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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">JQbRwmtQMFJTFnWZy5cyvnH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Rela&#231;&#227;o Fibrinog&#234;nio/Albumina e a Perfus&#227;o Microvascular em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria para Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Eleva&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST: Um Estudo Prospectivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4297-1820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplangoray</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8923-8709</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Toprak</surname>
            <given-names>Kenan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8912-674X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cicek</surname>
            <given-names>Omer Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8028-5725</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Deveci</surname>
            <given-names>Edhem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bilecik &#350;eyh Edebali University Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bilecik</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bilecik &#350;eyh Edebali University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology, Bilecik &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harran University Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#350;anl&#305;urfa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Harran University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology, &#350;anl&#305;urfa &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences Mehmet Akif &#304;nan Research and Training Hospital </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#350;anl&#305;urfa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences Mehmet Akif &#304;nan Research and Training Hospital - Department of Cardiology, &#350;anl&#305;urfa &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>:  Mustafa Kaplangoray - Bilecik &#350;eyh Edebali University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology, Pelit&#246;z&#252; Mah. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bulvar&#305; No:27 11100 Merkez/B&#304;LEC&#304;K Email: <email>mkaplangoray@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230002</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A contagem corrigida de quadros TIMI (CTFC), o grau de blush mioc&#225;rdico (MBG) e a resolu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (STR) s&#227;o par&#226;metros utilizados para avaliar a reperfus&#227;o em n&#237;vel microvascular em pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp). A rela&#231;&#227;o fibrinog&#234;nio/albumina (FAR) tem sido associada a eventos tromb&#243;ticos em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e insufici&#234;ncia venosa cr&#244;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o do FAR com CTFC, MBG e STR.M&#233;todos: O estudo incluiu 167 pacientes consecutivos que foram submetidos a ICPp com sucesso para IAMCSST e alcan&#231;aram fluxo TIMI-3. Os casos foram divididos em dois grupos, FAR alto (&gt; 0,0765) e FAR baixo (&#8804; 0,0765), de acordo com o valor de corte desse par&#226;metro na an&#225;lise caracter&#237;stica do operador do receptor (ROC). STR, CTFC e MBG foram utilizados para avaliar a reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>O valor CTFC, escore SYNTAX, rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, glicose e pico de cTnT foram significativamente maiores, enquanto STR, MBG e FEVE foram menores no grupo FAR alto. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman revelou rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre FAR e STR (r=-0,666, p&lt;0,001), MBG (-0,523, p&lt;0,001) e CTFC (r=0,731, p&#8804;0,001). De acordo com a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, FAR, glicose, pico de cTnT e dor at&#233; o tempo de Bal&#227;o foram os preditores independentes mais importantes de MBG 0/1, CTFC&gt;28 e STR&lt;50%). A an&#225;lise ROC revelou que o ponto de corte o valor de FAR&#8805;0,0765 foi preditor de STR incompleto com sensibilidade de 71,9% e especificidade de 69,8%, MBG0/1 com sensibilidade de 72,6% e especificidade de 68,6%, e CTFC&gt;28 com sensibilidade de 76% e uma especificidade de 65,8%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>A FAR &#233; um importante preditor independente de perfus&#227;o microvascular em pacientes submetidos a ICPp por IAMCSST.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Raz&#227;o Fibrinog&#234;nio/Albumina</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <caption>
          <title>Figura Central: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Rela&#231;&#227;o Fibrinog&#234;nio/Albumina e a Perfus&#227;o Microvascular em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria para Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Eleva&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST: Um Estudo Prospectivo</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230002-30002-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O tratamento do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST) visa garantir a reperfus&#227;o permanente, minimizando o tempo isqu&#234;mico total.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica ideal nem sempre garante perfus&#227;o microvascular adequada.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Atualmente, nenhum teste in vivo revela diretamente a circula&#231;&#227;o microvascular em humanos. No entanto, angiograficamente o grau de blush mioc&#225;rdico (MBG) e tromb&#243;lise corrigida no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI), contagem de quadros (CTFC) e eletrocardiograficamente, a resolu&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o ST (STR) s&#227;o frequentemente utilizados na avalia&#231;&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o microvascular em pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria. (ICPp) para IAMCSST.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> O fibrinog&#234;nio e a albumina s&#227;o dois par&#226;metros que desempenham um papel nas altera&#231;&#245;es hemorreol&#243;gicas e na inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e s&#227;o, portanto, comumente usados em estudos cl&#237;nicos. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que um n&#237;vel elevado de fibrinog&#234;nio &#233; um fator preditor independente de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e risco aumentado de trombose.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> A albumina &#233; uma prote&#237;na essencial do plasma humano e sabe-se que est&#225; envolvida no mecanismo de inflama&#231;&#227;o e hemostasia e inibem plaquetas.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, em um estudo de Kurtul et al.,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> a rela&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o-refluxo da hipoalbuminemia foi demonstrada em pacientes submetidos a ICPp para IAMCSST. Estudos recentes tamb&#233;m relataram que a rela&#231;&#227;o fibrinog&#234;nio/albumina (FAR) fornece melhores resultados na previs&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos quando comparada ao fibrinog&#234;nio ou albumina isoladamente.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> No presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o da FAR, intimamente relacionada &#224; trombose, com STR, MBG e CTFC em pacientes submetidos a ICPp para IAMCSST.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>Este estudo incluiu 302 pacientes com IAMCSST que foram consecutivamente admitidos na unidade de angiografia coron&#225;ria do Hospital de Treinamento e Pesquisa Sanliurfa Mehmet Akif Inan e da Universidade de Harran devido a IAMCSST entre dezembro de 2021 e agosto de 2022 e foram submetidos a ICPp com sucesso nas primeiras 12 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos seus sintomas. O diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST foi feito de acordo com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos das diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC).<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Para eliminar o efeito da estenose epic&#225;rdica residual na circula&#231;&#227;o microvascular, apenas foram considerados os casos em que fluxo TIMI-3 e estenose residual &lt; 20%. alcan&#231;ados ap&#243;s o procedimento estavam no estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo foram: ter passado mais de 12 horas desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas (n=12), grau de fluxo TIMI &lt; 3 ou fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o refluxo ap&#243;s o procedimento (n=12), choque cardiog&#234;nico (n=5), taquicardia ventricular ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (n=3), terapia trombol&#237;tica nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas, presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#227;o ativa ou doen&#231;a autoimune (n=7), insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica (n=3), administra&#231;&#227;o oral tratamento anticoagulante (n=8), decis&#227;o de by-pass de emerg&#234;ncia (n=4), sangramento ativo ou insufici&#234;ncia renal grave (n=8), hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou ICP (n=68) e presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo na eletrocardiografia (ECG) (n=5). De acordo com esses crit&#233;rios, 135 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos e os 167 pacientes restantes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo transversal prospectivo ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ). O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Harran (HRU/22.8.07) e conduzido seguindo os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do participante. IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; ICPp: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria; FAR: rela&#231;&#227;o fibrinog&#234;nio/albumina.