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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6FdHm6BMZFjqY39WJKxJcYj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001100304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220822</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inflama&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Avaliada pela Atenua&#231;&#227;o de Gordura Pericoron&#225;ria na Tomografia Computadorizada e Eleva&#231;&#227;o de Citocinas em Usu&#225;rios Jovens de Esteroides Anab&#243;licos Androg&#234;nicos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8709-8706</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8550-6312</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas Carli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo R. dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme W.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Battaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Kelly</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>do Val</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Margarida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yonamine</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa Maria R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Janieire de Nazar&#233; Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Nove de Julho , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label> 6 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label> 7 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label> 8 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Francis Ribeiro Souza &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica &#8211; Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica Prof. Dr. Fulvio Pileggi &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44, 1&#186; andar, Sala 8. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>francis.ribeiro@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220822</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Figura Central</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: Inflama&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Avaliada pela Atenua&#231;&#227;o de Gordura Pericoron&#225;ria na Tomografia Computadorizada e Eleva&#231;&#227;o de Citocinas em Usu&#225;rios Jovens de Esteroides Anab&#243;licos Androg&#234;nicos</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/6FdHm6BMZFjqY39WJKxJcYj/8f8223a84a02b16a99bae360e40dd5c1c80526bd.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/6FdHm6BMZFjqY39WJKxJcYj/75a33c769d4025a1e839d3b28406da1b10dc55fc.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/6FdHm6BMZFjqY39WJKxJcYj/e3dd14519a3d0343fbcb25869d5941def551283e.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>O uso abusivo de esteroides anab&#243;licos androg&#234;nicos (EAA) tem sido associado &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). A atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura pericoron&#225;ria (AGp) &#233; um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, a qual exerce um papel chave no processo ateroscler&#243;tico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Avaliar AGp e perfil inflamat&#243;rio em usu&#225;rios de EAA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p>Vinte indiv&#237;duos que realizavam treinamento de for&#231;a, usu&#225;rios de EAA (UEAA), 20 n&#227;o usu&#225;rios de EAA (NUEAA), e 10 indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios controle (SC) foram avaliados. Inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria foi avaliada por atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura pericoron&#225;ria m&#233;dia (AGPm) art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD), art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (ADA) e art&#233;ria circunflexa (ACX). Interleucina (IL)-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, e TNF-alfa foram avaliados por densidade &#243;tica (DO) em um espectrofot&#244;metro com um filtro de 450 nm. Um p&lt;0,05 indicou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Os UEAA apresentaram maior AGPm na ACD [-65,87 (70,51-60,70) vs. -78,07 (83,66-72,87) vs.-78,46 (85,41-71,99] unidades Hounsfield (HU), respectivamente, p&lt;0,001) e AGPm na ADA [-71,47 (76,40-66,610 vs. -79,32 (84,37-74,59) vs. -82,52 (88,44-75,81) HU, respectivamente, p=0,006) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos NUEAA e CS. A AGPm na ACX n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos UEAA, NUEAA e CS [-72,41 (77,17-70,37) vs. -80,13 (86,22-72,23) vs. -78,29 (80,63-72,29) HU, respectivamente, p=0,163). Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos NUEAA e aos CS, o grupo UEAA apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis de IL-1 [0,975 (0,847-1,250) vs. 0,437 (0,311-0,565) vs. 0,530 (0,402-0,780) DO, respectivamente, p=0,002), IL-6 [1,195 (0,947-1,405) vs. 0,427 (0,377-0,577) vs. 0,605 (0,332-0,950) DO, p=0,005) e IL-10 [1,145 (0,920-1,292) vs. 0,477 (0,382-0,591) vs. 0,340 (0,316-0,560) DO, p&lt;0,001]. TNF-&#945; n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos UEAA, NUEAA e CS [0,520 (0,250-0,610) vs. 0,377 (0.261-0,548) vs. 0,350 (0,182-430)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos NUEAA e controles, os UEAA apresentam maior AGPm e maior perfil de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas, sugerindo que os EAA podem induzir aterosclerose por inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e sist&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X</kwd>
        <kwd>Esteroide Anab&#243;lico Androg&#234;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2012/10527-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini e FAPESP 2012/10527-3.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O uso abusivo de esteroides anab&#243;licos androg&#234;nicos (EAA) tem sido associado a dist&#250;rbios no sistema cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que o uso il&#237;cito de EAA causa redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) e no efluxo de colesterol mediado pelo HDL, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) em usu&#225;rios de EAA jovens, do sexo masculino. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; a chave para o processo aterog&#234;nico associado &#224; vulnerabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, que pode levar ao aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares, tais como s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda e isquemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em 2017, Antonopoulos et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> desenvolveram uma m&#233;trica alternativa chamada &#205;ndice de Atenua&#231;&#227;o da Gordura perivascular (IAGp), que avalia inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria a partir do tecido adiposo vascular coron&#225;rio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Essa t&#233;cnica permite a detec&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica induzida pela inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular mesmo antes do in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
