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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TqHnn4JrhS6d5CczCmzMwcw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230766</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Papel da Fibrose Atrial na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Nem Sempre Essencial?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8839-3416</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miguel-dos-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Smidt Heart Institute</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cedars-Sinai Medical Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Los Angeles</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo Miguel-dos-Santos</bold> &#8226; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center &#8211; 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA <postal-code>90048</postal-code> &#8211; EUA E-mail: <email>rodrigomiguel.dossantos@cshs.org</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230766</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Substrato Arritmog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Estima-se que a arritmia card&#237;aca mais comum, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), afete cerca de 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial e espera-se que afete mais pessoas &#224; medida que a popula&#231;&#227;o envelhece.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Este cen&#225;rio n&#227;o &#233; diferente no Brasil, onde se projeta que cerca de 2,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o seja afetada pela FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais alarmante entre os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, em que &#8764;30% podem apresentar epis&#243;dios de FA e &#8764;70% de flutter atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Portanto, uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos e substratos da FA &#233; constantemente necess&#225;ria para adequar melhor o tratamento dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Em publica&#231;&#227;o recente dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Teixeira-Fonseca et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> investigaram os efeitos das altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais do &#225;trio esquerdo induzidas pela hipertens&#227;o pulmonar na arritmog&#234;nese em &#225;trios esquerdos isolados. A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar induzida pela monocrotalina levou &#224; hipertrofia do &#225;trio esquerdo, fibrose tecidual e remodelamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico. Curiosamente, a estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica <italic>ex vivo</italic> do tecido atrial esquerdo n&#227;o provocou aumento de arritmias atriais no tecido de animais com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Conforme apontado pelos autores, alguns fatores podem ter contribu&#237;do para a aus&#234;ncia de arritmias <italic>ex vivo</italic>. Aqui, vou me concentrar na rela&#231;&#227;o entre gatilho e substrato na FA e discutir a causa potencial para a falta de inducibilidade de arritmias.</p>
    <p>Muitos fatores moleculares influenciam o desenvolvimento de arritmias atriais, mas, para acontecer, isso depende da intera&#231;&#227;o de um gatilho de inicia&#231;&#227;o e de um substrato tecidual subjacente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A FA geralmente &#233; iniciada por gatilhos originados nas veias pulmonares, que s&#227;o causados por batimentos ect&#243;picos ou disparos r&#225;pidos dessa &#225;rea focal. Isso tamb&#233;m &#233; facilitado pela proximidade de um grande g&#226;nglio auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco, pela estrutura anat&#244;mica distinta da veia pulmonar e pelo perfil do canal i&#244;nico. No caso da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, esse cen&#225;rio &#233; agravado pelas altera&#231;&#245;es da veia pulmonar causadas pela doen&#231;a e pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de enchimento do &#225;trio esquerdo, que levam &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas observadas no &#225;trio esquerdo dos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O aparecimento de arritmias no mioc&#225;rdio atrial tamb&#233;m requer a presen&#231;a de substratos arritmog&#234;nicos. Esses substratos cruciais s&#227;o a remodela&#231;&#227;o do canal i&#244;nico, que perturba a estabilidade el&#233;trica do tecido e facilita arritmias; inflama&#231;&#227;o, provocando a libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pelas c&#233;lulas do sistema imunol&#243;gico que tamb&#233;m afetam a atividade el&#233;trica atrial; e remodela&#231;&#227;o tecidual, que altera a arquitetura do mioc&#225;rdio atrial e causa bloqueios de lentid&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o. O mais preocupante &#233; que as altera&#231;&#245;es causadas por estes substratos s&#227;o agravadas por si mesmas. Embora todos esses substratos estejam presentes em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, maior foco tem sido dado &#224; fibrose como substrato histol&#243;gico cr&#237;tico para FA devido &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica defeituosa e &#224; predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; reentrada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nos experimentos meticulosamente realizados em modelo de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em ratos, Teixeira-Fonseca et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> observaram a presen&#231;a de fibrose atrial e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrofisiol&#243;gicas. Ainda assim, a aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais quando um gatilho el&#233;trico foi aplicado no &#225;trio esquerdo pode nos levar a questionar o papel de outros fatores, como o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo. Dada a necessidade de retirada do &#225;trio esquerdo para o preparo <italic>ex vivo</italic>, a contribui&#231;&#227;o da inerva&#231;&#227;o aut&#244;noma foi perdida. Ent&#227;o, ainda tem que ser explorada a potencial intera&#231;&#227;o entre gatilhos, substratos e o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo como modulador da FA no &#225;trio esquerdo na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Estudo Morfofuncional do &#193;trio Esquerdo Isolado de um Modelo Experimental de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar em Ratos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Role of Atrial Fibrosis for Atrial Fibrillation: Not Always Essential?