<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001001401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230695</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Recomenda&#231;&#227;o para Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas e Vertebrais pela Ultrassonografia Vascular: DIC, CBR, SBACV &#8211; 2023</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1622-6621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albricker</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Vilas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1348-9074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alcantara</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4217-8977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cantisano</surname>
            <given-names>Armando Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2531-4308</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Carmen Lucia Lascasas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-7287-9198</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Salomon Israel do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-2066-1707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Veloso</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando Carlos Gl&#243;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7353-4444</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teodoro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Aldo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6186-1531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petisco</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cl&#225;udia Gomes Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9182-0204</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saleh</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed Hassan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6213-3226</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Vin&#237;cius Lins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4272-646X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Fanilda Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-1587-3973</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Dias Valiente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8760-2279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9101-7366</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nardino</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rica Patr&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8773-3095</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Melissa Andreia de Moares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2695-8519</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Biagioni</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Ciucci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0326-2183</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Jos&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2210-4367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sarpe</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Karina Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9729-0635</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur Curtarelli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8227-7120</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Rodrigo de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0792-1211</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-4945-4272</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;olin</surname>
            <given-names>Peter C&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6689-4076</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Iquizli</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8640-3657</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alair Augusto Sarmet Moreira Damas dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>32</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4700-0599</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Muglia</surname>
            <given-names>Valdair Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>33</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7153-4614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Naves</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>34</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte (UniBH), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Mineiro de Ultrassonografia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">IMEDE &#8211; Instituto Mineiro de Ultrassonografia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares (UBSERH), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Eccos Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular Avan&#231;ado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eccos Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular Avan&#231;ado, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Quinta D&#8217;Or, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Quinta D&#8217;Or, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede UnitedHealth Group</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede UnitedHealth Group (UHG), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pasteur</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pasteur, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Am&#233;ricas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Am&#233;ricas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas M&#225;rio Lioni</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas M&#225;rio Lioni, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>15</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>16</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">PRENOTO Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e Diagn&#243;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">PRENOTO Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e Diagn&#243;stica, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>17</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>18</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>19</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Fanilda Barros</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Fanilda Barros, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>20</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>21</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC Paulista, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>22</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina Unoeste</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guaruj&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina Unoeste, Guaruj&#225;, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>23</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Itajub&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Itajub&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Itajub&#225;, Itajub&#225;, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label>24</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Vascularline</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Vascularline, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label>25</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ecocenter Medicina Diagn&#243;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ecocenter Medicina Diagn&#243;stica, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25">
        <label>26</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Ipiranga</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ipiranga, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26">
        <label>27</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Luiz Itaim</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Luiz Itaim, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27">
        <label>28</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28">
        <label>29</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff29">
        <label>30</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff30">
        <label>31</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Hcor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff31">
        <label>32</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff32">
        <label>33</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff33">
        <label>34</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Madre Teresa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Madre Teresa, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: 20020-907. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="deceased" id="fn_ast1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>
            <italic>In memoriam</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Coordenadores respons&#225;veis:</bold> Ana Cristina Lopes Albricker, Luisa Ciucci Biagioni, Simone Nascimento dos Santos, Cl&#225;udia Maria Vilas Freire</p>
          <p><bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes respons&#225;vel:</bold> Carisi Anne Polanczyk (Coordenadora), Humberto Graner Moreira, M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha, Jose Airton de Arruda, Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8211; Gest&#227;o 2022-2024</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230695</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="32"/>
        <table-count count="34"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="155"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <table-wrap>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Recomenda&#231;&#227;o para Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas e Vertebrais pela Ultrassonografia Vascular: DIC, CBR, SBACV &#8211; 2023</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2022/2023.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Especialista</th>
              <th align="left">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Adriano Jos&#233; de Souza</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Alair Augusto Sarmet Moreira Damas dos Santos</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ana Cl&#225;udia Gomes Pereira Petisco</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ana Cristina Lopes Albricker</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ana Luiza Dias Valiente Engelhorn</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Anna Karina Paiva Sarpe</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Sigvaris e Venosan.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Armando Luis Cantisano</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Arthur Curtarelli de Oliveira</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bruno de Lima Naves</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Xarelto; Apsen: Dobeven.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carlos Alberto Engelhorn</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Eventual Palestrante Honor&#225;rio &#8211; Pfizer: Amiloidose; GE: Tomografia Cardiovascular; Edwards: TAVI; Manole: Livros de RMC e TCC.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- V-Plaque (Inclisiran- Novartis): Institui&#231;&#227;o Hcor.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreci&#225;vel de empresas na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Blume Medicina Diagn&#243;stica: acionista</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carmen Lucia Lascasas Porto</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: palestras.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Claudia Maria Vilas Freire</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Domingos de Morais Filho</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#201;rica Patr&#237;cio Nardino</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fanilda Souto Barros</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jos&#233; Aldo Ribeiro Teodoro</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Luisa Ciucci Biagioni</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Marcelo Rodrigo de Souza Moraes</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Marcio Vin&#237;cius Lins de Barros</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Melissa Andreia de Moraes Silva</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Miguel Jos&#233; Francisco Neto</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mohamed Hassan Saleh</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Monica Luiza de Alcantara</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Boston Scientific: Watchman FLX.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Orlando Carlos Gl&#243;ria Veloso</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peter C&#233;lio Fran&#231;olin</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreci&#225;vel de empresas na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Ensino.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Rogerio Iquizli</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Salomon Israel do Amaral</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreci&#225;vel de empresas na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Imagem Cardiovascular.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Simone Nascimento dos Santos</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Valdair Francisco Muglia</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <sec>
      <title>Sum&#225;rio</title>
      <p>1. Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o e N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia 5</p>
      <p>2. Resumo das Principais Orienta&#231;&#245;es e</p>
      <p>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es 5</p>
      <p>3. Introdu&#231;&#227;o e Equipamento 6</p>
      <p>3.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o 6</p>
      <p>3.2. Higieniza&#231;&#227;o e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Infec&#231;&#245;es 8</p>
      <p>4. Espessura Mediointimal e Detec&#231;&#227;o de</p>
      <p>Placas das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas para Avalia&#231;&#227;o do</p>
      <p>Risco Cardiovascular 8</p>
      <p>4.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o Ultrassonogr&#225;fica da Espessura Mediointimal e da</p>
      <p>Placa Carot&#237;dea 9</p>
      <p>5. Avalia&#231;&#227;o das Estenoses Carot&#237;deas 9</p>
      <p>5.1. Crit&#233;rios Anat&#244;micos 9</p>
      <p>5.2. Papel da Angiotomografia e Angiorresson&#226;ncia 10</p>
      <p>5.3. Crit&#233;rios de Velocidade 11</p>
      <p>5.4. Considera&#231;&#245;es T&#233;cnicas para a Avalia&#231;&#227;o ao Doppler 11</p>
      <p>5.5. Estenose da Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Interna 11</p>
      <p><bold>5.5.1. Estenoses Menores que 50%</bold> 12</p>
      <p><bold>5.5.2. Estenoses Maiores que 50%</bold> 12</p>
      <p><bold>5.5.3. Suboclus&#245;es e Oclus&#245;es</bold> 14</p>
      <p>5.6. Estenose da Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Comum e Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Externa 14</p>
      <p>5.7. Condi&#231;&#245;es que Afetam as Medidas de Velocidade 15</p>
      <p>6. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ultrassonogr&#225;fica ap&#243;s Endarterectomia e</p>
      <p>Implante de <italic>Stent</italic> 15</p>
      <p>6.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o 15</p>
      <p>6.2. Protocolo do Exame 16</p>
      <p>6.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecogr&#225;fica ap&#243;s endarterectomia carot&#237;dea 16</p>
      <p>6.4. Achados do Exame de USV P&#243;s-endarterectomia 16</p>
      <p>7. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Morfol&#243;gica das Placas Carot&#237;deas 16</p>
      <p>7.1. Estudo da morfologia da placa 16</p>
      <p><bold>7.1.1. Morfologia da Placa</bold> 16</p>
      <p><bold>7.1.2. Caracter&#237;sticas das Placas Ateroscler&#243;ticas e Risco de DCV</bold> 16</p>
      <p><bold>7.1.3. Medida do Volume da Placa</bold> 16</p>
      <p>7.2. Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica pela Angiotomografia e</p>
      <p>Angiorresson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica 19</p>
      <p><bold>7.2.1. Dissec&#231;&#227;o de Vasos Cervicais</bold> 19</p>
      <p>8. Agente de Realce de Ultrassom na Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da</p>
      <p>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica 19</p>
      <p>8.1. Caracter&#237;sticas e Propriedades dos Agentes de</p>
      <p>Realce de Ultrassom 19</p>
      <p>8.2. Aspectos T&#233;cnicos que Influenciam a Obten&#231;&#227;o de Imagem</p>
      <p>com Contraste 19</p>
      <p>8.3. &#205;ndice Mec&#226;nico 20</p>
      <p>8.4. Ganho de Imagem 20</p>
      <p>8.5. Quantidade de Contraste 20</p>
      <p>8.6. Diagn&#243;stico de Oclus&#227;o e Sub Oclus&#227;o 20</p>
      <p>8.7. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e Vulnerabilidade das Placas 20</p>
      <p>8.8. Dissec&#231;&#227;o 21</p>
      <p>8.9. Inflama&#231;&#227;o 21</p>
      <p>8.10 Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Stent 21</p>
      <p>8.11 Prepara&#231;&#227;o do Contraste 21</p>
      <p>8.12. Protocolo B&#225;sico de Exame de Ultrassonografia Vascular</p>
      <p>com Contraste de Microbolhas 22</p>
      <p>9. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a Ateromatosa em Art&#233;rias</p>
      <p>Vertebrais 22</p>
      <p>9.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o 22</p>
      <p>9.2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ultrassonogr&#225;fica de Vertebrais 22</p>
      <p>9.3. Metodologia do Exame de Rotina 22</p>
      <p>9.4. Par&#226;metros Normais 22</p>
      <p>9.5. Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da Estenose 22</p>
      <p><bold>9.5.1. Estenose Proximal (V0-V1)</bold> 22</p>
      <p><bold>9.5.2. Estenose Vertebral nos Demais Segmentos (V2-V4)</bold> 23</p>
      <p><bold>9.5.3. Oclus&#227;o de Vertebral</bold> 23</p>
      <p>9.6. S&#237;ndrome do Roubo pela Art&#233;ria Subcl&#225;via 23</p>
      <p>10. Doppler Transcraniano na Doen&#231;a Ateroscler&#243;tica</p>
      <p>Carot&#237;dea e Vertebral Extracraniana 23</p>
      <p>10.1. T&#233;cnicas do Exame 23</p>
      <p>10.2. Protocolo Padr&#227;o do DTC &#8220;Cego&#8221; Convencional 25</p>
      <p>10.3. Protocolo padr&#227;o de Doppler Transcraniano em</p>
      <p>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Cont&#237;nua 27</p>
      <p>10.4. Utilidade cl&#237;nica do Doppler transcraniano na doen&#231;a</p>
      <p>ateroscler&#243;tica cervical 27</p>
      <p><bold>10.4.1. Identifica&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes com HITS</bold> 27</p>
      <p><bold>10.4.2. Repercuss&#245;es Hemodin&#226;micas Induzidas</bold> 27</p>
      <p><bold>10.4.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Estenose Vertebral Intracraniana (V4)</bold> 28</p>
      <p>10.5. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es 29</p>
      <p>Refer&#234;ncias 29</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>1. Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o e N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</title>
      <p>As declara&#231;&#245;es de consenso foram classificadas conforme o mostrado nos <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Quadros 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">2</xref>, de acordo com os padr&#245;es adotados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os padr&#245;es adotados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Defini&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conclusivas ou, na sua falta, consenso do grupo.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conflitantes e/ou diverg&#234;ncias de opini&#227;o sobre a utilidade do m&#233;todo.</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso ou evid&#234;ncia/opini&#227;o a favor do m&#233;todo. Aprovado pela maioria dos autores.</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Seguran&#231;a e utilidade menos bem estabelecidas, n&#227;o havendo predom&#237;nio de opini&#245;es a favor.</td>
                <td align="center">IIb</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias e/ou consenso de que o m&#233;todo n&#227;o &#233; &#250;til.</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t18">
          <label>Quadro 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>N&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia de acordo com os padr&#245;es adotados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Defini&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dados obtidos a partir de m&#250;ltiplos estudos randomizados de bom porte, concordantes e/ou de metan&#225;lise robusta de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dados obtidos a partir de metan&#225;lise menos robusta, a partir de um &#250;nico estudo randomizado ou de estudos n&#227;o randomizados (observacionais).</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dados obtidos a partir de opini&#245;es consensuais de especialistas.</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Resumo das Principais Orienta&#231;&#245;es e Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>O resumo das principais orienta&#231;&#245;es desse painel de especialistas est&#225; descrito no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t19">Quadro 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t19">
          <label>Quadro 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Resumo dos principais pontos sobre a ultrassonografia vascular do sistema carot&#237;deo. ACC: art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum; ACE: art&#233;ria car&#243;tida externa; ACI: art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna; USV: ultrassonografia vascular; VDF: velocidade diast&#243;lica final; VPS: velocidade de pico sist&#243;lico.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Orienta&#231;&#245;es do painel de especialistas</th>
                <th>Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                <th>Refer&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>A USV &#233; recomendada como m&#233;todo de primeira escolha para avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial carot&#237;dea sintom&#225;tica ou assintom&#225;tica pelas grandes sociedades internacionais.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Devem ser avaliadas as art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns, internas e externas bilateralmente, em toda a sua extens&#227;o, al&#233;m do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da estenose carot&#237;dea pela USV envolve crit&#233;rios hemodin&#226;micos que incluem medidas da velocidade do fluxo e suas rela&#231;&#245;es (raz&#245;es) a partir do Doppler espectral, associadas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da placa e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da estenose local &#8211; avalia&#231;&#227;o multiparam&#233;trica.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">1-3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A VPS &#233; considerada o crit&#233;rio hemodin&#226;mico mais bem estabelecido para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas internas, apresentando melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com a angiografia.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">1-4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A VDF e as rela&#231;&#245;es (raz&#245;es) de velocidades colaboram para o diagn&#243;stico das estenoses e t&#234;m grande valor em situa&#231;&#245;es em que a VPS, enquanto valor absoluto, pode n&#227;o refletir adequadamente o grau de estenose.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">1-4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Em casos de suboclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna, pode haver ou n&#227;o eleva&#231;&#227;o da velocidade do fluxo e, eventualmente, a n&#227;o identifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo. Em casos duvidosos, &#233; recomendada a realiza&#231;&#227;o de outro exame complementar.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">1,5-7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A presen&#231;a de fluxo de velocidade reduzida e padr&#227;o de alta resist&#234;ncia em art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum pode sugerir a presen&#231;a de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna ipsilateral.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">1,6,8,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a gradua&#231;&#227;o das estenoses da ACI n&#227;o devem ser aplicadas para classificar as les&#245;es na ACC ou na ACE.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das estenoses na ACC, pode ser realizada pela raz&#227;o de velocidades sist&#243;licas pr&#233;-estenose e no local da estenose, assim como pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">1,10,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>As estenoses na ACE podem ser quantificadas pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da VPS, assim como pela raz&#227;o entre a VPS no ponto da estenose e a VPS na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
                <td align="center">1,12-14</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t20">Quadro 4</xref> resume a revis&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es do posicionamento de 2015<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e as novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o aos t&#243;picos higieniza&#231;&#227;o do equipamento, defini&#231;&#227;o de placa carot&#237;dea, espessura mediointimal, gradua&#231;&#227;o da estenose e morfologia de placa.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t20">
          <label>Quadro 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es revisadas selecionadas e novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es. Angio-TC: angiotomografia; angio-RM: angiografia por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; ASE: Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia; CC: car&#243;tida comum; CI: car&#243;tida interna; DTC: Doppler transcraniano; EMI: espessura mediointimal; NR: nova recomenda&#231;&#227;o; PC: placa carot&#237;dea; R: revisada; US: ultrassom; USV: ultrassonografia vascular; VDF: velocidade diast&#243;lica final; VPS: velocidade do pico sist&#243;lico.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Nova recomenda&#231;&#227;o ou revisada</th>
                <th>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o 2015</th>
                <th>Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o 2023</th>
                <th>Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Higieniza&#231;&#227;o do equipamento</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">Realizar desinfec&#231;&#227;o/esteriliza&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos conforme a classifica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Defini&#231;&#227;o de PC</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">R</td>
                <td align="center">Estrutura focal estendendo-se no m&#237;nimo 0,5 mm para a luz do vaso, e/ou medindo mais do que 50% do valor da medida da EMI adjacente, e/ou ainda uma medida de EMI maior que 1,5 mm</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">Classifica&#231;&#227;o da ASE 2020(26) &#8211; &#202;nfase na altura e aspecto focal ou difuso da PC em grada&#231;&#227;o de risco (&lt; 1,5 mm, entre 1,5 e 2,4 mm, &#8805; 2,5 mm).</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">An&#225;lise da carga ateroscler&#243;tica e volume da placa ateroscler&#243;tica pelo 3D</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Espessura mediointimal</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">R</td>
                <td align="center">Na aus&#234;ncia de PC, a descri&#231;&#227;o da EMI no laudo ficar&#225; a crit&#233;rio do ultrassonografista ou de acordo com a solicita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o h&#225; novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es. A medida da EMI n&#227;o &#233; recomendada como rotina na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Gradua&#231;&#227;o da estenose das car&#243;tidas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">R</td>
                <td align="center">Crit&#233;rio anat&#244;mico local deve ser usado para caracterizar estenoses inferiores a 50%.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o h&#225; novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">Angio-TC e angio-RM &#8211; pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, para avaliar o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o, quando este n&#227;o tiver sido obtido pela USV.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">R</td>
                <td align="center">Classifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses em decis na avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica multiparam&#233;trica.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o h&#225; novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; Tabela 2.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">R</td>
                <td align="center">VPS &#233; o crit&#233;rio de maior acur&#225;cia</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o h&#225; novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; Tabela 2.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">R</td>
                <td align="center">VDF e raz&#227;o VPS CI/VPS CC s&#227;o considerados crit&#233;rios adicionais na avalia&#231;&#227;o multiparam&#233;trica.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o h&#225; novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; Tabela 2.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">R</td>
                <td align="center">Raz&#227;o VPS CI/VDF CC &#233; crit&#233;rio adicional de menor acur&#225;cia e pode ser usado na avalia&#231;&#227;o multiparam&#233;trica no caso de n&#227;o haver concord&#226;ncia com os outros par&#226;metros.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o h&#225; novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#8211; Tabela 2.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">R</td>
                <td align="center">Suboclus&#227;o &#8211; presen&#231;a de fluxo filiforme ao mapeamento em cores <italic>(string sign</italic> ou <italic>trickle flow</italic>).</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">Angio-TC &#8211; Suboclus&#227;o: demonstra &#8220;colapso parcial&#8221;. Medida do l&#250;men &lt; 1,3 mm, medida do calibre da CI distal &lt; 3,5 mm, rela&#231;&#227;o car&#243;tida afetada/car&#243;tida contralateral &lt; 0,87, rela&#231;&#227;o CI afetada/CE ipsilateral &lt; 1,27</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">R</td>
                <td align="center">Oclus&#227;o &#8211; aus&#234;ncia de perviedade e aus&#234;ncia completa do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, bem como fluxo de alta resist&#234;ncia na CC e fluxo de alt&#237;ssima resist&#234;ncia no ponto da pr&#233;-oclus&#227;o.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">Angio-TC &#8211; oclus&#227;o: demonstra &#8220;colapso total&#8221; (sinal do cord&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Morfologia da PC</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">R</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o nas classifica&#231;&#245;es.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">Uso do agente de realce do US (com especifica&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas) para identifica&#231;&#227;o das placas vulner&#225;veis &#8211; presen&#231;a de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Doppler transcraniano</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">Investiga&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;microembolia silenciosa&#8221; deve ser realizada com aparelho de DTC &#8220;cego&#8221; com capacete para fixa&#231;&#227;o dos transdutores no cr&#226;nio.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-endarterectomia da &#8220;reserva vasomotora cerebral&#8221;.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria e no m&#237;nimo nos 90 minutos imediatos p&#243;s-endarterectomia.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">Inclus&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos intracranianos de vertebrais e de basilar (via janela foraminal) nos exames de rotina de car&#243;tidas e vertebrais cervicais de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e sem les&#245;es anat&#244;micas extracranianas que justifiquem a cl&#237;nica.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Introdu&#231;&#227;o e Equipamento</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso do ultrassom (US) na medicina foi iniciado nos anos 1940 e, desde ent&#227;o, vem tendo papel importante no diagn&#243;stico das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV). Devido &#224; sua ampla aplicabilidade, relativo baixo custo e reprodutibilidade, o US tem seu papel estabelecido no aux&#237;lio diagn&#243;stico de diversas patologias. Esta diretriz foi elaborada por cardiologistas membros do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular (DIC) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), angiologistas e cirurgi&#245;es vasculares membros da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV) e radiologistas membros do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Radiologistas (CBR), especialistas em ultrassonografia vascular (USV), com o objetivo de orientar a melhor utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa t&#233;cnica, dentro dos conhecimentos recomendados na literatura m&#233;dica atual, atualizando, com o mesmo enfoque, a diretriz previamente publicada em 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A fundamenta&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico pela USV de importantes patologias foi embasada nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es do painel de especialistas do DIC de 2015, 2016 e 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Outros t&#243;picos foram adicionados nessa atualiza&#231;&#227;o, como USV transcraniana, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de agente de realce ultrassonogr&#225;fico e alguns pontos do diagn&#243;stico de estenoses carot&#237;dea pela angio-TC (angiotomografia) e angio-RM (angiografia por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica). Entretanto, o leitor interessado dever&#225; recorrer a publica&#231;&#245;es mais amplas e espec&#237;ficas sobre essas outras modalidades de imagem.</p>