      <p>Gaibazzi et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> mostraram que os pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas e valores do IAGp aumentados, apresentam, com maior frequ&#234;ncia, placas nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos sadios controle. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em um estudo pr&#233;vio, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> observamos que 25% dos usu&#225;rios de EAA apresentavam pelo menos duas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com placas. Assim, podemos especular que o uso abusivo de EAA poderia levar a uma maior atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura perivascular. Ainda, citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, tais como interleucinas 1 e 6 (IL-1 e IL-6) e Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;), est&#227;o associadas com altera&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica no tecido perivascular coronariano. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre Atenua&#231;&#227;o de Gordura Pericoron&#225;ria (AGP) e citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias em usu&#225;rios de EAA n&#227;o &#233; conhecida.</p>
      <p>A hip&#243;tese do presente estudo &#233; que EAA causa DAC por inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, avaliada pela AGP m&#233;dia (AGPm), com inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, avaliada pelos n&#237;veis de citocinas no sangue perif&#233;rico, em usu&#225;rios e em n&#227;o usu&#225;rios de EAA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local para pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos (4958/19/177).</p>
        <p>Este estudo &#233; uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria, com delineamento transversal, de um estudo pr&#233;vio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Cinquenta participantes pareados por idade entre 18 e 45 anos de idade foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo: 20 usu&#225;rios de EAA (grupo UEAA) e 20 n&#227;o usu&#225;rios de EAA (grupo NUEAA). Ambos os grupos (grupos UEAA e NUEAA) eram levantadores de peso ou fisioculturistas, recrutados de academias. Al&#233;m disso, 10 homens sedent&#225;rios, pareados por idade (que n&#227;o praticavam esportes e/ou exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regularmente, ou atividade f&#237;sica como caminhada com intensidade leve/moderada &lt;150 minutos por semana), sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#8211; hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia, obesidade [&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) &gt; 30 Kg/m <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ] foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo controle. Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool, uso de diur&#233;ticos, estatinas e/ou anti-hipertensivos, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, e doen&#231;a renal.</p>
        <p>Os grupos UEAA e NUEAA haviam se envolvido em treinamento de for&#231;a por pelo menos dois anos. Os UEAA deveriam autoadministrar EAA em ciclos peri&#243;dicos com dura&#231;&#227;o de oito a 12 semanas por pelo menos dois anos, com 2-4 ciclos por ano. Todos os usu&#225;rios estavam em um ciclo durante o estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas e procedimentos</title>
        <p>Todos os participantes se abstiveram de suplementos esportivos, produtos contendo cafe&#237;na, e treino de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico por 48 horas antes dos exames.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura pericoron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>Previamente, todos os participantes foram submetidos a uma angiotomografia computadorizada de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade de Tomografia Computadorizada Cardiovascular ( <italic>Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, SCCT</italic> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Todas as imagens de Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) foram adquiridas em um tom&#243;grafo com 320 fileiras de detectores (Aquillion OneTM &#8211; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Jap&#227;o) com cortes de 0,5 mm de espessura conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Para a an&#225;lise da atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura perivascular m&#233;dia, utilizamos o programa TeraRecon (TeraRecon Aquarius 4.4.12.249 inc.), e usamos a fluxo p&#243;s-processamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Para melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o, utilizamos a melhor fase diast&#243;lica, sem artefatos de movimento; eventualmente, necessitamos usar outras fases para uma melhor defini&#231;&#227;o da parede do vaso. Com um pacote de fluxo de trabalho card&#237;aco, mudamos os par&#226;metros para acompanhar a visualiza&#231;&#227;o perivascular conforme sugerido na literatura; analisamos 5mm ao redor da parede do vaso (parede mais externa) e definimos 40mm de extens&#227;o da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA) esquerda, art&#233;ria circunflexa (ACX) esquerda, e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD). Na ACD, n&#243;s exclu&#237;mos 10mm proximal &#224; aorta para evitar invas&#227;o da regi&#227;o perivascular da aorta. Para an&#225;lise da AGPm, selecionamos os limiares -190 &#224; -30HU. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> As an&#225;lises foram realizadas por dois observadores cegos (C.E.R., 20 anos de experi&#234;ncia, e D.C.S., tr&#234;s anos de experi&#234;ncia). Discrep&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso entre os dois observadores experientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil inflamat&#243;rio</title>
        <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas pela manh&#227; (entre 8h e 10h) ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum e ap&#243;s 30 minutos de repouso. Kits de ensaio de imunoadsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA) foram usados para medir IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-&#945;. As placas de ELISA foram sensibilizadas com os marcadores, em tamp&#227;o carbonato, 50&#181;L por po&#231;o, e incubado durante a noite a 4 <sup>o</sup> C. O marcador foi usado a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 2&#956;g/mL; 50 &#956;L de anticorpo foi adicionado a cada po&#231;o a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0,5&#956;g/mL, preparado em solu&#231;&#227;o de lavagem, e incubado por uma hora a 37 <sup>o</sup> C. Os resultados foram obtidos com base na leitura da densidade &#243;tica em um espectrofot&#244;metro com um filtro de 450nm como descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> As an&#225;lises de interleucina foram realizadas em duplicata, e a m&#233;dia entre as medidas foi usada no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</title>
