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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vtTt6zpYxFVMkMWhnQxHvbr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220844</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de N&#237;vel de Renda e Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o: Papel Potencial da Caminhabilidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3913-7181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitola</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante.</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Cunha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Masukawa</surname>
            <given-names>Margaret</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gracia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Weller</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silvello</surname>
            <given-names>Lara Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hino</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Akira Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem - Cardiovascular CT</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem - Cardiovascular CT, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo Julio Cerci</bold> &#8226; Quanta Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem &#8211; Cardiovascular CT &#8211; Rua Almirante Tamandar&#233;, 1000. CEP 80035-170, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>rjcerci@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220844</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Visual Abstract</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: Associa&#231;&#227;o de N&#237;vel de Renda e Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o: Papel Potencial da Caminhabilidade</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (ajustada por fatores de risco tradicionais e vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas) e n&#237;vel de renda (A), e escore z de caminhabilidade (B), e associa&#231;&#227;o de escore z de caminhabilidade e n&#237;vel de renda (C).</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vtTt6zpYxFVMkMWhnQxHvbr/347336006e3303411881bae1ac958a83d930f2e1.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vtTt6zpYxFVMkMWhnQxHvbr/f4538cad4e8c475c8ee1c4d6dcaaea6dfdbd70d5.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vtTt6zpYxFVMkMWhnQxHvbr/552f7b2d9d69d3166df64cd03abe2f6dbfd865ef.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico tem sido associado &#224; doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC). Bairros de alta renda podem expor os indiv&#237;duos a um ambiente constru&#237;do que promova caminhadas para atividades di&#225;rias (caminhabilidade). Faltam dados sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC em pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia. Tamb&#233;m &#233; incerto se a caminhabilidade medeia essa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Investigar se a renda est&#225; associada &#224; DIC em um pa&#237;s de renda m&#233;dia e se a caminhabilidade dos bairros medeia a associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O presente estudo transversal avaliou 44.589 pacientes encaminhados para imagem de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (SPECT-MPI). A renda e a caminhabilidade foram derivadas do setor censit&#225;rio residencial dos participantes. A pontua&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da caminhabilidade combinou as seguintes 4 vari&#225;veis: conectividade vi&#225;ria, densidade residencial, densidade comercial e uso misto do solo. A DIC foi definida pela presen&#231;a de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anormal durante um estudo SPECT-MPI. Utilizamos modelos ajustados com efeitos mistos para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e DIC e realizamos uma an&#225;lise de media&#231;&#227;o para medir o percentual da associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC mediada pela caminhabilidade. Consideramos valores de p abaixo de 0,01 como estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dos 26.415 participantes, aqueles que residiam no setor censit&#225;rio do tercil de menor renda eram mais fisicamente inativos (79,1% versus 75,8% versus 72,7%) quando comparados aos setores censit&#225;rios do tercil de maior renda (p &lt; 0,001). A renda foi associada &#224; DIC (<italic>odds ratio</italic>: 0,91 [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,87 a 0,96] para cada aumento de 1000,00 d&#243;lares internacionais na renda), para homens e mulheres igualmente (p para intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,47). Os setores censit&#225;rios com maior renda estiveram associados a uma melhor caminhabilidade (p &lt; 0,001); no entanto, a caminhabilidade n&#227;o mediou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC (porcentagem mediada = &#8722;0,3%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A renda foi independentemente associada a maior preval&#234;ncia de DIC em um pa&#237;s de renda m&#233;dia, independentemente de g&#234;nero. Embora a caminhabilidade tenha sido associada &#224; renda do setor censit&#225;rio, ela n&#227;o mediou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Renda</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) &#233; respons&#225;vel por 7,4 milh&#245;es de &#243;bitos por ano ao redor do mundo, com um custo estimado de 2,1 bilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares apenas para tratamento agudo de complica&#231;&#245;es no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico de DIC est&#225; bem estabelecido, validado e dispon&#237;vel, usando imagem de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT-MPI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos determinaram o valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo avaliadas por SPECT, para prever desfechos cardiovasculares adversos em v&#225;rios subgrupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico tem sido associado ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que o n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico indiretamente influencia a DIC, impactando fatores de risco cardiovasculares comportamentais e metab&#243;licos, fatores psicossociais e as condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A teoria da causa&#231;&#227;o social e a teoria do conflito sugerem que problemas de sa&#250;de e comportamentais surgem quando recursos e recompensas s&#227;o oferecidos de forma diferente para popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes causando n&#237;veis diferentes de estresse. Tem sido verificada uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, mas vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas como n&#237;vel educacional, emprego, acesso &#224; sa&#250;de e fatores psicossociais s&#227;o frequentemente testadas em combina&#231;&#227;o, onde ainda faltam an&#225;lise de media&#231;&#227;o e dados sobre a causalidade direta de cada um destes fatores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Por exemplo, a desigualdade de renda tem sido associada ao aumento da criminalidade, o que tamb&#233;m tem sido associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da coes&#227;o social. A falta de seguran&#231;a resultante da elevada criminalidade e da baixa coes&#227;o pode reduzir a atividade f&#237;sica ao ar livre, levando ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial, do &#237;ndice de massa corporal e de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a atividade f&#237;sica regular est&#225; associada a melhor perfil de risco cardiometab&#243;lico e menor risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Um ambiente constru&#237;do que promova caminhadas para atividades di&#225;rias, tamb&#233;m conhecido como melhor caminhabilidade, tem sido positivamente associado &#224; atividade f&#237;sica geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Alguns estudos demonstraram que pessoas que vivem em bairros com menor caminhabilidade t&#234;m taxas mais altas de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos, como diabetes, obesidade, hipertens&#227;o e estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, bem como um maior risco previsto de doen&#231;a cardiovascular em 10 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Todos estes s&#227;o fatores de risco bem conhecidos para DIC, mas ainda &#233; incerto se a caminhabilidade pode mediar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, os dados da associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC s&#227;o inconsistentes nos pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia, que suportam a carga mais elevada de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e t&#234;m estruturas sociais, ambientais e urbanas mais diversificadas quando comparados com pa&#237;ses de renda alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A magnitude diversa e a interpola&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis socioecon&#243;micas mensur&#225;veis em pa&#237;ses de renda mais baixa podem resultar em diferentes correla&#231;&#245;es com a DIC, e essas informa&#231;&#245;es podem mudar expressivamente a aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos j&#225; escassos pelos formuladores de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas, que precisam se concentrar em pol&#237;ticas de alto impacto para reduzir a preval&#234;ncia e a mortalidade da DIC.</p>