        <p>Nosso objetivo &#233; difundir as melhores pr&#225;ticas da USV entre os profissionais da &#225;rea, homogeneizar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos exames e contribuir para um aproveitamento adequado dessa ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva, amplamente dispon&#237;vel e de baixo custo.</p>
        <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o sobre equipamentos, aplicativos, transdutores e aspectos relacionada &#224; imagem est&#227;o descritas na &#237;ntegra da Recomenda&#231;&#227;o de 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Higieniza&#231;&#227;o e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Infec&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m dos requisitos tecnol&#243;gicos e t&#233;cnicos dos aparelhos e do examinador, &#233; fundamental mencionar a import&#226;ncia da higieniza&#231;&#227;o dos aparelhos e medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o entre os profissionais. Qualquer equipamento m&#233;dico de diagn&#243;stico que entre em contato com o paciente gera risco de infec&#231;&#227;o. O risco de infec&#231;&#227;o &#233; baixo, mas existem relatos de contamina&#231;&#227;o do transdutor de ultrassom, principalmente endocavit&#225;rios e associados &#224; inser&#231;&#227;o de acesso central, al&#233;m da contamina&#231;&#227;o do gel por m&#250;ltiplas bact&#233;rias.</p>
        <p>Na classifica&#231;&#227;o de Spaulding,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> que determina a necessidade de esteriliza&#231;&#227;o/desinfec&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos, os procedimentos com USV s&#227;o classificados como: 1) cr&#237;ticos, quando o transdutor encosta em tecido est&#233;reis; 2) semicr&#237;ticos, quando acessa membranas mucosas, tecidos n&#227;o &#237;ntegros (com ou sem contamina&#231;&#227;o por sangue); e 3) n&#227;o cr&#237;ticos, quando n&#227;o h&#225; contato com tecidos est&#233;reis, mucosas ou tecidos n&#227;o &#237;ntegros. Para os procedimentos cr&#237;ticos, &#233; necess&#225;ria a limpeza e esteriliza&#231;&#227;o ou higieniza&#231;&#227;o completa (HC ou HLD &#8211; <italic>high level desinfection</italic>). Nos classificados como semicr&#237;ticos, a limpeza associada &#224; HC &#233; suficiente. J&#225; para os n&#227;o cr&#237;ticos, apenas a limpeza superficial (LS ou LLD &#8211; <italic>low level desinfection</italic>) &#233; necess&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>A maior parte dos exames diagn&#243;sticos de car&#243;tida e transcranianos se enquadram como n&#227;o cr&#237;ticos. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de coberturas (luvas, preservativos ou envelope pl&#225;stico) n&#227;o &#233; recomendada, por&#233;m a higieniza&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m deve ser mantida. Ap&#243;s o exame, o transdutor deve ser higienizado com pano para a retirada do gel, seguido de uso de &#225;gua e sabonete, aguardando a secagem antes da desinfec&#231;&#227;o, que deve abordar o transdutor, cabo e teclado, com produtos como compostos com am&#244;nio quatern&#225;rio, &#225;lcool ou fen&#243;is. Caso haja necessidade de HC, recomenda-se manter o transdutor submerso em solu&#231;&#227;o de gluteralde&#237;do, per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio ou &#225;cido periac&#233;tico por 8 a 15 minutos. &#201; necess&#225;rio manter o cuidado com a preven&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao exame, que, apesar de m&#237;nima, pode ocorrer, principalmente em laborat&#243;rios, cl&#237;nicas e hospitais em que s&#227;o realizados exames diversos. &#201; sempre importante confirmar com o fabricante do aparelho quais solu&#231;&#245;es higienizadoras podem ser utilizadas, j&#225; que elas podem danificar pl&#225;stico do transdutor e do cabo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Espessura Mediointimal e Detec&#231;&#227;o de Placas das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas para Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Risco Cardiovascular</title>
      <p>Com a publica&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes brasileiras de 2007, 2013 e 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> dos documentos de consenso de Mannheim 2004-2006-2011<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> e do consenso da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> os especialistas brasileiros na &#225;rea da USV se mobilizaram para difundir a pr&#225;tica correta da medida da espessura mediointimal (EMI) e da detec&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas.</p>
      <p>Sabe-se que os fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais est&#227;o associados ao aumento da EMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O aumento da EMI parece envolver principalmente a camada m&#233;dia, enquanto a forma&#231;&#227;o da placa carot&#237;dea se relaciona ao espessamento da camada &#237;ntima e o seu crescimento em dire&#231;&#227;o ao l&#250;men do vaso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos cl&#237;nicos adotaram uma ampla variedade de limites da EMI e, notadamente, o ponto de corte da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco baseada em valores num&#233;ricos depende das caracter&#237;sticas de base dos indiv&#237;duos. Polak et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> mostraram, em recente publica&#231;&#227;o, uma <italic>score</italic> de percentil combinado com medi&#231;&#245;es da EMI na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum (ACC) distal e art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna (ACI) proximal, que melhoraram a predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de eventos cardiovasculares al&#233;m do alcan&#231;ado por fatores de risco tradicionais, mesmo quando adicionada a medida do escore de c&#225;lcio no modelo do estudo.</p>
      <p>Embora a medida da EMI n&#227;o seja recomendada &#8220;de rotina&#8221; na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, se pensarmos na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular como uma estimativa a longo prazo, o valor dessa medida talvez seja de relevante import&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Chamamos aten&#231;&#227;o que, no contexto do envelhecimento populacional, deve-se ter aten&#231;&#227;o a uma poss&#237;vel superestima&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular em idosos com poucos fatores de risco, levando ao uso excessivo de medica&#231;&#245;es. Uma acurada identifica&#231;&#227;o dos que seriam verdadeiramente de baixo risco poderia resultar em melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com prov&#225;veis implica&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas. Uma recente suban&#225;lise do estudo MESA comparou a habilidade de marcadores de risco &#8220;negativos&#8221; em modificar para baixo a estimativa do risco cardiovascular em 10 anos, entre eles, a medida da EMI &lt; percentil 25.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A diretriz brasileira de dislipidemia de 2017<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> caracteriza a placa ateroscler&#243;tica como uma medida da EMI &gt; 1,5 mm, sendo, assim, importante para o ecografista vascular saber realizar essas medidas. Outro aspecto importante para a correta realiza&#231;&#227;o dessa medida &#233; o fato de ser utilizada em diversos protocolos de pesquisa. A t&#233;cnica e a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da medida da EMI est&#227;o descritas no texto base dessa atualiza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A placa carot&#237;dea (PC) &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose e parece ser um preditor de risco cardiovascular mais forte do que a medida da EMI isoladamente. Uma recente metan&#225;lise que incluiu 11 estudos populacionais, com mais de 54.000 pacientes, demostrou que a PC, quando comparada &#224; EMI, teve uma maior acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica como preditor de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> V&#225;rias publica&#231;&#245;es estudaram a PC como indicador progn&#243;stico de eventos cardiovasculares, demonstrando seu poder preditivo para a incid&#234;ncia de DCV da presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea com eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A I Diretriz Brasileira de Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> e a V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> recomendam a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea subcl&#237;nica, detectada por metodologia de imagem, como crit&#233;rio de identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em alto risco de eventos coronarianos. Al&#233;m disso, tanto as diretrizes brasileiras quanto o consenso da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (SAE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> recomendam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa carot&#237;dea como fator agravante do risco em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o Ultrassonogr&#225;fica da Espessura Mediointimal e da Placa Carot&#237;dea</title>
        <p>A EMI &#233; caracterizada ao modo bidimensional por uma dupla linha com defini&#231;&#227;o das interfaces luz-&#237;ntima e m&#233;dia-advent&#237;cia. A dist&#226;ncia entre as duas interfaces ac&#250;sticas &#233; considerada a medida da EMI. A PC pode ser definida como uma estrutura focal estendendo-se no m&#237;nimo 0,5 mm para a luz do vaso e/ou medindo mais do que 50% do valor da medida da EMI adjacente e/ou, ainda, uma medida de EMI maior que 1,5 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> exemplifica esquematicamente a medida da EMI e das tr&#234;s formas de defini&#231;&#227;o da placa carot&#237;dea, como no documento de 2015. Detalhes sobre a t&#233;cnica e interpreta&#231;&#227;o da medida est&#227;o no documento base.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Ilustra&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica demonstrando exemplos de medida da espessura mediointimal (EMI) e de placas. Medida da EMI (A). Medidas diferentes de 3 placas carot&#237;deas: B) protus&#227;o &#8805; 0,5 mm para a luz do vaso; C) medida &gt; 50% do valor da medida da EMI adjacente; D) medida da EMI &gt; 1,5 mm.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em recente publica&#231;&#227;o, Johri et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> consideraram que a EMI maior ou igual a 1,5 mm pode ser considerada como equivalente de placa ateromatosa, principalmente se a imagem for difusa (Tipo II). Os mesmos autores tamb&#233;m classificaram como placa tipo I a presen&#231;a de protuber&#226;ncia em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; luz do vaso com medida inferior a 1,5 mm. Esae painel de especialistas entende que a placa classificada como tipo I por Johri et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> &#233; equivalente &#224;s duas primeiras defini&#231;&#245;es de placa do estudo de Mannheim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, &#233; importante que o ultrassonografista esteja atento principalmente &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o da placa tipo I, tendo como par&#226;metro exames anteriores.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Avalia&#231;&#227;o das Estenoses Carot&#237;deas</title>
      <sec>
        <title>5.1. Crit&#233;rios Anat&#244;micos</title>
        <p>A USV &#233; capaz de avaliar estenoses carot&#237;deas tanto pelo crit&#233;rio de velocidades quanto pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o da estenose feita pelas medidas dos di&#226;metros residuais, preferencialmente pelo corte transverso.</p>
        <p>Os que advogam que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o seja feita por crit&#233;rios anat&#244;micos se baseiam nas seguintes premissas:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> a) crit&#233;rios de velocidades n&#227;o permitem discriminar faixas mais estreitas de estenoses devido &#224; sobreposi&#231;&#227;o (&#8220;<italic>overlap</italic>&#8221;) que ocorre entre as diversas faixas;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> b) h&#225; grande varia&#231;&#227;o das medidas de velocidades entre os equipamentos, provocando discrep&#226;ncias no resultado; c) a corre&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo provoca grande varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador; d) houve significativa melhora na qualidade de imagem ultrassonogr&#225;fica ao modo B nos &#250;ltimos anos.</p>
        <p>Entre os participantes desse painel, houve consenso de que o crit&#233;rio fundamental para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses carot&#237;deas &#233; o hemodin&#226;mico. O crit&#233;rio anat&#244;mico deve ser usado para caracterizar as estenoses inferiores a 50% (sem repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica). Ap&#243;s serem categorizadas pelo crit&#233;rio de velocidade, sugere-se, informar os resultados da faixa de estenose em intervalos de 10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Todas as considera&#231;&#245;es sobre a medida realizada pelo crit&#233;rio anat&#244;mico est&#227;o detalhadas na diretriz anterior a essa atualiza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o tendo sido realizada nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao documento anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.2. Papel da Angiotomografia e Angiorresson&#226;ncia</title>
        <p>Em pacientes com sintomas neurol&#243;gicos isqu&#234;micos focais correspondentes ao territ&#243;rio carot&#237;deo, a angio-TC ou a angio-RM s&#227;o indicadas para detectar estenose carot&#237;dea quando a ultrassonografia n&#227;o pode ser obtida ou gera resultado n&#227;o diagn&#243;stico (recomenda&#231;&#227;o Classe I; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C).</p>
        <p>Tanto a angio-TC quanto a angio-RM, com t&#233;cnicas de p&#243;s-processamento, podem produzir imagens angiogr&#225;ficas semelhantes &#224;s da angiografia de subtra&#231;&#227;o digital e permitir medi&#231;&#245;es de estenose de acordo com os crit&#233;rios NASCET (<italic>North American Symptomatic Carotid Trial</italic>) ou ECST (<italic>European Carotid Surgery Trial</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> A mensura&#231;&#227;o (num&#233;rica, em porcentagem) do grau de estenose carot&#237;dea pode ser feita de formas diferentes a partir desses crit&#233;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A reprodutibilidade dos diferentes m&#233;todos (ultrassonografia, angio-TC e angio-RM) na avalia&#231;&#227;o de grau de estenose carot&#237;dea, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o-ouro (angiografia digital), tem o benef&#237;cio adicional de serem t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas e que possibilitam a avalia&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men vascular no plano axial verdadeiro (diferente das proje&#231;&#245;es ortogonais da angiografia digital) e alguma an&#225;lise da parede arterial (n&#227;o avali&#225;vel na angiografia por ser uma t&#233;cnica luminogr&#225;fica exclusiva).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Atualmente tomografias computadorizadas de alta velocidade e com multidetectores permitem a avalia&#231;&#227;o direta do di&#226;metro do l&#250;men carot&#237;deo e dos tecidos adjacentes com alt&#237;ssima resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Bartlett et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre a medida em mil&#237;metros do l&#250;men residual, ao n&#237;vel da estenose da car&#243;tida, com o grau de estenose estimado pela angiografia com o m&#233;todo do estudo NASCET.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Os limites de 1,4 a 2,2 mm podem ser usados para avaliar uma estenose moderada (50 a 69%) com uma sensibilidade de 75% e uma especificidade de 93,8%. Um di&#226;metro da luz residual &#8804; 1,3 mm correlaciona-se com uma estenose superior a 70% e pode ser usado como valor de corte, com sensibilidade de 88,2%, especificidade de 92,4% e valor preditivo negativo de 98%, sendo uma ferramenta excelente para diagnosticar ou afastar uma estenose importante.</p>
        <p>Cabe destacar a necessidade de identificar os casos de suboclus&#227;o carot&#237;dea (situa&#231;&#227;o caracterizada por colapso parcial ou total do vaso distalmente ao plano da estenose) quando n&#227;o deve ser medida numericamente a estenose, sendo qualificada apenas como suboclus&#227;o e subclassificada como &#8220;com colapso total&#8221; quando for observada acentuada redu&#231;&#227;o distal do calibre/sinal do cord&#227;o ou &#8220;com colapso parcial&#8221; quando for observada redu&#231;&#227;o mais discreta do calibre distal do vaso.</p>
        <p>A situa&#231;&#227;o de suboclus&#227;o &#8220;com colapso parcial&#8221; nem sempre &#233; clara e evidente, e existem alguns crit&#233;rios por imagem que podem ajudar sua identifica&#231;&#227;o, evitando erros: calibre do l&#250;men no plano da estenose &lt; 1,3 mm, medida do calibre da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna distal &lt; 3,5 mm, rela&#231;&#227;o car&#243;tida interna doente/car&#243;tida interna contralateral &lt; 0,87, rela&#231;&#227;o car&#243;tida interna doente/car&#243;tida externa do mesmo lado &lt; 1,27 e contrasta&#231;&#227;o menor em rela&#231;&#227;o ao vaso contralateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A medida direta da luz residual minimizaria potenciais erros de medida, quando se faz a rela&#231;&#227;o com a luz da car&#243;tida interna distal, principalmente nos casos de colapso das paredes nas estenoses acentuadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Tabela multimodalidade para quantifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses de car&#243;tidas: compara&#231;&#227;o das percentagens de diminui&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro distal (angiografia), pelos crit&#233;rios anat&#244;micos locais (ultrassom &#8211; US) e as correspondentes medidas da luz residual pela ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Arteriografia (NASCET)</th>
                  <th>%Estenose &#8211; US Anat&#244;mico Local (ECST)</th>
                  <th>L&#218;MEN Residual (mm) US &#8211; Imagem do Fluxo (B-Flow)</th>
                  <th>L&#218;MEN Residual (mm) Tomografia Comp</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #8ad286">Inferior a 20%</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #fde877">&lt; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="6" style="background-color: #f5af5f">&gt; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4" style="background-color: #f5af5f">&gt; 2,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #59c753">20-29%</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e5cc40">50-55%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #8ad286">30-39%</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #fde877">58-63%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #59c753">40-49%</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e5cc40">64-69%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #8ad286">50-59%</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #fde877">70-75%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #fda744">1,4-2,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #59c753">60-69%</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e5cc40">76-81%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #8ad286">70-79%</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #fde877">82-87%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color: #fda744">&lt; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #f5af5f">1,3-1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #59c753">80-89%</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e5cc40">88-93%</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #fda744">1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #8ad286">90-99%</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #fde877">94-99%</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #f5af5f">Fluxo filiforme</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #59c753">Oclus&#227;o</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #e5cc40"> </td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #f5af5f">Aus&#234;ncia de preenchimento</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #fda744">Aus&#234;ncia de preenchimento</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>A escala de cores refere-se a maior experi&#234;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo pela comunidade cient&#237;fica.</italic>
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/ab7d68967e1107e8d220d2217a2993dfa810c352.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/48acb1a6c6371d71155bc889b79d245d77e86042.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Suwanwela et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup>correlacionaram as medidas de velocidade obtidas pelo Doppler com a medida da luz residual realizada em esp&#233;cimes cir&#250;rgicas retiradas &#8220;em bloco&#8221;, sugerindo que uma estenose importante, definida como di&#226;metro do l&#250;men residual &#8804; 1,5 mm, associada a altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas significativas estipuladas pelos crit&#233;rios de velocidade, tem 100% de especificidade e at&#233; 96% de sensibilidade. Mais recentemente, Yurdakul et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> demonstraram, utilizando a t&#233;cnica <italic>B-flow</italic>, com melhor resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal e espacial e menor ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno de &#8220;extravasamento&#8221; que o Doppler colorido e o <italic>Power Doppler</italic>, que uma luz residual menor que 1,5 mm apresentava <italic>performance</italic> semelhante &#224; angiografia com subtra&#231;&#227;o digital pelo m&#233;todo NASCET para estimar estenose do ramo interno entre 70 e 99%, com sensibilidade de 93%, especificidade de 94% e acur&#225;cia de 94%.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> traz a medida da luz residual utilizando-se o <italic>B-flow</italic>, <italic>B-flow angio</italic> e Doppler colorido. A compara&#231;&#227;o das percentagens de diminui&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro distal (arteriografia) pelos crit&#233;rios anat&#244;micos locais (US) e as correspondentes medidas da luz residual pela ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada est&#227;o demostradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Medida da luz residual (A) com B-</italic>flow<italic>, (B) B-</italic>flow <italic>angio e (C) Doppler colorido. Nas t&#233;cnicas relacionadas com o B-</italic>flow<italic>, h&#225; menor sobreposi&#231;&#227;o da cor sobre a placa, sendo o m&#233;todo prefer&#237;vel para a medida da luz residual.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.3. Crit&#233;rios de Velocidade</title>
        <p>V&#225;rias institui&#231;&#245;es publicaram seus crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o das estenoses por an&#225;lises das velocidades do fluxo, com algumas diferen&#231;as em sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Arous et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> avaliaram 10 institui&#231;&#245;es americanas e mostraram que, entre elas, havia a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diferentes crit&#233;rios Doppler ultrassonogr&#225;ficos para a gradua&#231;&#227;o das estenoses carot&#237;deas, gerando diferen&#231;as significativas no n&#250;mero de interven&#231;&#245;es, subsequentemente impactando em custos no sistema de sa&#250;de. Recentemente, Columbo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> levantaram dados de 338 centros diagn&#243;sticos americanos, em duas popula&#231;&#245;es, 4.791 pacientes &#8805; 65 anos do <italic>Cardiovascular Health Study</italic> e 28.483 pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea, pertencentes ao <italic>Vascular Quality Initiative Registry</italic> (www.vqi.org) e que demonstraram uma grande varia&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte da velocidade de pico sist&#243;lica (VPS) entre as institui&#231;&#245;es, tanto para estenoses maiores que 50%, como para estenoses maiores que 70%, implicando em disparidades no diagn&#243;stico das estenoses e nas decis&#245;es de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em editorial referente ao mesmo estudo, Kim e Zierler<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> refor&#231;aram a necessidade de se normatizar os par&#226;metros para o diagn&#243;stico das estenoses carot&#237;deas.</p>
        <p>Em 2015, o Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DIC-SBC) publicou recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, englobando crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o de fluxo ao Doppler, associados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da placa. Tamb&#233;m teve como objetivo subdividir os graus de estenose em decis, de forma que o resultado ultrassonogr&#225;fico fornecesse informa&#231;&#245;es mais objetivas, auxiliando na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dessa forma, como outros autores tamb&#233;m sugeriram, houve a aprova&#231;&#227;o de uma abordagem multiparam&#233;trica para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses da ACI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.4. Considera&#231;&#245;es T&#233;cnicas para a Avalia&#231;&#227;o ao Doppler</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da velocidade do sangue pelo m&#233;todo Doppler deve ser realizada em conjunto com a avalia&#231;&#227;o da placa ao bidimensional. Deve-se aferir, ao Doppler pulsado, o tra&#231;ado espectral nas car&#243;tidas comuns, internas e externas bilateralmente e em qualquer ponto em que haja suspeita de estenose sugerida pelas imagens em Modo B e/ou Doppler colorido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A visualiza&#231;&#227;o da placa, seja hipo ou hiperecog&#234;nica, assim como calcificada, com ou sem sombra ac&#250;stica, &#233; imprescind&#237;vel para o diagn&#243;stico da estenose, uma vez que condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas diversas podem cursar com velocidades elevadas ou reduzidas independentemente da presen&#231;a de estenoses.</p>
        <p>Para considera&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo Doppler, como &#226;ngulo de insona&#231;&#227;o correto e local da medida das velocidades, indicamos a consulta da diretriz anterior a essa atualiza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.5. Estenose da Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Interna</title>
        <p>O presente documento revisa os crit&#233;rios publicados pelo DIC-SBC em 2015, com atualiza&#231;&#227;o dos seus dados. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> demonstra a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do DIC-SBC para a sequ&#234;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o das estenoses carot&#237;deas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o do DIC-SBC para a sequ&#234;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o das estenoses carot&#237;deas. VPS: velocidade do pico sist&#243;lico.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5.1. Estenoses Menores que 50%</title>
          <p>Este documento sugere que as subdivis&#245;es para a categoria das estenoses menores que 50% continuem sendo realizadas pela an&#225;lise ao Modo B, utilizando preferencialmente o corte ultrassonogr&#225;fico transverso que forne&#231;a a melhor imagem para o c&#225;lculo de redu&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5.2. Estenoses Maiores que 50%</title>
          <p>Entre os crit&#233;rios para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das estenoses, destaca-se a VPS, que, na presen&#231;a da placa, &#233; considerada um par&#226;metro importante e objetivo. No entanto, a an&#225;lise conjunta com outros par&#226;metros, como a VDF e as raz&#245;es de velocidades, confere confiabilidade e facilita o diagn&#243;stico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">5</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diversos par&#226;metros, &#233; poss&#237;vel estreitar a faixa diagn&#243;stica.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Estenose entre 70 a 79% da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna. A) Fluxo da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum; B) Estenose da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna ao Doppler colorido; C) Fluxo da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna no ponto da estenose; D) Fluxo turbulento p&#243;s-esten&#243;tico na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf04.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Estenose &gt; 90% da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna. A) Fluxo da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum; B) Fluxo da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf05.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Este documento corrobora a subdivis&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses da ACI em decis, conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref>, conforme recomenda&#231;&#227;o do DIC 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Quantifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses carot&#237;deas</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>%Estenose (NASCET)</th>
                    <th>VPS cm/s</th>
                    <th>VDF cm/s</th>
                    <th>VPS CI / VPS CC</th>
                    <th>VPS CI / VDF CC</th>
                    <th>VDF CI / VDF CC</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #c2d9ef">&lt; 50%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">&lt; 140</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&lt; 40</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&lt; 2,0</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">&lt; 8</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">&lt; 2,6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3effa">50 &#8211; 59%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">140 &#8211; 230</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">40 &#8211; 69</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">2,0 &#8211; 3,1</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">8 &#8211; 10</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">2,6 &#8211; 5,5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #c2d9ef">60 &#8211; 69%</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #7cc55b"> </td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">70 &#8211; 100</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">3,2 &#8211; 4,0</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">11 &#8211; 13</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #fd9824"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3effa">70 &#8211; 79%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">&gt; 230</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&gt; 100</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&gt; 4,0</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">14 &#8211; 21</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #fd9824"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #c2d9ef">80 &#8211; 89%</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #7cc55b"> </td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&gt; 140</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #d1e814"> </td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">22 &#8211; 29</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">&gt; 5,5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3effa">&gt; 90%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">&gt; 400</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #d1e814"> </td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&gt; 5,0</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">&gt; 30</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #fd9824"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #c2d9ef">Suboclus&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">Vari&#225;vel &#8211; fluxo filiforme</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">Vari&#225;vel &#8211; fluxo filiforme</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">Vari&#225;vel &#8211; fluxo filiforme</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">Vari&#225;vel &#8211; fluxo filiforme</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">Vari&#225;vel &#8211; fluxo filiforme</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3effa">Oclus&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">Aus&#234;ncia de fluxo</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">Aus&#234;ncia de fluxo</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">N&#227;o se aplica</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">N&#227;o se aplica</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">N&#227;o se aplica</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2">