        <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foi avaliada por Absorciometria de F&#243;ton Duplo (DXA, Discovery DXA system, Hologic Inc) para medir massa livre de gordura, massa de gordura, e porcentagem de gordura em todos os participantes. Todas as medidas do DXA foram realizadas pelo mesmo t&#233;cnico, e o erro de precis&#227;o foi estabelecido de acordo com os padr&#245;es do <italic>International Society for Clinical Densitometry</italic> . O DXA foi usado para excluir poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s do IMC entre os participantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana [Intervalo Interquartil (IIQ) 25-75%], de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. O teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis estudadas. Os dados param&#233;tricos foram comparados pelo teste ANOVA <italic>one-way</italic> . Quando uma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada, o teste comparativo de Scheff&#233; foi usado. Os testes de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla Kruskal Wallis e de Dunn foram usados para os dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada (Spearman) tamb&#233;m foi usado, e um p&lt;0,05 foi usado para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. O programa SPSS ( <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> ), vers&#227;o 23, foi usado para realizar as an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas e o perfil lip&#237;dico dos pacientes est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . O grupo UEAA apresentou maior peso corporal, IMC, e massa magra em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos NUEAA e controle. N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa de idade ou altura entre os grupos UEAA, NUEAA e controle. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo UEAA apresentou concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) mais baixas e de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) mais altas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo NUEAA e grupo controle.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas e perfil lip&#237;dico de usu&#225;rios de esteroides anab&#243;licos androg&#234;nicos (UEAA), n&#227;o usu&#225;rios de esteroides anab&#243;licos androg&#234;nicos (NUEAA), e controles sedent&#225;rios (CS)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>UEAA = 20</th>
                <th>NUEAA = 20</th>
                <th>CS = 10</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0,861</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1,78 &#177; 0,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,80 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,76&#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,841</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">97,4 (90,1-104,9) *&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">82,0 (74,0-88,0)</td>
                <td align="center">74,8 (70,0-87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (Kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                <td align="center">31,11 &#177; 3,45 *&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">25,45 &#177; 1,92</td>
                <td align="center">25,70 &#177; 3,38</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa de gordura (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13,18 &#177; 5,62 *&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">19,27 &#177; 4,33 *</td>
                <td align="center">27,59 &#177; 7,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa magra (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">82,05 &#177; 9,18 *&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">62,81 &#177; 7,15 *</td>
                <td align="center">53,94 &#177; 7,38</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">186 (143-208)</td>
                <td align="center">155 (135-188)</td>
                <td align="center">189 (175-200)</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (13-25) *&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">44 (41-54)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (40-55)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">144 (105-179) *&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">96 (81-125)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (105-132)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">98 &#177; 45</td>
                <td align="center">0,151</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,661</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CT: colesterol total; HDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; * p &lt;0,05 vs. CS; &#8224; p&lt; 0.05 vs. NUEAA.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O grupo UEAA apresentou maior AGPm na ACD em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos NUEAA e controle [-65,87 (70,51-60,70) vs. -78,07 (83,66-72,87) vs. -78,46 (85,41-71,99) HU, respectivamente, p&lt;0,05] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1A</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a AGPm na ADA foi mais alta em compara&#231;&#227;o a NUEAA e ao grupo controle [-71,47 (76,40-66,61) vs. -79,32 (84,37-74,59) vs. -82,52 (88,44-75,81) HU, respectivamente, p&lt;0,05] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref>). Contudo, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a na AGPm na ACX entre os grupos UEAA, NUEAA, e controle [-72,41 (77-70) vs. -80,13 (86,22-72,23) vs. -78,29 (80,63-72,29) HU, respectivamente, p&gt;0,05] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1C</xref>). An&#225;lise da gordura pericoron&#225;ria proximal da ADA pode ser vista na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura pericoron&#225;ria m&#233;dia (AGPm) na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD); B) Art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA) esquerda; C) e art&#233;ria circunflexa (ACX) em usu&#225;rios de esteroides anab&#243;licos androg&#234;nicos (UEAA), N&#227;o usu&#225;rios de esteroides anab&#243;licos androg&#234;nicos (NUEAA), e controles sedent&#225;rios (CS) * = p&lt;0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220822-20822-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>N&#237;veis de IL-1, IL-6, e IL-10 foram significativamente maiores no grupo UEAA em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis nos grupos NUEAA e controle (Figura 2A-C, respectivamente). No entanto, os n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945; n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os tr&#234;s grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2D</xref>). Outras an&#225;lises mostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre IL-1 e AGPm na ACD; IL-1 e AGPm na ADA; IL-6 e AGPm na ACD; e IL-6 e AGPm na ADA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 3A-D</xref>, respectivamente).