<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="editorial" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RSrKgGbvdjkXnTG55NHVSXM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230708</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A &#8220;Maioridade&#8221; do Escore de C&#225;lcio Coron&#225;rio?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1623-7382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5039-320X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9582-7881</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bettencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Luz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ant&#243;nio Miguel Ferreira &#8226; Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Av. Prof. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2794-035, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>amferreira.md@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230708</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd> Fatores Et&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#225;lcio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>
        <bold>
          <italic>&#8220;Um homem &#233; t&#227;o velho quanto suas art&#233;rias&#8221;</italic>
        </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>
          <italic>Thomas Sydenham (m&#233;dico ingl&#234;s, 1624-1689)</italic>
        </bold>
      </p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>O uso do escore de c&#225;lcio arterial coronariano (CAC) para orientar a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da aterosclerose e suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es tem crescido em popularidade nos &#250;ltimos anos. Suas vantagens sobre o paradigma atual de calculadoras baseadas em fatores de risco incluem melhor discrimina&#231;&#227;o e maior poder preditivo, com a promessa de melhores decis&#245;es de tratamento e implementa&#231;&#227;o oportuna de medidas preventivas personalizadas.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os resultados da CAC s&#227;o geralmente expressos em valor absoluto e em percentil entre indiv&#237;duos da mesma idade e sexo. &#201; importante ressaltar que transmitir essas informa&#231;&#245;es aos pacientes parece melhorar sua ades&#227;o &#224;s modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida e &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Uma das formas desenvolvidas para fazer os pacientes compreenderem seu risco &#233; o conceito de idade vascular. Muito simplesmente, a idade vascular de um indiv&#237;duo avaliada pelo escore CAC &#233; a idade m&#233;dia em que pessoas do mesmo sexo apresentam grau semelhante de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Portanto, se a idade vascular de uma pessoa for superior &#224; idade cronol&#243;gica, isso indica um risco maior de eventos cardiovasculares do que se poderia supor. Por exemplo, uma mulher fumadora de 50 anos com uma idade vascular de 70 anos pode perceber que precisa tomar medidas preventivas para reduzir o seu risco. Por outro lado, quando a idade vascular &#233; inferior &#224; idade cronol&#243;gica, sugere um risco menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com a sua faixa et&#225;ria.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Embora a idade vascular forne&#231;a uma forma clara e identific&#225;vel de comunicar o risco cardiovascular aos pacientes, deve notar-se que pode transmitir a falsa no&#231;&#227;o que a aterosclerose faz parte do processo natural de envelhecimento. N&#227;o faz. No entanto, apesar desta imprecis&#227;o, a sua utilidade cl&#237;nica permanece.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos ABC, um interessante estudo procurou avaliar o impacto do uso da idade vascular para reclassificar o risco de 150 homens brancos assintom&#225;ticos submetidos a escores de CAC.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> A substitui&#231;&#227;o da idade cronol&#243;gica pela idade vascular na equa&#231;&#227;o de coorte agrupada estado-unidense resultou na reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de dois ter&#231;os dos sujeitos (31% para cima e 36% para baixo). Na aus&#234;ncia de eventos cl&#237;nicos para avaliar a adequa&#231;&#227;o desta reclassifica&#231;&#227;o, os autores utilizaram a progress&#227;o do escore CAC em um segundo exame (realizado quase 8 anos depois, em m&#233;dia) como substituto. Ao contr&#225;rio dos escores de risco basais, a idade vascular foi significativamente correlacionada com a progress&#227;o da CAC ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p>Este estudo ilustra uma das aplica&#231;&#245;es potenciais da idade vascular (ou seja, para ser usada em vez da idade cronol&#243;gica no c&#225;lculo dos escores de risco). Al&#233;m disso, apoia a no&#231;&#227;o de que o escore CAC supera as calculadoras atuais apoiadas pelas diretrizes na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular. No entanto, v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m devem ser reconhecidas. Usar um par&#226;metro baseado em CAC, como a idade vascular, para prever a progress&#227;o do CAC &#233;, at&#233; certo ponto, uma promessa autorrealiz&#225;vel, uma vez que o CAC basal &#233; provavelmente o melhor preditor da progress&#227;o do CAC ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Outra advert&#234;ncia importante &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de dados sobre medicamentos hipolipemiantes no in&#237;cio do estudo e durante o per&#237;odo entre exames. Sabe-se que as estatinas aumentam os escores de CAC em alguns pacientes atrav&#233;s de um mecanismo que provavelmente envolve a &#8220;estabiliza&#231;&#227;o&#8221; de placas pr&#233;-existentes com calcifica&#231;&#227;o concomitante.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Portanto, a progress&#227;o do CAC pode ser desej&#225;vel em certas circunst&#226;ncias, o que &#233; uma das raz&#245;es pelas quais a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de p&#243;s- exames repetidos de estatina s&#227;o problem&#225;ticos.</p>
    <p>Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, este estudo nos lembra dos benef&#237;cios potenciais da avalia&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica com o escore CAC e das poss&#237;veis formas de integrar essas informa&#231;&#245;es &#224; nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual de estimativa de risco com calculadoras. V&#225;rios grandes ensaios randomizados em andamento nos dir&#227;o em breve se devemos continuar usando CAC apenas em casos selecionados (quando o benef&#237;cio da terapia farmacol&#243;gica &#233; incerto) ou se esta nova abordagem deve se tornar padr&#227;o. Fique atento!</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1.Wong ND. Evolution of Coronary Calcium Screening for Assessment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Role in Preventive Cardiology. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2022;24(12):949-57. doi: 10.1007/s11883-022-01073-z.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evolution of Coronary Calcium Screening for Assessment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Role in Preventive Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Curr Atheroscler Rep</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>949</fpage>