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230002-30002-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de dados angiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>A angiografia foi realizada em todos os casos em m&#250;ltiplas proje&#231;&#245;es pela t&#233;cnica de Judkins. Antes da ICPp, a carga de 300 mg de aspirina com 600 mg de clopidogrel ou 180 mg de ticagrelor foi realizada em todos os pacientes. Imediatamente ap&#243;s a decis&#227;o pela interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana, foi administrada heparina em bolus a todos os pacientes na dose de 50-70 unidades/kg. Os procedimentos angiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados por cardiologistas experientes, cegos para os dados e desenho do estudo. A contagem de quadros coron&#225;rios foi calculada para cada paciente de acordo com o c&#225;lculo de contagem de quadros TIMI conforme descrito por Gibson et al.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Como foi necess&#225;rio muito tempo para a opacifica&#231;&#227;o devido ao comprimento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (ADA) esquerda, o valor de CTFC calculado para ADA foi dividido por 1,7, e o CTFC foi obtido multiplicando-se o n&#250;mero de quadros obtidos para cada vaso por 2, considerando que os registros angiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados em nossa cl&#237;nica como 15 quadros/segundo. Neste estudo, 28 n&#250;meros de quadros foram determinados como valor limite para o fluxo TIMI-3. CTFC &gt; 28 foi considerado indicativo de dist&#250;rbio de perfus&#227;o microvascular, e CTFC &#8804; 28 boa perfus&#227;o microvascular.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>O ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado em todos os pacientes no momento da admiss&#227;o e no final da ICPp. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do ECG foi realizada por dois cardiologistas especialistas, cegos para os demais dados dos pacientes. A eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST foi medida em milivolts 20 ms ap&#243;s o ponto J. A eleva&#231;&#227;o total do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es DI, aVL e V1-V6 foi calculada para infarto n&#227;o inferior, e a eleva&#231;&#227;o total do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D2, D3, aVF, V5 e V6 para infarto inferior. A depress&#227;o total na eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST determinada na localiza&#231;&#227;o especificada no final da ICPp foi dividida pela eleva&#231;&#227;o total do ST inicial para obter a resolu&#231;&#227;o do ST (STR). De acordo com esse par&#226;metro, os casos foram classificados como STR completo (&#8805; 50%), STR incompleto (&lt;50) e com STR &lt; 50% indicando dist&#250;rbio circulat&#243;rio microvascular.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Grau de blush mioc&#225;rdica</title>
        <p>MBG &#233; uma medida da opacifica&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pelo meio de contraste fornecido pela art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pelo infarto p&#243;s-reperfus&#227;o. O c&#225;lculo do MBG de todos os pacientes foi realizado conforme descrito anteriormente por van&#8217;t Hof et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> De acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o do MBG, os pacientes foram classificados em grau 0 (sem blush mioc&#225;rdico), grau 1 (blush mioc&#225;rdico m&#237;nimo ou intensidade de contraste), grau 2 (blush ou intensidade mioc&#225;rdica moderada, mas menos blush do que o blush mioc&#225;rdico ipsilateral ou contralateral n&#227;o art&#233;ria associada infectada durante a angiografia) e grau 3 (cora&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdico normal ou intensidade de contraste). Considerou-se que MBG 0/1 indicava obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular, enquanto MBG graus 2 e 3 foram aceitos como boa perfus&#227;o microvascular.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</title>
        <p>As amostras de sangue de todos os participantes foram coletadas da regi&#227;o antecubital no momento da admiss&#227;o no hospital. A FAR foi calculada como a raz&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio e o n&#237;vel de albumina na admiss&#227;o. O n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de fibrinog&#234;nio foi medido pelo m&#233;todo de coagula&#231;&#227;o utilizando o analisador autom&#225;tico de coagula&#231;&#227;o STA CompactMax. Os n&#237;veis de albumina, marcadores de dano mioc&#225;rdico convencionais troponina T e creatina quinase-MB (CK-MB) e outros par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos de rotina tamb&#233;m foram medidos a partir de amostras de sangue coletadas na admiss&#227;o usando o analisador autom&#225;tico Abbott Architect C16000.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tamanho do infarto enzim&#225;tico</title>
        <p>A troponina T e a CK-MB foram medidas nas horas 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 e 72 ap&#243;s ICPp. Ap&#243;s o procedimento, a extens&#227;o do tamanho do infarto foi avaliada utilizando pico de troponina T card&#237;aca (cTnT) e CK-MB.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</title>
        <p>Um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado em todos os pacientes nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a ICPp, conforme recomendado pelas diretrizes da ESC/American Heart Association. O m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado foi utilizado para a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas dos dados coletados da pesquisa foram realizadas por meio do pacote de software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS for Windows, vers&#227;o 22.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US, 2016). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagens e comparadas com o teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Dois grupos foram comparados com o teste t de amostras independentes para dados cont&#237;nuos em conformidade com a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram comparados com o teste U de Mann-Whitney. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros foi determinada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. A an&#225;lise da caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi utilizada para obter o valor de corte do FAR para a predi&#231;&#227;o de STR (0,0738), MBG (0,0788) e CTFC (0,0769). O valor de corte para FAR alto e baixo foi determinado pela m&#233;dia desses tr&#234;s valores (0,0765). As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada foram utilizadas para identificar os preditores independentes de STR incompleto, MBG 0/1 e CTFC &gt; 28. P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O estudo incluiu 167 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 59,4 &#177; 11,1 anos. Noventa e seis (57,5%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e os dados cl&#237;nicos basais dos pacientes s&#227;o apresentados na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> . Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram divididos em grupos de alta e baixa FAR de acordo com o valor de corte desse par&#226;metro na an&#225;lise ROC (0,0765). Quando os resultados laboratoriais foram comparados entre os dois grupos, foi determinado que o grupo FAR alta apresentou valores significativamente mais elevados de escore SYNTAX, idade, rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos (NLR), classe Killip &#8805; 2, glicose, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), pico de TnT e taxa de diabetes ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o entre caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e a FAR em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICPp</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>FAR Alta (n=71)</th>
                <th>FAR Baixo (n=96)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">61,4 &#177;10,6</td>
                <td align="center">57,8&#177;11,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Homens, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">40 (56,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (58,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,797</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC, kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28,2&#177;3,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,3&#177;3,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">29 (40,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (39,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,869</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26 (36,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (24,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">35 (49,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">128,3&#177;18,7</td>
                <td align="center">126,6&#177;18,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,207</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">80,9&#177;13,4</td>
                <td align="center">81,2&#177;12,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,917</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, /min</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">77,7&#177;12,6</td>
                <td align="center">75,1&#177;13,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,212</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo dor-bal&#227;o (min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">70,6&#177;20,1</td>
                <td align="center">64,5&#177;23,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escore SYNTAX</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19,4&#177;6,2</td>
                <td align="center">16,9&#177;7,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">41,8&#177;6,5</td>
                <td align="center">46,4&#177;6,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Classe Killip</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe 1, n</td>