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Concentra&#231;&#227;o de interleucina (IL)-1 (IL-1); B) IL-6, C) IL-10, e D) fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;) usu&#225;rios de esteroides anab&#243;licos androg&#234;nicos (UEAA), n&#227;o usu&#225;rios de esteroides anab&#243;licos androg&#234;nicos (NUEAA), e controles sedent&#225;rios (CS) * = p&lt;0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220822-20822-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre Interleucina-1 (IL-1) e atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura pericoron&#225;ria m&#233;dia (AGPm) na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD); B) IL-1 e AGPm na art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA) esquerda; C) IL-6 e AGPm na ACD; e D) AGPm na ADA esquerda; DO: densidade &#243;tica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220822-20822-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o tempo m&#233;dio de uso de EAA no grupo UEAA foi 8 &#177; 6 anos. No grupo NUAEE, 20%, 40%, 35%, e 5% deles usavam dois tr&#234;s, quatro, e cinco diferentes tipos de AEE, respectivamente. Os tipos mais comuns de EAA usados foram testosterona (enantato, propionato, undecilato, e cipionato), nandrolona, boldenona, trembolona, e estanozolol. A raz&#227;o testosterona/epitestosterona foi mais alta no grupo UEAA que nos grupos NUEAA e controle (63,8&#177;44,6 vs. 0,9&#177;1,2 vs. 0,9&#177;0,9, respectivamente, <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,05). Os grupos UEAA e NUEAA se envolveram em treinamento de for&#231;a por aproximadamente 10 anos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo caso-controle comparando a AGPm e citoquinas perif&#233;ricas nos grupos UEAA, NUEAA e controle, encontramos: i. AGPm elevada no grupo UEAA; citocinas elevadas no grupo UEAA, e iii. AGPm foi associada com citocinas perif&#233;ricas no grupo UEAA.</p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular &#233; o gatilho para o desenvolvimento de placa ateroscler&#243;tica coron&#225;ria e &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica t&#237;pica de ruptura da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Antonopoulos et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> relataram que a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria inflamada se difunde ao tecido adiposo perivascular, que altera a composi&#231;&#227;o da gordura perivascular ao redor das art&#233;rias inflamadas. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es levam &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o ao redor das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias da atenua&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica t&#237;pica &#8211; valores de HU mais negativos (por exemplo, mais pr&#243;ximo a -190 HU) &#8211; &#224; fase mais aquosa &#8211; valores de HU menos negativos (por exemplo, mais pr&#243;ximo a -30 HU). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Embora sejam necess&#225;rios mais estudos para confirmar os valores de HU como um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, um estudo pr&#233;vio sugeriu que um valor de -70HU parece ser um ponto de corte razoavelmente robusto para definir inflama&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ainda, Oikonomou et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> sugeriram que valores de IAGp (ponto de corte - 70 HU) s&#227;o um indicador de mortalidade card&#237;aca aumentada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Gaibazzi et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> mostraram que pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, na aus&#234;ncia de estenose coron&#225;ria obstrutiva e valores de IAGp menores que -70HU (aproximadamente -68,37 HU), apresentam placas na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com maior frequ&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles sadios que apresentam IAGp maior que -70 (aproximadamente -78,03HU). Em nosso estudo, encontramos que UEAA apresentaram uma AGPm (ACD e ADA) de aproximadamente -68,71HU. Esse dado est&#225; de acordo com nossas observa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias de que cerca de um a quatro fisiculturistas (25%) que usaram EAA apresentaram sinais de DAC subcl&#237;nica na angiotomografia computadorizada. Em contraste, nenhum dos NUEAA ou dos participantes sedent&#225;rios apresentaram DAC subcl&#237;nica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Est&#225; bem estabelecido que os marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, tais como IL-1, IL-6, e TNF-&#945;, s&#227;o os principais fatores que atuam ao longo da cascata inflamat&#243;ria vascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, encontramos concentra&#231;&#245;es mais altas de IL-1 e IL-6 no grupo UEAA em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos NUEAA e controle. Apesar do aumento das citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, o IL-10 foi mais alto em UEAA que em NUEAA e controles. A IL-10 &#233; a principal citocina anti-inflamat&#243;ria com um importante papel na modula&#231;&#227;o e na produ&#231;&#227;o de TNF-&#945;. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Nossos resultados sugerem que a IL-10 pode equilibrar o perfil pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio/anti-inflamat&#243;rio. Essa hip&#243;tese deve ser abordada em estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>O uso abusivo de EAA tem sido associado com diminui&#231;&#227;o no efluxo de colesterol mediado pelo HDL e nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de HDL, e aumento nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL plasm&#225;tica. Esse metabolismo lip&#237;dico alterado &#233; um dos mecanismos envolvidos no processo aterog&#234;nico. Ainda, uma altera&#231;&#227;o na taxa de cisalhamento, caracterizada por uma taxa retr&#243;grada e oscilat&#243;ria, est&#225; associada com inflama&#231;&#227;o, aterosclerose, e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us) tamb&#233;m &#233; um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> N&#243;s relatamos em um estudo pr&#233;vio <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> que UEAA apresentam uma taxa de cisalhamento retr&#243;grada e oscilat&#243;ria na art&#233;ria braquial e n&#237;veis mais altos de PCR-us em compara&#231;&#227;o a NUEAA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Todas essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem estar associadas &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e ao desenvolvimento prematuro de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica em UEAA jovens.