duas condi&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, observou-se um aumento progressivo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>O estudo de Vaya et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> com 199 pacientes infartados, concluiu que n&#237;veis de RDW (CV) acima de 14% estavam diretamente associados a um aumento de seis vezes nos eventos cardiovasculares, mesmo quando ajustado para anemia. A ingest&#227;o de &#225;gua pode predispor os indiv&#237;duos a um maior risco futuro de eventos cardiovasculares adversos, uma vez que h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a hipohidrata&#231;&#227;o aguda prejudica a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular e a regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Neste estudo, as concentra&#231;&#245;es eletrol&#237;ticas nos pacientes foram controladas.</p>
      <p>Em termos gerais, a an&#225;lise multivariada apresentou aumento da anisocitose quando comparado &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o durante os sete dias de interna&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes que foram e n&#227;o foram a &#243;bito. A determina&#231;&#227;o do RDW pode ser capaz de identificar altera&#231;&#245;es reol&#243;gicas nas propriedades dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos, influenciando, por exemplo, a agrega&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas e consequentemente a viscosidade e a taxa de fluxo sangu&#237;neo, gerando consequ&#234;ncias adversas, dependendo do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#237;veis elevados de anisocitose indicam produ&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas imaturas pela medula &#243;ssea, afetando sua atividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O aumento da viscosidade sangu&#237;nea est&#225; relacionado a altera&#231;&#245;es no &#237;ndice de anisocitose como efeito do aumento do processo de agrega&#231;&#227;o e fragmenta&#231;&#227;o celular, conforme relatado por Neuman et al., que identificaram diferen&#231;a significativa na sobrevida de pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel que apresentavam n&#237;veis elevados de agrega&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Isso demonstra que o &#237;ndice de anisocitose pode estar relacionado &#224; taxa de fluxo sangu&#237;neo e &#224; capacidade de microoclus&#227;o, influenciando diretamente pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que o RDW &#233; estatisticamente significativa quando analisada em conjunto com medidas hematol&#243;gicas (eritr&#243;citos, hemoglobina, hemat&#243;crito e plaquetas) ao longo do tempo, quando utilizado o c&#225;lculo de regress&#227;o que considera a vari&#225;vel mortalidade.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada apresentou um padr&#227;o de diminui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis hematol&#243;gicas em contraste com o aumento progressivo do RDW-CV e RDW-SD, de acordo com os dias de interna&#231;&#227;o. Esse achado pode ter ocorrido porque uma altera&#231;&#227;o no padr&#227;o eritrocit&#225;rio em condi&#231;&#245;es hip&#243;xicas altera diretamente fun&#231;&#245;es essenciais e aumenta o processo inflamat&#243;rio e o estresse oxidativo. Al&#233;m disso, pode interferir na forma&#231;&#227;o de diversos complexos, cruciais para a homeostase como um todo, afetando a eritropoiese, o que induz &#224; matura&#231;&#227;o eritrocit&#225;ria deficiente, parcialmente no RDW.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Os pacientes avaliados neste estudo apresentaram n&#237;veis de hemoglobina abaixo da normalidade. Nos casos de anemia, a altera&#231;&#227;o no RDW se deve &#224; insuficiente matura&#231;&#227;o eritrocit&#225;ria, na tentativa de suprir o suprimento de oxig&#234;nio, j&#225; que a presen&#231;a de anisocitose &#233; uma popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea de eritr&#243;citos causada por dist&#250;rbios na fase de hemoglobiniza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Essa redu&#231;&#227;o &#233; explicada como consequ&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#245;es na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, que consiste na perda do suprimento sangu&#237;neo e resulta em isquemia e morte celular em toda a regi&#227;o irrigada pela art&#233;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> No entanto, isso depende da gravidade e da dura&#231;&#227;o da priva&#231;&#227;o de fluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o inversa de anisocitose com n&#237;veis de hemoglobina. Esses dados est&#227;o relacionados ao fato de que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina &#233; um indicador de baixa oxigena&#231;&#227;o devido a patologias como o infarto, o que pode levar a diversas vari&#225;veis hematol&#243;gicas adversas, por exemplo, um aumento do RDW.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Procedimentos de angioplastia coronariana foram realizados em 49,8% dos pacientes. Entretanto, esse procedimento foi considerado mais necess&#225;rio em pacientes com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (p &lt; 0,000). A diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo p&#243;s-angioplastia j&#225; foi associada anteriormente ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de RDW, e est&#225; sempre relacionada a um pior progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As angioplastias, assim como outros procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, tamb&#233;m afetam diretamente o perfil do paciente, bem como o fator tecidual no papel da doen&#231;a, tornando o paciente imunologicamente mais fr&#225;gil, uma vez que o hist&#243;rico de septicemia est&#225; diretamente associado ao maior n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos e esses fatores est&#227;o intrinsecamente relacionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo &#233; limitado porque os pacientes foram selecionados em um &#250;nico centro; portanto, os resultados podem refletir a pr&#225;tica local. Para diminuir essa limita&#231;&#227;o, aumentamos o tamanho da amostra e utilizamos protocolo padronizado e pr&#233;-determinado para minimizar poss&#237;veis vieses. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre comorbidades e condi&#231;&#245;es de tratamento foram extra&#237;das de prontu&#225;rios e da rotina do pronto-socorro cardiol&#243;gico, o que pode apresentar poss&#237;veis vieses. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o importante &#233; que o estudo n&#227;o permitiu ajustar os resultados para outros indicadores de gravidade, como insufici&#234;ncia renal, uso de anticoagulantes e sangramento. Essas vari&#225;veis est&#227;o sendo objeto de novas pesquisas do grupo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O papel do &#237;ndice de anisocitose em pacientes com IAM em ambos os tipos de infarto foi analisado, demonstrando fator preditivo de gravidade durante sete dias de interna&#231;&#227;o. O estudo procurou proporcionar uma melhor compreens&#227;o do perfil do &#237;ndice RDW, juntamente com o perfil hematol&#243;gico para predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos em pacientes infartados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hematological Changes during Seven Days of Hospitalization in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9084-6592</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Cyntia Maria de Holanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8983-8744</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Gildo de Moura</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Dil&#234;nia de Oliveira Cipriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5301-7741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral</surname>