                <td align="center">54 (76,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (91,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe &#8805;2, n</td>
                <td align="center">17 (23,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">23 (31,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (24,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,313</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">15 (20,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (20,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,957</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">23 (31,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (21,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">27 (37,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (26,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,150</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Achados laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem gl&#243;bulos brancos, ( x10<sup>3</sup>/ &#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">12,3 (10,1-14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">12,0 (10,9-13,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,965</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 (2,1-3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (1,3-2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/l</td>
                <td align="center">13,9 (12,5-15,1)</td>
                <td align="center">14,2 (13-15,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,495</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de plaquetas, ( x10<sup>3</sup>/ &#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">256 (164-354)</td>
                <td align="center">247 (198-319)</td>
                <td align="center">0,245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">172 (145-201)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (122-175)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ALT, UI/l</td>
                <td align="center">35,7&#177;21,2</td>
                <td align="center">36,1&#177;27,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,938</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AST, UI/l</td>
                <td align="center">29,7&#177;18,8</td>
                <td align="center">28,5&#177;16,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,658</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, &#956;mol/l</td>
                <td align="center">0,95&#177;0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,94&#177;0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,759</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue, mmol/l</td>
                <td align="center">39,3&#177;11,7</td>
                <td align="center">35,7&#177;12,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total, mmol/l</td>
                <td align="center">199 (185-214)</td>
                <td align="center">196 (178-205)</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL, mmol/l</td>
                <td align="center">35 (33-41)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (33-41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,214</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL, mmol/l</td>
                <td align="center">152 (136-161)</td>
                <td align="center">139 (122-150)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deo, mmol/l</td>
                <td align="center">178 (156-199)</td>
                <td align="center">177 (155-197)</td>
                <td align="center">0,461</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ADA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (45,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (44,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,609</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CX, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (25,4)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (21,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (29,6)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (35,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>FAR: Raz&#227;o Fibrinog&#234;nio-Albumina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; SYNTAX: Sinergia entre interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea com TAXus; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; CCB: bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio; STR: Resolu&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST; ADA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; CX: art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda; CD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; IRA: art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A FEVE foi menor no grupo FAR alta ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> ). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos de FAR alta e baixa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao hist&#243;rico de tratamento m&#233;dico e &#224;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias associadas ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. As taxas de pacientes com MBG2/3, STR &#8805; 50% e CTFC &#8804; 28 foram significativamente maiores no grupo FAR baixa (p &lt; 0,001 para todos) ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> ). De acordo com a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o, a FAR foi positivamente correlacionada com pico de cTnT, glicose, escore SYNTAX, NLR, CTFC e LDL e negativamente correlacionada com STR, FEVE e MBG. A FAR teve a correla&#231;&#227;o positiva mais forte com o CTFC e a correla&#231;&#227;o negativa mais forte com o STR ( <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> ). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica revelou que a FAR foi o preditor independente mais importante de MBG 0/1, CTFC &gt; 28 e STR incompleto ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> ). Na an&#225;lise ROC, quando o valor de corte do FAR foi considerado &#8805; 0,0765 (&#225;rea sob a curva: 0,775, IC: 0,701-0,849), previu STR incompleto com sensibilidade de 71,9% e especificidade de 68,9%, MBG0/1 com sensibilidade de 72,6% e especificidade de 68,6%, CTFC &gt; 28 com sensibilidade de 76% e especificidade de 65,8% ( <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Perfus&#227;o microvascular avaliada por v&#225;rios &#237;ndices para pacientes com FAR</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left">FAR Alta</th>
                <th align="left">FAR Baixa</th>
                <th align="left">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Grau de blush mioc&#225;rdico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MBG 0/1</td>
                <td>44 (62%)</td>
                <td>18 (18,8%)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MBG 2/3</td>
                <td>27 (38%)</td>
                <td>78 (81,3)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Contagem de quadros TIMI corrigida</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt;28</td>
                <td>37 (52,1%)</td>
                <td>13 (13,5%)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804;28</td>
                <td>34 (47,9%)</td>
                <td>83 (86,5%)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Resolu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>STR&lt;50%</td>
                <td>46 (64,8%)</td>
                <td>18 (18,8%)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>STR&#8805;50%</td>
                <td>25 (35,2%)</td>
                <td>78 (81,3%)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tamanho do infarto enzim&#225;tico</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de cTnT, pg/ml</td>
                <td>5100 (3410-7890)</td>
                <td>1670 (1022-4092)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico CK-MB, U/L</td>
                <td>255 (201-300)</td>
                <td>133 (98-229)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>FAR: Raz&#227;o Fibrinog&#234;nio-Albumina; STR: Resolu&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST; CTFC: contagem corrigida de quadros TIMI; MBG: grau de blush mioc&#225;rdico</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre FAR e par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e angiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">FAR</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>NLR</td>
                <td align="center">0,389</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>STR</td>
                <td align="center">-0,666</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore Syntax</td>
                <td align="center">0,223</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">-0,398</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#237;vel pico de Troponina</td>
                <td align="center">0,582</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CTFC</td>
                <td align="center">0,731</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MBG</td>
                <td align="center">-0,523</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo dor-bal&#227;o (min)</td>
                <td align="center">0,158</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">0,245</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">0,387</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>FAR: Raz&#227;o Fibrinog&#234;nio-Albumina; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; CTFC: contagem corrigida de quadros TIMI; MBG: grau de blush mioc&#225;rdico; STR: Resolu&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST; NLR: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica Identificando Fatores de Risco para MBG 0/1, CTFC&gt;28 e STR&lt;50%</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">MBG 0/1</th>
                <th colspan="2">CTFC&gt;28</th>
                <th colspan="2">STR&lt;50%</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">OR ajustado (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="left">Valor p</th>