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>A implica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de nossos resultados &#233; que a atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura pericoron&#225;ria, medida por angiotomografia coron&#225;ria pode ser usada para avaliar a carga de inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e, assim, avaliar o risco cardiovascular de uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. A inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria pode ser identificada por AGPm mesmo antes que placas ateroscler&#243;ticas possam ser detectadas. Assim, a AGPm &#233; um potencial biomarcador precoce de DAC em UEAA. Ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos maiores, longitudinais, para avaliar a aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica rotineira dessa nova tecnologia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Reconhecemos as limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo. Estudamos uma amostra pequena, e os resultados s&#227;o uma suban&#225;lise de um estudo anterior. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Utilizamos a AGPm pelo TeraRecon conforme descrito por Nomura et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e os valores n&#227;o podem ser comparados diretamente com outras abordagens &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o pericoron&#225;ria. Os mecanismos envolvidos na atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura pericoron&#225;ria estavam foram do escopo de nosso estudo. A correla&#231;&#227;o observada em nosso estudo deve ser interpretada com cuidado, e o mecanismo de atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura pericoron&#225;ria deve ser abordada em estudos futuros.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo indica que o uso abusivo de EAA est&#225; associado com inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e n&#237;veis mais altos de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas. Ainda, a atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura pericoron&#225;ria pode ser usada para rastrear inflama&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria (como um biomarcador de DAC) mesmo antes do desenvolvimento de placas vis&#237;veis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>&#201; com muita tristeza que soubemos do falecimento da Professora Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira em 03 de outubro de 2022. Seu trabalho sobre metabolismo &#243;sseo, osteoporose, e doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas contribuiu imensamente &#224; &#225;rea de reumatologia no Brasil e sempre servir&#225; como guia para novos pesquisadores no mundo.</p>
    </ack>
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          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>599</fpage>
          <lpage>605</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeaa023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-doutorado de Francis Ribeiro de Souza pelo departamento de cardiopneumologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 28156320.6.0000.0068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini e FAPESP 2012/10527-3.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Inflammation by Computed Tomography Pericoronary Fat Attenuation and Increased Cytokines in Young Male Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8709-8706</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8550-6312</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas Carli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo R. dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme W.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Battaglia-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Kelly</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>do Val</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Margarida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yonamine</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa Maria R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Janieire de Nazar&#233; Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label> 6 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label> 7 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label> 8 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Francis Ribeiro Souza &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica &#8211; Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica Prof. Dr. Fulvio Pileggi &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44, 1&#186; andar, Sala 8. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: francis.ribeiro@hc.fm.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Central Illustration</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>: Coronary Inflammation by Computed Tomography Pericoronary Fat Attenuation and Increased Cytokines in Young Male Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220822-20822-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse has been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Pericoronary fat attenuation (pFA) is a marker of coronary inflammation, which is key in the atherosclerotic process.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate pFA and inflammatory profile in AAS users.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Twenty strength-trained AAS users (AASU), 20 AAS nonusers (AASNU), and 10 sedentary controls (SC) were evaluated. Coronary inflammation was evaluated by mean pericoronary fat attenuation (mPFA) in the right coronary artery (RCA), left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and left circumflex (LCx). Interleukin (IL)-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were evaluated by optical density (OD) in a spectrophotometer with a 450 nm filter. P&lt;0.05 indicated statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>AASU had higher mPFA in the RCA (-65.87 [70.51-60.70] vs. -78.07 [83.66-72.87] vs.-78.46 [85.41-71.99] Hounsfield Units (HU), respectively, p&lt;0.001) and mPFA in the LAD (-71.47 [76.40-66.61] vs. -79.32 [84.37-74.59] vs. -82.52 [88.44-75.81] HU, respectively, p=0.006) compared with AASNU and SC. mPFA in the LCx was not different between AASU, AASNU, and SC (-72.41 [77.17-70.37] vs. -80.13 [86.22-72.23] vs. -78.29 [80.63-72.29] HU, respectively, p=0.163). AASU compared with AASNU and SC, had higher IL-1, (0.975 [0.847-1.250] vs. 0.437 [0.311-0.565] vs. 0.530 [0.402-0.780] OD, respectively, p=0.002), IL-6 (1.195 [0.947-1.405] vs. 0.427 [0.377-0.577] vs. 0.605 [0.332-0.950] OD, p=0.005) and IL-10 (1.145 [0.920-1.292] vs. 0.477 [0.382-0.591] vs. 0.340 [0.316-0.560] OD, p&lt;0.001). TNF-&#945; was not different between the AASU, AASNU, and SC groups (0.520 [0.250-0.610] vs. 0.377 [0.261-0.548] vs. 0.350 [0.182-430]), respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Compared with ASSNU and controls, AASU have higher mPFA and higher systemic inflammatory cytokines profile suggesting that AAS may induce coronary atherosclerosis through coronary and systemic inflammation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericoronary Fat Attenuation</kwd>