      <p>Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: (1) investigar se o n&#237;vel de renda est&#225; associado &#224; DIC em um grande centro urbano de um pa&#237;s de renda m&#233;dia (PRM) e (2) testar se a caminhabilidade do bairro medeia a associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo transversal que avaliou pacientes submetidos ao primeiro estudo SPECT-MPI clinicamente encaminhado, de fevereiro de 2010 a agosto de 2017, em um centro de imagem cardiovascular de alto volume localizado em Curitiba, Paran&#225;, Brasil. Cada paciente consecutivo submetido a SPECT-MPI foi eleg&#237;vel para an&#225;lise, a menos que algum dos seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o fosse atendido: participantes n&#227;o residentes em Curitiba, idade inferior a 18 anos, falta de dados de renda ou resultados inconclusivos do estudo SPECT-MPI. Curitiba &#233; um grande centro urbano da Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil, com 1.751.907 habitantes, onde 14,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o recebia menos que um sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo de acordo com o censo populacional brasileiro mais atualizado (2010).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> De acordo com o mesmo censo, o &#205;ndice de Desenvolvimento Humano municipal foi de 0,823 e o &#237;ndice de Gini, que representa a desigualdade de renda e varia de 0% a 100%, foi de 56%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (CAAE: 71331517.4.0000.00020) seguindo as normas internacionais e locais. Todos os dados individuais foram coletados e inclu&#237;dos no registro da institui&#231;&#227;o durante o estudo SPECT-MPI, quando todos os indiv&#237;duos forneceram consentimento esclarecido para o uso dos seus dados para fins cient&#237;ficos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados para fatores tradicionais de risco cardiovascular</title>
        <p>Uma enfermeira treinada entrevistou cada participante antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens. Foram coletados dados sobre idade, g&#234;nero, sintomas, hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico passado, fatores de risco cardiovascular e uso de medicamentos. Hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e diabetes mellitus foram definidos com base em diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio autorreferido ou uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, hipolipemiantes ou antidiab&#233;ticos. Hist&#243;rico familiar positivo de DIC prematura foi definido como parentes de primeiro grau com DIC de in&#237;cio precoce (homens &#8804; 55 anos, mulheres &#8804; 65 anos). A atividade f&#237;sica foi autorreferida e considerada como qualquer exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico de pelo menos 30 minutos, 3 vezes por semana, para promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, preven&#231;&#227;o ou tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Os participantes foram considerados fisicamente inativos se n&#227;o atenderam aos crit&#233;rios acima. Tamb&#233;m foram autorrelatados tabagismo, hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de DIC conhecida (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou DIC confirmada por angiografia coron&#225;ria), altura e peso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas e de caminhabilidade</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas foram coletadas do censo populacional brasileiro mais atualizado (2010) e os dados de homic&#237;dios foram obtidos da Secretaria de Seguran&#231;a P&#250;blica do Estado do Paran&#225;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O endere&#231;o de cada participante foi geocodificado usando uma plataforma on-line espec&#237;fica (Google Geocoding API Maps, Alphabet Inc, Estados Unidos), e vari&#225;veis individuais foram derivadas do setor censit&#225;rio residencial do participante, incluindo: a renda m&#233;dia em moeda brasileira (real) por m&#234;s, n&#237;vel de escolaridade definido pela alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o (analfabeto ou alfabetizado em qualquer n&#237;vel) e n&#237;vel de criminalidade estratificado pelo n&#250;mero de homic&#237;dios por 100 mil habitantes por ano. A renda foi posteriormente convertida para d&#243;lares internacionais (Int$), multiplicando-se a renda m&#233;dia em reais pela taxa unit&#225;ria de paridade de poder de compra do Brasil do ano de 2010 (1,388).</p>
        <p>A caminhabilidade foi medida para cada setor censit&#225;rio por uma pontua&#231;&#227;o quantitativa que combina conectividade vi&#225;ria, densidade residencial, densidade comercial e uso misto do solo, obtidos por meio de camadas de dados, conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os valores brutos de cada indicador foram ent&#227;o normalizados usando escores z. Finalmente, um escore z de caminhabilidade foi obtido pela m&#233;dia de cada indicador de escore z e usado como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, conforme descrito em outra publica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de SPECT-MPI</title>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel de desfecho foi a presen&#231;a de DIC no n&#237;vel do participante, definida por perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anormal durante o estudo SPECT-MPI. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a aquisi&#231;&#245;es de imagens de estresse e repouso ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi de 20 a 25 mCi ajustado ao peso. As imagens come&#231;aram 30 a 60 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o em repouso e 15 a 30 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o no pico de estresse. Foi realizada aquisi&#231;&#227;o com protocolo de imagem convencional usando janelas de energia padr&#227;o para <sup>99m</sup>Tc em c&#226;meras gama de cabe&#231;a dupla com um colimador multifuncional de baixa energia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nenhuma corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o foi usada.</p>
        <p>Foi realizada a interpreta&#231;&#227;o visual semiquantitativa do SPECT-MPI por consenso de 2 observadores experientes e certificados pelo conselho, usando cortes de eixo curto e eixo longo vertical, divididos em 17 segmentos padr&#227;o para cada paciente usando software espec&#237;fico (QPS, Cedars-Sinal, Los Angeles, Calif&#243;rnia, Estados Unidos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Cada segmento foi pontuado com base na capta&#231;&#227;o do tra&#231;ador da maneira seguinte: 0, normal; 1, levemente reduzida; 2, moderadamente reduzida; 3, severamente reduzida; e 4, capta&#231;&#227;o ausente do tra&#231;ador em imagens de repouso e estresse. Um escore de estresse somado (SSS) foi obtido pela soma dos escores dos 17 segmentos das imagens de estresse. Os estudos foram classificados como normais (SSS &lt; 4) ou anormais (SSS &#8805; 4).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os participantes foram divididos de acordo com tercis de renda por setor censit&#225;rio, apenas para compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis entre grupos. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas quanto &#224; normalidade usando estat&#237;sticas de assimetria e curtose e apresentadas como m&#233;dia com desvio padr&#227;o, se distribu&#237;das normalmente, ou mediana com intervalo interquartil, se n&#227;o distribu&#237;das normalmente. