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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">SLD3NGh6W6KfmcHzNtYghWD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230723</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Cr&#244;nica no Brasil: &#201; Preciso Conhecer Mais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5834-7275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-4867-2852</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">EBSERH</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos/EBSERH, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Adriana Lopes Latado</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia &#8211; Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n. CEP 40110-100, Canela, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>adrianalatado@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230723</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) &#233; um grupo heterog&#234;neo de enfermidades que engloba a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana obstrutiva e n&#227;o obstrutiva com ou sem infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) pr&#233;vio ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, al&#233;m da doen&#231;a diagnosticada apenas por testes n&#227;o invasivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Segundo dados do <italic>Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study</italic>, o total de pessoas vivendo com a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o no Brasil, sintom&#225;tica ou n&#227;o, aumentou de 1,48 milh&#245;es para mais de 4 milh&#245;es, entre os anos 1990 e 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O crescimento e envelhecimento populacionais e o aumento no diagn&#243;stico s&#227;o as principais justificativas para esse fen&#244;meno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora mantendo-se como principal causa de &#243;bito, a mortalidade pela doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o tem diminu&#237;do nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas em praticamente todo o Brasil, ainda que algumas varia&#231;&#245;es regionais sejam descritas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Homens s&#227;o mais afetados do que mulheres, e se descreve uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre &#237;ndice de mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;vel educacional ou econ&#244;mico das regi&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Apesar da exist&#234;ncia crescente de dados nacionais acerca da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, coortes regionais ou locais para avalia&#231;&#227;o de seu progn&#243;stico a longo prazo s&#227;o escassas, ainda mais se considerarmos a necessidade de frequentes atualiza&#231;&#245;es frente &#224;s estrat&#233;gias de tratamento emergentes.</p>
    <p>No artigo Acompanhamento de Dois Anos de Pacientes com Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica Cr&#244;nica em um Centro Especializado no Brasil desta edi&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> os autores descrevem o perfil cl&#237;nico-demogr&#225;fico e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes portadores de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas cr&#244;nicas (DCIC), acompanhados em um centro terci&#225;rio de assist&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica, o Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. O registro foi prospectivo, recrutou participantes entre 2016 e 2018, e teve tempo mediano de seguimento de 2,4 anos. Foram inclu&#237;dos 625 pacientes, por&#233;m apenas 533 tiveram a avalia&#231;&#227;o do seguimento. A amostra tinha idade mediana de 66 anos, um ter&#231;o de mulheres e alta preval&#234;ncia de morbidades, incluindo 87% de eventos/procedimentos cardiovasculares pr&#233;vios. O estudo revelou uma pequena melhora no controle lip&#237;dico no seguimento, em especial, no LDL colesterol, por&#233;m sem uma aparente correspond&#234;ncia com a terapia prescrita, uma vez que estatinas tiveram propor&#231;&#227;o similar de prescri&#231;&#227;o nos momentos final e basal. Os autores chamam aten&#231;&#227;o para a baixa prescri&#231;&#227;o de agente hipolipemiante adicional. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estatina potente em dose m&#225;xima, recomend&#225;vel antes de associar outros medicamentos. Nesse ponto, tamb&#233;m seria importante descrever a pr&#225;tica local, pois o Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de fornece sinvastatina gratuitamente, mas atorvastatina apenas atrav&#233;s de um burocr&#225;tico processo, o que limita sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o. Em um servi&#231;o p&#250;blico no mesmo estado, apenas 3% das prescri&#231;&#245;es ambulatoriais eram de atorvastatina 80mg/d.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses achados &#233; limitada. O estudo avaliou os participantes no momento basal e a cada ano do seguimento, preferencialmente em visitas presenciais, por&#233;m sem a garantia destas. Al&#233;m disso, houve uma perda de seguimento elevada (11,5%) e n&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o se esta esteve associada aos fatores de risco, o que pode comprometer a confiabilidade de informa&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, prescri&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significa ades&#227;o ao tratamento.