            <given-names>Dario Celestino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clara Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montarroyos</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Izadora Karina da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9170-5684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana C&#233;lia Oliveira dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas - Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE-UPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade de Pernambuco (FCM-UPPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ana C&#233;lia Oliveira dos Santos &#8226; Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas - Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) - Rua Arnobio Marques, 310. Postal Code 50100-010, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE - Brazil Email: ana.oliveira@upe.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Acute myocardial infarction is a major cause of mortality worldwide, and atherosclerotic plaque formation is the main pathophysiological mechanism, which results in chronic inflammation that induces erythrocyte maturation and may cause an increase in the red cell distribution width (RDW) index.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>Evaluate the role of the anisocytosis index in patients with acute myocardial infarction in both types of infarctions as a predictor of severity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Patients were included in the study according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, following the hospital routine based on their clinical and laboratory history. Statistical analyzes were performed according to each variable. All conclusions were drawn considering the significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>During the follow-up period, in the 349 patients analyzed, the mortality rate was associated with the variables RDW (CV) and RDW (SD), in those patients who died, an increase was noted, as demonstrated in the multivariate model, for the effects of an acute ST elevation myocardial infarction and the RDW, adjusted for confounding factors (p-value = 0.03 and 0.04). In contrast, the total number of erythrocytes (p-value = 0.00) and hemoglobin (p-value = 0.03) showed a decrease during severe patients&#8217; hospitalization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The anisocytosis index was a predictive factor of mortality and can be used as an indicator of worse prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction/mortality/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Anisocytosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Red Cell Distribution Width</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque, Atherosclerosis/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Hematological Changes during Seven Days of Hospitalization in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230045-30045-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) represents a major health problem worldwide, causing morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>The first symptoms of AMI are manifested during the first hours, and without medical assistance often result in mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>Infarction may be divided into six categories: infarction due to coronary atherothrombosis (type 1); infarction due to myocardial supply-demand mismatch, not due to coronary atherothrombosis (type 2); infarction leading to sudden death with no opportunity for biochemical or electrocardiographic proof (type 3), infarction related with percutaneous coronary intervention (coronary angioplasty) (type 4a); infarction related to coronary stent thrombosis (4b); and infarction related to myocardial revascularization surgery (type 5). This is a multifactorial disease, which in many cases, makes diagnosis and treatment difficult, hence the importance of using biomarkers that provide information regarding the event severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> </sup>Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), a biomarker also called the anisocytosis index, is expressed by quantifying the size variability of the red blood cells and together with the hematological changes of the erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, are routinely analyzed in cardiac emergencies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>The RDW may be reported, depending on the statistical analysis, either as the coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) and/or as a standard deviation, (RDW-SD).</p>
        <p>Studies have demonstrated a predictive ability to increase RDW, reflecting several complications during and after the occurrence of infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> </sup>Regarding chronic inflammation, multifactorial aspects such as age, sex, genetics, hormones, drugs, and diet can modulate the biology and physiology of erythrocytes. Thus these aspects may be considered in the pathogenesis of the infarction where the release of cascade pathways, such as certain cytokines for example, may affect bone marrow regulation with the consequent maturation of the erythrocytes, which affects the rate of erythropoiesis and the size of the circulating erythrocytes, which thereby influence an increase in the RDW.