                  <p>
                    <italic>As cores representam, da esquerda para a direita, os crit&#233;rios mais relevantes. CC: car&#243;tida comum; CI: car&#243;tida interna; VDF: velocidade diast&#243;lica final; VPS: velocidade de pico sist&#243;lico.</italic>
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/4f77be0358f234e2c42876f25590f6000c0e6dc5.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/7ada5f518283880bd49f59c09e300d132da668a2.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros de velocidade pela USV com a angiografia j&#225; foi demonstrada por diversos autores, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4">
              <label>Tabela 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de velocidade pela USV com a angiografia (valores de &#8220;r&#8221;)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left">VPS</th>
                    <th align="left">VDF</th>
                    <th align="left">VPS CI/VPS CC</th>
                    <th align="left">VDF CI/VDF CC</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AbuRahma et al. (2011)</td>
                    <td>0,81</td>
                    <td>0,70</td>
                    <td>0,57</td>
                    <td>0,54</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Petisco et al. (2015)</td>
                    <td>0,81</td>
                    <td>0,78</td>
                    <td>0,81</td>
                    <td>-----</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Braum et al. (2008)</td>
                    <td>0,825</td>
                    <td>0,762</td>
                    <td>0,766</td>
                    <td>0,643</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>A USV tem boa acur&#225;cia na identifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses maiores que 70%, por&#233;m o mesmo n&#227;o acontece para estenoses menores que 50% e, em especial, as entre 50 e 69%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> Recentemente, Barlinn et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> utilizando os crit&#233;rios da German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine (DEGUM) tamb&#233;m mostraram uma sensibilidade menor para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das estenoses entre 50 e 69% do que nas entre 70 e 99% (sensibilidade de 35% e 81% e especificidade de 89% e 69%, respectivamente).</p>
          <p>O consenso de 2003 e o Joint do Reino Unido preconizam o VPS &gt; 230 cm/s para a identifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses &gt; 70%, tendo sido validado por outros autores em suas institui&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> AbuRahma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup>encontraram boa acur&#225;cia na valida&#231;&#227;o do consenso de 2003, mas sugerem que, para estenoses ACI &#8805; 70%, a VPS &gt; 230 cm/s deveria ser usada em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, enquanto, para os assintom&#225;ticos, a abordagem multiparam&#233;trica (VPS &gt; 230 cm/s; VDF &gt; 100 cm/s; raz&#227;o VPS CI/VPS CC &gt; 4) deveria ser considerada, ou ent&#227;o uma VPS &gt; 280 cm/s.</p>
          <p>No diagn&#243;stico das estenoses entre 50 e 69%, o consenso de 2003 e o Joint do Reino Unido preconizam a VPS entre 125 e 230 cm/s, no entanto, alguns autores encontraram melhor desempenho com VPS maiores para as estenoses &gt; 50%. AbuRahma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup>mostraram uma melhor especificidade com a VPS &#8805; 137 cm/s do que com 125 cm/s (91% x 85%), optando pela VPS de 140 cm/s j&#225; utilizada em sua institui&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> Valor semelhante foi encontrado em nosso meio por Petisco et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> em que a VPS &#8805; 141 cm/s apresentou uma melhor especificidade do que a VPS &#8805; 125 cm/s (90% x 83%), com acur&#225;cia semelhante. Outros valores de VPS est&#227;o presentes na literatura, como descritos pelo DEGUM e pelo EQUALIS (External Quality Assurance in Laboratory Medicine in Sweden), em que, respectivamente, VPS &gt; 200 cm/s e 230 cm/s identificariam estenoses &#8805; 50 % e VPS maiores que 300 cm/s e 320 cm/s corresponderiam a &#8805; 70%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> Recentemente, Gornick et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> avaliaram retrospectivamente exames ultrassonogr&#225;ficos de 167 pacientes (299 car&#243;tidas), comparando os crit&#233;rios do consenso de 2003 com a angiografia, e observaram que a VPS &#8805; 180 cm/s obteve uma melhor sensibilidade, especificidade e acur&#225;cia (93,3%, 81,6% e 85,2%, respectivamente) para identificar as estenoses &#8805; 50%, assim como a associa&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios: a VPS &#8805; 125 cm/s, com a raz&#227;o VPS ACI/VPS ACC &#8805; 2 (94,3%, 84,3% e 87,4% respectivamente). Refor&#231;ando a necessidade de uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o internacional dos crit&#233;rios ultrassonogr&#225;ficos, propostas recentes contam com uma abordagem multiparam&#233;trica para uma classifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa das estenoses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Al&#233;m da VPS, a VDF pode ser &#250;til no diagn&#243;stico das estenoses &gt; 70% e 80%. O consenso de 2003 sugere a VDF &gt; 100 cm/s como par&#226;metro adicional para a identifica&#231;&#227;o das obstru&#231;&#245;es &gt; 70%, assim como outros autores obtiveram boa especificidade utilizando esse par&#226;metro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup> Para o diagn&#243;stico das estenoses maiores que 80%, a VDF &gt; 140 cm/s &#233; utilizada h&#225; anos pela Universidade de Washington e mostrou-se com especificidade maior que 90% tamb&#233;m em outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> Arous et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> demonstraram que a VPS &#8805; 450 cm/s ou a VDF &#8805; 120 cm/s identificaram as estenoses &#8805; 80% com uma <italic>area under curve</italic> (AUC) de 0,66, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa na AUC entre as VDF &#8805; 120 cm/s e &#8805; 140 cm/s (0,657 x 0,653, respectivamente).</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m das velocidades absolutas, as raz&#245;es de velocidades s&#227;o particularmente &#250;teis, seja como adjuvantes na quantifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses, seja em casos especiais, em que as velocidades podem estar alteradas por outras condi&#231;&#245;es que podem subestimar ou superestimar o grau de estenose. S&#227;o elas: VPS ACI/VPS ACC, VPS ACI/VDF ACC e VDF ACI/VDF ACC. A mais utilizada &#233; a raz&#227;o VPS ACI/VPS ACC, avaliada e endossada por diversos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> A raz&#227;o VPS ACI/VDF ACC (&#237;ndice de <italic>St Mary&#8217;s)</italic>, subdivide as estenoses &gt; 50% em decis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup> por&#233;m n&#227;o foi muito estudada, podendo haver sobreposi&#231;&#227;o dos valores para graus diferentes de estenose. A raz&#227;o VDF ACI/VDF ACC pode identificar estenoses &gt; 80% da ACI quando maior que 5,5, segundo alguns autores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup> mas com correla&#231;&#227;o inferior com a angiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O fluxo p&#243;s-esten&#243;tico pode auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses muito severas e em placas calcificadas, com sombra ac&#250;stica, quando h&#225; turbul&#234;ncia do fluxo ap&#243;s a placa, redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da velocidade (VPS &lt; 30 cm/s) e alargamento do tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> Ressalta-se tamb&#233;m a import&#226;ncia de comparar o fluxo p&#243;s-esten&#243;tico com o fluxo no vaso contralateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5.3. Suboclus&#245;es e Oclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico ultrassonogr&#225;fico da suboclus&#227;o baseia-se na demonstra&#231;&#227;o do estreitamento da luz do vaso ao <italic>color</italic> e/ou <italic>power</italic> Doppler, com fluxo filiforme (<italic>string sign</italic> ou <italic>trickle flow)</italic>, por&#233;m, pode estar associado a velocidades altas, baixas ou indetect&#225;veis, o que eventualmente dificulta o diagn&#243;stico. Nas suboclus&#245;es com presen&#231;a de velocidade sist&#243;lica elevada no ponto da estenose, nota-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da velocidade distal &#224; mesma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Segundo o consenso de 2003 para a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre suboclus&#227;o e oclus&#227;o, recomenda-se n&#227;o utilizar par&#226;metros de velocidade ao Doppler, mas, sim, a opini&#227;o do observador acerca das imagens. Como a suboclus&#227;o pode ser confundida com a oclus&#227;o, o Joint do Reino Unido e a AHA (American Heart Association) recomendam a complementa&#231;&#227;o com outro m&#233;todo para definir: angio-TC, angio-RM ou angiografia convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup></p>
          <p>As oclus&#245;es carot&#237;deas podem ser diagnosticadas pela ultrassonografia como a aus&#234;ncia de luz patente na escala de cinza e aus&#234;ncia de detec&#231;&#227;o de fluxo ao Doppler colorido<italic>, power</italic> Doppler, Doppler espectral e &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o com inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste com microbolhas, assim como a presen&#231;a de fluxo de alta resist&#234;ncia na ACC, e do fluxo em <italic>staccato</italic> &#8211; fluxo com velocidade muito reduzida e de alt&#237;ssima resist&#234;ncia no ponto da oclus&#227;o ou pr&#233;-oclus&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Oclus&#227;o da car&#243;tida interna. A) Aus&#234;ncia de fluxo na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna ao Doppler colorido; B) Contraste ultrassonogr&#225;fico n&#227;o visualizado na luz da car&#243;tida interna oclu&#237;da.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf06.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Na presen&#231;a de oclus&#227;o da ACI, surgem mecanismos compensat&#243;rios, como o desenvolvimento de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, com o intuito de prevenir a isquemia cerebral, por&#233;m a mais importante via de colateraliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; pelo pol&#237;gono de Willis.</p>
          <p>Outra via colateral pode ser feita com fluxo anter&#243;grado por ramos distais da ACE ipsilateral que se conectam com o ramo oft&#225;lmico da ACI, podendo, ent&#227;o, ser detectado fluxo retr&#243;grado na art&#233;ria oft&#225;lmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, sabe-se que essa condi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o est&#225; presente em todos os casos de oclus&#227;o da ACI devido aos diferentes padr&#245;es da circula&#231;&#227;o retrobulbar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Assim como se sabe que estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas (maiores que 70% e suboclus&#245;es) da ACI podem cursar com fluxo retr&#243;grado da art&#233;ria oft&#225;lmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Nos casos em que h&#225; oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum, a car&#243;tida interna pode encontrar-se p&#233;rvia, com fluxo anter&#243;grado proveniente da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida externa e seus ramos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5.6. Estenose da Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Comum e Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Externa</title>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia isolada de estenose da ACC &#233; baixa, e pouco se sabe sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o dessa les&#227;o. Suspeita-se que pacientes com estenose isolada da ACC apresentem mais sintomas hemisf&#233;ricos, afasia e amaurose fugaz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a gradua&#231;&#227;o da estenose da ACI devam ser aplicadas para classificar as les&#245;es na ACC ou na ACE.</p>
      <p>Este grupo de trabalho recomenda a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da estenose da ACC utilizando n&#227;o s&#243; as medidas de velocidades, mas tamb&#233;m a raz&#227;o de velocidades pr&#233;- e no ponto da estenose maior que duas vezes para aquelas maiores que 50% e, principalmente, a an&#225;lise da redu&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men pelo Doppler colorido ou <italic>power</italic> Doppler do fluxo e pelo modo B (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref>). Devemos lembrar que pode haver limita&#231;&#245;es para avalia&#231;&#227;o das estenoses ostiais da ACC, principalmente &#224; esquerda.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Estenose da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum. A) Modo B; B) Doppler colorido; C)</italic> Power <italic>Doppler; D) Eleva&#231;&#227;o do VPS no ponto da estenose da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum; E) VPS pr&#233;-estenose; F) Corte transversal com importante redu&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men residual. VPS: velocidade do pico sist&#243;lico.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 4</xref> sumariza os principais crit&#233;rios descritos na literatura acerca da estenose da ACE.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Principais crit&#233;rios descritos na literatura para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida externa</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left">Estenoses da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida externa</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Autor</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>VPS ACE</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Raz&#227;o VPS ACE/ VPS ACC</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acer et al. (1996)</td>
                <td>&lt; 50% &#8674; &lt; 150 cm/s &gt; 60% &#8674; &gt; 250 cm/s</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Paivansalo et al. (1996)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td>&#8805; 50% &#8674; &#8805; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kronick et al. (2019)</td>
                <td>&gt; 50% &#8674; &#8805; 200 cm/s com <italic>aliasing</italic></td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Shmelev et al. (2019)</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805; 50%, sem estenose ACI &#8805; 50% &#8674; &gt; 148 cm/s</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8805; 50%, com estenose ACI &#8805; 50% &#8674; &gt; 179 cm/s</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&gt; 50%, sem estenose ACI &#8674; &#8805; 1,45</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&gt; 50%, com estenose ACI &#8674; &#8805; 1,89</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>ACC: art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum; ACE: art&#233;ria car&#243;tida externa; ACI: art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna; VPS: velocidade do pico sist&#243;lico.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5.7. Condi&#231;&#245;es que Afetam as Medidas de Velocidade</title>
      <p>Algumas condi&#231;&#245;es, seja por estenose arterial, seja por motivos n&#227;o vasculares locais, afetam as medidas da an&#225;lise espectral. Elas podem estar localizadas na bifurca&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea, distal ou proximal &#224; mesma ou ainda na car&#243;tida contralateral. Entre as condi&#231;&#245;es proximais &#224; bifurca&#231;&#227;o, ressaltamos as valvopatias a&#243;rticas (estenose ou insufici&#234;ncia), estenoses de origem ateroscler&#243;tica ou arterites com envolvimento do arco a&#243;rtico, ramos e car&#243;tida comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup> Al&#233;m das valvopatias, outras circunst&#226;ncias, como a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de grau importante, as arritmias card&#237;acas, taquicardias e bradicardias podem alterar a onda fluxo no sistema arterial, incluindo as art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, sem a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a esten&#243;tica desses vasos.</p>
      <p>Devemos ter em mente que as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas geram efeitos sist&#234;micos, ou seja, as modifica&#231;&#245;es encontradas nas ondas de fluxo das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas estar&#227;o presentes bilateralmente, assim como acometem os demais leitos arteriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As condi&#231;&#245;es que afetam as medidas de velocidades est&#227;o pormenorizadas na diretriz do DIC 2015 precedente a esta atualiza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ultrassonogr&#225;fica ap&#243;s Endarterectomia e Implante de <italic>Stent</italic></title>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es no territ&#243;rio carot&#237;deo por via cir&#250;rgica convencional ou por via endovascular s&#227;o frequentemente realizadas, especialmente para o tratamento de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas. O acompanhamento ap&#243;s esses procedimentos &#233; essencial para identificar precocemente qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o que possa interferir na perviedade ap&#243;s o tratamento e garantir melhores resultados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup> Sabe-se que o exame de USV apresenta baixo custo e boa acur&#225;cia em compara&#231;&#227;o com a angiografia, por&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; consenso quanto &#224; periodicidade do acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.2. Protocolo do Exame</title>
        <p>O exame p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; semelhante ao de diagn&#243;stico. &#201; essencial a avalia&#231;&#227;o e descri&#231;&#227;o de todos os achados inerentes aos procedimentos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecogr&#225;fica ap&#243;s endarterectomia carot&#237;dea</title>
        <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico da estenose car&#243;tida &#233; feito por meio de incis&#227;o na parede anterior, remo&#231;&#227;o da placa de aterosclerose e s&#237;ntese da art&#233;ria com ou sem coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>patch</italic>.</p>
        <p>Uma das principais preocupa&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a endarterectomia (EAC) de car&#243;tida &#233; a taxa de reestenose e o risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) subsequente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup> que, felizmente, s&#227;o infrequentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As reestenoses diagnosticadas entre 6 e 12 meses ap&#243;s a EAC s&#227;o, geralmente, decorrentes de hiperplasia neointimal. J&#225; as les&#245;es que se desenvolvem ap&#243;s 24 e 36 meses tendem a representar recorr&#234;ncia do processo ateroscler&#243;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup></p>
        <p>AbuRahma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup> n&#227;o encontraram valor significativo para a repeti&#231;&#227;o de USV de rotina ap&#243;s EAC com <italic>patch.</italic> J&#225; para Bandyk et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup> e Zierler et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup> o benef&#237;cio da vigil&#226;ncia supera seu risco, e recomendam a vigil&#226;ncia com USV com grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o 1B.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.4. Achados do Exame de USV P&#243;s-endarterectomia</title>
        <p>As suturas de fechamento de arteriotomia podem ser vistas como ecos brilhantes e uniformemente espa&#231;ados ao longo da parede da ACC e ACI na imagem em modo B (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7A</xref>). Se um <italic>patch</italic> tiver sido usado, ele poder&#225; criar uma dilata&#231;&#227;o no local da EAC de v&#225;rias dimens&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figuras 7B e 7C</xref>). Enquanto um <italic>patch</italic> de veia pode ter apar&#234;ncia indistingu&#237;vel da parede da art&#233;ria nativa, a dilata&#231;&#227;o e as suturas podem ajudar a identificar sua presen&#231;a. O <italic>patch</italic> de Dacron aparecer&#225; como uma superf&#237;cie espessa e brilhantemente ecog&#234;nica, e o de politetrafluoretileno (PTFE) normalmente aparecer&#225; como uma linha dupla brilhante que representa a espessura do material e os efeitos da penetra&#231;&#227;o do ultrassom.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Devem-se aferir as medidas dos di&#226;metros no vaso nativo, nos locais das anastomoses e na regi&#227;o do alargamento, caso haja, para que se possa acompanhar e comparar posteriormente.</p>
        <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas ultrassonogr&#225;ficas e complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es carot&#237;deas foram descritas e ilustradas nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es do DIC de 2015. Nesta atualiza&#231;&#227;o, houve apenas uma mudan&#231;a nos crit&#233;rios de reestenose, e o <xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">Quadro 5</xref> mostra o resumo, com car&#225;ter de reafirmar as defini&#231;&#245;es e incluir a atualiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t21">
            <label>Quadro 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Caracter&#237;sticas ultrassonogr&#225;ficas e complica&#231;&#245;es principais ap&#243;s procedimentos. ACC: art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum; ACE: art&#233;ria car&#243;tida externa; ACI: art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna; USV: ultrassonografia vascular; VDF: velocidade diast&#243;lica final; VPS: velocidade do pico sist&#243;lico.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Exame p&#243;s-endarterectomia</th>
                  <th align="left">Descri&#231;&#227;o ao USV</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Despropor&#231;&#227;o de calibres:</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Tempo de ocorr&#234;ncia imediato</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Identifica&#231;&#227;o de grande diferen&#231;a de calibres entre o bulbo carot&#237;deo p&#243;s-endarterectomia e o segmento distal da car&#243;tida interna (comum com a coloca&#231;&#227;o de patch carot&#237;deo)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>&#8220;Degrau&#8221;:</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Tempo de ocorr&#234;ncia imediato</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Identifica&#231;&#227;o de um &#8220;degrau&#8221; na parede arterial no ponto de abordagem cir&#250;rgica da art&#233;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-endarterectomia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica:</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Tempo de ocorr&#234;ncia geralmente tardio</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada no local onde foi realizada a endarterectomia; pode ter trombo associado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Trombose oclusiva/n&#227;o oclusiva:</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Tempo de ocorr&#234;ncia recente</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de imagem hipoecog&#234;nica aderida ao local do procedimento, com ou sem componente m&#243;vel</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Reestenose:</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Tempo de ocorr&#234;ncia:</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>3 a 24 meses &#8211; mecanismo: hiperplasia neointimal</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>24 meses &#8211; mecanismo: aterosclerose</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o da luz ao modo B nos cortes transversal e longitudinal com turbilhonamento do fluxo local</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Estenoses &gt; 70%: VPS &gt; 300 cm/s; VDF =&gt; 125 cm/s e raz&#227;o de VPS ACI/ACC &gt; 5</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-stent</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Mal posicionamento</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Tempo de ocorr&#234;ncia imediato</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Identifica&#231;&#227;o do stent n&#227;o posicionado no local de maior estenose com manuten&#231;&#227;o da turbul&#234;ncia no ponto de maior estenose</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Expans&#227;o inadequada</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Tempo de ocorr&#234;ncia 0 a 24 meses</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Medidas dos di&#226;metros nas extremidades do stent e/ou no corpo do stent com estenose residual &gt; 30%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Reestenose:</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Tempo de ocorr&#234;ncia:</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>3 a 24 meses &#8211; mecanismo: hiperplasia neointimal</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>24 meses &#8211; mecanismo: aterosclerose</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Acima de 50%:</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>VPS &#8805; 220 cm/s e raz&#227;o VPS ACI/ACC &#8805; 2,7</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Acima de 80%:</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>VPS &#8805; 340 cm/s e raz&#227;o VPS ACI/ACC &#8805; 4,15</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Tipos:</bold>
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>I: hiperplasia focal na extremidade do stent (&lt; 10 mm)</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>II: hiperplasia focal intrastent (&lt; 10 mm)</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>III: hiperplasia difusa (&gt; 10 mm)</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>IV: hiperplasia difusa proliferativa (&gt; 10 mm) que estende para fora das extremidades do stent</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>V: Oclus&#227;o do stent</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fratura/tor&#231;&#227;o stent</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>USV n&#227;o &#233; o m&#233;todo de escolha</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Suspeitar na presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o significativa e/ou reestenose com Rx alterado</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Efeito do Implante stent na ACE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Pode levar estenose na origem da ACE com turbilhonamento do fluxo (fluxo passa pela malha do stent)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Apesar de a maioria dos estudos considerar a estenose &gt; 70% ap&#243;s EAC como crit&#233;rio de gravidade na reestenose, o seu ponto de corte varia na literatura. Assim, novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de velocidades ultrassonogr&#225;ficos nas reestenoses ap&#243;s EAC. Entretanto, devem ser levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o as diferen&#231;as de velocidade encontradas nas endarterectomias com ou sem <italic>patch</italic> e a possibilidade de despropor&#231;&#227;o de calibre no final da endarterectomia na car&#243;tida interna.</p>
        <p>Recomendamos a ado&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios recentes de Bandyk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup> para a gradua&#231;&#227;o das estenoses &gt; 70% ap&#243;s EAC, sendo VPS &gt; 300 cm/s, VDF &gt; 125 cm/s, raz&#227;o das VPS ACI/ACC &gt; 5. Para a vigil&#226;ncia pela USV, seguindo os mesmos autores, recomendamos o intervalo de 1, 3 e 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Morfol&#243;gica das Placas Carot&#237;deas</title>
      <p>O estudo da morfologia da placa ateroscler&#243;tica vem ganhando espa&#231;o dentro da avalia&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose carot&#237;dea. Convencionalmente, a gradua&#231;&#227;o da estenose carot&#237;dea sempre teve o papel de maior destaque nos exames de imagem de car&#243;tidas e vertebrais, j&#225; que &#233; a vari&#225;vel mais utilizada na tomada de decis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da endarterectomia ou do implante de <italic>stent</italic> carot&#237;deo. Entretanto, h&#225; mais de 2 d&#233;cadas estudam-se aspectos morfol&#243;gicos e histopatol&#243;gicos ligados &#224; instabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, isto &#233;, placas com o mesmo grau de estenose n&#227;o necessariamente apresentam o mesmo potencial isqu&#234;mico para eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. A habilidade de identificar qual placa seria mais inst&#225;vel ou vulner&#225;vel pode ter um papel fundamental na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma PC com n&#250;cleo rico em lip&#237;dios, ulcera&#231;&#227;o ou sinais sugestivos de hemorragia intraplaca (HIP) em pacientes com acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos (AVEs) repetidos e estenoses n&#227;o significativas pode direcionar para a interven&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea ou intensifica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico de acordo com as melhores pr&#225;ticas m&#233;dicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup> A defini&#231;&#227;o de placa ateroscler&#243;tica se encontra na parte 2 desse documento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>) e se manteve como a adotada no documento desse mesmo grupo de 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1. Estudo da morfologia da placa</title>
        <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da morfologia da placa tem um papel importante na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cerebrovasculares e pode tamb&#233;m ser um importante preditor de eventos. A pesquisa das caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas ao maior risco de eventos demonstra um esfor&#231;o para identificar os par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; placa que, juntamente com o grau de estenose, podem predizer com maior precis&#227;o a presen&#231;a de placa vulner&#225;vel e o risco associado de eventos isqu&#234;micos. O US, entretanto, tem limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao m&#233;todo nessa caracteriza&#231;&#227;o. Outros m&#233;todos ainda n&#227;o foram incorporados na rotina para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que ainda n&#227;o h&#225; nada totalmente estabelecido provando uma melhora adicional na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.1. Morfologia da Placa</title>
          <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o da morfologia da placa deve ser realizada nos laudos do exame de USV carot&#237;dea como j&#225; descrito na recomenda&#231;&#227;o do DIC de 2015, de acordo com o <xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">Quadro 5</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica pode ser preditiva de progress&#227;o do grau de estenose e eventos cl&#237;nicos. Placas hipoecog&#234;nicas, heterog&#234;neas e irregulares s&#227;o marcadoras de risco de eventos como AVC e ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT).</p>
          <p>Neste documento, atualizamos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor de algumas caracter&#237;sticas das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e risco de DCV, avalia&#231;&#227;o do volume de placa e dados da angio-TC e angio-RM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.2. Caracter&#237;sticas das Placas Ateroscler&#243;ticas e Risco de DCV</title>
          <p>Herr et al. utilizaram um m&#233;todo semelhante ao GSM em pacientes avaliados para doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o aumento da ecogenicidade da placa carot&#237;dea (tecido fibroso e/ou semelhante ao c&#225;lcio) se correlacionou com o aumento de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, e uma combina&#231;&#227;o de altura da placa, percentual de c&#225;lcio e/ou percentual de gordura aumenta o risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Esse estudo aponta para o potencial de incorpora&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise da composi&#231;&#227;o da placa pelo ultrassom carot&#237;deo na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t22">Quadro 6</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t22">