        <kwd>Anabolic Androgenic Steroids</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse has been associated with disturbances in the cardiovascular system. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Previous studies have shown that illicit use of AAS leads to decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) plasma concentration and cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and coronary artery disease (CAD) in young male AAS users. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inflammation is the key to the atherogenic process associated with atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, which can lead to higher risk of cardiovascular events, such as acute coronary syndrome and ischemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In 2017, Antonopoulos et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> developed an alternative metric called perivascular fat attenuation index (pFAI), that evaluate coronary inflammation by coronary perivascular adipose tissue. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This technique allows the phenotypic detection induced by vascular inflammation even before the onset of atherosclerotic disease.</p>
        <p>Gaibazzi et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> showed that patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries and increased pFAI values, more frequently have coronary artery plaques compared with healthy controls. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Previously, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> we reported that 25% of AAS users had at least two coronary arteries with plaques. Thus, it is possible to speculate that AAS abuse could lead to higher perivascular fat attenuation. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins 1 and 6 (IL-1 and IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;), are associated with phenotypic alteration in the coronary perivascular tissue. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, the association between pericoronary fat attenuation (PFA) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in AAS users is unknown.</p>
        <p>The present study hypothesized that AAS leads to CAD through coronary and systemic inflammation. We aimed to investigate the association of coronary inflammation, assessed by mean PFA (mPFA), with systemic inflammation, assessed by peripheral blood cytokines in AAS users and non-users.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The local committee for the Protection of Human Subjects approved this study (4958/19/177).</p>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional, secondary analysis from a previous study. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Fifty age-matched participants between 18 and 45 years were included in the study: 20 AAS users (group AASU) and 20 AAS nonusers (group AASNU). Both groups (AASU and AASNU) were recreational weightlifters or amateur bodybuilding athletes who were recruited from gyms. In addition, 10 age-matched sedentary men (without regular exercise training and/or sports, &lt;150 min/week of physical activity such as walking with light/moderate intensity) without cardiovascular disease &#8211; hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, obesity (body mass index [BMI] &gt;30 Kg/m <sup>2</sup> ) were included as the control group. Exclusion criteria were smoking, alcohol consumption, use of diuretics, statins and/or anti- hypertensive medications, liver disease, and kidney disease.</p>
          <p>AASU and AASNU groups had been involved in strength training for at least two years. AASU should be self-administering AAS in periodic cycles lasting from eight to 12 weeks for at least two years with 2-4 cycles per year. All AASU were on a cycle over the course of the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measures and procedures</title>
          <p>All the participants refrained from sports supplements, caffeine-containing products, and exercise training for 48 hours before the exams.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pericoronary fat attenuation</title>
          <p>Previously, all participants underwent coronary computed tomography angiography according to the guidelines of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> All computed tomography (CT) scans were acquired in a 320-row detector scanner (Aquillion One <sup>TM</sup> &#8211; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan) with 0.5-mm thick slices as described previously. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> For the mPFA analysis, we used the dedicated software TeraRecon (TeraRecon Aquarius 4.4.12.249 inc.) and applied it to the coronary post-processing workflow. For a better view, we used the best diastolic phase with no motion artifacts; eventually we needed to use other phases to improve vessel wall definition. With a cardiac workflow package and plaque analysis, we changed the parameters to follow the reference perivascular visualization as suggested by the literature; we looked 5mm around the vessel wall (outer vessel wall) and defined the 40mm proximal vessel extension of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), left circumflex artery (LCx), and right coronary artery (RCA). On the RCA, we excluded 10mm proximal to the aorta to avoid encroachment on the perivascular aorta region. To check mPFA, we selected the -190 to -30 HU threshold. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The analyses were performed by two blinded observers (C.E.R., 20 years of experience and D.C.S., three years of experience). Discrepancies were solved by consensus between the two experienced observers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inflammatory profile</title>
          <p>Blood samples were collected in the morning (between 8:00-10:00 A.M.) after 12h fasting and after 30 minutes of resting. High-sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to measure IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-&#945;. The ELISA plates were sensitized with the markers, in carbonate buffer, 50 &#956;L per well, and incubated overnight at 4&#186; Celsius. The marker was used at a concentration of 2&#956;g/mL; 50 &#956;L of detector antibody was added to each well to a concentration of 0.5&#956;g/mL, prepared in washing liquid, and incubated for one hour at 37&#186; Celsius. The results were obtained based on the reading of the optical density in a spectrophotometer with a 450 nm filter as described previously. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The interleukin analyses were performed in duplicate, and the mean was used in this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Body composition</title>
