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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">33fWCDpXVrYkPKxZgHJjJJF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230696</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Condicionamento Farmacol&#243;gico pode ser Resgatado pela Dexmedetodina: Como um Sedativo pode Mitigar Les&#245;es de I/R?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1168-8926</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Campus Professor Geraldo Cidade</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Duque de Caxias</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Campus Professor Geraldo Cidade Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo Maciel &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas Filho - CCS - UFRJ. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 &#8211; CCS, Bloco G &#8211; Ilha do Fund&#227;o. CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>leonardomaciel@biof.ufrj.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230696</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Dexmedetomidina</kwd>
        <kwd>Pharmacology</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitofagia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o grave que afeta milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Durante o IAM, o suprimento sangu&#237;neo ao m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco &#233; interrompido, reduzindo a disponibilidade de nutrientes e oxig&#234;nio. Restaurar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo &#233; essencial para salvar o m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco; paradoxalmente, a reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; um mecanismo inteiramente benigno e induz les&#245;es de reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Portanto, tratamentos para atenuar les&#245;es de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o (I/R) s&#227;o necess&#225;rios. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o existem tratamentos farmacol&#243;gicos totalmente eficazes para aliviar les&#245;es de I/R em pacientes com IAM. No entanto, o condicionamento farmacol&#243;gico com Dexmedetomidina, medicamento utilizado principalmente como sedativo e analg&#233;sico, tem sido relatado como um agente cardioprotetor promissor contra les&#245;es de I/R.</p>
    <p>Devido aos seus efeitos sedativos e analg&#233;sicos, a Dexmedetomidina &#233; um agonista seletivo do receptor alfa-2 adren&#233;rgico (&#945;2-AR) comumente utilizado em hospitais, especialmente em unidades de terapia intensiva e salas cir&#250;rgicas. Embora sua associa&#231;&#227;o com prote&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tenha sido sugerida em estudos anteriores,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> o trabalho de Chen et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> tema deste minieditorial, aprofundou-se na compreens&#227;o do mecanismo subjacente de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o da Dexmedetomidina. Assim, al&#233;m de demonstrar que o pr&#233;-condicionamento farmacol&#243;gico com Dexmedetomidina melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e reduz a &#225;rea de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s I/R, um dos achados mais significativos deste estudo foi a rela&#231;&#227;o entre Dexmedetomidina e mitofagia.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A mitofagia &#233; um processo fundamental para a manuten&#231;&#227;o adequada da sa&#250;de celular, envolvendo a degrada&#231;&#227;o de mitoc&#244;ndrias danificadas<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> e desempenhando um papel cr&#237;tico na preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e na preven&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es de I/R.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> , <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> </sup> Chen et al. demonstraram que a Dexmedetomidina melhora a manuten&#231;&#227;o do equil&#237;brio adequado da mitofagia, suprimindo a degrada&#231;&#227;o excessiva das mitoc&#244;ndrias funcionais.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Isto resultou em mitoc&#244;ndrias mais intactas p&#243;s-I/R, com manuten&#231;&#227;o do potencial de membrana mitocondrial e consequentemente redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio. Esses achados s&#227;o cruciais, uma vez que a manuten&#231;&#227;o estrutural e funcional das mitoc&#244;ndrias &#233; essencial para a sobreviv&#234;ncia e funcionamento celular.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Al&#233;m disso, se espera que a cardioprote&#231;&#227;o esteja intimamente envolvida com a homeostase mitocondrial p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> A Dexmedetomidina tamb&#233;m reduziu a forma&#231;&#227;o de autofagossomos, um marcador de mitofagia excessiva. Isto sugere que a Dexmedetomidina poderia modular significativamente a mitofagia, preservar as mitoc&#244;ndrias funcionais e proteger os cardiomi&#243;citos contra les&#245;es de I/R.</p>
    <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o dos receptores &#945;2-AR parece crucial para os efeitos cardioprotetores da Dexmedetomidina. Quando a ioimbina, um bloqueador do receptor &#945;2-AR, foi administrada com Dexmedetomidina, o efeito cardioprotetor foi revertido. Isto enfatiza a contribui&#231;&#227;o dos receptores &#945;2-AR para a resposta cardioprotetora contra les&#227;o de I/R. Outros estudos j&#225; demonstraram o envolvimento da ativa&#231;&#227;o deste receptor.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup> De facto, &#233; relatado que a jusante da ativa&#231;&#227;o deste receptor pode culminar na ativa&#231;&#227;o de PI3K/AKT.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> AKT &#233; conhecido por ser um regulador e indutor da mitofagia, mas ainda n&#227;o se sabe como a mitofagia &#233; regulada com precis&#227;o pela AKT para prevenir danos &#224; c&#233;lula. No entanto, o potencial da membrana mitocondrial parece desempenhar um papel na indu&#231;&#227;o do refinamento da mitofagia. Quando o potencial de membrana mitocondrial &#233; mais positivo, a prote&#237;na serina/treonina quinase (Pink1) acumula-se na membrana externa, normalmente danificada, atrav&#233;s da forma&#231;&#227;o de um grande complexo com a prote&#237;na TOM e sofre autofosforila&#231;&#227;o intermolecular, levando &#224; sua ativa&#231;&#227;o, resultando na ubiquitina&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas da membrana mitocondrial externa e ativa&#231;&#227;o da autofagia.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Curiosamente, a AKT tamb&#233;m pode regular a autofagia mitocondrial seletiva<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> atrav&#233;s de mecanismos que envolvem a manuten&#231;&#227;o do potencial de membrana mitocondrial<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> e a regula&#231;&#227;o de Pink1;<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m pela ativa&#231;&#227;o do mTOR, que regula a autofagia e o controle de qualidade mitocondrial.