              <label>Quadro 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Sum&#225;rio das caracteriza&#231;&#245;es da placa ateroscler&#243;tica e risco cardiovascular. Angio-RM: angiografia por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; angio-TC: angiotomografia; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; RM: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; US: ultrassom. *Essa an&#225;lise n&#227;o tem boa acur&#225;cia com exames perioperat&#243;rios e est&#225; reduzida na presen&#231;a de c&#225;lcio e placas esten&#243;ticas.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica da placa</th>
                    <th align="left">Defini&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="left">Risco cl&#237;nico/refer&#234;ncia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ecogenicidade</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p><italic>Tipo I:</italic> uniformemente ecolucente</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p><italic>Tipo II:</italic> predominantemente ecolucente</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p><italic>Tipo III:</italic> predominantemente ecog&#234;nica</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p><italic>Tipo IV:</italic> uniformemente ecog&#234;nica</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p><italic>Tipo V:</italic> calcificada.</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Placas dos Tipos 2 e 3 s&#227;o associadas a maior risco de AVEs e as dos Tipos IV e V as mais est&#225;veis.<sup>1</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Localiza&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Descrever em qual segmento do sistema carot&#237;deo a placa se encontra: car&#243;tida comum, bifurca&#231;&#227;o, ramos externo e interno proximal e m&#233;dio.</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Superf&#237;cie*</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p><italic>1. Regular:</italic> &lt; 0,4 mm de profundidade</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p><italic>2. Irregular:</italic> irregularidade 0,4 a 2,0 mm de profundidade</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <italic>Ulcera&#231;&#227;o:</italic>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>De Bray &#8211; concavidade e extens&#227;o &gt; 2,0 mm; base bem definida e fluxo reverso na concavidade ao color</p>
                              </list-item>
                              <list-item>
                                <p>Muraki &#8211; concavidade clara e ecogenicidade da base menos intensa que da parede adjacente</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p><italic>3. Com ou sem componente m&#243;vel:</italic> informar o tamanho se presente.</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>A presen&#231;a de irregularidade e ulcera&#231;&#227;o tem elevado risco de eventos.<sup>1</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hemorragia intraplaca</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>&#193;rea anecoica pr&#243;xima &#224; superf&#237;cie da placa com capa fibr&#243;tica &#237;ntegra.</td>
                    <td>Marcador de vulnerabilidade pela associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com eventos cerebrovasculares; acontece em placas com e sem comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico e parece ser causada por ruptura de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o intraplaca ou da pr&#243;pria placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup>1,103-105</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Volume da placa</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Equivale ao conte&#250;do ateroscler&#243;tico medido em um segmento arterial definido pelo 3D, possibilitando o acompanhamento da progress&#227;o da les&#227;o e do tratamento.</td>
                    <td>O volume total da placa, medido de 1,5 cm da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum distal at&#233; 1 cm distal &#224; bifurca&#231;&#227;o, &#233; fator preditor de eventos futuros de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup>26,98,99</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>An&#225;lise da angio-TC e angio-RM</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Vantagem de ambos: possuem resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial submilim&#233;trica, mas n&#227;o s&#227;o utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>&#8211; <italic>Vessel wall imaging</italic>: recurso t&#233;cnico recente para diagn&#243;stico de hematomas intramurais e dissec&#231;&#227;o pela RM.</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Muito &#250;teis para o diagn&#243;stico da dissec&#231;&#227;o de vasos cervicais agudos e subagudos e hematoma intramural, em que o US n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o acurado &#8211; padr&#227;o-ouro.<sup>101,102</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.3. Medida do Volume da Placa</title>
          <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, os avan&#231;os em torno da ultrassonografia ocorreram em grande escala. A cria&#231;&#227;o de sondas vasculares com tecnologia tridimensional e de <italic>softwares</italic> para reconstru&#231;&#227;o em 3D possibilitaram estudos e recomenda&#231;&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas para a padroniza&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da placa arterial carot&#237;dea na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Por meio dessa t&#233;cnica pr&#225;tica e reprodut&#237;vel, &#233; poss&#237;vel quantificar o volume, caracterizar a anatomia e fun&#231;&#227;o da parede arterial, incluindo a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da placa, com resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial aprimorada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> A principal vantagem da quantifica&#231;&#227;o 3D &#233; a capacidade de medir uma les&#227;o espec&#237;fica em todos os planos, t&#233;cnica que possibilita o acompanhamento da progress&#227;o da les&#227;o e do tratamento da mesma.</p>
          <p>O volume da placa carot&#237;dea equivale ao conte&#250;do ateroscler&#243;tico medido em um segmento arterial definido. A import&#226;ncia dessa aferi&#231;&#227;o se d&#225; devido &#224; possibilidade diagn&#243;stica de placas em art&#233;rias angiograficamente normais e em les&#245;es carot&#237;deas com menos de 50% de estenose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o do volume de placa da car&#243;tida pode ser mensurada por meio de dois m&#233;todos distintos, de acordo com o equipamento dispon&#237;vel:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Protocolo de regi&#227;o &#250;nica, em que h&#225; reconstru&#231;&#227;o de um segmento espec&#237;fico ou placa &#250;nica.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Protocolo de vaso completo, em que h&#225; reconstru&#231;&#227;o de um conjunto de dados adquiridos ao longo do trajeto examinado.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>O volume total da placa, medido de 1,5 cm da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum distal at&#233; 1 cm distal &#224; bifurca&#231;&#227;o, &#233; fator preditor de eventos futuros de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica da EMI e o volume de placa t&#234;m sido usados para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e avalia&#231;&#227;o de terapias antiateroscler&#243;ticas. Segundo Wannarong et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup> a medida do volume de placa e sua progress&#227;o s&#227;o superiores &#224;s medidas de EMI em ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>De acordo com o estudo de Ball et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> o volume de PC em pacientes com sintomas de isquemia cerebral &#233; maior em pacientes nas primeiras semanas da manifesta&#231;&#227;o, quando o risco de AVE tamb&#233;m &#233; maior. No entanto, n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o volume da placa e a estenose carot&#237;dea. Noflatscher et al. demonstraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o volume total de placa carot&#237;dea com fatores de risco cardiovascular (hipertens&#227;o, hiperlipidemia, idade, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cerobrovascular e/ou coronariana) e o n&#250;mero de leitos vasculares acometidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup> No entanto, atualmente, os dados para classifica&#231;&#227;o de volume da placa s&#227;o limitados, e mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer valores de corte preditores de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7.2. Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica pela Angiotomografia e Angiorresson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</title>
      <p>Entre as v&#225;rias indica&#231;&#245;es da angio-RM e da angio-TC est&#225; a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das placas e da parede arterial por possu&#237;rem resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial submilim&#233;trica, com acur&#225;cia similar na detec&#231;&#227;o desses processos quando considerados os equipamentos e t&#233;cnicas mais modernos dispon&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup> Torna-se importante a racionalidade na tomada de decis&#227;o de quando indicar uma ou outra t&#233;cnica, individualizando-se caso a caso, de acordo com as particularidades cl&#237;nicas. Esses exames, entretanto, n&#227;o s&#227;o utilizados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e, sim, para pacientes j&#225; sintom&#225;ticos ou j&#225; inicialmente rastreados por outro m&#233;todo, como a ultrassonografia vascular, e para avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da estenose e extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Todavia, esses m&#233;todos de imagem s&#227;o muito &#250;teis para o diagn&#243;stico da dissec&#231;&#227;o de vasos cervicais e hematoma intramural, onde o US n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o acurado.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>7.2.1. Dissec&#231;&#227;o de Vasos Cervicais</title>
        <p>A angio-CT e a angio-RM s&#227;o &#250;teis no diagn&#243;stico de dissec&#231;&#227;o arterial cervical (recomenda&#231;&#227;o Classe I &#8211; N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C) e s&#227;o t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas de grande acur&#225;cia, que se tornaram m&#233;todos de escolha na suspeita de dissec&#231;&#227;o arterial em lugar da angiografia digital (padr&#227;o-ouro).</p>
        <p>As t&#233;cnicas de angio-TC e angio-RM nos equipamentos mais modernos dispon&#237;veis demonstram acur&#225;cia similar na detec&#231;&#227;o de dissec&#231;&#245;es arteriais. Destaca-se, contudo, a maior sensibilidade da RM na demonstra&#231;&#227;o de hematomas murais e sua capacidade superior em diferenciar dissec&#231;&#245;es agudas e subagudas (caracterizadas pela presen&#231;a de deoxi ou meta-hemoglogina predominantes no hematoma mural). Um recurso t&#233;cnico adicional e mais recente (a imagem de parede de vaso por RM &#8211; &#8220;<italic>vessel wall imaging</italic>&#8221;) contribui para essa detec&#231;&#227;o superior.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. Agente de Realce de Ultrassom na Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</title>
      <p>O maior avan&#231;o da ultrassonografia ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o do modo B e do Doppler foi a introdu&#231;&#227;o de agentes de contraste, ampliando muito o valor desse m&#233;todo e a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref></sup> Prefere-se utilizar o termo agente de realce de ultrassom (ARUS), ecorreal&#231;ador, ao termo agente de contraste, para diferenciar dos contrastes que usam iodo ou gadol&#237;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A grande inova&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica foi a introdu&#231;&#227;o de m&#243;dulos de imagem espec&#237;ficos para o ARUS nos equipamentos de US com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da harm&#244;nica de pulso invertido, possibilitando a visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta de sinais emitidos por esses agentes, independentemente de suas velocidades. Devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias dos sinais das microbolhas (que s&#227;o fundamentalmente diferentes daqueles provenientes dos tecidos estacion&#225;rios), s&#227;o criadas imagens &#8220;espec&#237;ficas das microbolhas&#8221;, que podem exibir volume e perfus&#227;o de par&#234;nquimas teciduais com sensibilidade e resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial extremamente elevadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref></sup> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ARUS abriu novos horizontes no campo da pesquisa em muitas patologias arteriais, uma vez que ele &#233; capaz de fornecer novos conjuntos de dados que podem ser fundamentais no manejo do paciente. Os aspectos a seguir devem ser do pleno conhecimento para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>8.1. Caracter&#237;sticas e Propriedades dos Agentes de Realce de Ultrassom</title>
        <p>O ARUS, ao contr&#225;rio daqueles agentes empregados para a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) e a tomografia computadorizada (TC) que utilizam as caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas e qu&#237;micas das c&#233;lulas para o seu efeito, utiliza as caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas do pr&#243;prio m&#233;todo ultrassonogr&#225;fico, ou seja, quanto maior a diferen&#231;a de densidade entre os meios, maior a reflex&#227;o da energia emitida e maior a amplitude do sinal de US. Indiscutivelmente, o meio gasoso &#233; o que promove a maior diferen&#231;a, correspondendo a um aumento do sinal da ordem de 30 decib&#233;is.</p>
        <p>Os ARUS s&#227;o microbolhas de g&#225;s contidas em c&#225;psulas com membrana fosfolip&#237;dica que possuem flexibilidade e estabilidade. O agente SonoVue&#174; (Bracco Imaging S.p.A.) &#233; o &#250;nico produto liberado atualmente no Brasil pela Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (Anvisa) e pelo rol da Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Sa&#250;de Suplementar (ANS). O SonoVue&#174; consiste em microesferas de g&#225;s hexafluoreto de enxofre encapsuladas. As microbolhas possuem di&#226;metro m&#233;dio de 2,3 &#181;m (tamanho que as impede de atravessar as paredes dos vasos sangu&#237;neos e alcan&#231;ar o espa&#231;o intersticial, n&#227;o ocupando o espa&#231;o extravascular). Por ser um g&#225;s lipof&#237;lico, tem baixa solubilidade no sangue e n&#227;o se difunde para fora da c&#225;psula. Essa capa proteica composta de uma camada &#250;nica de fosfolip&#237;dios atua como surfactante, conferindo-lhe estabilidade e flexibilidade ao longo de seu trajeto na macro e microcircula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. O SonoVue&#174; &#233;, portanto, considerado um agente integrante exclusivo do pool de sangue e um marcador da circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea (propriedade que o distingue dos contrastes utilizados na RM e na TC, que podem atravessar para o espa&#231;o extracelular). Ap&#243;s a ruptura da microbolha, o g&#225;s &#233; exalado na respira&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s dos pulm&#245;es em sua quase totalidade, n&#227;o sofrendo qualquer metaboliza&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica ou excre&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup>Assim, n&#227;o h&#225; contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao uso em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal, uma vantagem com ampla aplica&#231;&#227;o em diab&#233;ticos, hipertensos, cardiopatas e outras doen&#231;as que cursam com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.2. Aspectos T&#233;cnicos que Influenciam a Obten&#231;&#227;o de Imagem com Contraste</title>
        <p>Atualmente, a maioria dos fabricantes de equipamentos de US possui <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico para estudo com ARUS, o que pode estar inclu&#237;do na configura&#231;&#227;o original da m&#225;quina ou ser adquirido &#224; parte. Entretanto, mesmo naqueles sem o m&#243;dulo de imagem espec&#237;fico para contraste, alguns par&#226;metros podem ser configurados pelo pr&#243;prio operador. Para a obten&#231;&#227;o de melhor resultado durante o estudo contrastado, alguns conceitos e regulagens do equipamento devem obrigatoriamente ser conhecidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.3. &#205;ndice Mec&#226;nico</title>
        <p>O comportamento das microbolhas, quando expostas ao US, varia de acordo com a pot&#234;ncia de US emitida, ou seja, a amplitude da onda ac&#250;stica, a qual &#233; denominada de &#237;ndice mec&#226;nico (IM) nos equipamentos. Em estudos sem ARUS, o IM encontra-se na faixa de 1,6 a 1,9; entretanto, sob essa pot&#234;ncia ac&#250;stica, a microbolha invariavelmente entra em oscila&#231;&#227;o vigorosa e se rompe, gerando dois efeitos indesejados: aumento abrupto da intensidade do sinal com borramento excessivo na imagem e marcada redu&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de agente, com consequente encurtamento do tempo de exame. Esse modo de imagem, chamado de &#8220;imagem por estimula&#231;&#227;o ac&#250;stica&#8221;, n&#227;o necessita de equipamentos com tecnologia espec&#237;fica para contraste, mas, por outro lado, n&#227;o utiliza todo o potencial do agente, limitando-se &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o de ecorreal&#231;ador.</p>
        <p>Ao reduzirmos o IM para &#8804; 0,2, conseguimos n&#227;o somente manter a integridade das microbolhas, como tamb&#233;m fazer com que elas oscilem de forma n&#227;o linear (compress&#227;o inicial seguida de expans&#227;o) e entrem em resson&#226;ncia, emitindo frequ&#234;ncias (as chamadas &#8220;frequ&#234;ncias harm&#244;nicas&#8221;) diferentes da frequ&#234;ncia fundamental emitida pelo transdutor. Os equipamentos dotados dessa tecnologia conseguem filtrar esses sinais emitidos especificamente pelas microbolhas, obtendo um estudo mais duradouro e que destaca o sinal das microbolhas em detrimento dos tecidos, estes praticamente anulados na imagem que aparece como fundo escuro. Essa forma de estudo, chamada tamb&#233;m de &#8220;estudo com contraste com baixo IM&#8221;, permite avaliar de forma cont&#237;nua o tempo de chegada do (<italic>wash in</italic>) ao local de estudo, o per&#237;odo de realce e a concentra&#231;&#227;o das microbolhas na estrutura-alvo, muito importante para situa&#231;&#245;es como o estudo dos vasos nutridores da parede vascular (<italic>vasa vasorum</italic>), das placas carot&#237;deas, da distribui&#231;&#227;o capilar (perfus&#227;o) renal e de massas em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um efeito indesejado no estudo contrastado com baixo IM &#233; a limita&#231;&#227;o da profundidade atingida pela onda de pulso, que sofre maior atenua&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida que caminha pelos tecidos. Algumas formas de minimizar esse efeito s&#227;o: ado&#231;&#227;o de janelas ac&#250;sticas alternativas que permitam aproximar a estrutura de interesse, utilizar transdutores de banda larga com frequ&#234;ncias menores (muitas vezes necess&#225;rio no estudo das car&#243;tidas) e, em &#250;ltimo caso, aumentar o IM, tendo como consequ&#234;ncia a maior destrui&#231;&#227;o de bolhas no campo proximal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.4. Ganho de Imagem</title>
        <p>Um controle do equipamento que merece aten&#231;&#227;o no estudo contrastado &#233; o ganho da imagem, que amplifica o sinal recebido durante o p&#243;s-processamento no equipamento. O ganho elevado produz uma imagem brilhante e um aumento generalizado no ru&#237;do de fundo, obscurecendo o sinal do contraste (uma vez que o n&#237;vel de satura&#231;&#227;o do equipamento tenha sido atingido, n&#227;o haver&#225; margem para aumento do sinal provocado pelo contraste). Durante o estudo com contraste, deve-se, portanto, reduzir o ganho do equipamento at&#233; que a imagem fique virtualmente de cor preta, exceto para estruturas altamente ecog&#234;nicas. Alguns fabricantes possuem controles de ajuste de ganho para estudos contrastados, que podem facilmente ser ativados e desativados durante o estudo. Quando se realiza um ajuste manual, deve-se ter a menor quantidade de sinais ac&#250;sticos antes da inje&#231;&#227;o do agente e entender se esse sinal &#233; provocado por aumento do IM (quando s&#227;o visualizadas estruturas espec&#237;ficas na imagem) ou do ganho (que provoca aumento generalizado do ru&#237;do em toda a imagem).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup> Em geral, os equipamentos permitem o estudo simult&#226;neo com Modo B e contraste em telas paralelas (lado a lado).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.5. Quantidade de Contraste</title>
        <p>A dose do ecorreal&#231;ador a ser injetado deve ser previamente estudada pelo examinador. Doses altas provocam inicialmente borramento (satura&#231;&#227;o) do sinal e atenua&#231;&#227;o (sombra ac&#250;stica) das estruturas no campo distal, at&#233; que haja queda para concentra&#231;&#245;es adequadas do n&#237;vel de contraste. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o ser&#225; poss&#237;vel distinguir pequenas diferen&#231;as de realce entre estruturas, uma vez que o limite superior da faixa din&#226;mica (escala de cinza) do equipamento foi ultrapassado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup> Uma forma de destacar os diferentes n&#237;veis de realce provocados pelo contraste em uma estrutura &#233; ajustando a dose do agente para n&#237;veis que permitam a opacifica&#231;&#227;o adequada, sem borramento ou atenua&#231;&#227;o, e aumentando o n&#237;vel da faixa din&#226;mica (<italic>dynamic range</italic>) do equipamento. Doses baixas, por sua vez, n&#227;o alcan&#231;ar&#227;o o n&#237;vel de opacifica&#231;&#227;o desejado.</p>
        <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es para uso de contraste em ultrassonografia vascular e especificamente nas car&#243;tidas s&#227;o resumidas no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t23">Quadro 7</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t23">
            <label>Quadro 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Indica&#231;&#245;es para o uso de agentes de realce na ultrassonografia vascular nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e vertebrais.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Aplica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Oclus&#227;o x suboclus&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o placa</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dissec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Inflama&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.6. Diagn&#243;stico de Oclus&#227;o e Sub Oclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na suspeita de doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas melhora a sensibilidade do US e da t&#233;cnica Doppler, permitindo distinguir a oclus&#227;o da estenose suboclusiva r&#237;gida de forma compar&#225;vel &#224; TC multidetectores com contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref></sup> O US contrastado determina melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o endovascular, caracterizando a geometria detalhada dos segmentos pr&#233;-esten&#243;ticos, intraesten&#243;ticos e p&#243;s-esten&#243;ticos desprovidos de artefatos ou depend&#234;ncia de angulo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 8</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ecorreal&#231;ador em placas calcificadas demonstrando estenose &gt; 70% (pr&#243;xima &#224; suboclus&#227;o) na emerg&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna esquerda (circunfer&#234;ncia verde). A. Na fase com microbolhas, h&#225; passagem do meio de contraste pela placa, sendo observada contrasta&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o ponto de estenose (circunfer&#234;ncia verde), entre 27 segundos e 34 segundos, ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o endovenosa do contraste Sonovuer. No modo B, verificar a dificuldade no local da estenose pela sombra ac&#250;stica (circunfer&#234;ncia verde).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf08.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.7. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e Vulnerabilidade das Placas</title>
        <p>Essa indica&#231;&#227;o do ARUS para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das placas carot&#237;deas baseia-se na premissa de que a placa vulner&#225;vel apresenta uma fina c&#225;psula fibr&#243;tica que cobre um grande n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico necr&#243;tico em um processo inflamat&#243;rio ativo. A presen&#231;a de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o no interior da placa ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; a chave para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da placa sob risco, j&#225; que os neovasos servem como porta de entrada para c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, lip&#237;dios e c&#233;lulas vermelhas, aumentando o espa&#231;o entre as jun&#231;&#245;es e contribuindo, assim, para o crescimento da placa. Al&#233;m disso, os vasos neoformados t&#234;m um maior risco de ruptura, levando &#224; hemorragia intraplaca e a um r&#225;pido crescimento da mesma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O ARUS permite uma melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o da parede do vaso e da superf&#237;cie das placas. Pelo fato de poder detectar individualmente a passagem das bolhas pelos capilares, essa t&#233;cnica permite a visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta da neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o intraplaca, j&#225; que as microbolhas s&#227;o estritamente marcadoras intravasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref></sup> Portanto, na aterosclerose carot&#237;dea, o ARUS n&#227;o s&#243; &#233; capaz de diferenciar oclus&#227;o de estenose cr&#237;tica, como tamb&#233;m de realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa da placa. As caracter&#237;sticas de placa mais importantes que o ARUS &#233; capaz de identificar s&#227;o ulcera&#231;&#227;o, neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e presen&#231;a de infiltrados inflamat&#243;rios. Todos esses fatores contribuem para a vulnerabilidade da placa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.8. Dissec&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ARUS pode melhorar a acur&#225;cia do exame USV com Doppler, entretanto o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico das dissec&#231;&#245;es vasculares &#233; a RM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref></sup> Nos pacientes com hist&#243;ria de contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao contraste com gadol&#237;nio, destaca-se a import&#226;ncia dessa metodologia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.9. Inflama&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O ARUS tamb&#233;m possui aplicabilidade na avalia&#231;&#227;o de vasculites dos grandes vasos, como grande diferencial na avalia&#231;&#227;o das paredes vasculares. Com essa metodologia de utiliza&#231;&#227;o das microbolhas, h&#225; visualiza&#231;&#227;o da borda do l&#250;men e permite-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica das paredes carot&#237;deas, que &#233; um marcador da atividade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.10 Avalia&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Stent</italic></title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva ap&#243;s coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> pode ser efetuada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa metodologia permite melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o intraluminal do <italic>stent</italic>, pois n&#227;o apresenta artefatos usualmente verificados no estudo com a an&#225;lise do Doppler espectral. Dessa forma, o estudo com ARUS possibilita avalia&#231;&#227;o do comprimento e da morfologia das estenoses <italic>intrastent</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.11 Prepara&#231;&#227;o do Contraste</title>
        <p>O SonoVue&#174; &#233; composto por um <italic>kit</italic> que inclui: um frasco ampola com 25 mg de p&#243; liofilizado em uma atmosfera de hexafluoreto de enxofre; uma seringa preenchida com 5 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o de cloreto de s&#243;dio 9 mg/mL (0,9%); e um sistema de transfer&#234;ncia. O produto &#233; de f&#225;cil preparo &#224; beira do leito, seguindo-se as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Ap&#243;s transferir o conte&#250;do da seringa para o frasco com p&#243;, o mesmo dever&#225; ser agitado durante 20 segundos para a forma&#231;&#227;o das microbolhas e para a solu&#231;&#227;o salina transformar-se em uma suspens&#227;o com aspecto leitoso (indicando distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea das microbolhas). Nesse estado, a suspens&#227;o pode ser armazenada por at&#233; 6 horas. Se as microbolhas se acumularem na superf&#237;cie durante o repouso, a solu&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; ser novamente agitada para que as microbolhas readquiram distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea antes do uso. A via usual de administra&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa em bolus em veia de calibre adequado para pun&#231;&#227;o com agulha de 20 G de di&#226;metro (preferencialmente em fossa antecubital). Um pequeno volume inicial deve ser administrado, seguido de um flush com 10 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9% para empurrar o agente de contraste at&#233; a veia central (o que ocorre em segundos).</p>
        <p>A dose recomendada na maioria das publica&#231;&#245;es para inje&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica nos estudos de USV &#233; de 2,4 mL, podendo variar de 1 a 4,8 mL, a sonda empregada e a sensibilidade do equipamento dispon&#237;vel (lembrando sempre que sondas com frequ&#234;ncia mais elevada, como no caso do exame de car&#243;tidas, necessitam de doses maiores, no caso 4,8 mL). Os primeiros 10 a 40 segundos ap&#243;s o bolus correspondem &#224; curva de realce do contraste (<italic>wash in e wash out</italic>) e devem ser registrados continuamente para posterior an&#225;lise. Em alguns casos espec&#237;ficos, como na pesquisa de <italic>endoleaks</italic> tardios p&#243;s-coloca&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses endovasculares a&#243;rticas, o tempo de avalia&#231;&#227;o pode chegar a 5 minutos; nesses casos, clipes menores podem ser registrados. Deve-se ter em mente que, quanto maior o IM, maior a destrui&#231;&#227;o de bolhas e menor o tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o do contraste. Ap&#243;s a ruptura das bolhas, o hexafluoreto de enxofre &#233; rapidamente eliminado pelos pulm&#245;es, em cerca de 2 minutos.</p>
        <p>SonoVue&#174; &#233; um agente seguro, com baixo &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es. H&#225; relatos de rea&#231;&#227;o anafil&#225;tica em cerca de menos de 0,0014% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.12. Protocolo B&#225;sico de Exame de Ultrassonografia Vascular com Contraste de Microbolhas1,16</title>
        <p>Definida a indica&#231;&#227;o de uso de contraste com microbolhas em exame de US vascular, a rotina b&#225;sica obrigat&#243;ria requer:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Repeti&#231;&#227;o e registro de exame de USV padr&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o de interesse.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Garantia de acesso venoso para inje&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o de contraste com microbolhas (pun&#231;&#227;o de veia perif&#233;rica preferencialmente).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Prepara&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o de contraste com microbolhas (SonoVue&#174;) de acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es do fabricante do produto.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Acionamento do modo de imagem espec&#237;fico para contraste no equipamento de US; caso n&#227;o haja <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico, ajuste de IM (&lt; 0,6 e o mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel de 0,1), ganho de imagem (escurecer o fundo) e escolha de janelas adequadas que reduzam a profundidade do &#243;rg&#227;o alvo do estudo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Administra&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o com contraste, ajustes para reduzir excesso de realce e registro de imagens (clipes) digitais durante os 10 a 60 segundos ap&#243;s bolus inicial; nos casos de exames espec&#237;ficos com maior dura&#231;&#227;o, registrar clipes necess&#225;rios no decorrer do tempo (que pode alcan&#231;ar 5 a 8 minutos) para an&#225;lise posterior.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>O exame com contraste de microbolhas &#233; fundamentalmente din&#226;mico, e a dura&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; curta em raz&#227;o da r&#225;pida destrui&#231;&#227;o das microbolhas pelas ondas de US, mesmo quando se utiliza um IM muito baixo. Portanto, o registro em m&#237;dia digital din&#226;mica &#233; essencial para posterior processamento e reavalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa das imagens, garantindo diagn&#243;stico seguro e armazenamento perene dos resultados.</p>