                <th align="left">OR ajustado (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="left">Valor p</th>
                <th align="left">OR ajustado (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="left">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FAR</td>
                <td align="center">0,219 (0,090-0,531)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,230(0,093-0,567)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,097 (0,037-0,250)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,970 (0,931-1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
                <td align="center">0,089(0,949-1,030)</td>
                <td align="center">0,586</td>
                <td align="center">1,006 (0,970-1,044)</td>
                <td align="center">0,750</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">0,982(0,411-2,346)</td>
                <td align="center">0,967</td>
                <td align="center">1,448 (0,587-3,573)</td>
                <td align="center">0,422</td>
                <td align="center">0,867 (0,375-2,002)</td>
                <td align="center">0,738</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SYNTAX</td>
                <td align="center">1,046 (0,978-1,119)</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
                <td align="center">0,909 (0,854-0,967)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,977 (0,925-1,032)</td>
                <td align="center">0,403</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NLR</td>
                <td align="center">0,710(0,520-0,970)</td>
                <td align="center">0,031</td>
                <td align="center">0,989 (0,875-1,119)</td>
                <td align="center">0,864</td>
                <td align="center">0,929 (0,758-1,138)</td>
                <td align="center">0,476</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">1,010 (0,989-1,022)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
                <td align="center">0,991 (0,982-1,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
                <td align="center">1.013(1.002-1.024)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">1,007(0,988-1,027)</td>
                <td align="center">0,463</td>
                <td align="center">0,999 (0,981-1,017)</td>
                <td align="center">0,900</td>
                <td align="center">1,001(0,985-1,018)</td>
                <td align="center">0,881</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de cTnT</td>
                <td align="center">1,010(0,0997-1,028)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
                <td align="center">1,000 (0,988-1,012)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1.001 (1.000-1.002)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo da dor ao bal&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,001(0,982-1,020)</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
                <td align="center">1,035 (1,024-1,046)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,977(0,960-0,994)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>FAR: Raz&#227;o Fibrinog&#234;nio-Albumina; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; CTFC: contagem corrigida de quadros TIMI; MBG: grau de blush mioc&#225;rdico; STR: Resolu&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST; NLR: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor dos n&#237;veis de FAR para predi&#231;&#227;o de resolu&#231;&#227;o incompleta do segmento ST (A), blush mioc&#225;rdico grau 0/1 (B) e contagem corrigida de quadros TIMI &gt;28 (C). AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; FAR: rela&#231;&#227;o fibrinog&#234;nio/albumina.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230002-30002-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo investigou o efeito da FAR nos marcadores de reperfus&#227;o microvascular MBG, CTF e STR. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo prospectivo realizado para esse fim na literatura. Nossos resultados mostraram que o aumento da FAR foi associado com baixa MBG, diminui&#231;&#227;o da STR e alta CTFC. Tamb&#233;m foi revelado que a FAR foi o fator independente mais importante na previs&#227;o desses par&#226;metros.</p>
      <p>A STR ap&#243;s ICPp angiograficamente bem-sucedida est&#225; intimamente relacionada ao dano tecidual e &#224; perfus&#227;o, e muitos estudos demonstraram que a STR reduzida est&#225; associada a resultados cl&#237;nicos ruins.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup> No presente estudo, tamb&#233;m foi observado que todos os pacientes com STR incompleta estavam em o grupo FAR alta. Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que um n&#237;vel alto de FAR estava associado ao aumento do pico de cTnT e aos baixos valores de FEVE, que s&#227;o marcadores de dano tecidual. N&#237;veis aumentados de fibrinog&#234;nio causam aumento na ativa&#231;&#227;o e agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, resultando em um estado de hipercoagulabilidade. Al&#233;m disso, a estrutura de um co&#225;gulo de fibrina est&#225; intimamente relacionada com o n&#237;vel de fibrinog&#234;nio. Foi relatado que a fibrina formada in vitro &#233; mais densa e mais resistente &#224; fibrin&#243;lise em altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de fibrinog&#234;nio do que a fibrina formada em baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> A albumina, o outro componente da FAR, &#233; a principal prote&#237;na do soro humano e inibe a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria aumentando produ&#231;&#227;o de prostaglandina D2. Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que um n&#237;vel baixo de albumina causa um aumento na viscosidade do sangue e deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que a albumina tem efeito antioxidante e rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com a inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> &#192; luz destes mecanismos, consideramos que um valor elevado de FAR pode causar uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na STR ao interromper a reperfus&#227;o a n&#237;vel microvascular.</p>
      <p>Em estudos recentes, o escore CTFC tem sido usado para avaliar a reperfus&#227;o ap&#243;s ICP, em vez do escore de fluxo TIMI, uma vez que este &#250;ltimo oferece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais objetiva e quantitativa.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> Muitos estudos demonstraram que as medidas de CTFC fornecem resultados &#250;teis na previs&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Sabe-se que o fluxo coron&#225;rio acelerado est&#225; associado a bons resultados cl&#237;nicos. Foi demonstrado que um CTFC baixo ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o est&#225; associado a uma baixa taxa de mortalidade.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> No presente estudo, utilizamos o CTFC para avaliar a reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica fornecida pela art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pelo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e determinamos que o aumento da FAR foi o preditor mais importante de CTFC. &gt; 28. Considera-se que os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelo dist&#250;rbio circulat&#243;rio microvascular s&#227;o macroemboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, microemboliza&#231;&#227;o, forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo local na regi&#227;o distal, libera&#231;&#227;o de radicais de oxig&#234;nio no ambiente, aumento do n&#237;vel de c&#225;lcio nos mi&#243;citos, edema intersticial, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o e inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Muitos estudos demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o da FAR com os fatores acima mencionados.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, em nosso estudo, a circula&#231;&#227;o microvascular prejudicada em pacientes com FAR elevada pode ter resultado em uma CTFC mais elevada neste grupo de pacientes.</p>
      <p>O sucesso angiogr&#225;fico ap&#243;s ICP &#233; definido como uma redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 50% na estenose com a obten&#231;&#227;o de fluxo TIMI de grau 3 ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o e um m&#225;ximo de 10% de estenose residual ap&#243;s implante de stent.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> No entanto, resultados angiogr&#225;ficos bem-sucedidos nem sempre significam reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica bem-sucedida. Devido &#224; sua praticidade e facilidade de uso, o MBG &#233; frequentemente utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para determinar a reperfus&#227;o em n&#237;vel microvascular. MBG 0/1 &#233; definido como um dist&#250;rbio de perfus&#227;o no n&#237;vel microvascular.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise recente de 8.044 pacientes mostrou que MBG 0/1 ap&#243;s angioplastia prim&#225;ria estava associada &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> No presente estudo, determinamos que o aumento do FAR foi um importante fator preditor para MBG 0/1. O aumento do efeito trombog&#234;nico do fibrinog&#234;nio isolado e o baixo n&#237;vel de albumina aumentam a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, levando a dist&#250;rbios de perfus&#227;o no n&#237;vel do tecido. Al&#233;m disso, considera-se que a FAR est&#225; relacionada ao aumento da viscosidade sangu&#237;nea e &#224; trombogenicidade.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Tem sido sugerido que o aumento da carga tromb&#243;tica desses fatores prejudica a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, causando microembolismo distal.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> - <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> </sup> Paralelamente a esses mecanismos, um valor elevado de FAR foi associado ao MBG 0/1 em nosso estudo. Outro achado importante do nosso estudo &#233; que os pacientes do grupo FAR alta tiveram um escore SYNTAX mais alto, o que &#233; consistente com os resultados relatados por Erdo&#287;an et al.