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como propor&#231;&#245;es. Utilizamos ANOVA unidirecional com os tercis de renda como vari&#225;vel ordinal. Para vari&#225;veis bin&#225;rias, utilizamos o teste qui-quadrado estendido de Mantel Haenszel para tend&#234;ncias lineares entre os tercis. Elaboramos um gr&#225;fico ac&#237;clico direcionado e o utilizamos como representa&#231;&#227;o visual de suposi&#231;&#245;es causais (Material Suplementar) para selecionar as vari&#225;veis para os modelos. Tamb&#233;m utilizamos pondera&#231;&#227;o de probabilidade inversa em todos os modelos, contabilizando a dist&#226;ncia entre o endere&#231;o dos participantes e o centro de imagem cardiovascular. Para considerar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos que vivem no mesmo setor censit&#225;rio, constru&#237;mos modelos multin&#237;veis (2 n&#237;veis) a partir de modelos de efeitos mistos para ajustar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda (como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua) e DIC e realizamos uma an&#225;lise de media&#231;&#227;o para medir o percentual da associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC mediado pela caminhabilidade. No primeiro n&#237;vel, foram inclu&#237;das as vari&#225;veis individuais (idade, g&#234;nero e fatores de risco cardiovascular). No segundo n&#237;vel, foram inclu&#237;das vari&#225;veis derivadas do setor censit&#225;rio (renda, caminhabilidade e alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o). Para an&#225;lise foi utilizado o software Stata vers&#227;o 15 (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas, Estados Unidos), e consideramos valores de p abaixo de 0,01 como estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Avaliamos 44.589 pacientes que foram submetidos ao primeiro estudo SPECT-MPI clinicamente encaminhado. Ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, a amostra final foi composta por 26.415 pacientes que foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>), sendo residentes em 2168 dos 2193 setores censit&#225;rios de Curitiba (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). A maioria dos endere&#231;os dos participantes ficava a 10 km do centro de imagem (46,4% dentro de 5 km, 39,0% entre 5 e 10 km, 12,6% entre 10 e 15 km e 2% acima de 15 km). Os participantes estavam cobertos por planos de sa&#250;de privados (n = 25.623; 96,5%) e p&#250;blicos (n = 792; 3,5%). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estratificada pelos tercis de renda s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220844-20844-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Endere&#231;os geocodificados dos 26.415 participantes de Curitiba</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220844-20844-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas populacionais e resultados do SPECT-MPI por renda</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Renda mensal</th>
                  <th>Primeiro tercil (Int$) (230,5 - 1010,7)</th>
                  <th>Segundo tercil (Int$) (1010,7 - 1791,9)</th>
                  <th>Terceiro tercil (Int$) (1791,9 - 5743,3)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas por setor censit&#225;rio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">n=1299</td>
                  <td align="center">n=531</td>
                  <td align="center">n=338</td>
                  <td align="center">Valor p</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore z de caminhabilidade, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,52 &#177; 1,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 &#177; 3,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,79 &#177; 2,75</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Propor&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taxa de homic&#237;dios por 100 mil habitantes, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,9 (0,0, 180,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0 (0,0, 89,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0 (0,0, 0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fatores de risco tradicionais por paciente</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">n=8806</td>
                  <td align="center">n=8809</td>
                  <td align="center">n=8800</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">60,82 &#177; 12,36</td>
                  <td align="center">63,08 &#177; 12,63</td>
                  <td align="center">64,74 &#177; 12,26</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero feminino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4586 (52,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4283 (48,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4103 (46,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, m&#233;dio kg/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">28,38 &#177; 5,22</td>
                  <td align="center">27,69 &#177; 4,74</td>
                  <td align="center">27,43 &#177; 4,51</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5752 (65,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5463 (62,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5241 (59,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2362 (26,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2070 (23,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2003 (22,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4629 (52,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4660 (52,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4724 (53,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,130</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DIC prematura, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1610 (18,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1572 (17,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1459 (16,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">894 (10,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">797 (9,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">754 (8,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inatividade f&#237;sica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6962 (79,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6675 (75,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6393 (72,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico anterior de DIC conhecida</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1302 (14,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1297 (14,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1256 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,340</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRM pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">600 (6,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">519 (5,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">529 (6,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1053 (12,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">900 (10,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">784 (8,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sintomas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2561 (29,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1996 (22,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1686 (19,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">658 (7,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">513 (5,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">395 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SPECT-MPI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anormal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2771 (31,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2682 (30,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2564 (29,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; DIC: doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; Int$: d&#243;lares internacionais; SPECT-MPI: imagem de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s ajuste para poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o, o n&#237;vel de renda foi inversamente associado &#224; DIC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> A), com <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) de 0,91 (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%: 0,87 a 0,96) para cada aumento de Int$ 1.000,00 na renda. Por outro lado, a caminhabilidade n&#227;o foi associada &#224; DIC (OR 1,00; IC 95%: 0,99 a 1,02), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> B. Outros fatores de risco tradicionais, como diabetes, tabagismo, hist&#243;rico familiar de DIC prematura e inatividade f&#237;sica, tamb&#233;m foram associados &#224; DIC. Diabetes teve a associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte, com OR de 1,57 (IC 95%: 1,44 a 1,72), conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Embora a DIC tenha sido mais prevalente em homens do que em mulheres (31,2% versus 29,5%, p = 0,002), a associa&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;vel de renda foi semelhante em ambos os sexos (p para intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,47).