        <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es do uso ARUS em USV s&#227;o inexperi&#234;ncia do examinador, a aus&#234;ncia de <italic>softwares</italic> espec&#237;ficos, o acesso ao produto em unidades da rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de e a aus&#234;ncia completa de &#8220;janela&#8221; ultrassonogr&#225;fica. As contraindica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o IAM, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) severa, arritmias card&#237;acas graves e hipersensibilidade ao ARUS (rara).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>9. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a Ateromatosa em Art&#233;rias Vertebrais</title>
      <sec>
        <title>9.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o de envolvimento ateroscler&#243;tico nas art&#233;rias vertebrais extracranianas atrav&#233;s da USV &#233; indissoci&#225;vel do estudo das car&#243;tidas. Isso &#233; essencial para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento das les&#245;es carot&#237;deas severas, bem como para avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa dos riscos da abordagem cir&#250;rgica. Aproximadamente 25% dos acidentes vasculares isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos envolvem a circula&#231;&#227;o posterior, e a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica corresponde a 20% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref></sup> As placas ateroscler&#243;ticas se localizam predominantemente na origem das art&#233;rias vertebrais, sendo que na maioria dos casos s&#227;o extens&#245;es de placas das art&#233;rias subcl&#225;vias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de estenose vertebrobasilar na vig&#234;ncia de um AVE ou AIT envolvendo a circula&#231;&#227;o posterior aumenta em aproximadamente 33% o risco de recorr&#234;ncia no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o evento inicial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada da anatomia das art&#233;rias do sistema vertebrobasilar pode ser encontrada na diretriz do DIC 2015 que antecede esta atualiza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ultrassonogr&#225;fica de Vertebrais</title>
        <p>Com os recursos t&#233;cnicos atualmente dispon&#237;veis, consegue-se estudar a art&#233;ria vertebral em toda a sua extens&#227;o, incluindo o segmento intracraniano e a art&#233;ria basilar proximal. Recomendamos incluir, na rotina de avalia&#231;&#227;o, o estudo da origem do vaso (sede mais frequente das estenoses) e os demais segmentos extracranianos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.3. Metodologia do Exame de Rotina</title>
        <p>A posi&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#233; a mesma adotada para o estudo das car&#243;tidas. A profundidade do campo de imagem pode variar com a anatomia do pesco&#231;o. A escala de cores deve ser reduzida, aumentando-se a sensibilidade de detec&#231;&#227;o do fluxo em cores.</p>
        <p>A metodologia do exame est&#225; descrita na recomenda&#231;&#227;o publicada em 2015 pelo DIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.4. Par&#226;metros Normais</title>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos e hemodin&#226;micos de hipoplasia da art&#233;ria vertebral est&#227;o descritos na publica&#231;&#227;o de 2015<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos e hemodin&#226;micos para a defini&#231;&#227;o de hipoplasia da art&#233;ria vertebral</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Crit&#233;rios anat&#244;micos e hemodin&#226;micos para hipoplasia vertebral</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro &#8804; 2 mm no segmento V2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Redu&#231;&#227;o do componente diast&#243;lico do fluxo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de resist&#234;ncia &gt; 0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aumento do calibre da vertebral contralateral (&gt; 4 mm) com velocidades normais</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.5. Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da Estenose</title>
        <sec>
          <title>9.5.1. Estenose Proximal (V0-V1)</title>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico baseia-se na identifica&#231;&#227;o de turbilhonamento ao <italic>color</italic> Doppler e no aumento de velocidades de fluxo no local da les&#227;o (que nem sempre &#233; visualizado). Em vertebrais com curso tortuoso, pode haver um aumento fisiol&#243;gico das velocidades. Uma curva espectral amortecida &#224; vazante corrobora a presen&#231;a de estenose significativa proximal. Em casos com imagem bidimensional de boa qualidade, pode-se identificar a redu&#231;&#227;o luminal do vaso e medir, com o aux&#237;lio do <italic>powerangio</italic>, o l&#250;men residual pelo crit&#233;rio anat&#244;mico distal.</p>
          <p>Recomendamos a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 6</xref>, adaptada do estudo de Hua et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> com valores de corte para a defini&#231;&#227;o dos graus de estenose proximal da art&#233;ria vertebral. A VPS na origem do vaso &#233; o par&#226;metro de maior especificidade para quantifica&#231;&#227;o de estenose vertebral proximal quando comparada aos demais crit&#233;rios espectrais como &#237;ndice de velocidade m&#225;xima (IVV) e velocidade diast&#243;lica final (VDF).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t7">
              <label>Tabela 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Valores de corte para velocidades nas estenoses proximais da art&#233;ria vertebral (adaptada de Hua et al.<bold>122</bold>)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Estenose</th>
                    <th align="left">&lt; 50%</th>
                    <th align="left">50-69%</th>
                    <th align="left">70-99%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vmax</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 85 cm/s</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 140 cm/s</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 210 cm/s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IVV*</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 1,3</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 2,1</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vdf</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 27 cm/s</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 35 cm/s</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 55 cm/s</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*IVV: &#237;ndice de velocidade m&#225;xima no ponto da estenose e o segmento V2; VDF: velocidade diast&#243;lica final</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.5.2. Estenose Vertebral nos Demais Segmentos (V2-V4)</title>
          <p>Quando o local da estenose &#233; identificado ao ultrassom, sua avalia&#231;&#227;o deve se basear em an&#225;lise multiparam&#233;trica, como turbul&#234;ncia ao <italic>color</italic> Doppler, aumento localizado das velocidades de fluxo, aumento dos &#237;ndices de velocidade e amortecimento do fluxo distal, uma vez que n&#227;o existem tabelas de quantifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses para esses segmentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Nos casos de segmentos n&#227;o visualiz&#225;veis ao exame convencional (segmento V4 intracraniano), os achados s&#227;o indiretos e correlacionam-se com o n&#237;vel da estenose e emerg&#234;ncia do ramo cerebelar posterior inferior (ACPI). Nas estenoses pr&#233;-emerg&#234;ncia do ramo cerebelar posterior inferior (pr&#233;-ACPI), as curvas espectrais apresentam velocidades reduzidas e padr&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia elevada registradas nos segmentos V1-V2. Estenose ap&#243;s emerg&#234;ncia do ramo cerebelar posterior inferior (p&#243;s-ACPI) n&#227;o causa altera&#231;&#227;o de fluxo, pois h&#225; desvio para o cerebelo. Nesses casos, o estudo com Doppler transcraniano (DTC) torna-se indispens&#225;vel para o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.5.3. Oclus&#227;o de Vertebral</title>
          <p>Os achados variam de acordo com o n&#237;vel da oclus&#227;o. O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t24">Quadro 8</xref> mostra as poss&#237;veis curvas espectrais de acordo com o n&#237;vel da oclus&#227;o. N&#227;o raro, uma vertebral oclu&#237;da em sua origem pode reabitar em seu segmento distal atrav&#233;s de circuitos anastom&#243;ticos bem definidos. Essa possibilidade deve ser pesquisada atrav&#233;s do estudo dos segmentos extracranianos distais.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t24">
              <label>Quadro 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Curvas espectrais de acordo com o n&#237;vel de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria vertebral. ACPI: ramo cerebelar posterior inferior; PICA: art&#233;ria cerebelar inferior posterior.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                      <alternatives>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/0a09db0c98fcd706f4c1759a7979955b061b3c5b.tif"/>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/2e9ada3f1da55051e52c073bc99f347eb24d542c.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                      </alternatives>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>9.6. S&#237;ndrome do Roubo pela Art&#233;ria Subcl&#225;via</title>
      <p>Estenose hemodinamicamente significativa ou oclus&#227;o do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico ou de segmento proximal da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via (direita ou esquerda) provocam efeito de &#8220;roubo&#8221; de fluxo da vertebral contralateral (caso a vertebral ipsilateral tenha calibre normal e aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a ateromatosa significativa associada) para suprir a subcl&#225;via acometida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref></sup> Nesse caso, a morfologia da curva espectral e a dire&#231;&#227;o da onda de fluxo na art&#233;ria vertebral do mesmo lado da subcl&#225;via comprometida, em repouso ou ap&#243;s manobra de provoca&#231;&#227;o de hiperemia reativa (compress&#227;o do membro superior ipsilateral com manguito de press&#227;o insuflado), permitem avaliar o efeito de &#8220;roubo&#8221;. Ao contr&#225;rio das estenoses vertebrais distais, em que o primeiro componente afetado &#233; o componente diast&#243;lico, no &#8220;roubo&#8221;, a primeira altera&#231;&#227;o ocorre durante a fase sist&#243;lica, com breve desacelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sist&#243;lico (quase impercept&#237;vel para examinadores menos experientes).</p>
      <p>O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t25">Quadro 9</xref> apresenta a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes tipos de morfologia das curvas espectrais encontradas nas art&#233;rias vertebrais. Em geral, o tipo de roubo correlaciona-se com graus maiores de estenose da subcl&#225;via ou tronco braquiocef&#225;lico. No caso de estenose grave do tronco braquicef&#225;lico, pode haver concomit&#226;ncia de roubo carot&#237;deo que apresentar&#225; curva espectral com invers&#227;o sist&#243;lica do fluxo.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t25">
          <label>Quadro 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos tipos de roubo de acordo com o padr&#227;o de curva espectral.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/2c5fa53eb18eb38a6f30285793846b02b3a52d74.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/4ef04ef969a1efbfbfca8db946a6ce007aeb020e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>10. Doppler Transcraniano na Doen&#231;a Ateroscler&#243;tica Carot&#237;dea e Vertebral Extracraniana</title>
      <p>O objetivo fundamental do DTC em portadores (assintom&#225;ticos ou n&#227;o) de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica carot&#237;dea ou vertebral extracraniana &#233; investigar o valor preditivo de ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico (AVEi).</p>
      <p>As ferramentas de real valor oferecidas pelo DTC s&#227;o: a) detec&#231;&#227;o de microembolia encef&#225;lica espont&#226;nea; b) registro de informa&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas durante a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o transoperat&#243;ria (endarterectomia) e em procedimentos endovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>10.1. T&#233;cnicas do Exame</title>
        <p>A t&#233;cnica do DTC varia na depend&#234;ncia da indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial e transoperat&#243;ria, a necessidade de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua e de longa dura&#231;&#227;o requer uma aparelhagem espec&#237;fica, com capacete ajust&#225;vel ao cr&#226;nio e com fixador(es) de transdutor(es). Isso garantir&#225; a captura de evento transit&#243;rio com informa&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria para a defini&#231;&#227;o da conduta terap&#234;utica mais adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os aparelhos exclusivamente dedicados ao DTC s&#227;o &#8220;cegos&#8221; em raz&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de imagem bidimensional e do mapeamento de fluxo em cores (MFC), com &#243;bvia perda de informa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas &#250;teis. No entanto, esses aparelhos permitem a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de fluxo pela possibilidade de contar com o capacete craniano para a fixa&#231;&#227;o do transdutor.</p>
        <p>Devemos realizar inicialmente o exame padr&#227;o de DTC convencional, com a finalidade de an&#225;lise da anatomia vascular e busca de poss&#237;veis vias colaterais de fluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, pode-se fazer o rastreamento de s&#237;tio de estenose intravascular segmentar intracraniana <italic>in situ</italic>, presente em 10% dos casos de AVEi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O exame padr&#227;o de DTC &#8220;cego&#8221; inclui a insona&#231;&#227;o do fluxo em segmentos de todas as art&#233;rias tronculares: circula&#231;&#227;o anterior, constitu&#237;da por ramos das car&#243;tidas internas direita e esquerda; e circula&#231;&#227;o posterior, constitu&#237;da por ramos da art&#233;ria basilar, que por sua vez, resulta da conflu&#234;ncia das art&#233;rias vertebrais direita e esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ambas as circula&#231;&#245;es se conectam atrav&#233;s de art&#233;rias &#8220;comunicantes&#8221; (anterior e posteriores direita e esquerda), integrando um circuito conhecido como &#8220;pol&#237;gono de Willis&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 9</xref>). Essa arquitetura vascular consiste em eficiente mecanismo autom&#225;tico de colateraliza&#231;&#227;o em caso de oclus&#227;o em qualquer um dos vasos, impedindo ou atenuando as consequ&#234;ncias da isquemia cerebral. Entretanto, variantes anat&#244;micas ocorrem em mais da metade dos indiv&#237;duos, justificando as sequelas heterog&#234;neas decorrentes da oclus&#227;o de uma mesma art&#233;ria em pessoas diferentes. Na circula&#231;&#227;o anterior, em cada hemisf&#233;rio encef&#225;lico, a car&#243;tida interna (ACI) emite um ramo para o globo ocular (oft&#225;lmica) e, em seguida, origina as cerebrais anterior (ACA) e m&#233;dia (ACM), respons&#225;veis pela irriga&#231;&#227;o da maior extens&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o. Na circula&#231;&#227;o posterior, as vertebrais direita e esquerda se fundem em art&#233;ria basilar, que se divide em cerebrais posteriores (ACP) direita e esquerda, irrigando o tronco encef&#225;lico e a regi&#227;o do cerebelo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Pol&#237;gono de Willis em representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica (9A) e imagem ultrassonogr&#225;fica com contraste obtida atrav&#233;s de janela temporal direita (9B).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf09.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O transdutor com frequ&#234;ncia de 2 MHz (ou menos) &#233; um elemento obrigat&#243;rio para o DTC, pois a localiza&#231;&#227;o profunda dos vasos intracranianos exige ondas de US de baixa frequ&#234;ncia. A identifica&#231;&#227;o do vaso insonado pelo Doppler &#8220;cego&#8221; depende de: a) janela ultrassonogr&#225;fica utilizada; b) posi&#231;&#227;o do transdutor em rela&#231;&#227;o ao cr&#226;nio (&#226;ngulo de incid&#234;ncia do US); c) profundidade do &#8220;volume amostral&#8221;; d) caracter&#237;sticas das curvas espectrais das ondas de fluxo [morfologia; dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao transdutor; velocidade sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima (VPS), velocidade diast&#243;lica final (VDF) e velocidade m&#233;dia; &#237;ndices de pulsatilidade e resist&#234;ncia]. Esses par&#226;metros definem a art&#233;ria examinada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 7</xref>), exceto em casos de variantes anat&#244;micas, onde h&#225; desvantagem em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Doppler com imagem.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Crit&#233;rios para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de vasos intracranianos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Art&#233;ria</th>
                  <th>Janela</th>
                  <th>&#194;ngulo do transdutor com cr&#226;nio</th>
                  <th>Profundidade do vaso</th>
                  <th>Velocidade m&#233;dia de fluxo</th>
                  <th>Dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sif&#227;o carot&#237;deo infraselar</td>
                  <td align="center">Orbital</td>
                  <td align="center">Perpendicular</td>
                  <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">40-50 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Negativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sif&#227;o carot&#237;deo genicular</td>
                  <td align="center">Orbital</td>
                  <td align="center">Perpendicular</td>
                  <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">40-50 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Positiva negativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sif&#227;o carot&#237;deo supraselar</td>
                  <td align="center">Orbital</td>
                  <td align="center">Perpendicular</td>
                  <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">40-50 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Positiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Oft&#225;lmica</td>
                  <td align="center">Orbital</td>
                  <td align="center">Perpendicular</td>
                  <td align="center">40-60 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">20 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Positiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Car&#243;tida interna distal</td>
                  <td align="center">Temporal</td>
                  <td align="center">Para baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">45 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Positiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cerebral anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">Temporal</td>
                  <td align="center">Para cima e anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">60-70 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">60 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Negativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cerebral m&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="center">Temporal</td>
                  <td align="center">Perpendicular</td>
                  <td align="center">35-60 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">70 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Positiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cerebral posterior (p1)</td>
                  <td align="center">Temporal</td>
                  <td align="center">Para baixo e para tr&#225;s</td>
                  <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">40 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Positiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cerebral posterior (p2)</td>
                  <td align="center">Temporal</td>
                  <td align="center">Para baixo e para tr&#225;s</td>
                  <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">40 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Negativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Vertebral (v4)</td>
                  <td align="center">Foraminal</td>
                  <td align="center">Ligeiramente para cima e lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">40 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Negativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Basilar proximal</td>
                  <td align="center">Foraminal</td>
                  <td align="center">Ligeiramente para cima e central</td>
                  <td align="center">70-120 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">45 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Negativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cerebelar posterior inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">Foraminal</td>
                  <td align="center">Ligeiramente para cima e lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">40-55 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">45 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Positiva</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.2. Protocolo Padr&#227;o do DTC &#8220;Cego&#8221; Convencional</title>
        <p>Dec&#250;bito dorsal e transdutor de 2 MHz suavemente posicionado sobre cada uma das cinco janelas ultrassonogr&#225;ficas cl&#225;ssicas, em sequ&#234;ncia livre, para garantir o estudo de fluxo em todas as art&#233;rias tronculares intracranianas: a) transorbitais (direita e esquerda); b) transtemporais (direita e esquerda); c) transforaminal.</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>a)Janelas transorbitais:</bold> examinar oft&#225;lmicas e sif&#245;es carot&#237;deos (por&#231;&#245;es intracavernosas de car&#243;tidas internas). Transdutor apoiado sobre o globo ocular, com p&#225;lpebra fechada, sem qualquer press&#227;o local (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 10A</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f10">
                <label>Figura 10</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Doppler transcraniano e janela ultrassonogr&#225;fica transorbital (10A) e representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica das art&#233;rias insonadas (sif&#227;o carot&#237;deo e oft&#225;lmica &#8211; 10B).</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf10.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>b) Janelas transtemporais:</bold><italic>s</italic>ituadas acima do arco zigom&#225;tico (cerca de 1 cm de dist&#226;ncia do meato auditivo externo), variam individualmente em extens&#227;o e qualidade. Transdutor inicialmente em posi&#231;&#227;o perpendicular ao cr&#226;nio; em seguida, sutilmente inclinado anterior e posteriormente para a obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens referentes &#224;s curvas espectrais de fluxo de car&#243;tida interna distal, cerebral anterior (A1), cerebral m&#233;dia (M1), topo de basilar e cerebral posterior (P1 e P2) ipsilaterais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 11</xref>). As comunicantes (anteriores e posteriores) tamb&#233;m podem ser insonadas atrav&#233;s dessas janelas ultrass&#244;nicas.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f11">
                <label>Figura 11</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Doppler transcraniano e janela ultrassonogr&#225;fica transtemporal (11A); representa&#231;&#245;es esquem&#225;ticas de art&#233;rias cerebrais anterior (11B), m&#233;dia (11C) e posterior (11D).</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf11.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>c) Janela transforaminal:</bold> &#250;nica via de acesso aos fluxos em luzes de segmentos intracranianos das vertebrais (V4) e &#224; origem da basilar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 12</xref>), al&#233;m das art&#233;rias cerebelares posteroinferiores (ramos cruciais como via colateral de escoamento de fluxo em casos de oclus&#227;o de vertebral acima da emerg&#234;ncia dos mesmos).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f12">
                <label>Figura 12</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Doppler transcraniano e janela foraminal (12A); representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica dos de vertebrais e basilar (12B). VD: vertebral direita; VE: vertebral esquerda.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf12.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O paciente deve ser posicionado em dec&#250;bito lateral, com queixo tocando o t&#243;rax para exposi&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o occipital (topografia do forame magno), poder&#225; ainda ser colocado sentado no leito ou em uma cadeira, facilitando o posicionamento do examinador. O Doppler puls&#225;til evidenciar&#225; o fluxo afastando-se do transdutor em luzes de vertebrais e basilar; e nas cerebelares posteroinferiores, a dire&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; inversa.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>As curvas espectrais de fluxo registradas nas art&#233;rias tronculares intracranianas apresentam morfologia semelhante entre si, diferindo somente nas velocidades pr&#243;prias de cada vaso e na dire&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao transdutor. O padr&#227;o &#233; de baixa resist&#234;ncia para todos os segmentos, exceto em oft&#225;lmica (&#250;nica art&#233;ria com &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia algo elevado; embora seja ramo da ACI, irriga estruturas extracranianas).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.3. Protocolo padr&#227;o de Doppler Transcraniano em Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Cont&#237;nua</title>
        <p>Capacete ajust&#225;vel ao cr&#226;nio, com um ou dois transdutores &#8220;cegos&#8221; fixados e posicionados em janelas temporais, dirigidos para art&#233;rias cerebrais m&#233;dias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 13</xref>). A an&#225;lise cont&#237;nua e simult&#226;nea de fluxo em ambas as art&#233;rias assegura a observa&#231;&#227;o e o registro de ocorr&#234;ncia de &#234;mbolos em tempo real e a contagem de eventos por hora. A microembolia &#233; traduzida como um sinal transit&#243;rio, de curta dura&#231;&#227;o (inferior a 300 ms), de alta intensidade, impresso na curva espectral de fluxo (Doppler puls&#225;til) como um tra&#231;o vertical associado a sonoridade pr&#243;pria, denominado HITS (<italic>high intensity transient signals</italic>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 14</xref>). A contagem do n&#250;mero de HITS e a diferencia&#231;&#227;o em s&#243;lidos e gasosos &#233; importante nas endarterectomias e procedimentos endovasculares carot&#237;deos. O risco de AVEi depende da intensidade dos fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos e pode ser estimado de acordo com o n&#250;mero de HITS catalogados com o DTC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 13</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Capacete ajust&#225;vel ao cr&#226;nio para a fixa&#231;&#227;o de transdutores e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de fluxo em cerebrais m&#233;dias. DTC: Doppler transcraniano.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf13.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 14</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>HITS (High Intensity Transient Signals) indicadores de &#234;mbolos (gasosos ou s&#243;lidos).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf14.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.4. Utilidade cl&#237;nica do Doppler transcraniano na doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cervical</title>
        <sec>
          <title>10.4.1. Identifica&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes com HITS</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de microembolia distalmente a estenose carot&#237;dea indica um risco 7,5 vezes maior de AVEi recorrente ou epis&#243;dio de ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup> Nos pacientes com estenose carot&#237;dea sintom&#225;tica recente (menos de 7 dias) o risco de AVCi recorrente &#233; de 26% em 30 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup> Portanto, o rastreamento da microembolia permitir&#225; a intensifica&#231;&#227;o da terapia antitromb&#243;tica, baseada nos resultados de estudos multic&#234;ntricos CARESS (<italic>Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref></sup> e CLAIR (<italic>CLopidogrel plus Aspirin for Infarction Reduction</italic>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref></sup> ou a antecipa&#231;&#227;o da endarterectomia ou do tratamento endovascular.</p>
          <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com estenose carot&#237;dea assintom&#225;tica &#233; outra grande utilidade da identifica&#231;&#227;o de HITS. O estudo ACES (<italic>Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study</italic>) identificou um risco anual de AVCi ou AIT ipsilateral &#224; estenose de 7,1% nos pacientes com HITS e de 3,0% naqueles sem microembolia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de microembolia nas primeiras 24 horas de instala&#231;&#227;o do AVCi alcan&#231;a at&#233; 49% dos pacientes e reduz progressiva e significativamente ap&#243;s 48 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, nos pacientes com AIT, a presen&#231;a de HITS est&#225; associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de AVEi ou novo AIT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Durante a endarterectomia, a detec&#231;&#227;o em tempo real de &#234;mbolos liberados na fase de oclus&#227;o carot&#237;dea para ressec&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica pode ser executada com facilidade e rapidez pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua com DTC, garantindo maior seguran&#231;a ao procedimento e reduzindo complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.4.2. Repercuss&#245;es Hemodin&#226;micas Induzidas</title>
          <p>Especial aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser dirigida &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de repercuss&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas intracranianas, induzidas durante a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de fluxo em cerebrais m&#233;dias, realizada com aparelho dedicado ao DTC e com capacete de fixa&#231;&#227;o. Nos pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o deve perdurar por 1 hora, no m&#237;nimo; nos assintom&#225;ticos, esse tempo deve ser prolongado para 4 horas na inten&#231;&#227;o de se obter uma melhor acur&#225;cia. A an&#225;lise da autorregula&#231;&#227;o encef&#225;lica e de reserva vasomotora cerebral est&#225; entre as informa&#231;&#245;es de maior utilidade.</p>
          <p>A autorregula&#231;&#227;o encef&#225;lica (ou press&#227;o de autorregula&#231;&#227;o) &#233; o mecanismo atrav&#233;s do qual o fluxo sangu&#237;neo encef&#225;lico se mant&#233;m relativamente constante, mesmo diante de varia&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o encef&#225;lica (PPE).</p>
          <p>Os fatores que influenciam a perfus&#227;o encef&#225;lica s&#227;o a PPE e a resist&#234;ncia cerebrovascular (microcircula&#231;&#227;o). O fluxo sangu&#237;neo encef&#225;lico pode manter-se constante durante a varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) se ocorrerem altera&#231;&#245;es compensat&#243;rias na microcircula&#231;&#227;o (arter&#237;olas). Existem dois m&#233;todos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado de autorregula&#231;&#227;o encef&#225;lica: o est&#225;tico e o din&#226;mico. O DTC &#233; um dos m&#233;todos mais utilizados para a estimativa de mudan&#231;as na perfus&#227;o encef&#225;lica. A autorregula&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica traduz as altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias do fluxo sangu&#237;neo encef&#225;lico ap&#243;s r&#225;pidas mudan&#231;as na press&#227;o arterial e pode ser provocada pelo teste do manguito femoral: manguitos de press&#227;o arterial posicionados nas coxas de paciente s&#227;o mantidos insuflados e, em seguida, s&#227;o desinsuflados abruptamente com objetivo de provocar hiperemia nos membros inferiores e queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. A autorregula&#231;&#227;o encef&#225;lica far&#225; com que a hipotens&#227;o n&#227;o cause mudan&#231;a no fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A reserva vasomotora cerebral (RVC) pode ser estimada atrav&#233;s do teste de reatividade cerebrovascular, cujo objetivo &#233; quantificar a capacidade de dilata&#231;&#227;o de um determinado territ&#243;rio arterial, identificando pacientes com estenoses hemodinamicamente cr&#237;ticas e alto risco de fal&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria encef&#225;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref></sup> Entre os testes de avalia&#231;&#227;o da reserva microcirculat&#243;ria, a inala&#231;&#227;o de CO2 consiste em inspirar, de maneira controlada, uma mistura gasosa enriquecida com CO2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref></sup> A hipercapnia gera dilata&#231;&#227;o de arter&#237;olas e aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 15</xref>); a hipocapnia promove vasoconstric&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo encef&#225;lico. Durante a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de fluxo sangu&#237;neo em art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia, a velocidade pode ser reduzida a 50% abaixo dos valores basais durante hipocapnia, enquanto na hipercapnia, pode elevar-se at&#233; 200% acima dos valores de base. Como ponto de corte cl&#237;nico, recomenda-se que aumentos de fluxo inferiores a 10% devam ser considerados como preju&#237;zo da reserva vasomotora cerebral.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f15">