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, tamb&#233;m descobrimos que os n&#237;veis de glicose, LDL-C e a NLR foram significativamente maiores no grupo FAR alta do que no grupo FAR baixa. Recentemente, a FAR tem sido relatada como um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o relacionado a diversas doen&#231;as, incluindo diabetes mellitus e hiperlipidemia.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> </sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Houve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es neste estudo devido ao seu desenho. Primeiro, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era relativamente pequena. Segundo, medimos apenas na admiss&#227;o e n&#227;o avaliamos ap&#243;s a fase aguda, o que pode ser considerado uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante. Terceiro, a falta de efeito deste par&#226;metro sobre os resultados cardiovasculares, incluindo reinterven&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Concluindo, com base em nossos resultados, consideramos que a FAR &#233; um marcador de f&#225;cil acesso e baixo custo que pode ser utilizado pelos m&#233;dicos na avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o microvascular em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICPp para IAMCSST. Al&#233;m disso, este marcador pode ser usado para determinar op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento adjuvante para ICPp.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos aos funcion&#225;rios da angiografia coron&#225;ria e da unidade de terapia intensiva coronariana do Hospital de Treinamento e Pesquisa &#350;anl&#305;urfa Mehmet Akif &#304;nan por seu apoio na obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados.</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Harran University Faculty of Medicine sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo HRU/22.8.07. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between the Fibrinogen/Albumin Ratio and Microvascular Perfusion in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevated Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4297-1820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplangoray</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8923-8709</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Toprak</surname>
            <given-names>Kenan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8912-674X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cicek</surname>
            <given-names>Omer Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8028-5725</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Deveci</surname>
            <given-names>Edhem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bilecik &#350;eyh Edebali University Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bilecik</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bilecik &#350;eyh Edebali University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology, Bilecik &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harran University Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#350;anl&#305;urfa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Harran University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology, &#350;anl&#305;urfa &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences Mehmet Akif &#304;nan Research and Training Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#350;anl&#305;urfa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences Mehmet Akif &#304;nan Research and Training Hospital - Department of Cardiology, &#350;anl&#305;urfa &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Mustafa Kaplangoray</bold> &#8226; Bilecik &#350;eyh Edebali University Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology, Pelit&#246;z&#252; Mah. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bulvar&#305; No:27 11100 Merkez/B&#304;LEC&#304;K Email: mkaplangoray@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Correct TIMI frame count (CTFC), myocardial blush grade (MBG), and ST-segment resolution (STR) are parameters used to evaluate reperfusion at the microvascular level in patients that have undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR) has been associated with thrombotic events in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and chronic venous insufficiency.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To investigate the relationship of FAR with CTFC, MBG, and STR. Methods: The study included 167 consecutive patients who underwent successful pPCI for STEMI and achieved TIMI-3 flow. The cases were divided into two groups, high (&gt;0.0765) and low FAR (&#8804;0.0765), according to the cut-off value of this parameter in the receiver operator characteristic analysis (ROC). STR, CTFC, and MBG were used to evaluate myocardial reperfusion. P values&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>CTFC value, SYNTAX score, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, low-density lipoprotein, glucose, and peak cTnT were significantly higher, whereas STR, MBG, and LVEF were lower in the high FAR group. Spearman&#8217;s correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between the FAR and STR (r=-0.666, p&lt;0.001), MBG (-0.523, p&lt;0.001), and CTFC (r=0.731, p&#8804;0.001). According to the logistic regression analysis, FAR, glucose, peak cTnT, and pain to balloon time were the most important independent predictors of MBG 0/1, CTFC&gt;28, and STR&lt;50%).ROC analysis revealed that the cut-off value of FAR&#8805;0.0765 was a predictor of incomplete STR with a sensitivity of 71.9 % and a specificity of 69.8 %, MBG0/1 with a sensitivity of 72.6 % and a specificity of 68.6 %, and CTFC &gt;28 with a sensitivity of 76 % and a specificity of 65.8 %.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>FAR is an important independent predictor of microvascular perfusion in patients undergoing pPCI for STEMI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Fbrinogen-to-Albumin Ratio</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Relationship between the Fibrinogen/Albumin Ratio and Microvascular Perfusion in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevated Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Study</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230002-30002-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treatment aims to ensure permanent reperfusion by minimizing the total ischemic time.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Optimal epicardial revascularization does not always guarantee adequate microvascular perfusion.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>Currently, no in vivo test directly reveals microvascular circulation in humans. However, angiographically myocardial blush grade (MBG) and correct thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count (CTFC) and electrocardiographically ST-elevation resolution (STR) are frequently used in the evaluation of microvascular reperfusion in patients who have undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) for STEMI.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Fibrinogen and albumin are two parameters that play a role in hemorheological changes and systemic inflammation and are, therefore, commonly used in clinical studies. Previous studies have shown that a high fibrinogen level is an independent predictor factor of coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, and an increased risk of thrombosis.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Albumin is an essential protein of human plasma, and it is known to be involved in the mechanism of inflammation and hemostasis and inhibit platelets.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>Similarly, in a study by Kurtul et al.,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>the no-reflow relationship of hypoalbuminemia was shown in patients who underwent pPCI for STEMI. Recent studies have also reported that the fibrinogen/albumin ratio (FAR) provides better results in predicting clinical outcomes when compared to fibrinogen or albumin alone.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>In the current study, we aimed to investigate the relationship of FAR, closely related to thrombosis, with STR, MBG, and CTFC in patients that had undergone pPCI for STEMI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient population</title>
          <p>This study included 302 STEMI patients who were consecutively admitted to the coronary angiography unit of Sanliurfa Mehmet Akif Inan Training and Research Hospital and Harran University due to STEMI between December 2021 and August 2022 and underwent successful pPCI within the first 12 hours of the onset of their symptoms. The diagnosis of STEMI was made according to the diagnostic criteria of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>To eliminate the effect of residual epicardial stenosis on microvascular circulation, only cases in which TIMI-3 flow and residual stenosis &lt; 20% were achieved after the procedure were in the study. The exclusion criteria of the study were as follows: more than 12 hours have passed since the onset of symptoms (n = 12), TIMI flow grade &lt; 3 or no-reflow phenomenon after the procedure (n = 12), cardiogenic shock (n = 5), ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation (n = 3), thrombolytic therapy within the last 24 hours, presence of active infection or autoimmune disease (n = 7), chronic liver failure (n = 3), oral anticoagulant treatment (n = 8), emergency bypass decision (n = 4), active bleeding or severe renal failure (n = 8), previous history of coronary artery disease or PCI (n = 68), and presence of left bundle branch block on electrocardiography (ECG) (n = 5). According to these criteria, 135 patients were excluded, and the remaining 167 patients were included in this prospective cross-sectional study ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ). The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Harran University Faculty of Medicine (HRU/22.8.07) and conducted following the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>The participant flowchart.</italic> </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230002-30002-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiographic data analysis</title>