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> </sup>Atherosclerotic plaque formation, the main cause of infarction, is the result of chronic inflammation that induces the erythrocytes to mature, reflecting an increase in the RDW index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup>It is therefore necessary to study and monitor biomarkers in order to assist in clinical results, and thus determine a better immunological and hematological prognosis associated with multifactorial diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>There are certain advantages to using hematological changes as biomarkers, both are simple and cheap forms of measurements, may be routinely assessed, and can assist in patient stratification in the clinical practice of cardiovascular diseases, they also are especially advantageous in relation to mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Thus, this article aims to assess the changes in the RDW and compare it with the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction during seven days of hospitalization in an emergency hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a prospective, observational study, with data collected from January to September 2018, with infarcted patients, at a university hospital, which is a reference for cardiology. Patients were selected and divided into two groups, according to the type of infarction: those with ST elevation (STEMI), and those without ST elevation (non-STEMI). The clinical, electrocardiographic, and laboratory assessments were performed by the doctor on duty and reviewed by the researchers. The monitoring and treatment of patients followed the institutional protocols. General information such as age, gender, presence of comorbidities, and clinical outcomes, were obtained from the patients&#8217; medical records. The patients were followed up for seven-day period and the outcomes were recorded according to the exact information in the medical records, by the attending medical team.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Patients admitted to hospital with AMI during the study period were included. The study excluded patients younger than 18 years, pregnant women, patients with hematological or oncological diseases, previous use of corticosteroids or chemotherapy, and those readmitted after hospital discharge. All patients signed an informed consent form to participate in the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of terms and study variables</title>
          <p>Laboratory tests were performed with blood samples collected daily by venipuncture until 9 a.m. Strict quality control criteria were adhered to. Laboratory analyzes were performed with the Sysmex XE-2100 system (Sysmex Europe GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany). The cut-off points for the hematological variables analyzed were Hematocrit (%): Women (35 - 47), Men (40 - 54); Red blood cells (millions / mm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> ): Women (4.0 - 5.6), Men (4.5 - 6.5); Hemoglobin (g / 100 ml): Women (12 - 16.5), Men (13.5 - 18); Platelets: 140,000 to 450,000 (&#181;l) for both sexes; RDW-CV 12 at 14.4%; and RDW-SD 38.6 to 49.1fL, for both sexes.</p>
          <p>Potential risk factors associated with AMI such as demographic characteristics (age, gender), systemic arterial hypertension (blood pressure &#8805; 140 x 90 mmHg), diabetes mellitus (plasma glucose above 126 mg/dL), sedentary lifestyle (regular practice of physical exercise or not), were adjusted for the statistical model.</p>
          <p>During the first twenty-four hours of admission, patients were also classified as infected (sepsis) and uninfected, following the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria, plus a documented or presumed infectious focus (use of antibiotics).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The categorical variables were presented through absolute and relative frequencies and compared through the Chi-Square test (&#967; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> test). Quantitative data with normal distribution were presented through mean and standard deviation and comparisons between groups were carried out using the unpaired t-Student test, in the comparison between characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarction related to death and related to ST elevation and non-ST elevation. The test applied to prove normal distribution was the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A GGE (Generalized Estimating Equations) for repeated measure model was applied to estimate the effect over time of each laboratory measure related to death during hospitalization. A multivariate model of the effect of ST-Elevation and RDW on mortality, adjusted for confounding factors, was undertaken. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%. After transferring the data compiled in Word and Excel to the STATA program, the entire database underwent a three-point verification process to detect possible inconsistencies and typos before constructing statistical reports.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics statement</title>
          <p>This study is part of the project line (Biomarkers in Clinical Research) approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Complex HUOC/PROCAPE at the Universidade de Pernambuco, under CAAE: 51802115.7.0000.5192 (Brazil Platform). All the procedures involved in this study are in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, updated in 2013. The Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>There were changes in the hematological data of infarcted patients during the seven days of hospitalization, with an increase in the RDW according to the length of hospital stay, both for those patients who died and for those who did not, with no association with the type of heart attack ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> ). The levels of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit decreased throughout the hospitalization period, regardless of the type of infarction ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Laboratory measures of patients who died (dashed line) and who did not (straight line) during the 7 days of hospitalization according to the in-hospital death condition.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230045-30045-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A total of 349 research participants were included in this study. There was a predominance of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (70.4%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the characteristics of patients with STEMI and non-STEMI. Adding levels to the general table, the RDW levels, both the RDW (CV) and the RDW(SD) analyzed during the first seven days of hospitalization, presented a very similar level between the two types of AMI.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarction related to ST elevation and non-ST elevation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Features</th>
                  <th>Total (n = 349)</th>
                  <th>Non-ST (n = 103)</th>
                  <th>ST (n = 246)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (Mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">64.4 &#177; 12.7</td>
                  <td align="center">67.9 &#177; 13.36</td>