              <label>Figura 15</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Teste de avalia&#231;&#227;o de capacidade de reserva vasomotora cerebral atrav&#233;s da inala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub>; redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de velocidades e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia (15B) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao registro pr&#233;-inala&#231;&#227;o CO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub> (15A).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf15.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>No per&#237;odo intraoperat&#243;rio, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de fluxo em cerebrais m&#233;dias com DTC permite a an&#225;lise das varia&#231;&#245;es de velocidades de fluxo sangu&#237;neo em resposta ao uso de anest&#233;sicos vol&#225;teis (causam vasodilata&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o cerebral e aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo encef&#225;lico) e agentes hipn&#243;ticos (desencadeiam diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo encef&#225;lico).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref></sup></p>
          <p>S&#237;ndrome de hiperperfus&#227;o: no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato de endarterectomia carot&#237;dea, em paciente com estenose severa, o leito cerebral de pequenos vasos (art&#233;rias piais e arter&#237;olas) pode apresentar vasodilata&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e com perda da capacidade de vasoconstric&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s restaura&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita da perfus&#227;o com a endarterectomia. Isso resultar&#225; em hiperemia cerebral inadequada assim que a press&#227;o normal for introduzida no leito tecidual vasodilatador, e poder&#225; ocorrer morbidade significativa associada com edema, hipertens&#227;o intracraniana e hemorragia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref></sup> Tal mecanismo tem sido descrito tamb&#233;m imediatamente ou at&#233; 24 a 48 horas ap&#243;s ressec&#231;&#227;o de malforma&#231;&#245;es arteriovenosas. O DTC pode detectar curvas espectrais com velocidades aumentadas e baixa pulsatilidade e resist&#234;ncia em vasos cerebrais. A medida de velocidades de fluxo em cerebrais m&#233;dias servir&#225; de guia durante o tratamento at&#233; a normaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.4.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Estenose Vertebral Intracraniana (V4)</title>
          <p>O estudo de rotina das art&#233;rias vertebrais n&#227;o deveria restringir-se aos segmentos extracranianos, pois placas estenosantes graves ou at&#233; mesmo oclus&#245;es em segmentos intracranianos (V4) do sistema vertebrobasilar podem n&#227;o provocar qualquer anormalidade em curvas espectrais de fluxo em topografia cervical (V0-V3). Se a placa ateroscler&#243;tica estiver localizada antes da emerg&#234;ncia do ACPI da vertebral intracraniana, as curvas espectrais ser&#227;o de baixa amplitude e elevada resist&#234;ncia em V1-V3 ipsilateral. Caso a les&#227;o estenosante ou a oclus&#227;o da luz situe-se acima do ACPI, poder&#225; haver desvio de fluxo para o cerebelo, e as curvas espectrais ser&#227;o normais (isso torna o DTC um recurso valioso para o diagn&#243;stico) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 16</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f16">
              <label>Figuras 16</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Anatomia de segmentos intracranianos de vertebrais, basilar e ramos (16A); janela foraminal: mapeamento em cores de fluxo em luzes de vertebrais (V4) e ramos cerebelares posteroinferiores (ACPI &#8211; 16B); mapeamento em cores de transi&#231;&#227;o de vertebral V3 (extra) para V4 (intracraniana &#8211; 16C); curva espectral de Doppler puls&#225;til afastando-se do transdutor (V4) (16D); mapeamento em cores de fluxo em ramo cerebelar posteroinferior esquerdo (fluxo em dire&#231;&#227;o ao transdutor &#8211; 16E); e curvas espectrais de Doppler puls&#225;til em ACPI esquerda (16F). ACPI: ramo cerebelar posterior inferior.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf16.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A inclus&#227;o do estudo dos segmentos intracranianos do sistema vertebrobasilar requer transdutor setorial com 2,0 MHz (ou menos) com mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Atrav&#233;s do forame magno, o US alcan&#231;ar&#225; as art&#233;rias e permitir&#225; a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de fluxo intraluminal, definindo a anatomia regional. O fluxo em vertebrais afasta-se do transdutor e, em ACPI, tem dire&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;ria, facilitando a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos vasos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>10.5. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es deste grupo de especialistas para o DTC na doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea ateroscler&#243;tica est&#227;o resumidas no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t20">Quadro 4</xref>.</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Em pacientes com placas ateroscler&#243;ticas carot&#237;deas ou vertebrais extracranianas, a investiga&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;microembolia silenciosa&#8221; deve ser realizada com aparelho de DTC &#8220;cego&#8221; com capacete para fixa&#231;&#227;o dos transdutores no cr&#226;nio. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de fluxo em cerebrais m&#233;dias ou basilar deve ocorrer durante no m&#237;nimo 4 horas consecutivas.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-endarterectomia da &#8220;reserva vasomotora cerebral&#8221; &#233; uma informa&#231;&#227;o valiosa para a redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de isquemia encef&#225;lica grave durante cirurgia.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o peroperat&#243;ria e no m&#237;nimo nos 90 minutos imediatos p&#243;s-endarterectomia &#233; fundamental para o diagn&#243;stico simult&#226;neo e tratamento precoce de consequ&#234;ncias de emboliza&#231;&#227;o gasosa ou s&#243;lida (part&#237;culas de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas ou trombos).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Recomendamos a inclus&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos intracranianos de vertebrais e de basilar (via janela foraminal) nos exames de rotina de car&#243;tidas e vertebrais cervicais de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e sem les&#245;es anat&#244;micas extracranianas que justifiquem a cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Freire CMV, Alc&#226;ntara ML, Santos SN, Amaral SI, Veloso O, Porto CLL, et al. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para Quantifica&#231;&#227;o pelo Ultrassom da Doen&#231;a Ateroscler&#243;tica das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas e Vertebrais: Grupo de Trabalho do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; DIC &#8211; SBC. Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc. 2015;28:e1-e64. doi: 10.5935/2318-8219.20150018.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freire</surname>
              <given-names>CMV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alc&#226;ntara</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amaral</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veloso</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>CLL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para Quantifica&#231;&#227;o pelo Ultrassom da Doen&#231;a Ateroscler&#243;tica das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas e Vertebrais: Grupo de Trabalho do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; DIC &#8211; SBC</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <fpage>e1</fpage>
          <lpage>e64</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2318-8219.20150018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Grant EG, Benson CB, Moneta GL, Alexandrov AV, Baker JD, Bluth EI, et al. Carotid Artery Stenosis: Gray-Scale and Doppler US Diagnosis--Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference. Radiology. 2003;229(2):340-6. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2292030516.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grant</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moneta</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexandrov</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baker</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bluth</surname>
              <given-names>EI</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Artery Stenosis: Gray-Scale and Doppler US Diagnosis--Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>229</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>340</fpage>
          <lpage>346</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/radiol.2292030516</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Oates CP, Naylor AR, Hartshorne T, Charles SM, Fail T, Humphries K, et al. Joint Recommendations for Reporting Carotid Ultrasound Investigations in the United Kingdom. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;37(3):251-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.10.015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oates</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naylor</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hartshorne</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charles</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fail</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Joint Recommendations for Reporting Carotid Ultrasound Investigations in the United Kingdom</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>261</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.10.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Gornik HL, Rundek T, Gardener H, Benenati JF, Dahiya N, Hamburg NM, et al. Optimization of Duplex Velocity Criteria for Diagnosis of Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) Stenosis: A Report of the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC) Vascular Testing Division Carotid Diagnostic Criteria Committee. Vasc Med. 2021;26(5):515-25. doi: 10.1177/1358863X211011253.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gornik</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rundek</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardener</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benenati</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dahiya</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamburg</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Optimization of Duplex Velocity Criteria for Diagnosis of Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) Stenosis: A Report of the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC) Vascular Testing Division Carotid Diagnostic Criteria Committee</article-title>
          <source>Vasc Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>515</fpage>
          <lpage>525</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1358863X211011253</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Johansson E, Benhabib H, Herod W, Hopyan J, Machnowska M, Maggisano R, et al. Carotid Near-Occlusion can be Identified with Ultrasound by Low Flow Velocity Distal to the Stenosis. Acta Radiol. 2019;60(3):396-404. doi: 10.1177/0284185118780900.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johansson</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benhabib</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herod</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopyan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machnowska</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maggisano</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Near-Occlusion can be Identified with Ultrasound by Low Flow Velocity Distal to the Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Acta Radiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>396</fpage>
          <lpage>404</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0284185118780900</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL, et al. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients with Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation. 2011;124(4):e54-130. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8c98.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brott</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halperin</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abbara</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacharach</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barr</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bush</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients with Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>e54</fpage>
          <lpage>130</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8c98</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Yadav JS. Functional Occlusions of the Carotid Artery (String Signs): To Treat or Not to Treat? JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3(3):305-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2010.01.005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yadav</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Functional Occlusions of the Carotid Artery (String Signs): To Treat or Not to Treat?</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>305</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2010.01.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Thanvi B, Robinson T. Complete Occlusion of Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. Postgrad Med J. 2007;83(976):95-9. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2006.048041.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thanvi</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Complete Occlusion of Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management</article-title>
          <source>Postgrad Med J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>976</issue>
          <fpage>95</fpage>
          <lpage>99</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/pgmj.2006.048041</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Yamamoto T, Mori K, Yasuhara T, Tei M, Yokoi N, Kinoshita S, et al. Ophthalmic Artery Blood Flow in Patients with Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(4):505-8. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2003.025809.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yamamoto</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mori</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yasuhara</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tei</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yokoi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kinoshita</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ophthalmic Artery Blood Flow in Patients with Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion</article-title>
          <source>Br J Ophthalmol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>505</fpage>
          <lpage>508</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bjo.2003.025809</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Slovut DP, Romero JM, Hannon KM, Dick J, Jaff MR. Detection of Common Carotid Artery Stenosis Using Duplex Ultrasonography: A Validation Study with Computed Tomographic Angiography. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(1):65-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.08.002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Slovut</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romero</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hannon</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dick</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaff</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Detection of Common Carotid Artery Stenosis Using Duplex Ultrasonography: A Validation Study with Computed Tomographic Angiography</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2009.08.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Matos JM, Barshes NR, Mccoy S, Pisimisis G, Felkai D, Kougias P, et al. Validating Common Carotid Stenosis by Duplex Ultrasound with Carotid Angiogram or Computed Tomography Scan. J Vasc Surg. 2014;59(2):435-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.08.030.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barshes</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mccoy</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pisimisis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Felkai</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kougias</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validating Common Carotid Stenosis by Duplex Ultrasound with Carotid Angiogram or Computed Tomography Scan</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>435</fpage>
          <lpage>439</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2013.08.030</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. P&#228;iv&#228;nsalo MJ, Siniluoto TM, Tikkakoski TA, Myllyl&#228; V, Suramo IJ. Duplex US of the External Carotid Artery. Acta Radiol. 1996;37(1):41-5. doi: 10.1177/02841851960371P108.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>P&#228;iv&#228;nsalo</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siniluoto</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tikkakoski</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Myllyl&#228;</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suramo</surname>
              <given-names>IJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Duplex US of the External Carotid Artery</article-title>
          <source>Acta Radiol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>41</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/02841851960371P108</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Shmelev A, Ganti A, Hosseini M, Wilkerson D, Darwazeh G, Zatina M. Duplex Criteria for Grading of External Carotid Stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2020;63:319-24. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.07.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shmelev</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ganti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hosseini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkerson</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Darwazeh</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zatina</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Duplex Criteria for Grading of External Carotid Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <fpage>319</fpage>
          <lpage>324</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.avsg.2019.07.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Kronick MD, Chopra A, Swamy S, Brar V, Jung E, Abraham CZ, et al. Peak Systolic Velocity and Color Aliasing are Important in the Development of Duplex Ultrasound Criteria for External Carotid Artery Stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 2020;72(3):951-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2019.10.099.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kronick</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chopra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swamy</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brar</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jung</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>CZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Peak Systolic Velocity and Color Aliasing are Important in the Development of Duplex Ultrasound Criteria for External Carotid Artery Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>951</fpage>
          <lpage>957</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2019.10.099</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Alc&#226;ntara ML, Santos SN, Freire CMV, Amaral SI, Veloso O, Porto CLL, et al. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ultrassonogr&#225;fica da Aorta Abdominal e Ramos: Grupo de Trabalho do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; DIC &#8211; SBC. Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc. 2016;29:e1-e68. doi: 10.5935/2318-8219.20160012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alc&#226;ntara</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freire</surname>
              <given-names>CMV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amaral</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veloso</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>CLL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ultrassonogr&#225;fica da Aorta Abdominal e Ramos: Grupo de Trabalho do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; DIC &#8211; SBC</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <fpage>e1</fpage>
          <lpage>e68</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2318-8219.20160012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Santos SND, Alcantara ML, Freire CMV, Cantisano AL, Teodoro JAR, Porto CLL, et al. Vascular Ultrasound Statement from the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology - 2019. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;112(6):809-49. doi: 10.5935/abc.20190106.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>SND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alcantara</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freire</surname>
              <given-names>CMV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cantisano</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teodoro</surname>
              <given-names>JAR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>CLL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vascular Ultrasound Statement from the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology - 2019</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>809</fpage>
          <lpage>849</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190106</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Daugherty SF, Blebea J. The Need for Participation in the Development and Critical Review of Recommendations for Infection Control Policies Involving Vascular Ultrasound. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(4):1025-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.02.017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Daugherty</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blebea</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Need for Participation in the Development and Critical Review of Recommendations for Infection Control Policies Involving Vascular Ultrasound</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1025</fpage>
          <lpage>1030</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.02.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Sposito AC, Caramelli B, Fonseca FA, Bertolami MC, Afiune Neto A, Souza AD, et al. IV Brazilian Guideline for Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention: Department of Atherosclerosis of Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(Suppl 1):2-19. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2007000700002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sposito</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caramelli</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertolami</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afiune</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>IV Brazilian Guideline for Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention: Department of Atherosclerosis of Brazilian Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>2</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0066-782x2007000700002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Xavier HT, Izar MC, Faria JR Neto, Assad MH, Rocha VZ, Sposito AC, et al. V Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Prevention of Atherosclerosis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101(4 Suppl 1):1-20. doi: 10.5935/abc.2013S010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xavier</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izar</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assad</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>VZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sposito</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>V Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Prevention of Atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.2013S010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Faludi AA, Izar MCO, Saraiva JFK, Chacra APM, Bianco HT, Afiune A Neto, et al. Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose &#8211; 2017. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(2 Supl 1):1-76. doi: 10.5935/abc.20170121.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faludi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izar</surname>
              <given-names>MCO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraiva</surname>
              <given-names>JFK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chacra</surname>
              <given-names>APM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bianco</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afiune</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose &#8211; 2017</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <supplement>Supl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170121</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, Adams H, Amarenco P, Bornstein N, et al. Mannheim Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque Consensus (2004-2006-2011). An Update on Behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th Watching the Risk Symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;34(4):290-6. doi: 10.1159/000343145.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Touboul</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hennerici</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meairs</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amarenco</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bornstein</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mannheim Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque Consensus (2004-2006-2011). An Update on Behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th Watching the Risk Symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011</article-title>
          <source>Cerebrovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>290</fpage>
          <lpage>296</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000343145</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, Lonn E, Kendall CB, Mohler ER, et al. Use of Carotid Ultrasound to Identify Subclinical Vascular Disease and Evaluate Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Consensus Statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(2):93-111. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2007.11.011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korcarz</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hurst</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lonn</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kendall</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohler</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of Carotid Ultrasound to Identify Subclinical Vascular Disease and Evaluate Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Consensus Statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>93</fpage>
          <lpage>111</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2007.11.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Polak JF, Pencina MJ, O&#8217;Leary DH, D&#8217;Agostino RB. Common Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness Progression as a Predictor of Stroke in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3017-21. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.625186.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Polak</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pencina</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Leary</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Common Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness Progression as a Predictor of Stroke in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>3017</fpage>
          <lpage>3021</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.625186</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Howard G, Sharrett AR, Heiss G, Evans GW, Chambless LE, Riley WA, et al. Carotid Artery Intimal-Medial Thickness Distribution in General Populations as Evaluated by B-Mode Ultrasound. ARIC Investigators. Stroke. 1993;24(9):1297-304. doi: 10.1161/01.str.24.9.1297.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharrett</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heiss</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chambless</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riley</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Artery Intimal-Medial Thickness Distribution in General Populations as Evaluated by B-Mode Ultrasound</article-title>
          <source>ARIC Investigators. Stroke</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1297</fpage>
          <lpage>1304</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.str.24.9.1297</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Polak JF, Pencina MJ, Pencina KM, O&#8217;Donnell CJ, Wolf PA, D&#8217;Agostino RB Sr. Carotid-Wall Intima-Media Thickness and Cardiovascular Events. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(3):213-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1012592.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Polak</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pencina</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pencina</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Donnell</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolf</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
              <suffix>Sr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid-Wall Intima-Media Thickness and Cardiovascular Events</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>365</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          <lpage>221</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1012592</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Johri AM, Nambi V, Naqvi TZ, Feinstein SB, Kim ESH, Park MM, et al. Recommendations for the Assessment of Carotid Arterial Plaque by Ultrasound for the Characterization of Atherosclerosis and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk: From the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020;33(8):917-33. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.04.021.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johri</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nambi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naqvi</surname>
              <given-names>TZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feinstein</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>ESH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for the Assessment of Carotid Arterial Plaque by Ultrasound for the Characterization of Atherosclerosis and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk: From the American Society of Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>917</fpage>
          <lpage>933</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2020.04.021</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Polak JF, Szklo M, O&#8217;Leary DH. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Score, Positive Coronary Artery Calcium Score, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(1):e004612. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004612.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Polak</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szklo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Leary</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Score, Positive Coronary Artery Calcium Score, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e004612</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.116.004612</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Eikendal AL, Groenewegen KA, Anderson TJ, Britton AR, Engstr&#246;m G, Evans GW, et al. Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Relates to Cardiovascular Events in Adults Aged &lt;45 Years. Hypertension. 2015;65(4):707-13. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04658.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eikendal</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Groenewegen</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Britton</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Relates to Cardiovascular Events in Adults Aged &lt;45 Years</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>707</fpage>