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Modelo multin&#237;vel de efeitos mistos tendo DIC como desfecho</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>IC de 95%</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renda por Int$1000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 - 0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caminhabilidade, escore z</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 - 1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,720</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 - 1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 - 1,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,680</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 - 1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 - 1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,050</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44 - 1,72</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89 - 1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,350</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DIC prematura</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 - 1,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,840</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16 - 1,51</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inatividade f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28 - 1,55</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">3,58</td>
                  <td align="center">3,09 - 4,14</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Analfabetismo por setor censit&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">4,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81 - 30,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,080</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>DIC: doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; Int$: d&#243;lares internacionais; OR: odds ratio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeito mediador da caminhabilidade na associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os setores censit&#225;rios com n&#237;veis de renda mais baixos foram associados a escores z de caminhabilidade mais baixos (&#8722;0,52 [IC 95%: &#8722;0,60 a 0,44] versus 0,64 [IC 95%: 0,38 a 0,89] versus 1,79 [IC 95%: 1,49 a 2,08]) do tercil de renda inferior para o superior, respectivamente (&#946;eta: 0,115 &#177; 0,002, p &lt; 0,001), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> C, mas a caminhabilidade n&#227;o mediou significativamente a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e DIC (porcentagem mediada = &#8722;0,3%). Tamb&#233;m testamos a influ&#234;ncia da criminalidade nessa media&#231;&#227;o e descobrimos que a caminhabilidade mediou 0% (IC 95%: 0% a 28%) da associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC em setores censit&#225;rios sem homic&#237;dios por 100 mil habitantes; e mediou 3% (IC 95%: 0% a 18%) em setores censit&#225;rios com pelo menos 1 homic&#237;dio por 100 mil habitantes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>As principais conclus&#245;es da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o podem ser resumidas da maneira seguinte: (1) o n&#237;vel de renda est&#225; independente e inversamente associado &#224; DIC em um grande centro urbano de um pa&#237;s de renda m&#233;dia; e (2) embora bairros com n&#237;veis de renda mais baixos estivessem associados a escores mais baixos de caminhabilidade, a caminhabilidade n&#227;o explicou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e DIC.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As chances de um estudo SPECT-MPI anormal diminu&#237;ram em 9% para cada aumento de Int$ 1.000,00 na renda do setor censit&#225;rio dos participantes. Tem sido verificado uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC em pa&#237;ses de renda alta, mas os dados t&#234;m sido inconsistentes em pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Dados de pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia vizinhos, B&#243;snia-Herzegovina e S&#233;rvia, mostraram resultados opostos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Jankovi&#263; et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> n&#227;o encontraram nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e sa&#250;de cardiovascular global em B&#243;snia-Herzegovina, enquanto Vukovi&#263; et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre renda e fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais na S&#233;rvia, onde os participantes mais ricos apresentavam o maior risco de hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia (OR: 1,32 [IC 95%: 1,08 a 1,62] e OR 2,71 [IC 95%: 2,05 a 3,59], respectivamente). Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 53 estudos concluiu que a mortalidade por DIC &#233; mais elevada entre a popula&#231;&#227;o mais rica da &#205;ndia, um pa&#237;s de renda baixa-m&#233;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Os nossos dados corroboram o conhecimento de que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC pode estar presente nos pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia, independentemente dos fatores de risco tradicionais.</p>
        <p>A raz&#227;o pela qual n&#227;o podemos extrapolar associa&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses de renda alta para pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia &#233; a estrutura social, ambiental e urbana diversa entre pa&#237;ses e regi&#245;es que vai al&#233;m do n&#237;vel de renda de forma isolada. Um exemplo dessa diversidade &#233; a distribui&#231;&#227;o da obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o de diferentes pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A obesidade &#233; um fator de risco cardiovascular bem conhecido, que se tornou epid&#233;mico entre a popula&#231;&#227;o pobre em pa&#237;ses de renda alta como os Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica, mas ainda &#233; uma doen&#231;a da popula&#231;&#227;o rica em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa, onde apenas a popula&#231;&#227;o com renda mais elevada tem acesso &#224; dieta ocidental propensa &#224; obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O Brasil tem passado por uma transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos, com um decl&#237;nio geral nas doen&#231;as transmiss&#237;veis e uma carga crescente das doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, onde a DIC se tornou a principal causa de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> No entanto, mesmo dentro do Brasil, diferentes estados enfrentaram essa transi&#231;&#227;o em tempos diferentes. Embora os estados de renda mais alta das Regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste tenham iniciado a transi&#231;&#227;o mais cedo, os estados de renda mais baixa das Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste ainda est&#227;o em movimento, enfrentando um aumento na mortalidade por DIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Curitiba est&#225; localizada na Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil onde a transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica est&#225; mais avan&#231;ada, o que pode explicar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC mais semelhante &#224;quela encontrada em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeito mediador da caminhabilidade na associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O aumento do estresse individual &#233; a explica&#231;&#227;o mais amplamente descrita para a disparidade de sa&#250;de por n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico. Os indiv&#237;duos com renda mais baixa sofrem mais stress, incluindo inseguran&#231;a na habita&#231;&#227;o, sal&#225;rio, acesso aos alimentos e seguran&#231;a, ao mesmo tempo que t&#234;m menos recursos para lidar com esses desafios, o que leva ao aumento de comportamentos de risco, como tabagismo, abuso de &#225;lcool e inatividade f&#237;sica. Tal comportamento se traduz em maior preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco tradicionais e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos tamb&#233;m verificaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre caminhabilidade e fatores de risco cardiovasculares, notadamente em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e de alta renda, onde a inatividade f&#237;sica foi apontada como principal mediadora dessa associa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Visto que a popula&#231;&#227;o que reside em setores censit&#225;rios de Curitiba com baixa caminhabilidade &#233; menos fisicamente ativa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> e visto que demonstramos no presente estudo que setores censit&#225;rios com baixa caminhabilidade est&#227;o associados a uma popula&#231;&#227;o de baixa renda na mesma cidade, encontramos equil&#237;brio para testar se a caminhabilidade poderia mediar parte da associa&#231;&#227;o entre renda e DIC. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a testar a poss&#237;vel media&#231;&#227;o da caminhabilidade na associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e DIC, que geralmente representa um desfecho patol&#243;gico avan&#231;ado da exposi&#231;&#227;o de um paciente a uma combina&#231;&#227;o de muitos desses fatores de risco tradicionais, socioecon&#244;micos e ambientais durante um longo per&#237;odo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> N&#227;o encontramos uma media&#231;&#227;o significativa da caminhabilidade na associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e DIC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es principais do presente estudo est&#227;o relacionadas ao desenho transversal e ao vi&#233;s inerente a tal an&#225;lise, que pode ser mitigado pelo grande tamanho da amostra e pelo uso de um termo de pondera&#231;&#227;o de probabilidade inversa para considerar a dist&#226;ncia entre</p>