                  <td align="center">63.2 &#177; 12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex: Male</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">222 (63.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (45.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (32.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Risk factors</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SAH</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">254 (72.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (85.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (67.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (14.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (32.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DM</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (36.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (37.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (36.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.760</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (63.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (62.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (63.8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (38.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (48.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (33.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (61.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (51.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">163 (66.2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Outcomes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Surgery</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (6.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (12.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">325 (96.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (87.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">235 (95.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Angioplasty</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (49.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (21.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (61.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">175 (50.14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (78.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (38.2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Death</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">305 (87.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (91.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">211 (85.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.159</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (12.61%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (8.74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (14.23%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>* RDW % (CV)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8 (&#177; 2.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5 (&#177; 0.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2 (&#177; 1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.817</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>* RDW fL (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.1 (&#177; 10.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.3 (&#177; 4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.5 (&#177; 4.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sepsis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (6.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (6.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.671</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">325 (93.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (92.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (93.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: Diabetes mellitus; RDW: red cell distribution width*mean and standard deviation of the RDW (coefficient variation) and RDW (standard deviation) obtained during the first seven days of hospitalization. ST: segment elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Significant differences were found in the variables age, occurrence of systemic hypertension artery, sedentary lifestyle, surgical procedures, and angioplasty, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The statistical analysis was performed comparing the general characteristics to the mortality of patients ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). There was a mortality rate of 44 (12.6%). Most of those who died were male patients with ST elevation (14.23%), a mean age of 63 years. Hospital discharge presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> was the most prevalent outcome (87.3%) and was predominant in patients with no ST elevation (91.6%).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarction related to death</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>No death (n = 305)</th>
                  <th>Death (n = 44)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (Mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">63.5 &#177; 12.7</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex: Male</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">194 (63.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (63.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.997</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SAH</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">217 (71.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (84.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.070</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (28.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (15.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DM</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (35.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (47.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.104</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (64.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23(52.2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (38.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (34.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.557</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (61.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (65.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Outcome</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Surgery</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (7.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.513</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">283 (92.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (95.4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Angioplasty</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (49.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (50.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.984</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (50.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (50.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sepsis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (3.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (27.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">293 (96.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (72.7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: Diabetes mellitus; RDW: red cell distribution</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Laboratory data was obtained over the seven days through the mean difference in laboratory measurements among patients with ST elevation ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). There was a decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels of erythrocytes. The total erythrocyte count presented a statistically significant difference in this assessment.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Estimation of laboratory data over time and mean difference in laboratory measures among patients with ST-segment elevation. Multivariate logistic regression model and p-value</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Laboratory measures</th>