          <lpage>713</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04658</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Blaha MJ, Cainzos-Achirica M, Greenland P, McEvoy JW, Blankstein R, Budoff MJ, et al. Role of Coronary Artery Calcium Score of Zero and Other Negative Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2016;133(9):849-58. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018524.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blaha</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cainzos-Achirica</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenland</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McEvoy</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blankstein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budoff</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of Coronary Artery Calcium Score of Zero and Other Negative Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>849</fpage>
          <lpage>858</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018524</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. Carotid Plaque, Compared with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, More Accurately Predicts Coronary Artery Disease Events: A Meta-Analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2012;220(1):128-33. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.044.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Inaba</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergmann</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Plaque, Compared with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, More Accurately Predicts Coronary Artery Disease Events: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>220</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>128</fpage>
          <lpage>133</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.044</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Johnsen SH, Mathiesen EB, Joakimsen O, Stensland E, Wilsgaard T, L&#248;chen ML, et al. Carotid Atherosclerosis is a Stronger Predictor of Myocardial Infarction in Women than in Men: A 6-Year Follow-Up Study of 6226 Persons: The Troms&#248; Study. Stroke. 2007;38(11):2873-80. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.487264.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnsen</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathiesen</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joakimsen</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stensland</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilsgaard</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#248;chen</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Atherosclerosis is a Stronger Predictor of Myocardial Infarction in Women than in Men: A 6-Year Follow-Up Study of 6226 Persons: The Troms&#248; Study</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2873</fpage>
          <lpage>2880</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.487264</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Salonen JT, Salonen R. Ultrasonographically Assessed Carotid Morphology and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991;11(5):1245-9. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.11.5.1245.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salonen</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salonen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ultrasonographically Assessed Carotid Morphology and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1245</fpage>
          <lpage>1249</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.atv.11.5.1245</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. van der Meer IM, Bots ML, Hofman A, del Sol AI, van der Kuip DA, Witteman JC. Predictive Value of Noninvasive Measures of Atherosclerosis for Incident Myocardial Infarction: The Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 2004;109(9):1089-94. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000120708.59903.1B.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van der Meer</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bots</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hofman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>del Sol</surname>
              <given-names>AI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Kuip</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Witteman</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive Value of Noninvasive Measures of Atherosclerosis for Incident Myocardial Infarction: The Rotterdam Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1089</fpage>
          <lpage>1094</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.0000120708.59903.1B</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Nambi V, Chambless L, Folsom AR, He M, Hu Y, Mosley T, et al. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Presence or Absence of Plaque Improves Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Risk: The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(15):1600-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.075.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nambi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chambless</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Folsom</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mosley</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Presence or Absence of Plaque Improves Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Risk: The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1600</fpage>
          <lpage>1607</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.075</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Rosvall M, Janzon L, Berglund G, Engstr&#246;m G, Hedblad B. Incident Coronary Events and Case Fatality in Relation to Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness. J Intern Med. 2005;257(5):430-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01485.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosvall</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janzon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berglund</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hedblad</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incident Coronary Events and Case Fatality in Relation to Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>257</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>430</fpage>
          <lpage>437</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01485.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Cournot M, Taraszkiewicz D, Cambou JP, Galinier M, Boccalon H, Hanaire-Broutin H, et al. Additional Prognostic Value of Physical Examination, Exercise Testing, and Arterial Ultrasonography for Coronary Risk Assessment in Primary Prevention. Am Heart J. 2009;158(5):845-51. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.08.017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cournot</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taraszkiewicz</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cambou</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galinier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boccalon</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanaire-Broutin</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Additional Prognostic Value of Physical Examination, Exercise Testing, and Arterial Ultrasonography for Coronary Risk Assessment in Primary Prevention</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>158</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>845</fpage>
          <lpage>851</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2009.08.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Plichart M, Celermajer DS, Zureik M, Helmer C, Jouven X, Ritchie K, et al. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Plaque-Free Site, Carotid Plaques and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction in Older Adults. The Three-City Study. Atherosclerosis. 2011;219(2):917-24. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.024.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Plichart</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zureik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helmer</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jouven</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritchie</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Plaque-Free Site, Carotid Plaques and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction in Older Adults. The Three-City Study</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>219</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>917</fpage>
          <lpage>924</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.024</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Cao JJ, Arnold AM, Manolio TA, Polak JF, Psaty BM, Hirsch CH, et al. Association of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness, Plaques, and C-Reactive Protein with Future Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2007;116(1):32-8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.645606.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnold</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manolio</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polak</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Psaty</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirsch</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness, Plaques, and C-Reactive Protein with Future Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: The Cardiovascular Health Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>32</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.645606</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Polak JF, Szklo M, Kronmal RA, Burke GL, Shea S, Zavodni AE, et al. The Value of Carotid Artery Plaque and Intima-Media Thickness for Incident Cardiovascular Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(2):e000087. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000087.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Polak</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szklo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kronmal</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burke</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shea</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zavodni</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Value of Carotid Artery Plaque and Intima-Media Thickness for Incident Cardiovascular Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e000087</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.113.000087</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. Simao AF, Precoma DB, Andrade JP, Correa H Filho, Saraiva JF, Oliveira GMM, et al. I Diretriz Brasileira de Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101(6 Suppl 2):1-63. doi: 10.5935/abc.2013S012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Simao</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Precoma</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correa</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraiva</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>I Diretriz Brasileira de Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.2013S012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41. Ferguson GG, Eliasziw M, Barr HW, Clagett GP, Barnes RW, Wallace MC, et al. The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial: Surgical Results in 1415 Patients. Stroke. 1999;30(9):1751-8. doi: 10.1161/01.str.30.9.1751.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferguson</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eliasziw</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barr</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clagett</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barnes</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallace</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial: Surgical Results in 1415 Patients</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1751</fpage>
          <lpage>1758</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.str.30.9.1751</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42. Grant EG, Duerinckx AJ, El Saden SM, Melany ML, Hathout GM, Zimmerman PT, et al. Ability to Use Duplex US to Quantify Internal Carotid Arterial Stenoses: Fact or Fiction? Radiology. 2000;214(1):247-52. doi: 10.1148/radiology.214.1.r00ja27247.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grant</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duerinckx</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El Saden</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melany</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hathout</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmerman</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ability to Use Duplex US to Quantify Internal Carotid Arterial Stenoses: Fact or Fiction?</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>214</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>247</fpage>
          <lpage>252</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/radiology.214.1.r00ja27247</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation>43. von Reutern GM, Goertler MW, Bornstein NM, Del Sette M, Evans DH, Hetzel A, et al. Grading Carotid Stenosis Using Ultrasonic Methods. Stroke. 2012;43(3):916-21. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.636084.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>von Reutern</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goertler</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bornstein</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Sette</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hetzel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Grading Carotid Stenosis Using Ultrasonic Methods</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>916</fpage>
          <lpage>921</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.636084</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <mixed-citation>44. Randomised Trial of Endarterectomy for Recently Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis: final Results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet. 1998;351(9113):1379-87. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09292-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Randomised Trial of Endarterectomy for Recently Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis: final Results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST)</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>351</volume>
          <issue>9113</issue>
          <fpage>1379</fpage>
          <lpage>1387</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09292-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <mixed-citation>45. U-King-Im JM, Young V, Gillard JH. Carotid-Artery Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Patients at Risk of Stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(6):569-80. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70092-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>U-King-Im</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillard</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid-Artery Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Patients at Risk of Stroke</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <publisher-loc>Neurol</publisher-loc>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>569</fpage>
          <lpage>580</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70092-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <label>46</label>
        <mixed-citation>46. Rothwell PM, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP; European Carotid Surgery Trialist&#8217;s Collaboration. Reanalysis of the Final Results of the European Carotid Surgery Trial. Stroke. 2003;34(2):514-23. doi: 10.1161/01.str.0000054671.71777.c7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rothwell</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gutnikov</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warlow</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>European Carotid Surgery Trialist&#8217;s Collaboration</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reanalysis of the Final Results of the European Carotid Surgery Trial</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>514</fpage>
          <lpage>523</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.str.0000054671.71777.c7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <label>47</label>
        <mixed-citation>47. Randoux B, Marro B, Koskas F, Duyme M, Sahel M, Zouaoui A, et al. Carotid Artery Stenosis: Prospective Comparison of CT, Three-Dimensional Gadolinium-Enhanced MR, and Conventional Angiography. Radiology. 2001;220(1):179-85. doi: 10.1148/radiology.220.1.r01jl35179.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Randoux</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marro</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koskas</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duyme</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zouaoui</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Artery Stenosis: Prospective Comparison of CT, Three-Dimensional Gadolinium-Enhanced MR, and Conventional Angiography</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>220</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>179</fpage>
          <lpage>185</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/radiology.220.1.r01jl35179</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <label>48</label>
        <mixed-citation>48. Bartlett ES, Walters TD, Symons SP, Fox AJ. Quantification of Carotid Stenosis on CT Angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(1):13-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bartlett</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walters</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Symons</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quantification of Carotid Stenosis on CT Angiography</article-title>
          <source>AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <label>49</label>
        <mixed-citation>49. Bartlett ES, Walters TD, Symons SP, Fox AJ. Diagnosing carotid Stenosis Near-Occlusion by Using CT Angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(3):632-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bartlett</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walters</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Symons</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosing carotid Stenosis Near-Occlusion by Using CT Angiography</article-title>
          <source>AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>632</fpage>
          <lpage>637</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <label>50</label>
        <mixed-citation>50. Suwanwela N, Can U, Furie KL, Southern JF, Macdonald NR, Ogilvy CS, et al. Carotid Doppler Ultrasound Criteria for Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Based on Residual Lumen Diameter Calculated from en Bloc Carotid Endarterectomy Specimens. Stroke. 1996;27(11):1965-9. doi: 10.1161/01.str.27.11.1965.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Suwanwela</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Can</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furie</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Southern</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macdonald</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogilvy</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Doppler Ultrasound Criteria for Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Based on Residual Lumen Diameter Calculated from en Bloc Carotid Endarterectomy Specimens</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1965</fpage>
          <lpage>1969</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.str.27.11.1965</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <label>51</label>
        <mixed-citation>51. Yurdakul M, Tola M, Cumhur T. B-Flow Imaging for Assessment of 70% to 99% Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Based on Residual Lumen Diameter. J Ultrasound Med. 2006;25(2):211-5. doi: 10.7863/jum.2006.25.2.211.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yurdakul</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tola</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cumhur</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>B-Flow Imaging for Assessment of 70% to 99% Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Based on Residual Lumen Diameter</article-title>
          <source>J Ultrasound Med</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>211</fpage>
          <lpage>215</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7863/jum.2006.25.2.211</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B52">
        <label>52</label>
        <mixed-citation>52 Huston J 3rd, James EM, Brown RD Jr, Lefsrud RD, Ilstrup DM, Robertson EF, et al. Redefined Duplex Ultrasonographic Criteria for Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75(11):1133-40. doi: 10.4065/75.11.1133.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huston</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lefsrud</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ilstrup</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robertson</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Redefined Duplex Ultrasonographic Criteria for Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1133</fpage>
          <lpage>1140</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4065/75.11.1133</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B53">
        <label>53</label>
        <mixed-citation>53. Zierler RE, Dawson DL. Duplex Scanning in Vascular Disorders. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zierler</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dawson</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Duplex Scanning in Vascular Disorders</source>
          <edition>5th</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins</publisher-name>
          <year>2002</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B54">
        <label>54</label>
        <mixed-citation>54. AbuRahma AF, Robinson PA, Strickler DL, Alberts S, Young L. Proposed New Duplex Classification for Threshold Stenoses Used in Various Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trials. Ann Vasc Surg. 1998;12(4):349-58. doi: 10.1007/s100169900166.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>AbuRahma</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strickler</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alberts</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Proposed New Duplex Classification for Threshold Stenoses Used in Various Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trials</article-title>
          <source>Ann Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>349</fpage>
          <lpage>358</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s100169900166</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B55">
        <label>55</label>
        <mixed-citation>55. Arous EJ, Baril DT, Robinson WP, Aiello FA, Hevelone ND, Arous EJ, et al. Institutional Differences in Carotid Artery Duplex Diagnostic Criteria Result in Significant Variability in Classification of Carotid Artery Stenoses and Likely Lead to Disparities in Care. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014;7(3):423-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000855.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arous</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baril</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hevelone</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arous</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Institutional Differences in Carotid Artery Duplex Diagnostic Criteria Result in Significant Variability in Classification of Carotid Artery Stenoses and Likely Lead to Disparities in Care</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>423</fpage>
          <lpage>429</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000855</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B56">
        <label>56</label>
        <mixed-citation>56. Columbo JA, Zwolak RM, Arous EJ, Goodney PP, Lilly MP, Welch HG. Variation in Ultrasound Diagnostic Thresholds for Carotid Stenosis in the United States. Circulation. 2020;141(12):946-53. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043963.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Columbo</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zwolak</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arous</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goodney</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lilly</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welch</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Variation in Ultrasound Diagnostic Thresholds for Carotid Stenosis in the United States</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>946</fpage>
          <lpage>953</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043963</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B57">
        <label>57</label>
        <mixed-citation>57. Kim ESH, Zierler RE. Variation in Ultrasound Diagnostic Thresholds for Carotid Stenosis in the United States. Circulation. 2020;141(12):954-6. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045411.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>ESH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zierler</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Variation in Ultrasound Diagnostic Thresholds for Carotid Stenosis in the United States</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>954</fpage>
          <lpage>956</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045411</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B58">
        <label>58</label>
        <mixed-citation>58. Bryant CE, Pugh ND, Coleman DP, Morris RJ, Williams PT, Humphries KN. Comparison of Doppler Ultrasound Velocity Parameters in the Determination of Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis. Ultrasound. 2013;21:124-31. doi: 10.1177/1742271X13496680.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bryant</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pugh</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coleman</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>KN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Doppler Ultrasound Velocity Parameters in the Determination of Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <fpage>124</fpage>
          <lpage>131</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1742271X13496680</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B59">
        <label>59</label>
        <mixed-citation>59. Petisco ACGP, Barbosa JEM, Saleh MH, Jesus CA, Metzger PB, Dourado MS, et al. Doppler Ecografia das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas: Crit&#233;rios de Velocidade Validados pela Arteriografia. Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc. 2015;28(1):1-24. doi: 10.5935/2318-8219.20150003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Petisco</surname>
              <given-names>ACGP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>JEM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saleh</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jesus</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metzger</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dourado</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doppler Ecografia das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas: Crit&#233;rios de Velocidade Validados pela Arteriografia</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2318-8219.20150003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B60">
        <label>60</label>
        <mixed-citation>60. Sabeti S, Schillinger M, Mlekusch W, Willfort A, Haumer M, Nachtmann T, et al. Quantification of Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis with Duplex US: Comparative Analysis of Different Flow Velocity Criteria. Radiology. 2004;232(2):431-9. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2321030791.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sabeti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schillinger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mlekusch</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willfort</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haumer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nachtmann</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quantification of Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis with Duplex US: Comparative Analysis of Different Flow Velocity Criteria</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>232</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>431</fpage>
          <lpage>439</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/radiol.2321030791</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B61">
        <label>61</label>
        <mixed-citation>61. Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL, et al. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients with Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: Executive Summary. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation. 2011;124(4):489-532. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8d78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brott</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halperin</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abbara</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacharach</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barr</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bush</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients with Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: Executive Summary. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>489</fpage>
          <lpage>532</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8d78</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B62">
        <label>62</label>
        <mixed-citation>62. Clair DG, Greenberg RK. Diagnosis and Treatment of Proximal Carotid Lesions. Semin Vasc Surg. 2000;13(2):103-8</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clair</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis and Treatment of Proximal Carotid Lesions</article-title>
          <source>Semin Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>103</fpage>
          <lpage>108</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B63">
        <label>63</label>
        <mixed-citation>63. Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Best JJ, Wartolowska K, Berry E; NHS Research and Development Health Technology Assessment Carotid Stenosis Imaging Group. Non-Invasive Imaging Compared with Intra-Arterial Angiography in the Diagnosis of Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis: A Meta-Analysis. Lancet. 2006;367(9521):1503-12. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68650-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wardlaw</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chappell</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Best</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wartolowska</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berry</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>NHS Research and Development Health Technology Assessment Carotid Stenosis Imaging Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-Invasive Imaging Compared with Intra-Arterial Angiography in the Diagnosis of Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>367</volume>
          <issue>9521</issue>
          <fpage>1503</fpage>
          <lpage>1512</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68650-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B64">
        <label>64</label>
        <mixed-citation>64. Barlinn K, Rickmann H, Kitzler H, Krogias C, Strohm H, Abramyuk A, et al. Validation of Multiparametric Ultrasonography Criteria with Digital Subtraction Angiography in Carotid Artery Disease: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Ultraschall Med. 2018;39(5):535-43. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-119355.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barlinn</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rickmann</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitzler</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krogias</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strohm</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abramyuk</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validation of Multiparametric Ultrasonography Criteria with Digital Subtraction Angiography in Carotid Artery Disease: A Prospective Multicenter Study</article-title>
          <source>Ultraschall Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>535</fpage>