          <lpage>957</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11883-022-01073-z</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2.Bettencourt N, Mendes L, Fontes JP, Matos P, Ferreira C, Botelho A, et al. Consensus Document on Chronic Coronary Syndrome Assessment and Risk Stratification in Portugal: A Position Paper Statement from the [Portuguese Society of Cardiology&#8217;s] Working Groups on Nuclear Cardiology, Magnetic Resonance and Cardiac Computed Tomography, Echocardiography, and Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation. Rev Port Cardiol. 2022;41(3):241-51. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bettencourt</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendes</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontes</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Botelho</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Consensus Document on Chronic Coronary Syndrome Assessment and Risk Stratification in Portugal: A Position Paper Statement from the [Portuguese Society of Cardiology&#8217;s] Working Groups on Nuclear Cardiology, Magnetic Resonance and Cardiac Computed Tomography, Echocardiography, and Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>251</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3.Val&#233;rio RS, Generoso G, Fernandes JL, Nasir K, Hong JC, Bittencourt MS. Cost-Effectiveness of Using the Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Guiding Therapeutic Decisions in Primary Prevention in the Brazilian Population. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(6):1126-31. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210347.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Val&#233;rio</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Generoso</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasir</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hong</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cost-Effectiveness of Using the Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Guiding Therapeutic Decisions in Primary Prevention in the Brazilian Population</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1126</fpage>
          <lpage>1131</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210347</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4.Gupta A, Lau E, Varshney R, Hulten EA, Cheezum M, Bittencourt MS, et al. The Identification of Calcified Coronary Plaque Is Associated with Initiation and Continuation of Pharmacological and Lifestyle Preventive Therapies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(8):833-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.01.030.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gupta</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lau</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varshney</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hulten</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheezum</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Identification of Calcified Coronary Plaque Is Associated with Initiation and Continuation of Pharmacological and Lifestyle Preventive Therapies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>833</fpage>
          <lpage>842</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.01.030</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5.McClelland RL, Nasir K, Budoff M, Blumenthal RS, Kronmal RA. Arterial Age as a Function of Coronary Artery Calcium (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA]). Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(1):59-63. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.031.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McClelland</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasir</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budoff</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenthal</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kronmal</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Arterial Age as a Function of Coronary Artery Calcium (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA])</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>59</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.031</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6.Polli I, Bruscato NM, Da Luz PL, Freitas DDM, Almeida AO, Carli W, et al. Determination of Vascular Age in Men Using the Coronary Calcium Score and its Impact on Restratification of Cardiovascular Risk. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230253">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230253</ext-link>. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(10):e20230253.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Polli</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruscato</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Da Luz</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>DDM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carli</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determination of Vascular Age in Men Using the Coronary Calcium Score and its Impact on Restratification of Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230253">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230253</ext-link>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230253</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7.Erbel R, Lehmann N, Churzidse S, Rauwolf M, Mahabadi AA, M&#246;hlenkamp S, et al. Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification Seems to be Inevitable, but Predictable - Results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) study. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(42):2960-71. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu288.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Erbel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Churzidse</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rauwolf</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahabadi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#246;hlenkamp</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification Seems to be Inevitable, but Predictable - Results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>42</issue>