                  <th>Effect over time</th>
                  <th>ST evaluation</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>ST evaluation adjusted</th>
                  <th>CI (95%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Erythrocytes<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.078</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.022</td>
                  <td align="center">0.751</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.143</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.28 to -0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.280</td>
                  <td align="center">0.092</td>
                  <td align="center">0.679</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.369</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.81 to 0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.107</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hematocrit<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.629</td>
                  <td align="center">0.266</td>
                  <td align="center">0.644</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.762</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.06 to 0.61</td>
                  <td align="center">0.287</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelets<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.110</td>
                  <td align="center">6.57</td>
                  <td align="center">0.404</td>
                  <td align="center">5.66</td>
                  <td align="center">-11.1 to 22.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.507</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW (SD)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.464</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.127</td>
                  <td align="center">0.879</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.03 to 0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.756</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW (CV)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.302</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.025</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.06 to 0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.123</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>RDW: red cell distribution width.<sup>a</sup>Adjusted for sex, age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, surgery, and angioplasty.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The level of the total erythrocyte count varied to -0.078, with a decrease in the levels, consequently causing a negative effect, according to the type of infarction, over time. When adjusted for the factors: sex, age, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, surgery, and angioplasty, anisocytosis had a positive effect over time in patients with and without ST elevation. A statistical significance was observed for RDW (CV) and RDW (SD), as well as for the total erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentration, which were (p &lt; 0.006) and (p &lt; 0.032) respectively ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Estimation of laboratory data over time and mean difference of laboratory measures over time among patients who died and did not die during hospitalization. Multivariate logistic regression model and p-value</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Laboratory measures</th>
                  <th>Effect over time</th>
                  <th>ST elevation</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>ST elevation adjusted</th>
                  <th>IC (95%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Erythrocyte<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.077</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.362</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.243</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.42 to -0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.283</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.922</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.619</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.18 to -0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hematocrit<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.620</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.730</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.30 to 0.84</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelets<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">-7.040</td>
                  <td align="center">0.404</td>
                  <td align="center">-7.160</td>
                  <td align="center">-28.8 to 14.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW (SD)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.431</td>
                  <td align="center">2.619</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">2.277</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14 to 4.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW (CV)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.073</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.531</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02 to 1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>RDW: red cell distribution width.<sup>a</sup>Adjusted for age, hypertension, and septicemia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The data in this study has assessed changes in the anisocytosis index (RDW) in patients with AMI in the two types of infarctions, those with STEMI and non-STEMI. The hematological indexes routinely measured in the emergency laboratory exams assessed in this study demonstrated that the presence of anisocytosis in infarcted patients is associated with higher mortality in acute myocardial infarction, especially in those with ST elevation (STEMI). Complete blood count data are routine in cardiac emergencies and can contribute to the medical care provided by using readily accessible information.</p>