        <p>o endere&#231;o dos participantes e o centro de imagem cardiovascular (vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o). Calculamos a vari&#225;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o de renda com base no endere&#231;o dos participantes no momento do estudo SPECT-MPI, n&#227;o considerando h&#225; quanto tempo estavam expostos a essa renda. Por fim, pode haver algum vi&#233;s de encaminhamento, uma vez que todos os pacientes foram clinicamente encaminhados para o SPECT-MPI e n&#227;o foram amostrados aleatoriamente em cada setor censit&#225;rio da cidade de Curitiba.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Neste grande registro, em um grande centro urbano de um pa&#237;s de renda m&#233;dia, residir em um setor censit&#225;rio de baixa renda foi independentemente associado a maior preval&#234;ncia de DIC, independentemente de g&#234;nero. Embora a caminhabilidade estivesse diretamente associada &#224; renda do setor censit&#225;rio, ela n&#227;o mediou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de renda e DIC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Rodrigo Julio Cerci pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Income Level and Ischemic Heart Disease: Potential Role of Walkability</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3913-7181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitola</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Cunha</given-names>
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          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Masukawa</surname>
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          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gracia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Weller</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silvello</surname>
            <given-names>Lara Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hino</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Akira Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem - Cardiovascular CT, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Rodrigo Julio Cerci</bold> &#8226; Quanta Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem &#8211; Cardiovascular CT &#8211; Rua Almirante Tamandar&#233;, 1000. Postal Code 80035-170, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: rjcerci@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Central Illustration</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>Association of Income Level and Ischemic Heart Disease: Potential Role of Walkability</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Association of ischemic heart disease (adjusted for traditional risk factors and socioeconomics variables) and income level (A), and walkability z-score (B), and association of walkability z-score and income level (C).</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220844-20844-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Socioeconomic status has been linked to ischemic heart disease (IHD). High-income neighborhoods may expose individuals to a walking-promoting built environment for daily activities (walkability). Data from the association between income and IHD is lacking in middle-income countries. It is also uncertain whether walkability mediates this association.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To investigate whether income is associated with IHD in a middle-income country and whether neighborhood walkability mediates the income-IHD association.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This cross-sectional study evaluated 44,589 patients referred for myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI). Income and walkability were derived from participants&#8217; residential census tract. Walkability quantitative score combined 4 variables: street connectivity, residential density, commercial density, and mixed land use. IHD was defined by abnormal myocardial perfusion during a SPECT-MPI study. We used adjusted mixed effects models to evaluate the association between income level and IHD, and we performed a mediation analysis to measure the percentage of the income-IHD association mediated by walkability. We considered p values below 0.01 as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> From 26,415 participants, those living in the lowest-income tertile census tract were more physically inactive (79.1% versus 75.8% versus 72.7%) when compared to higher-income tertile census tracts (p &lt; 0.001). Income was associated with IHD (odds ratio: 0.91 [95% confidence interval: 0.87 to 0.96] for each 1,000.00 international dollars increase in income) for both men and women equally (p for interaction = 0.47). Census tracts with a higher income were associated with better walkability (p &lt; 0.001); however, walkability did not mediate the income-IHD association (percent mediated = &#8722;0.3%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Income was independently associated with higher prevalence of IHD in a middle-income country irrespective of gender. Although walkability was associated with census tract income, it did not mediate the income-IHD association.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Income</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Ischemic heart disease (IHD) accounts for 7.4 million deaths per year worldwide, with an estimated cost of 2.1 billion dollars solely for acute treatment of complications in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The diagnosis of IHD is well-established, validated, and available, using single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Several studies have determined the diagnostic and prognostic value of myocardial perfusion and left ventricular ejection fraction evaluated by SPECT, to predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes in several subgroups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Socioeconomic status has been associated with the development of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Several studies have shown that socioeconomic status indirectly influences IHD by impacting behavioral and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, psychosocial factors, and environmental living conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Social causation theory and conflict theory suggest health and behavioral problems arise when resources and rewards are offered differently to different populations causing different levels of stress. Association between income and IHD has been found in high-income countries, but socioeconomic variables such as educational status, employment, health access, and psychosocial factors are often tested in combination, where mediation analysis and direct causality data for each of these factors are still lacking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> For instance, income inequality has been linked to higher criminality, which has also been tied to reduced social cohesion. The lack of safety resulting from high crime and low cohesion may reduce outdoor physical activity, leading to increased blood pressure, body mass index, and other cardiovascular risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> On the other hand, regular physical activity is associated with a better cardiometabolic risk profile and a lower risk of major cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A walking-promoting built environment for daily activities, also known as better walkability, has been positively associated with overall physical activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Some studies have shown that people living in neighborhoods with lower walkability have higher rates of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and sedentary lifestyle, as well as a higher predicted 10-year cardiovascular disease risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> These are all well-known risk factors for IHD, but it is still uncertain whether walkability can mediate an income-IHD association.</p>