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, Moreira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> encontraram uma incid&#234;ncia de 7% de morte, IM ou AVE (desfecho prim&#225;rio), ao final do seguimento. Esse achado deve ser comparado aos resultados de outras coortes e gerar reflex&#245;es, embora diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas e varia&#231;&#245;es regionais possam justificar diferen&#231;as na incid&#234;ncia de desfechos. O registro multic&#234;ntrico internacional CLARIFY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> encontrou 8% de morte cardiovascular ou IM (desfecho prim&#225;rio) em seguimento de 5 anos de pacientes com SCC. O desfecho secund&#225;rio, composto de morte cardiovascular, IM n&#227;o fatal e AVE n&#227;o fatal, mais pr&#243;ximo do desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo de Moreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>, ocorreu em 9,5%. A coorte CLARIFY avaliou mais que 30.000 indiv&#237;duos em 45 pa&#237;ses de diversos n&#237;veis socioecon&#244;micos. Al&#233;m de tempo de seguimento diferente, houve adjudica&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio no estudo CLARIFY.</p>
    <p>No registro brasileiro REACT (2021), 5076 pacientes foram seguidos por um ano, dos quais dois ter&#231;os estavam em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. A incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares ateroscler&#243;ticos fatais e n&#227;o fatais foi estimada em 5,46 por 100 pacientes-ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O perfil da amostra revelou semelhan&#231;as com o estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> por&#233;m compara&#231;&#245;es ficam dificultadas pelas diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas entre os estudos.</p>
    <p>Outro achado interessante do estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> foi a redu&#231;&#227;o de angina ao longo do seguimento de 2,4 anos, com aumento do percentual de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos na avalia&#231;&#227;o final,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esse dado tamb&#233;m foi encontrado no registro CLARIFY, ao avaliar 7212 indiv&#237;duos com SCC e angina de peito, os quais, submetidos basicamente &#224; terapia m&#233;dica otimizada, apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de sintomas anginosos de 40% em um ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A aus&#234;ncia ou melhora da angina se associou &#224; menor incid&#234;ncia de desfechos cardiovasculares maiores, como morte de causa cardiovascular e IM n&#227;o fatal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> o que subsidia as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de terapia farmacol&#243;gica otimizada como estrat&#233;gia primordial em pacientes com SCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> tem limita&#231;&#245;es que est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; amostragem por conveni&#234;ncia, tamanho amostral e tempo de seguimento relativamente pequenos e estat&#237;stica inferencial eminentemente explorat&#243;ria. A perda de seguimento foi alta e a falta de adjudica&#231;&#227;o dos eventos pode reduzir a validade interna. No entanto, as informa&#231;&#245;es do estudo s&#227;o importantes, contempor&#226;neas e &#250;teis na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com SCC e seu progn&#243;stico a m&#233;dio prazo. Sinaliza a necessidade de estudos semelhantes a n&#237;vel regional ou pesquisas multic&#234;ntricas nacionais, de modo de obter informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a efetividade de terapias e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos portadores de SCC.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Acompanhamento de Dois Anos de Pacientes com Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica Cr&#244;nica em um Centro Especializado no Brasil</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chronic Coronary Syndrome In Brazil: We Need To Know More</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5834-7275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-4867-2852</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos/EBSERH, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Adriana Lopes Latado</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia &#8211; Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n. Postal Code 40110-100, Canela, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: adrianalatado@cardiol.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis, Syndrome Acute Coronary</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is a heterogeneous group of diseases encompassing obstructive and non-obstructive coronary atherosclerotic disease with or without previous myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary revascularization, in addition to the disease diagnosed only by non-invasive tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> According to data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study, the total number of people living with ischemic heart disease in Brazil, whether symptomatic or not, increased from 1.48 million to more than 4 million between 1990 and 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Population growth, aging, and the increase in diagnosis are the main justifications for this phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although remaining the main cause of death, mortality from ischemic heart disease has decreased over the last three decades in practically all of Brazil, although some regional variations have been described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Men are more affected than women, and an inverse relationship is described between the mortality rate from ischemic heart disease and the educational or economic level of the regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Despite the growing existence of national data on ischemic heart disease, regional or local cohorts to assess its long-term prognosis are scarce, even more so if we consider the need for frequent updates regarding emerging treatment strategies.</p>