        <p>During the last decade, there has been a growing interest in studies that have focused on the use of RDW as a new marker for the prognosis and severity of cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup>Ye et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>analyzed the usefulness of RDW in patients with peripheral arterial disease and reported a positive association between increased RDW and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>This study described the patients&#8217; conditions, on admission and over the seven days of hospitalization, according to routine hospital follow-up, including the evaluation of risk scores used by the cardiology team. Most of the population assessed was made up of older people, with a mean age of 64 years ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ), a condition that is associated with cardiovascular diseases and the severity of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Our findings are in line with the study by Arbel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>which reported that in patients with ST elevation, the anisocytosis index was associated with higher mortality rates and maintained an influence over the effects of a pathophysiological sedentary lifestyle and, consequently, the diagnosis and treatment of patients with AMI. When comparing the RDW levels in patients both with ST elevation and without, no statistical difference was observed between the two conditions. However, a progressive increase was observed concerning the reference levels.</p>
        <p>The study by Vaya et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>with 199 infarcted patients, concluded that RDW (CV) levels above 14% were directly associated with a sixfold increase in cardiovascular events, even when adjusted for anemia. Water intake may predispose individuals to a greater future risk for adverse cardiovascular events, since there is evidence that acute hypohydration impairs vascular function and blood pressure regulation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>and in this study the electrolytic concentrations in the patients were controlled.</p>
        <p>In general terms, the multivariate analysis presented an increase in anisocytosis, when compared to the evolution during the seven days of hospitalization among patients who died and did not die. Determining the RDW may be able to identify rheological changes in the properties of red blood cells, influencing, for example, the aggregation of cells and consequently the viscosity and the rate of blood flow, generating adverse consequences, depending on the patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>High levels of anisocytosis indicate the production of immature cells by the bone marrow, thereby affecting its activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>An increase in blood viscosity is related to changes in the anisocytosis index as an effect of the increase in the cell aggregation and fragmentation process, as reported by Neuman et al., who identified a significant difference in the survival of patients with unstable angina who had high levels of red blood cell aggregation during hospitalization. This demonstrates that the anisocytosis index may be related to the blood flow rate and micro-occlusion capacity, directly influencing patients with acute myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>The present study has demonstrated that the RDW is statistically significant when analyzed together with hematological measurements (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets) over time, when using the regression calculation that considers the mortality variable.</p>
        <p>The multivariate analysis presented a pattern of decreased hematological variables in contrast to the progressive increase in the RDW-CV and RDW-SD, according to the days of hospitalization. This finding may have occurred because an alteration in the erythrocyte pattern in hypoxic conditions directly alters essential functions, and increases the inflammatory process and oxidative stress. In addition, it may interfere in the formation of many complexes, which are crucial for homeostasis as a whole, affecting erythropoiesis, which induces deficient erythrocyte maturation, partially in the RDW.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>The patients assessed in this study presented with hemoglobin levels below the normal range. In cases of anemia, a change in the RDW is due to insufficient erythrocyte maturation, in an attempt to supply the oxygen supply, since the presence of anisocytosis is a heterogeneous population of erythrocytes, caused by disorders in the hemoglobinization phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>This reduction is explained as a consequence of obstructions in the coronary artery, which consists of a loss in blood supply, and results in ischemia and cell death throughout the region supplied by the artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>However, this depends on the severity and duration of flow deprivation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An inverse association of anisocytosis with hemoglobin levels was observed. These data are related to the fact that a decrease in hemoglobin is an indicator of low oxygenation due to pathologies such as infarction, which may lead to several adverse hematological variables, for example, an increase in RDW.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Coronary angioplasty procedures were performed in 49.8% of the patients. However, this procedure was considered to be more necessary in patients with ST-elevation (p &lt; 0.000). A decrease in the post-angioplasty flow has previously been associated with an increase in RDW levels, and is always related to a poorer prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Angioplasties, as well as other surgical procedures, also directly affect the patient&#8217;s profile, as well as the tissue factor in the role of the disease, making the patient immunologically more fragile, since the history of septicemia is directly associated with the highest number of deaths and these factors are intrinsically related.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study is limited because the patients were selected in a single center; therefore, the results can reflect the local practice. To lessen this limitation, we increased the sample size, used standardized and predetermined protocol to minimize possible bias. The information about comorbidities and treatment conditions was extracted from medical records, and within the routine of the cardiac emergency room, which may have potential biases. Another important limitation is that the study did not allow adjusting the results for other indicators of severity, such as renal failure, use of anticoagulants, and bleeding. These variables are being the object of further research by the group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The role of the anisocytosis index in patients with AMI in both types of infarctions was analyzed showing a predictive factor of severity during seven days of hospitalization. The study has sought to provide a better understanding of the profile of the RDW index, together with the hematological profile for predicting outcomes in infarcted patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Cyntia Maria de Holanda Martins, from Universidade de Pernambuco.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Complexo Hospitalar Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz e Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco under the protocol number 251802115.7.0000.5192. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