          <p>Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), (Discovery DXA system, Hologic Inc) to measure total fat-free mass, fat mass, and fat percentage in all participants. All DXA measurements were performed by the same experienced technician and the precision error was established according to the International Society for Clinical Densitometry&#8217;s standards. DXA was used to exclude possible bias of BMI among the participants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range [IQR] 25-75%) according to data normality. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normal distribution of the variables studied. The parametric data were compared through one-way ANOVA. When a significant difference was found, the Scheff&#233; post-hoc comparison test was used. Kruskal Wallis and Dunn&#8217;s multiple comparison tests were used for nonparametric data. Bivariate correlation test (Spearman) was also used. A P&lt;0.05 indicated statistical significance. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used to perform all the statistical analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Physical characteristics and lipid profile are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . AASU had higher weight, BMI, and lean mass compared with AASNU and controls. Body fat was lower in AASU compared with that in AASNU and controls. No significant difference was found in age and height between AASU, AASNU, and control groups. In addition, the AASU had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) plasma levels and higher low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) plasma levels compared with AASNU and controls.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Physical characteristics and lipid profile in anabolic androgenic steroid users (AASU), anabolic androgenic steroid nonusers (AASNU), and sedentary control (SC)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>AASU = 20</th>
                  <th>AASNU = 20</th>
                  <th>SC = 10</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.861</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.78 &#177; 0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">1.80 &#177; 0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.76&#177; 0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.841</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">97.4 (90.1-104.9) *&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">82.0 (74.0-88.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.8 (70.0-87.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">31.11 &#177; 3.45 *&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">25.45 &#177; 1.92</td>
                  <td align="center">25.70 &#177; 3.38</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fat mass (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.18 &#177; 5.62 *&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">19.27 &#177; 4.33 *</td>
                  <td align="center">27.59 &#177; 7.49</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lean mass (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">82.05 &#177; 9.18 *&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">62.81 &#177; 7.15 *</td>
                  <td align="center">53.94 &#177; 7.38</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">186 (143-208)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (135-188)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (175-200)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.070</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (13-25) *&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (41-54)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (40-55)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (105-179) *&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (81-125)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (105-132)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 35</td>
                  <td align="center">98 &#177; 45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.151</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">90 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.661</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>AASU: anabolic androgenic steroids users; AASNU: anabolic androgenic steroids nonusers; SC: sedentary control; BMI: body mass index; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. TG: triglycerides * p &lt;0.05 vs. SC; &#8224; p&lt; 0.05 vs. AASNU.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>AASU had higher mPFA in RCA compared with AASNU and controls [-65.87 (70.51-60.70) vs. -78.07 (83.66-72.87) vs.-78.46 (85.41-71.99) HU, respectively, p&lt;0.05] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1A</xref>). Additionally, the mPFA in the LAD was higher in AASU compared with AASNU and controls [-71.47 (76.40-66.61) vs. -79.32 (84.37-74.59) vs. -82.52 (88.44-75.81) HU, respectively, p&lt;0.05] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1B</xref>). However, no difference was found in mPFA in the LCx between AASU, AASNU, and controls [-72.41 (77-70) vs. -80.13 (86.22-72.23) vs. -78.29 (80.63-72.29) HU, respectively, p&gt;0.05] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1C</xref>). Analysis of proximal perivascular fat atternuation in the LAD can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Mean pericoronary fat attenuation (mPFA) in the right coronary artery (RCA); B) left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD); C) and left circumflex artery (LCx) in anabolic androgenic steroid users (AASU), anabolic androgenic steroid nonusers (AASNU), and sedentary control (SC). * = p&lt;0.05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220822-20822-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly higher in AASU compared with that in AASNU and SC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A-C</xref>, respectively). However, TNF-&#945; was not different between the three groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2D</xref>). Further analysis showed a positive correlation between IL-1 and RCA pFAM; IL-1 and LAD pFAM; IL-6 and RCA pFAM; IL-6 and LAD mPFA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 3A-D</xref>, respectively).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Concentration of interleukin (IL)-1 (IL-1); B) IL-6, C) IL-10, and D) tumor necrosis factors alpha (TNF-&#945;) in anabolic androgenic steroid users (AASU), anabolic androgenic steroid nonusers (AASNU), and sedentary control (SC); OD: optical density * = p&lt;0.05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220822-20822-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Positive correlation between interleucin-1 (IL-1) and right coronary artery (RCA) mean pericoronary fat attenuation (mPFA); B) IL-1 and mPFA in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD); C) IL-6 and mPFA in the RCA; IL-6, and D) mPFA in the LAD; OD: optical density.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-11-e20220822-20822-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In addition, the average time of AAS use in the AASU group was 8&#177;6 years. Within the AASU group, 20%, 40%, 35%, and 5% of them were using two, three, four, and five different types of AAS, respectively. Testosterone (enanthate, propionate, undecylate, and cypionate), nandrolone, boldenone, trenbolone, and stanozolol were the most common types of AAS used in AASU. The testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio was higher in AASU compared with that in AASNU and SC (63.8&#177;44.6 vs. 0.9&#177;1.2 vs. 0.9&#177;0.9, respectively, <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.05). The AASU and AASNU groups had been involved in strength training for approximately 10 years.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this case-control study comparing mPFA and peripheral cytokines in AASU, AASNU and controls, we found: i. High mPFA in AASU; ii. High cytokines in AASU, and iii. mPFA was associated with peripheral cytokines.</p>