        <p>Finally, data from the income-IHD association is inconsistent in low- and middle-income countries (MIC), which carry the highest burden of cardiovascular disease and have more diverse social, environmental, and urban structures when compared to high-income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The diverse magnitude and interpolation of these measurable socioeconomic variables in lower-income countries may result in different correlations with IHD, and this information can dramatically shift the allocation of already scarce resources by policymakers, who need to focus on high-impact policies to reduce IHD prevalence and mortality.</p>
        <p>The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate whether income level is associated with IHD in a large urban center of a MIC and (2) to test whether neighborhood walkability mediates the income-IHD association.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>We conducted a cross-sectional study that evaluated patients who underwent a first clinically referred SPECT-MPI, from February 2010 to August 2017, at a high-volume cardiovascular imaging center living in Curitiba, Paran&#225;, Brazil. Every consecutive patient submitted to SPECT-MPI was eligible for the analysis unless any of the following exclusion criteria were met: participants not residing in Curitiba, less than 18 years of age, missing income data, or inconclusive SPECT-MPI results. Curitiba is a large urban center in the South Region of Brazil, with 1,751,907 inhabitants, where 14.7% of the population received less than the minimum wage according to the most updated Brazilian population census (2010).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> According to the same census, the municipal Human Development Index was 0.823 and the Gini index, a ratio that represents income inequality and varies from 0% to 100%, was 56%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The study was approved by the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; Ethics Committee (CAAE: 71331517.4.0000.00020) following international and local regulations. All individual data were collected and included in the institution registry during the SPECT-MPI, when all the individuals provided informed consent to use their data for scientific purposes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection for traditional cardiovascular risk factors</title>
          <p>A trained nurse interviewed each participant before imaging acquisition. Data regarding age, gender, symptoms, past medical history, cardiovascular risk factors, and use of medications were collected. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus were defined based on self-reported previous diagnosis or use of anti-hypertensive, lipid-lowering, or antidiabetic medications. Positive family history of premature IHD was defined as first-degree relatives with early onset IHD (men &#8804; 55 years, women &#8804; 65 years). Physical activity was self-reported and considered as any at least 30 minutes of aerobic exercise 3 times per week, for health promotion, prevention, or treatment of cardiovascular disease. Participants were considered physically inactive if they did not meet the criteria above. Smoking status, prior history of known IHD (prior myocardial infarction, percutaneous revascularization, coronary bypass graft surgery, or IHD confirmed by coronary angiography), height, and weight were also self-reported.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Socioeconomic and walkability variables</title>
          <p>Socioeconomic variables were collected from the most updated Brazilian population census (2010), and homicide data were obtained from the Department of Public Safety of the State of Paran&#225;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Each participant&#8217;s address was geocoded using a specific online platform (Google Geocoding API Maps, Alphabet Inc, United States), and individual variables were derived from the participant&#8217;s residential census tract including the following: the average income in Brazilian currency (real) per month, education level defined by literacy (illiterate or literate in any level), and criminality level stratified by the number of homicides per 100,000 inhabitants per year. The income was further converted to international dollars (Int$), by multiplying the average income in Brazilian reais by the purchasing power parity unit rate for Brazil from the year 2010 (1.388).</p>
          <p>Walkability was measured for each census tract by a quantitative score combining street connectivity, residential density, commercial density, and mixed land use, obtained through data layers, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Raw values for each indicator were then normalized using z-scores. Finally, a walkability z-score was obtained by averaging each z-score indicator and used as a continuous variable, as described elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SPECT-MPI acquisition and analysis</title>
          <p>The outcome variable was the presence of IHD at the participant level, defined by abnormal myocardial perfusion during the SPECT-MPI study. All participants were submitted to stress and rest imaging acquisitions after intravenous injection of weight-adjusted 20 to 25 mCi of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi. Images started 30 to 60 minutes after injection at rest and 15 to 30 minutes after injection at peak stress. Conventional image protocol acquisition using standard energy windows for <sup>99m</sup>Tc in dual-head gamma cameras with a low-energy all-purpose collimator was performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No attenuation correction was used.</p>
          <p>Semi-quantitative visual interpretation of SPECT-MPI was performed by consensus of 2 experienced, board-certified observers using short-axis and vertical long-axis slices, divided into 17 standard segments for each patient using specific software (QPS, Cedars-Sinal, Los Angeles, California, United States).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Each segment was scored based on the tracer uptake as follows: 0, normal; 1, mildly reduced; 2, moderately reduced; 3, severely reduced; and 4, absent tracer uptake in rest and stress images. A summed stress score (SSS) was obtained by adding the scores of the 17 segments of the stress images. Studies were classified as normal (SSS &lt; 4) or abnormal (SSS &#8805; 4).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Participants were divided by income tertiles per census tract, only for variable comparisons between groups. Continuous variables were tested for normality using skewness and kurtosis statistics and presented as means with standard deviations if normally distributed or medians with interquartile ranges if not normally distributed. Categorical variables were presented as proportions. We used one-way ANOVA with the income tertiles as an ordinal variable. For binary variables, we used the extended Mantel Haenszel chi-square test for linear tendencies between the tertiles. We drafted a directed acyclic graph and used it as a visual representation of causal assumptions (Supplemental Material) to select the variables for the models. We also used inverse probability weighting in all models, accounting for the distance between the participant address and the cardiovascular imaging center. To account for the correlation between individuals living in the same census tract, we built multilevel (2 levels) models from mixed-effects models to adjust for potential confounding variables to evaluate the association between income level (as a continuous variable) and IHD, and we performed a mediation analysis to measure the percentage of the income-IHD association mediated by walkability. In the first level, the individual variables were included (age, gender, and cardiovascular risk factors). In the second level, variables derived from the census tract were included (income, walkability, and literacy). The software Stata version 15 (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas, United States) was used for analysis, and we considered p values below 0.01 as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population characteristics</title>