          <p>Angiography was performed in all the cases in multiple projections using the Judkins technique. Prior to pPCI, the loading of 300 mg aspirin with 600 mg of clopidogrel or 180 mg of ticagrelor was performed in all the patients. Immediately after the decision for coronary intervention was made, bolus heparin was administered to all the patients at a dose of 50-70 units/kg. Angiographic procedures were performed by experienced cardiologists blinded to the study data and design. The coronary frame count was calculated for each patient according to the TIMI frame count calculation as described by Gibson et al.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>Since a long time was taken for opacification due to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) length, the TFC value calculated for LAD was divided by 1.7, and CTFC was obtained by multiplying the number of frames obtained for each vessel by 2, considering that angiographic recordings were taken in our clinic as 15 frames/second. In this study, 28 frame numbers were determined as the threshold value for TIMI-3 flow. CTFC &gt; 28 was considered to indicate microvascular perfusion disorder, and CTFC &#8804; 28 good microvascular perfusion.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiographic analysis</title>
          <p>The 12-lead standard ECG was performed in all the patients at the time of admission and end of the pPCI. The ECG evaluation was performed by two expert cardiologists blinded to the remaining data of the patients. ST-segment elevation was measured in millivolts 20 ms after the J point. Total ST-segment elevation in leads DI, aVL, and V1-V6 was calculated for non-inferior infarction, and total ST-segment elevation in leads D2, D3, aVF, V5, and V6 for inferior infarction. Total depression in ST elevation determined at the specified localization at the end of pPCI was divided by the initial total ST elevation to obtain ST resolution (STR). According to this parameter, the cases were classified as complete STR (&#8805; 50%), incomplete STR (&lt;50), and with STR &lt; 50 % indicating microvascular circulatory disorder.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocardial blush grade</title>
          <p>MBG is a measure of myocardial opacification by contrast medium supplied by the artery responsible for post-reperfusion infarction. The MBG calculation of all the patients was performed as previously described by van&#8217;t Hof et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>According to the MBG evaluation, the patients were classified to have grade 0 (no myocardial blushing), grade 1 (minimal myocardial blush or contrast intensity), grade 2 (moderate myocardial blush or intensity but less blush than the ipsilateral or contralateral non-infected associated artery during angiography), and grade 3 (normal myocardial blush or contrast intensity). MBG 0/1 was considered to indicate microvascular obstruction, while MBG grades 2 and 3 were accepted as good microvascular perfusion.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory measurements</title>
          <p>The blood samples of all the participants were taken from the antecubital region at the time of admission to the hospital. FAR was calculated as the ratio of the serum fibrinogen level to the albumin level at admission. The plasma fibrinogen level was measured with the coagulation method using the STA CompactMax automatic coagulation analyzer. The levels of albumin, myocardial damage markers conventional troponin T and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and other routine biochemical parameters were also measured from the blood samples taken at admission using the Abbott Architect C16000 autoanalyzer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Enzymatic infarct size</title>
          <p>Troponin T and CK-MB were measured at hours 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 after pPCI. After the procedure, the extent of infarct size was evaluated using peak cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and CK-MB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Left ventricular function</title>
          <p>An echocardiographic examination was performed in all patients within the first 24 hours following the pPCI as the ESC/American Heart Association guidelines recommended. Modified Simpson&#8217;s method was used for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The statistical analyses of the collected research data were carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS for Windows, version 22.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, U.S., 2016) software package. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described as mean &#177; standard deviation, and continuous variables without normal distribution were described as median and interquartile range.</p>
          <p>Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and compared with the chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Data normality was verified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Two groups were compared with the independent-samples t-test for continuous data conforming to the normal distribution. Non-normally distributed data were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test. The relationship between parameters was determined using Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficient. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to obtain the cut-off value of FAR for the prediction of STR (0.0738), MBG (0.0788), and CTFC (0.0769). The cut-off value for high and low FAR was determined by averaging these three values (0.0765). The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the independent predictors of incomplete STR, MBG 0/1, and CTFC &gt; 28. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study included 167 patients with a mean age of 59.4 &#177; 11.1 years. Ninety-six (57.5%) patients were male. The demographic characteristics and baseline clinical data of the patients are shown in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> . The patients included in the study were divided into high and low FAR groups according to the cut-off value of this parameter in the ROC analysis (0.0765). When the laboratory results were compared between the two groups, it was determined that the high FAR group had significantly higher values of SYNTAX score, age, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), Killip class &#8805; 2, glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), peak TnT and diabetes rate ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Relationship between clinical characteristics and the FAR in patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th>High FAR (n=71)</th>
                  <th>Low FAR (n=96)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">61.4 &#177;10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">57.8&#177;11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Males, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">40 (56.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (58.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.797</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI, kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28.2&#177;3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">27.3&#177;3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Smoking, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29 (40.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (39.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.869</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26 (36.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (24.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.076</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">35 (49.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (33.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">128.3&#177;18.7</td>
                  <td align="center">126.6&#177;18.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.207</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">80.9&#177;13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">81.2&#177;12.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.917</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Heart rate, /min</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">77.7&#177;12.6</td>
                  <td align="center">75.1&#177;13.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.212</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pain-to-balloon time (min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">70.6&#177;20.1</td>