        <p>Vascular inflammation is the trigger for coronary atherosclerotic plaque development and is a typical feature of atherosclerotic plaque rupture. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Antonopoulos et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> reported that the inflamed coronary artery diffuses to the perivascular adipose tissue, which changes the composition of perivascular fat around inflamed arteries. These changes lead to attenuation around coronary arteries from typical lipid attenuation (more negative HU values [e.g., closer to &#8211;190 HU]) to the more aqueous phase (less negative HU values [e.g., closer to &#8211;30 HU]). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Although more studies are needed to confirm the HU values as a marker of coronary inflammation, a previous study <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> suggested that -70 HU appears to be a reasonably robust cutoff to define the inflammation of coronary arteries. Moreover, Oikonomou et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> suggested that high perivascular FAI values (cutoff &#8805; -70.1 HU) are an indicator of increased cardiac mortality. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Gaibazzi et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> showed that patients with myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary stenosis and pFAI values lower than -70 HU values (approximately -68.37 HU) more frequently have coronary artery plaques compared with healthy controls who have pFAI higher than -70 (approximately -78.03 HU). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In our study, we found that AASU had a mPFA (RCA and LAD) of approximately -68.71 HU. Interestingly, this finding is in line with our previous observations that about 1 in 4 weightlifters (25%) who used AAS had signs of subclinical CAD in the computed tomography angiography. In contrast, none of the AASNU or the sedentary participants had subclinical CAD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It is well established that markers of systemic inflammation, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-&#945;, are the major players in the downstream vascular inflammatory cascade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In our study, we found a higher IL-1 and IL-6 concentration in AASU compared with AASNU and sedentary controls. However, no difference in TNF-&#945; was found among groups. Despite the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 was higher in AASU compared with AASNU and sedentary controls.IL-10 is the main anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in modulating the production of TNF-&#945;. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Our results suggest that IL-10 may balance the pro/anti-inflammatory profile. This hypothesis should be addressed in future studies.</p>
        <p>AAS abuse has been associated with reduced cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL and HDL plasma concentration, and increased LDL plasma concentration. This altered lipid metabolism is one of the mechanisms involved in the atherogenic process. Furthermore, disturbed shear rate (SR), characterized by increased retrograde and oscillatory SR, is associated with inflammation, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is also a marker of vascular inflammation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> We have previously <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> reported that AASU have increased retrograde and oscillatory SR in the brachial artery and higher hs-CRP compared with AASNU. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Taken together, all these alterations may be associated with coronary inflammation and premature development of atherosclerotic disease in young AASU.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical implication</title>
          <p>The clinical implication of our results is that pericoronary fat attenuation measured by coronary computed tomography angiography can be used to assess the coronary inflammation burden and therefore assess the cardiovascular risk of a specific population. Coronary inflammation by mPFA can be detected even before detectable atherosclerotic plaque formation and, therefore, has the potential to become an early biomarker of CAD in AASU. The routine clinical application of this new technology will warrant further and larger longitudinal studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>We recognize limitations in our study. We studied a small sample size, and the results are a subanalysis from a previous study. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> We used mPFA by TeraRecon as previously described by Nomura et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and the values cannot be compared directly to other approaches to pericoronary inflammation. The mechanisms involved in pericoronary fat attenuation were out of the scope of our study. The correlation observed in our study should be interpreted with caution, and the mechanism of pericoronary fat attenuation should be addressed in future studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study indicates that AAS abuse is linked to coronary inflammation and higher systemic inflammatory cytokines profile. In addition, the pericoronary fat attenuation can be used to track coronary inflammation (as a biomarker of CAD) even before visible plaques develop.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>It is with great sadness that we learned of the passing of Professor Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira on 3 October 2022. Her work on bone metabolism, osteoporosis, and rheumatic diseases immensely contributed to the field of rheumatology in Brazil and will always serve as a guide for new researchers globally.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of post doctoral submitted by Francis Ribeiro de Souza, from departamento de cardiopneumologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 28156320.6.0000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini and FAPESP 2012/10527-3.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