      <p>In the article Two-Year Follow-Up of Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease Patients in a Specialized Center in Brazil of this edition,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the authors describe the clinical-demographic profile and prognosis of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD), followed at a tertiary cardiology care center, the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. The registry was prospective, recruited participants between 2016 and 2018, and had a median follow-up time of 2.4 years. Six hundred twenty-five patients were included, but only 533 had follow-up evaluations. The sample had a median age of 66, a third of women, and a high prevalence of morbidities, including 87% of previous cardiovascular events/procedures. The study revealed a small improvement in lipid control during follow-up, especially in LDL cholesterol, but without an apparent correspondence with the prescribed therapy since statins had a similar proportion of prescriptions at the final and baseline moments. The authors draw attention to the low prescription of additional lipid-lowering agents. However, there is no description of the frequency of use of potent statins at the maximum dose, which is recommended before combining other medications. At this point, it would also be important to describe local practice, as the Unified Health System provides simvastatin free of charge, but atorvastatin only through a bureaucratic process, which limits its use. In a public service in the same state, only 3% of outpatient prescriptions were for atorvastatin 80mg/d.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Interpretation of these findings is limited. The study evaluated participants at baseline and each year of follow-up, preferably in face-to-face visits, although these were not guaranteed. Furthermore, there was a high loss to follow-up (11.5%), and there is no description of whether this was associated with risk factors, which may compromise the reliability of information. Furthermore, prescription does not mean treatment adherence.</p>
      <p>Regarding clinical outcomes, Moreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> found a 7% incidence of death, MI, or CVA (primary outcome) at the end of follow-up. This finding should be compared to the results of other cohorts and generate reflections, although methodological differences and regional variations may justify differences in the incidence of outcomes. The international multicenter registry CLARIFY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> found 8% cardiovascular death or MI (primary outcome) in a 5-year follow-up of patients with CCS. The secondary outcome, composed of cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke, closer to the primary outcome of study by Moreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>, occurred in 9.5%. The CLARIFY cohort evaluated over 30,000 individuals in 45 countries of varying socioeconomic levels. In addition to different follow-up times, the CLARIFY study adjudicated the primary outcome.</p>
      <p>In the Brazilian REACT registry (2021), 5076 patients were followed for one year, of which two-thirds were in secondary prevention. The incidence of fatal and non-fatal atherosclerotic cardiovascular events was estimated at 5.46 per 100 patient-years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The sample profile revealed similarities with the study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> however, methodological differences make comparisons difficult.</p>
      <p>Another interesting finding of the study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> was the reduction in angina over the 2.4-year follow-up, with an increase in the percentage of asymptomatic patients at the final evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This data was also found in the CLARIFY registry when evaluating 7212 individuals with CCS and angina pectoris, who underwent optimized medical therapy and showed a 40% reduction in anginal symptoms in one year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The absence or improvement of angina was associated with a lower incidence of major cardiovascular outcomes, such as death from cardiovascular causes and non-fatal MI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> which supports recommendations for optimized pharmacological therapy as a primary strategy in patients with CCS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>has limitations related to convenience sampling, sample size, relatively short follow-up times, and eminently exploratory inferential statistics. Loss to follow-up was high, and the lack of adjudication of events may reduce internal validity. However, the study information is important, contemporary, and useful in characterizing patients with SCC and their medium-term prognosis. It signals the need for similar studies at regional or national multicenter research to obtain information on the effectiveness of therapies and the clinical evolution of patients with SCC.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Two-Year Follow-Up of Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease Patients in a Specialized Center in Brazil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