          <fpage>2960</fpage>
          <lpage>2971</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehu288</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8.Puri R, Nicholls SJ, Shao M, Kataoka Y, Uno K, Kapadia SR, et al. Impact of Statins on Serial Coronary Calcification During Atheroma Progression and Regression. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(13):1273-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.036.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Puri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicholls</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shao</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kataoka</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uno</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapadia</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Statins on Serial Coronary Calcification During Atheroma Progression and Regression</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1273</fpage>
          <lpage>1282</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.036</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Determina&#231;&#227;o da Idade Vascular em Homens Atrav&#233;s do Escore de C&#225;lcio Coronariano e seu Impacto na Reestratifica&#231;&#227;o do Risco Cardiovascular</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The &#8220;Coming of Age&#8221; of Coronary Calcium Score?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1623-7382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5039-320X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9582-7881</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bettencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Ant&#243;nio Miguel Ferreira &#8226; Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Av. Prof. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2794-035, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: amferreira.md@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Age Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>&#8220;A man is as old as his arteries&#8221; </italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>Thomas Sydenham (English physician, 1624-1689)</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>The use of coronary artery calcium (CAC) score to guide the primary prevention of atherosclerosis and its manifestations has grown in popularity in recent years. Its advantages over the current paradigm of risk-factor-based calculators include better discrimination and greater predictive power, with the promise of better treatment decisions and timely implementation of personalized preventive measures.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>CAC results are usually expressed as an absolute value and as a percentile among individuals of the same age and sex. Importantly, conveying this information to patients seems to improve their adherence to lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapy.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> One of the ways developed for making patients understand their risk is the concept of vascular age. Quite simply, an individual&#8217;s vascular age assessed by CAC score is the average age at which people of the same sex have a similar degree of coronary calcification. So, if a person&#8217;s vascular age is higher than their chronological age, this indicates a higher risk of cardiovascular events than one would suppose. For instance, a 50-year-old female smoker with a vascular age of 70 may realize that she needs to take preventive measures to reduce her risk. Conversely, when vascular age is lower than chronological age, it suggests a lower risk compared to their age group.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Although vascular age provides a clear and relatable way to communicate cardiovascular risk to patients, it should be noted that it might convey the false notion that atherosclerosis is part of the natural aging process. It is not. Nevertheless, despite this imprecision, its clinical usefulness remains.</p>
      <p>In this issue of ABC, an interesting study sought to assess the impact of using vascular age to reclassify the risk of 150 asymptomatic white men undergoing CAC scores.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Replacing chronological age with vascular age in the North American Pooled Cohort Equation resulted in the reclassification of two-thirds of the subjects (31% upward and 36% downward). In the absence of clinical events to assess the appropriateness of this reclassification, the authors used CAC score progression on a second scan (performed almost 8 years later, on average) as a surrogate. Unlike baseline risk scores, vascular age was significantly correlated with CAC progression over time.</p>
      <p>This study illustrates one of the potential applications of vascular age (i.e., to be used instead of chronological age when calculating risk scores). Also, it supports the notion that the CAC score outperforms current guideline-supported calculators in assessing cardiovascular risk. However, several limitations should also be acknowledged. Using a CAC-based parameter such as vascular age to predict CAC progression is, to some degree, a self-fulfilling promise since baseline CAC is probably the best predictor of CAC progression over time.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Another important caveat is the absence of data on lipid-lowering medication at baseline and during the inter-scan period. Statins are known to increase CAC scores in some patients through a mechanism that probably involves &#8220;stabilization&#8221; of pre-existing plaques with concurrent calcification.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> So, CAC progression may be desirable in certain circumstances, which is one reason why the interpretation of post-statin repeat scans is troublesome.</p>
      <p>Despite these limitations, this study reminds us of the potential benefits of assessing subclinical atherosclerosis with CAC score and possible ways of integrating this information with our current clinical practice of estimating risk with calculators. Several ongoing large randomized trials will soon tell us whether we should keep using CAC only in selected cases (when the benefit of pharmacological therapy is uncertain) or if this new approach should become standard. Stay tuned!</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short editorial related to the article: Determination of Vascular Age in Men Using the Coronary Calcium Score and its Impact on Restratification of Cardiovascular Risk</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