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8839-3416</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miguel-dos-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Los Angeles</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rodrigo Miguel-dos-Santos</bold> &#8226; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center &#8211; 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA <postal-code>90048</postal-code> &#8211; USA E-mail: <email>rodrigomiguel.dossantos@cshs.org</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmogenic Substrates</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The most common cardiac arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation (AF), is estimated to affect &#8764;2% of the worldwide population and is expected to impact more people as the population ages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This scenario is not different in Brazil, where &#8764;2.5% of the population is projected to be affected by AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The situation is more alarming among pulmonary hypertension patients, in which &#8764;30% may present AF episodes and &#8764;70% atrial flutter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Hence, a better understanding of the mechanisms and substrates of AF is constantly needed in order to tailor patients&#8217; treatment better.</p>
      <p>In a recent publication of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Teixeira-Fonseca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> investigated the effects of the left atrial morphofunctional changes induced by pulmonary hypertension in the arrhythmogenesis in isolated left atria. Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension led to left atria hypertrophy, tissue fibrosis, and electrophysiological remodeling. Curiously, <italic>ex vivo</italic> electrical burst pacing of the left atrial tissue did not elicit increased atrial arrhythmias in the tissue from pulmonary hypertension animals. As pointed out by the authors, some factors may have contributed to the absence of arrhythmias <italic>ex vivo</italic>. Here, I am going to focus on the trigger and substrate relationship in AF and discuss the potential cause for the lack of arrhythmias inducibility.</p>
      <p>Many molecular factors influence the development of atrial arrhythmias, but to happen, this is dependent on the interaction of an initiation trigger and an underlying tissue substrate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> AF is usually initiated by triggers originating in the pulmonary veins, which is caused by ectopic beats or rapid firing from this focal driver area. This is also facilitated by the close proximity to a major cardiac autonomic ganglion, the distinct pulmonary vein anatomic structure, and its ion channel profile. In the case of pulmonary hypertension, this scenario is exacerbated by the changes in the pulmonary vein caused by the disease and the elevated left atrial filling pressure, which lead to the morphological changes seen in the left atrium of pulmonary hypertension patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The onset of arrhythmias in the atrial myocardium also requires the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. These crucial substrates are the ion channel remodeling, which disturbs the electrical stability of the tissue and facilitates arrhythmias; inflammation, provoking the release of cytokines by immune cells that also affect atrial electrical activity; and tissue remodeling, which alters the atrial myocardium architecture and cause conduction slowing blocks. Most concerning, the changes caused by these substrates are worsened by themselves. Although all these substrates are present in pulmonary hypertension patients, greater focus has been given to fibrosis as a critical histological substrate for AF due to the defective electrical conduction and predisposition to reentry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the meticulously performed experiments in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension, Teixeira-Fonseca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> observed the presence of atrial fibrosis and electrophysiological changes. Still, the lack of atrial arrhythmias when an electrical trigger was applied to the left atrium may lead us to wonder about the role of other factors, such as the autonomous nervous system. Given the need for the removal of the left atrium for the <italic>ex vivo</italic> preparation, the contribution of the autonomic innervation was missed. Then, it is still to be explored the potential interaction between triggers, substrates, and the autonomic nervous system as a modulator to AF in the left atrium in pulmonary hypertension.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Isolated Left Atrium Morphofunctional Study of an Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension Model in Rats</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