          <p>We evaluated 44,589 patients who underwent a first clinically referred SPECT-MPI. After applying the exclusion criteria, the final sample consisted of 26,415 patients who were included in the analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>), living in 2168 out of the 2193 census tracts of Curitiba (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). Most participants&#8217; addresses were within 10 km from the imaging center (46.4% within 5 km, 39.0% between 5 and 10 km, 12.6% between 10 and 15 km, and 2% more than 15 km). Participants were covered by both private (n = 25,623; 96.5%) and public health insurance (n = 792; 3.5%). The clinical characteristics of the population stratified by the income tertiles are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Exclusion criteria flowchart.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220844-20844-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Geocoded addresses of the 26,415 participants in Curitiba.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220844-20844-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Population characteristics and SPECT-MPI results by income</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Monthly income</th>
                    <th>First tertile (Int$) (230.5 - 1010.7)</th>
                    <th>Second tertile (Int$)(1010.7 - 1791.9)</th>
                    <th>Third tertile (Int$) (1791.9 - 5743.3)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Socioeconomic variables by census tract</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">n=1299</td>
                    <td align="center">n=531</td>
                    <td align="center">n=338</td>
                    <td align="center">Valor p</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Walkability z-score, mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.52 &#177; 1.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64 &#177; 3.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.79 &#177; 2.75</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean proportion of literacy, mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Homicide rate per 100,000 inhabitants, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.9 (0.0. 180.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0 (0.0. 89.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0 (0.0. 0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Traditional risk factors by patient</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">n=8806</td>
                    <td align="center">n=8809</td>
                    <td align="center">n=8800</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years, mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">60.82 &#177; 12.36</td>
                    <td align="center">63.08 &#177; 12.63</td>
                    <td align="center">64.74 &#177; 12.26</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female gender, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4586 (52.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4283 (48.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4103 (46.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>, mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">28.38 &#177; 5.22</td>
                    <td align="center">27.69 &#177; 4.74</td>
                    <td align="center">27.43 &#177; 4.51</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5752 (65.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5463 (62.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5241 (59.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2362 (26.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2070 (23.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2003 (22.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4629 (52.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4660 (52.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4724 (53.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.130</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of premature IHD, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1610 (18.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1572 (17.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1459 (16.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">894 (10.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">797 (9.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">754 (8.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Physical inactivity, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6962 (79.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6675 (75.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6393 (72.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Prior history of known IHD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior percutaneous revascularization, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1302 (14.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1297 (14.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1256 (14.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.340</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior CABG, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">600 (6.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">519 (5.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">529 (6.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous MI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1053 (12.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">900 (10.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">784 (8.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Symptoms</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atypical chest pain, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2561 (29.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1996 (22.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1686 (19.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Typical chest pain, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">658 (7.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">513 (5.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">395 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SPECT-MPI</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abnormal myocardial perfusion, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2771 (31.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2682 (30.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2564 (29.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; IHD: ischemic heart disease; Int$: international dollars; IQR: interquartile range; MI: myocardial infarction: SD: standard deviation; SPECT-MPI: single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association of income level with ischemic heart disease</title>
          <p>After adjusting for potential confounders, income level was inversely associated with IHD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> A), with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87 to 0.96) for each Int$ 1,000.00 increase in income. On the other hand, walkability was not associated with IHD (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.02), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> B. Other traditional risk factors, such as diabetes, smoking, family history of premature IHD, and physical inactivity, were also associated with IHD. Diabetes had the strongest association, with an OR of 1.57 (95% CI: 1.44 to 1.72), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Although IHD was more prevalent in men than women (31.2% versus 29.5%, p = 0.002), the association with income level was similar in both genders (p for interaction = 0.47).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multilevel mixed effects model having IHD as outcome</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Income per Int$1000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 - 0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Walkability, z-score</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99 - 1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.720</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03 - 1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female gender</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94 - 1.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.680</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 - 1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 - 1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.050</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">1.57</td>