                  <td align="center">64.5&#177;23.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.076</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SYNTAX score</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19.4&#177;6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">16.9&#177;7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF,%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">41.8&#177;6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">46.4&#177;6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Killip class</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Class 1, n</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (76.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (91.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Class &#8805;2, n</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (23.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Medical history</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (31.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (24.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.313</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (20.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (20.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.957</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (31.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (21.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (37.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (26.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.150</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Laboratory findings</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC, ( x10<sup>3</sup>/ &#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3 (10.1-14.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.0 (10.9-13.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.965</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9 (2.1-3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (1.3-2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, g/l</td>
                  <td align="center">13.9 (12.5-15.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.2 (13-15.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.495</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet count, ( x10<sup>3</sup>/ &#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">256 (164-354)</td>
                  <td align="center">247 (198-319)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.245</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (145-201)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (122-175)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT, IU/l</td>
                  <td align="center">35.7&#177;21.2</td>
                  <td align="center">36.1&#177;27.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.938</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST, IU/l</td>
                  <td align="center">29.7&#177;18.8</td>
                  <td align="center">28.5&#177;16.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.658</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, &#956;mol/l</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95&#177;0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94&#177;0.26</td>
                  <td align="center">0.759</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/l</td>
                  <td align="center">39.3&#177;11.7</td>
                  <td align="center">35.7&#177;12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol, mmol/l</td>
                  <td align="center">199 (185-214)</td>
                  <td align="center">196 (178-205)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.149</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL, mmol/l</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (33-41)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (33-41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.214</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL, mmol/l</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (136-161)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (122-150)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride, mmol/l</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (156-199)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (155-197)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.461</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>&#304;nfarct-related artery</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (45.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (44.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.609</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CX,n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (25.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (21.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (29.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (35.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>FAR: Fibrinogen-Albumin Ratio; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SYNTAX: SYNergy between percutaneous coronary interventin with TAXus; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: Alanine Aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blockers; STR: ST-Segment Resolution; LAD: left anterior descending artery; CX: left circumflex artery; RCA: right coronary artery artery; IRA: infarct-related artery; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>LVEF was lower in the high FAR group ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> ). There was no significant difference between the high and low FAR groups regarding medical treatment history and coronary arteries associated with myocardial infarction. The rates of patients with MBG2/3, STR &#8805; 50 %, and CTFC &#8804; 28 were significantly higher in the low FAR group (p &lt; 0.001 for all) ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> ). According to the correlation analysis, FAR was positively correlated with peak cTnT, glucose, SYNTAX score, NLR, CTFC, and LDL and negatively correlated with STR, LVEF, and MBG. FAR had the strongest positive correlation with CTFC and the strongest negative correlation with STR ( <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> ). The logistic regression analysis revealed that FAR was the most important independent predictor of MBG 0/1, CTFC &gt; 28, and incomplete STR ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> ). In the ROC analysis, when the cut-off value of FAR was taken as &#8805; 0.0765 (area under the curve: 0.775, CI: 0.701-0.849), it predicted incomplete STR with a sensitivity of 71.9 % and a specificity of 68.9 %, MBG0/1 with a sensitivity of 72.6% and a specificity 68.6%, CTFC &gt; 28 with a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 65.8% ( <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Microvascular Perfusion Evaluated by Various Indices for Patients with FAR</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>High FAR</th>
                  <th>Low FAR</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Myocardial Blush grade</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MBG 0/1</td>
                  <td align="center">44 ( 62 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (18.8 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MBG 2/3</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (81.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Corrected TIMI frame count</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;28</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (52.1 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (13.5 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804;28</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (47.9 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (86.5 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ST-segment resolution</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STR&lt;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (64.8 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (18.8 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STR&#8805;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (35.2 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (81.3 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Enzymatic infarct size</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak cTnT, pg/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">5100 (3410-7890)</td>
                  <td align="center">1670 (1022-4092)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak CK-MB, U/L</td>
                  <td align="center">255 (201-300)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (98-229)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>FAR: Fibrinogen-Albumin Ratio; MBG: myocardial blush grade; STR: ST-segment resolution; cTnT: cardiac troponin T; CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation between FAR and clinical, laboratory, and angiographic</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">FAR</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">0,389</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STR</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,666</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Syntax Score</td>
                  <td align="center">0,223</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,398</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak Tropon&#305;n level</td>
                  <td align="center">0,582</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CTFC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,731</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MBG</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,523</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pain-to-balloon time (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,158</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL</td>
                  <td align="center">0,245</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose</td>
                  <td align="center">0,387</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>FAR: Fibrinogen-Albumin Ratio; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; STR: ST-Segment Resolution; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CTFC: Correct TIMI frame count; MBG: myocardial blush grade; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Logistic Regression Identifying Risk Factors for MBG 0/1, CTFC&gt;28 and STR&lt;50%</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">MBG 0/1</th>
                  <th colspan="2">CTFC&gt;28</th>
                  <th colspan="2">STR&lt;50%</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Adjusted OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Adjusted OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Adjusted OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>FAR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.219 (0.090-0.531)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.230(0.093-0.567)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.097 (0.037-0.250)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.970 (0.931-1.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.143</td>