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em resumo, este estudo fornece evid&#234;ncias promissoras do potencial da Dexmedetomidina como tratamento contra les&#227;o de I/R mioc&#225;rdica. Ao suprimir a mitofagia excessiva e preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, a Dexmedetomidina pode ser crucial na prote&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o contra danos resultantes de I/R. No entanto, &#233; essencial reconhecer que este estudo foi realizado num modelo animal, sendo necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas para confirmar estes resultados. Os pr&#243;ximos passos dever&#227;o evoluir para modelos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos utilizando animais de grande porte, como porcos, e depois serem analisados em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O Pr&#233;-Condicionamento com Dexmedetomidina Atenua a Les&#227;o de Isquemia/Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica em Ratos, Suprimindo a Mitofagia Via Ativa&#231;&#227;o do Receptor &#913;2-Adren&#233;rgico</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pharmacological Conditioning is Salvageable by Dexmedetomidine: How a Sedative Can Mitigate I/R Injuries?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1168-8926</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Campus Professor Geraldo Cidade Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Leonardo Maciel &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas Filho - CCS - UFRJ. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 &#8211; CCS, Bloco G &#8211; Ilha do Fund&#227;o. CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: leonardomaciel@biof.ufrj.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Dexmedetomidine</kwd>
        <kwd>Farmacologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitophagy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a severe condition affecting millions worldwide.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>During AMI, the blood supply to the heart muscle is interrupted, reducing the availability of nutrients and oxygen. Restoring blood flow is essential to save the heart muscle; paradoxically, reperfusion is not an entirely benign mechanism, and it induces reperfusion injuries.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>Therefore, treatments to mitigate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injuries are necessary. So far, there are no entirely effective pharmacological treatments to relieve I/R injuries in patients under AMI. However, pharmacological conditioning with Dexmedetomidine, a medication primarily used as a sedative and analgesic, has been reported as a promising cardioprotective agent against I/R injuries.</p>
      <p>Due to its sedative and analgesic effects, Dexmedetomidine is a selective agonist of the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor (&#945;2-AR) commonly used in hospitals, especially in intensive care units and surgery rooms. Although its association with cardiac protection has been suggested in previous studies,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>the work of Chen et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>the topic of this short editorial, delved into understanding Dexmedetomidine&#8217;s underlying mechanism of cardioprotection. Thus, in addition to demonstrating that pharmacological preconditioning with Dexmedetomidine improves cardiac function and reduces the myocardial infarct area after I/R, one of the most significant findings of this study was the relationship between Dexmedetomidine and mitophagy.</p>
      <p>Mitophagy is a fundamental process for properly maintaining cellular health, involving the degradation of damaged mitochondria<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>and playing a critical role in preserving cardiac function and preventing I/R injury.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> , <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> </sup>Chen et al. demonstrated that Dexmedetomidine improves the maintenance of the proper balance of mitophagy by suppressing excessive degradation of functional mitochondria.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>This resulted in more intact mitochondria post-I/R, with the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential and consequently reduced production of reactive oxygen species. These findings are crucial once mitochondria&#8217;s structural and functional maintenance is essential for cell survival and functioning.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>Additionally, cardioprotection is expected to be closely involved with post-ischemic mitochondrial homeostasis.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>Dexmedetomidine also reduced the formation of autophagosomes, a marker of excessive mitophagy. This suggests that Dexmedetomidine could significantly modulate mitophagy, preserve functional mitochondria, and protect cardiomyocytes against I/R injuries.</p>
      <p>The activation of &#945;2-AR receptors appears crucial for Dexmedetomidine&#8217;s cardioprotective effects. When yohimbine, an &#945;2-AR receptor blocker, was administered with Dexmedetomidine, the cardioprotective effect was reversed. This emphasizes the contribution of &#945;2-AR receptors to the cardioprotective response against I/R injury. Other studies have already demonstrated the involvement of this receptor activation.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup>Indeed, it is reported that downstream of the activation of this receptor can culminate in the activation of PI3K/AKT.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>AKT is known to be a regulator and an inducer of mitophagy, but it remains unknown how mitophagy is finely regulated by AKT to prevent harm to the cell. However, mitochondrial membrane potential appears to play a role in the induction of mitophagy refinement. When the mitochondrial membrane potential is more positive, the serine/threonine kinase protein (Pink1) accumulates on the outer membrane, normally damaged, through the formation of a large complex with the TOM protein and undergoes intermolecular auto-phosphorylation, leading to its activation, resulting in the ubiquitination of outer mitochondrial membrane proteins and activation of autophagy.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>Interestingly, AKT can also regulate selective mitochondrial autophagy<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>through mechanisms involving the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>and the regulation of Pink1 ;<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>also by activating mTOR, which regulates autophagy and mitochondrial quality control.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In summary, this study provides promising evidence of the potential of Dexmedetomidine as a treatment against myocardial I/R injury. By suppressing excessive mitophagy and preserving mitochondrial function, Dexmedetomidine may be crucial in protecting the heart against damage resulting from I/R. However, it is essential to recognize that this study was conducted in an animal model, and further research is needed to confirm these results. The next steps should progress to preclinical models using large animals such as pigs and then be analyzed in randomized clinical trials.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Dexmedetomidine Preconditioning Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Suppressing Mitophagy Via Activating &#913;2-Adrenergic Receptor</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