                    <td align="center">1.44 - 1.72</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89 - 1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.350</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of premature IHD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91 - 1.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.840</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16 - 1.51</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Physical inactivity</td>
                    <td align="center">1.41</td>
                    <td align="center">1.28 - 1.55</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous MI</td>
                    <td align="center">3.58</td>
                    <td align="center">3.09 - 4.14</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Illiteracy by census tract</td>
                    <td align="center">4.97</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81 - 30.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.080</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; IHD: ischemic heart disease; Int$: international dollars; MI: myocardial infarction; OR: odds ratio.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mediation effect of walkability on the association of income level and ischemic heart disease</title>
          <p>Census tracts with lower income levels were associated with lower walkability z-scores (&#8722;0.52 [95% CI: &#8722;0.60 to 0.44] versus 0.64 [95% CI: 0.38 to 0.89] versus 1.79 [95% CI: 1.49 to 2.08]) from the lower to the higher income tertile respectively (&#946;eta: 0.115 &#177; 0.002, p &lt; 0.001), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> C, but walkability did not significantly mediate the association between income level and IHD (percent mediated = &#8722;0.3%). We also tested the influence of criminality on this mediation and found that walkability mediated 0% (95% CI: 0% to 28%) of the income-IHD association in census tracts with no homicides per 100,000 inhabitants; and mediated 3% (95% CI: 0% to 18%) in census tracts with at least 1 homicide per 100,000 inhabitants.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The key findings of this investigation can be summarized as follows: (1) income level is independently and inversely associated with IHD in a large urban center in a MIC; and (2) although neighborhoods with lower income levels were associated with lower walkability scores, walkability did not explain the association between income level and IHD.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Association of income level and ischemic heart disease</title>
          <p>The odds of an abnormal SPECT-MPI decreased by 9% for each Int$ 1,000.00 increase in participant census tract income. Income-IHD association has been found in high-income countries, but data have been inconsistent in MICs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Data from neighboring middle-income countries Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia showed opposite results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Jankovic et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> did not find any association between income and global cardiovascular health in Bosnia-Herzegovina, while Vukovic et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> found a direct association between income and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in Serbia, where the richest participants had the highest risk of hypertension and dyslipidemia (OR: 1.32 [95% CI: 1.08 to 1.62] and OR: 2.71 [95% CI: 2.05 to 3.59], respectively). A systematic review of 53 studies concluded that IHD mortality is higher among the richest population in India, a low-middle-income country.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Our data build on the knowledge that income and IHD association may be present in MIC, regardless of traditional risk factors.</p>
          <p>The reason why we cannot extrapolate associations from high-income countries to low- and middle-income countries is the diverse social, environmental, and urban structure between countries and regions that goes beyond income level alone. One example of this diversity is the distribution of obesity within the population of different countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Obesity is a well-known cardiovascular risk factor, which became epidemic among the poor in high-income countries like the United States of America, but it is still a disease of the rich in low-income countries where only the higher-income population has access to the obesity-prone western diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Brazil has been undergoing an epidemiological transition over the past 30 years, with an overall decline in communicable diseases and an increasing non-communicable disease burden, where IHD became the leading cause of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Nevertheless, even within Brazil, different states have faced different timing in this transition. While the higher-income states in the South and Southeast Regions started the transition earlier, the lower-income states of the North and Northeast Regions are still on the move and facing an increase in IHD mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Curitiba is located in the South Region of Brazil, where the epidemiological transition is more advanced, which may explain an income-IHD association more similar to the one found in developed countries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mediation effect of walkability on the association of income level and ischemic heart disease</title>
          <p>Increased individual stress is the most widely described explanation for health disparity by socioeconomic status. Lower-income individuals have more stress, including insecurity in housing, income, food access, and safety, while also having fewer resources to deal with these challenges, which leads to increased risky behavior, such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and physical inactivity. Such behavior translates into a higher prevalence of traditional risk factors and cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Several studies also found an association between walkability and cardiovascular risk factors, notably in developed and high-income countries, where physical inactivity was pointed out as the main mediator of this association.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Since the population living in low walkability census tracts in Curitiba is less physically active<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and since we demonstrated in this study that low walkability census tracts are associated with a lower-income population in the same city, we found equipoise to test whether walkability could mediate some of the income-IHD association. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to test the possible mediation of walkability on the income level-IHD association, which usually represents an advanced pathological endpoint of a patient&#8217;s exposure to a combination of many of these traditional, socioeconomic, and environmental risk factors over a long period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> We did not find a significant mediation of walkability on the income level-IHD association.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The main limitations of this study are related to the cross-sectional design and the inherent bias of such analysis, which may be mitigated by our large sample size and by the use of an inverse probability weighting term to account for the distance between the participant&#8217;s address and the cardiovascular imaging center (selection bias). We calculated the exposition variable income based on the address of the participants at the time of the SPECT-MPI study, not considering how long they had been exposed to that income. Finally, there may be some referral bias, since all patients were clinically referred for the SPECT-MPI and not randomly sampled from each census tract of the city of Curitiba.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this large registry, in a large urban center of a MIC, living in a low-income census tract was independently associated with a higher prevalence of IHD, irrespective of gender. Although walkability was directly associated with census tract income, it did not mediate the association between income level and IHD.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Rodrigo Julio Cerci, from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; under the protocol number CAAE: 71331517.4.0000.00020. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