                  <td align="center">0.089(0.949-1.030)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.586</td>
                  <td align="center">1.006 (0.970-1.044)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.750</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">0.982(0.411-2.346)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.967</td>
                  <td align="center">1.448 (0.587-3.573)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.422</td>
                  <td align="center">0.867 (0.375-2.002)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.738</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SYNTAX</td>
                  <td align="center">1.046 (0.978-1.119)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.190</td>
                  <td align="center">0.909 (0.854-0.967)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.977 (0.925-1.032)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.403</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.710(0.520-0.970)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.031</td>
                  <td align="center">0.989 (0.875-1.119)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.864</td>
                  <td align="center">0.929 (0.758-1.138)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.476</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose</td>
                  <td align="center">1.010 (0.989-1.022)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  <td align="center">0.991 (0.982-1.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                  <td align="center">1.013(1.002-1.024)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">1.007(0.988-1.027)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.463</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999 (0.981-1.017)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.900</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001(0.985-1.018)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.881</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak cTnT</td>
                  <td align="center">1.010(.0997-1.028)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000 (0.988-1.012)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001 (1.000-1.002)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pain-to-balon time</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001(0.982-1.020)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                  <td align="center">1.035 (1.024-1.046)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.977(0.960-0.994)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>FAR: Fibrinogen-Albumin Ratio; SYNTAX: SYNergy between percutaneous coronary interventin with TAXus; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; STR: ST-Segment Resolution; CTFC: Correct TIMI frame count; MBG: myocardial blush grade; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis of the FAR levels for the prediction of incompleted ST-segment resolution (A), myocardial blush grade 0/1 (B), and correct TIMI frame count &gt;28 (C). AUC: area under the curve; FAR: fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio.</italic> </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20230002-30002-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study investigated the effect of FAR on microvascular reperfusion markers MBG, CTF, and STR. To our knowledge, this is the first prospective study conducted for this purpose in the literature. Our results showed that increased FAR was associated with low MBG, decreased STR, and high CTFC. It was also revealed that FAR was the most important independent factor in predicting these parameters.</p>
        <p>STR after angiographically successful pPCI is closely related to tissue damage and perfusion, and many studies have shown that reduced STR is associated with poor clinical outcomes.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup>In the current study, it was also observed that all the patients with incomplete STR were in the high FAR group. It was also demonstrated that a high FAR level was associated with increased peak cTnT and low LVEF values, which are markers of tissue damage. Increased fibrinogen levels cause an increase in platelet activation and aggregation, resulting in a hypercoagulable state. In addition, the structure of a fibrin clot is closely related to the fibrinogen level. It has been reported that fibrin formed in vitro is more dense and more resistant to fibrinolysis at high fibrinogen concentrations than fibrin formed at low concentrations.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>Albumin, the other component of FAR, is the major protein of human serum and inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing prostaglandin D2 production. In addition, a low albumin level is known to cause an increase in blood viscosity and deterioration in endothelial function. Furthermore, it is known that albumin has an antioxidant effect and an inverse relationship with inflammation.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>In light of these mechanisms, we consider that a high FAR value may cause a decrease in STR by disrupting reperfusion at the microvascular level.</p>
        <p>In recent studies, CTFC scoring has been used to evaluate reperfusion after PCI rather than the TIMI flow score since the latter offers a more objective and quantitative evaluation.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup>Many studies have shown that CTFC measurements provide useful results in predicting clinical outcomes. Accelerated coronary flow is known to be associated with good clinical outcomes. It has been shown that low CTFC after reperfusion is associated with a low mortality rate.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>In the current study, we used CTFC to evaluate myocardial reperfusion provided by the artery responsible for myocardial infarction and determined that increased FAR was the most important predictor of CTFC &gt; 28. It is considered that the responsible mechanisms in microvascular circulatory disorder are distal macroembolization, microembolization, local thrombus formation in the distal region, oxygen radicals released into the environment, increased calcium level in myocytes, interstitial edema, endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, and inflammation.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>Many studies have demonstrated the relationship of FAR with the abovementioned factors.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>Similarly, in our study, impaired microvascular circulation in patients with high FAR may have resulted in a higher CTFC in this patient group.</p>
        <p>Angiographic success after PCI is defined as at least a 50% reduction in stenosis with the achievement of grade 3 TIMI flow after balloon dilatation and a maximum of 10% residual stenosis after stenting.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>However, successful angiographic outcomes do not always mean successful myocardial reperfusion. Due to its practicality and ease of use, MBG is frequently used in clinical practice to determine microvascular perfusion. MBG 0/1 is defined as a perfusion disorder at the microvascular level.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>A recent meta-analysis of 8,044 patients showed that MBG 0/1 after primary angioplasty was associated with all-cause mortality.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>In the current study, we determined that increased FAR was an important predictor factor for MBG 0/1. The increased thrombogenic effect of fibrinogen alone and the low albumin level increase platelet aggregation, leading to perfusion disorder at the tissue level. In addition, FAR is considered to be related to increased blood viscosity and thrombogenicity.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>It has been suggested that the increased thrombus load of these factors impairs myocardial perfusion by causing distal microembolism.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> , <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> </sup>Parallel to these mechanisms, a high FAR value was associated with MBG 0/1 in our study. Another important finding of our study is that the patients in the high FAR group had a higher SYNTAX score, which is consistent with the results reported by Erdo&#287;an et al.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>&#304;n our study, we also found that glucose, LDL-C levels, and NLR were significantly higher in the high FAR group than the low FAR group. Recently, FAR has been reported as an inflammation marker related to various diseases, including diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> </sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>There were some limitations to this study due to its design. First, the study population was relatively small. Second, we measured only at the admission, and it was not evaluated after the acute phase can be considered an important limitation. Third, this parameter&#8217;s lack of effect on cardiovascular outcomes, including re-intervention and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, based on our results, we consider that FAR is an easily accessible and inexpensive marker that can be used by clinicians in the evaluation of microvascular perfusion in patients that have undergone pPCI for STEMI. In addition, this marker can be used to determine adjuvant treatment options for pPCI.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We thank the staff members of the coronary angiography and coronary intensive care unit of &#350;anl&#305;urfa Mehmet Akif &#304;nan Training and Research Hospital for their support in obtaining the data.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Harran University Faculty of Medicine under the protocol number HRU/22.8.07. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