          <lpage>543</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-0043-119355</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B65">
        <label>65</label>
        <mixed-citation>65. AbuRahma AF, Srivastava M, Stone PA, Mousa AY, Jain A, Dean LS, et al. Critical Appraisal of the Carotid Duplex Consensus Criteria in the Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53(1):53-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.07.045.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>AbuRahma</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srivastava</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mousa</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jain</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dean</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Critical Appraisal of the Carotid Duplex Consensus Criteria in the Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>53</fpage>
          <lpage>59</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2010.07.045</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B66">
        <label>66</label>
        <mixed-citation>66. Pontes SM, Barros FS, Roelke FH, Almeida MAT, Sandri JL, Jacques CM, et al. Ultrasonographic Mapping of the Extracranial Carotid Artery Bifurcation for Surgical Planning: Gender Differences. J Vasc Bras. 2011;10(3):222-8. doi: 10.1590/S1677-54492011000300007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pontes</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roelke</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MAT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandri</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacques</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ultrasonographic Mapping of the Extracranial Carotid Artery Bifurcation for Surgical Planning: Gender Differences</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Bras</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>222</fpage>
          <lpage>228</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1677-54492011000300007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B67">
        <label>67</label>
        <mixed-citation>67. Arning C, Widder B, von Reutern GM, Stiegler H, G&#246;rtler M. Revision of DEGUM Ultrasound Criteria for Grading Internal Carotid Artery Stenoses and Transfer to NASCET Measurement. Ultraschall Med. 2010;31(3):251-7. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1245336.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arning</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Widder</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>von Reutern</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stiegler</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#246;rtler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Revision of DEGUM Ultrasound Criteria for Grading Internal Carotid Artery Stenoses and Transfer to NASCET Measurement</article-title>
          <source>Ultraschall Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>257</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-0029-1245336</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B68">
        <label>68</label>
        <mixed-citation>68. Jogestrand T, Fred&#233;n-Lindqvist J, Lindqvist M, Lundgren S, Sundberg A, Tillman AS, et al. Equalis Criteria for Carotid Artery Diagnostics--Under Continuous Revision. Lakartidningen. 2012;109(13):702-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jogestrand</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fred&#233;n-Lindqvist</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindqvist</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lundgren</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sundberg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tillman</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Equalis Criteria for Carotid Artery Diagnostics--Under Continuous Revision</article-title>
          <source>Lakartidningen</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>702</fpage>
          <lpage>703</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B69">
        <label>69</label>
        <mixed-citation>69. Del Brutto VJ, Gornik HL, Rundek T. Why are we Still Debating Criteria for Carotid Artery Stenosis? Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(19):1270. doi: 10.21037/atm-20-1188a.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Del Brutto</surname>
              <given-names>VJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gornik</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rundek</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Why are we Still Debating Criteria for Carotid Artery Stenosis?</article-title>
          <source>Ann Transl Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <size units="pages">1270</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21037/atm-20-1188a</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B70">
        <label>70</label>
        <mixed-citation>70. Hood DB, Mattos MA, Mansour A, Ramsey DE, Hodgson KJ, Barkmeier LD, et al. Prospective Evaluation of New Duplex Criteria to Identify 70% Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 1996;23(2):254-61. doi: 10.1016/s0741-5214(96)70269-0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hood</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattos</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mansour</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramsey</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodgson</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barkmeier</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prospective Evaluation of New Duplex Criteria to Identify 70% Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>254</fpage>
          <lpage>261</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0741-5214(96)70269-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B71">
        <label>71</label>
        <mixed-citation>71. Faught WE, Mattos MA, van Bemmelen PS, Hodgson KJ, Barkmeier LD, Ramsey DE, et al. Color-Flow Duplex Scanning of Carotid Arteries: New Velocity Criteria Based on Receiver Operator Characteristic Analysis for Threshold Stenoses Used in the Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Trials. J Vasc Surg. 1994;19(5):818-27. doi: 10.1016/s0741-5214(94)70006-0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faught</surname>
              <given-names>WE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattos</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Bemmelen</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodgson</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barkmeier</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramsey</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Color-Flow Duplex Scanning of Carotid Arteries: New Velocity Criteria Based on Receiver Operator Characteristic Analysis for Threshold Stenoses Used in the Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Trials</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>818</fpage>
          <lpage>827</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0741-5214(94)70006-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B72">
        <label>72</label>
        <mixed-citation>72. Shaalan WE, Wahlgren CM, Desai T, Piano G, Skelly C, Bassiouny HS. Reappraisal of Velocity Criteria for Carotid Bulb/Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Utilizing High-Resolution B-Mode Ultrasound Validated with Computed Tomography Angiography. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(1):104-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.02.068.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shaalan</surname>
              <given-names>WE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wahlgren</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desai</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piano</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skelly</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bassiouny</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reappraisal of Velocity Criteria for Carotid Bulb/Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Utilizing High-Resolution B-Mode Ultrasound Validated with Computed Tomography Angiography</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>104</fpage>
          <lpage>112</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2008.02.068</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B73">
        <label>73</label>
        <mixed-citation>73. Arous EJ, Judelson DR, Malka KT, Wyman AS, Simons JP, Aiello FA, et al. Carotid Duplex Velocity Criteria Recommended by the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound and Endorsed by the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission Lack Predictive Ability for Identifying High-Grade Carotid Artery Stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2019;61:227-32. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.05.051.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arous</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Judelson</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malka</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wyman</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simons</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Duplex Velocity Criteria Recommended by the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound and Endorsed by the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission Lack Predictive Ability for Identifying High-Grade Carotid Artery Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <fpage>227</fpage>
          <lpage>232</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.avsg.2019.05.051</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B74">
        <label>74</label>
        <mixed-citation>74. Jahromi AS, Cin&#224; CS, Liu Y, Clase CM. Sensitivity and Specificity of Color Duplex Ultrasound Measurement in the Estimation of Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41(6):962-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.02.044.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jahromi</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cin&#224;</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clase</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sensitivity and Specificity of Color Duplex Ultrasound Measurement in the Estimation of Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>962</fpage>
          <lpage>972</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2005.02.044</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B75">
        <label>75</label>
        <mixed-citation>75. Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Papanicolaou G, Hatsukami T, Taylor LM Jr, Strandness DE Jr, et al. Screening for Asymptomatic Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis: Duplex Criteria for Discriminating 60% to 99% Stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 1995;21(6):989-94. doi: 10.1016/s0741-5214(95)70228-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moneta</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papanicolaou</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hatsukami</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strandness</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Screening for Asymptomatic Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis: Duplex Criteria for Discriminating 60% to 99% Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>989</fpage>
          <lpage>994</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0741-5214(95)70228-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B76">
        <label>76</label>
        <mixed-citation>76. Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Chitwood RW, Taylor LM Jr, Lee RW, Cummings CA, et al. Correlation of North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) Angiographic Definition of 70% to 99% Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis with Duplex Scanning. J Vasc Surg. 1993;17(1):152-7. doi: 10.1067/mva.1993.42888.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moneta</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chitwood</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cummings</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Correlation of North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) Angiographic Definition of 70% to 99% Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis with Duplex Scanning</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>152</fpage>
          <lpage>157</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1067/mva.1993.42888</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B77">
        <label>77</label>
        <mixed-citation>77. Filis KA, Arko FR, Johnson BL, Pipinos II, Harris EJ, Olcott C 4th, et al. Duplex Ultrasound Criteria for Defining the Severity of Carotid Stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2002;16(4):413-21. doi: 10.1007/s10016-001-0175-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Filis</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arko</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pipinos</surname>
              <given-names>II</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olcott</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
              <suffix>4th</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Duplex Ultrasound Criteria for Defining the Severity of Carotid Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>421</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10016-001-0175-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B78">
        <label>78</label>
        <mixed-citation>78. Nicolaides AN, Shifrin EG, Bradbury A, Dhanjil S, Griffin M, Belcaro G, et al. Angiographic and Duplex Grading of Internal Carotid Stenosis: Can we Overcome the Confusion? J Endovasc Surg. 1996;3(2):158-65. doi: 10.1177/152660289600300207.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolaides</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shifrin</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bradbury</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dhanjil</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griffin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belcaro</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiographic and Duplex Grading of Internal Carotid Stenosis: Can we Overcome the Confusion?</article-title>
          <source>J Endovasc Surg</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>158</fpage>
          <lpage>165</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/152660289600300207</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B79">
        <label>79</label>
        <mixed-citation>79. Jmor S, El-Atrozy T, Griffin M, Tegos T, Dhanjil S, Nicolaides A. Grading Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Using B-Mode Ultrasound (in Vivo Study). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1999;18(4):315-22. doi: 10.1053/ejvs.1999.0884.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jmor</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El-Atrozy</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griffin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tegos</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dhanjil</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolaides</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Grading Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Using B-Mode Ultrasound (in Vivo Study)</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>315</fpage>
          <lpage>322</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/ejvs.1999.0884</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B80">
        <label>80</label>
        <mixed-citation>80. Bluth EI. Extracranial Carotid Arteries: Intraplaque Hemorrhage and Surface Ulceration. Minerva Cardioangiol. 1998;46(3):81-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bluth</surname>
              <given-names>EI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extracranial Carotid Arteries: Intraplaque Hemorrhage and Surface Ulceration</article-title>
          <source>Minerva Cardioangiol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>81</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B81">
        <label>81</label>
        <mixed-citation>81. Tahmasebpour HR, Buckley AR, Cooperberg PL, Fix CH. Sonographic Examination of the Carotid Arteries. Radiographics. 2005;25(6):1561-75. doi: 10.1148/rg.256045013.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tahmasebpour</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buckley</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooperberg</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fix</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sonographic Examination of the Carotid Arteries</article-title>
          <source>Radiographics</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1561</fpage>
          <lpage>1575</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/rg.256045013</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B82">
        <label>82</label>
        <mixed-citation>82. Moneta GL. Doen&#231;a Carot&#237;dea Ateroscler&#243;tica. In: Engelhorn Al, Engelhorn CA, Morais D Filho, Barros FS, Coelho NA, editors. Guia Pr&#225;tico de Ultrassonografia Vascular. Rio de Janeiro: Di Livros; 2011. p. 43-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moneta</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Doen&#231;a Carot&#237;dea Ateroscler&#243;tica</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
              <given-names>Al</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morais</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>Guia Pr&#225;tico de Ultrassonografia Vascular</source>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Di Livros</publisher-name>
          <year>2011</year>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B83">
        <label>83</label>
        <mixed-citation>83. Beach KW, Leotta DF, Zierler RE. Carotid Doppler Velocity Measurements and Anatomic Stenosis: Correlation is Futile. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2012;46(6):466-74. doi: 10.1177/1538574412452159.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beach</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leotta</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zierler</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Doppler Velocity Measurements and Anatomic Stenosis: Correlation is Futile</article-title>
          <source>Vasc Endovascular Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>466</fpage>
          <lpage>474</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1538574412452159</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B84">
        <label>84</label>
        <mixed-citation>84. Morimoto N, Morimoto K, Morimoto Y, Sakamoto T, Matsumori M, Okada K, et al. Reverse Diastolic Flow in the Common Carotid Artery in Severe Aortic Regurgitation, Causing Brain Ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135(5):1176-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.01.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morimoto</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morimoto</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morimoto</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakamoto</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsumori</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okada</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reverse Diastolic Flow in the Common Carotid Artery in Severe Aortic Regurgitation, Causing Brain Ischemia</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1176</fpage>
          <lpage>1177</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.01.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B85">
        <label>85</label>
        <mixed-citation>85. Bendick PJ. Cardiac Effects on Peripheral Vascular Doppler Waveforms. J Vasc Ultrasound. 2014;38(3):156-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bendick</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Effects on Peripheral Vascular Doppler Waveforms</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Ultrasound</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>156</fpage>
          <lpage>162</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B86">
        <label>86</label>
        <mixed-citation>86. Zierler RE, Jordan WD, Lal BK, Mussa F, Leers S, Fulton J, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery Practice Guidelines on Follow-Up after Vascular Surgery Arterial Procedures. J Vasc Surg. 2018;68(1):256-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.04.018.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zierler</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jordan</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lal</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mussa</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leers</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fulton</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Society for Vascular Surgery Practice Guidelines on Follow-Up after Vascular Surgery Arterial Procedures</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>256</fpage>
          <lpage>284</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2018.04.018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B87">
        <label>87</label>
        <mixed-citation>87. Lal BK, Kaperonis EA, Cuadra S, Kapadia I, Hobson RW 2nd. Patterns of In-Stent Restenosis after Carotid Artery Stenting: Classification and Implications for Long-Term Outcome. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(5):833-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.07.022.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lal</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaperonis</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuadra</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapadia</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hobson</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
              <suffix>2nd</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patterns of In-Stent Restenosis after Carotid Artery Stenting: Classification and Implications for Long-Term Outcome</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>833</fpage>
          <lpage>840</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2007.07.022</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B88">
        <label>88</label>
        <mixed-citation>88. Barboza MA, Chang J, Hern&#225;ndez A, Mart&#237;nez E, Fern&#225;ndez H, Quir&#243;s G, et al. Safety of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Carotid Endarterectomy for Prevention of Restenosis: A Single Center Experience. J Vasc Interv Neurol. 2016;9(2):5-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barboza</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mart&#237;nez</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quir&#243;s</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Carotid Endarterectomy for Prevention of Restenosis: A Single Center Experience</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Interv Neurol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B89">
        <label>89</label>
        <mixed-citation>89. Strauss S, Mohan A, Sabri E, Brandys T, Hajjar G, Hill A, et al. Ultrasound Surveillance Following Carotid Endarterectomy: Prudent or Pointless? J Vasc Surg. 2018;68(3):E72-E3. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.06.147.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Strauss</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabri</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brandys</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hajjar</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ultrasound Surveillance Following Carotid Endarterectomy: Prudent or Pointless?</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>E72</fpage>
          <lpage>EE3</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2018.06.147</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B90">
        <label>90</label>
        <mixed-citation>90. Al Shakarchi J, Lowry D, Nath J, Khawaja AZ, Inston N, Tiwari A. Duplex Ultrasound Surveillance after Carotid Artery Endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(6):1647-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.01.054.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Al Shakarchi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lowry</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nath</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khawaja</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inston</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tiwari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Duplex Ultrasound Surveillance after Carotid Artery Endarterectomy</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1647</fpage>
          <lpage>1650</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2016.01.054</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B91">
        <label>91</label>
        <mixed-citation>91. Kumar R, Batchelder A, Saratzis A, AbuRahma AF, Ringleb P, Lal BK, et al. Restenosis after Carotid Interventions and Its Relationship with Recurrent Ipsilateral Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;53(6):766-75. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.02.016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Batchelder</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saratzis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>AbuRahma</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ringleb</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lal</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Restenosis after Carotid Interventions and Its Relationship with Recurrent Ipsilateral Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>766</fpage>
          <lpage>775</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.02.016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B92">
        <label>92</label>
        <mixed-citation>92. AbuRahma AF, Srivastava M, AbuRahma Z, Jackson W, Mousa A, Stone PA, et al. The Value and Economic Analysis of routine Postoperative Carotid Duplex Ultrasound Surveillance after Carotid Endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2015;62(2):378-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.03.023.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>AbuRahma</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srivastava</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>AbuRahma</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mousa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Value and Economic Analysis of routine Postoperative Carotid Duplex Ultrasound Surveillance after Carotid Endarterectomy</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>378</fpage>
          <lpage>383</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2015.03.023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B93">
        <label>93</label>
        <mixed-citation>93. Bandyk DF. Follow-Up after Carotid Endarterectomy and Stenting: What to Look for and Why. Semin Vasc Surg. 2020;33(3-4):47-53. doi: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2020.11.001.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bandyk</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Follow-Up after Carotid Endarterectomy and Stenting: What to Look for and Why</article-title>
          <source>Semin Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>3-4</issue>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2020.11.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B94">
        <label>94</label>
        <mixed-citation>94. DeMarco JK, Spence JD. Plaque Assessment in the Management of Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2016;26(1):111-27. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2015.09.009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeMarco</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spence</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plaque Assessment in the Management of Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Neuroimaging Clin N Am</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>127</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nic.2015.09.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B95">
        <label>95</label>
        <mixed-citation>95. Widder B, Paulat K, Hackspacher J, Hamann H, Hutschenreiter S, Kreutzer C, et al. Morphological Characterization of Carotid Artery Stenoses by Ultrasound Duplex Scanning. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1990;16(4):349-54. doi: 10.1016/0301-5629(90)90064-j.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Widder</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paulat</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hackspacher</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamann</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutschenreiter</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kreutzer</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Morphological Characterization of Carotid Artery Stenoses by Ultrasound Duplex Scanning</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Med Biol</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>349</fpage>
          <lpage>354</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0301-5629(90)90064-j</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B96">
        <label>96</label>
        <mixed-citation>96. Davies MJ, Richardson PD, Woolf N, Katz DR, Mann J. Risk of Thrombosis in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques: Role of Extracellular Lipid, Macrophage, and Smooth Muscle Cell Content. Br Heart J. 1993;69(5):377-81. doi: 10.1136/hrt.69.5.377.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richardson</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woolf</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katz</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk of Thrombosis in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques: Role of Extracellular Lipid, Macrophage, and Smooth Muscle Cell Content</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>381</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/hrt.69.5.377</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B97">
        <label>97</label>
        <mixed-citation>97. Herr JE, H&#233;tu MF, Li TY, Ewart P, Johri AM. Presence of Calcium-Like Tissue Composition in Carotid Plaque is Indicative of Significant Coronary Artery Disease in High-Risk Patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(5):633-42. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.01.001.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herr</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>H&#233;tu</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>TY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ewart</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johri</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Presence of Calcium-Like Tissue Composition in Carotid Plaque is Indicative of Significant Coronary Artery Disease in High-Risk Patients</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>633</fpage>
          <lpage>642</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2019.01.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B98">
        <label>98</label>
        <mixed-citation>98. Ball S, Rogers S, Kanesalingam K, Taylor R, Katsogridakis E, McCollum C. Carotid Plaque Volume in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy. Br J Surg. 2018;105(3):262-9. doi: 10.1002/bjs.10670.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ball</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rogers</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanesalingam</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katsogridakis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCollum</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Plaque Volume in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy</article-title>
          <source>Br J Surg</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>262</fpage>
          <lpage>269</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/bjs.10670</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B99">
        <label>99</label>
        <mixed-citation>99. Wannarong T, Parraga G, Buchanan D, Fenster A, House AA, Hackam DG, et al. Progression of Carotid Plaque Volume Predicts Cardiovascular Events. Stroke. 2013;44(7):1859-65. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001461.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wannarong</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parraga</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buchanan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fenster</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>House</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hackam</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Progression of Carotid Plaque Volume Predicts Cardiovascular Events</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1859</fpage>
          <lpage>1865</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001461</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B100">
        <label>100</label>
        <mixed-citation>100. Noflatscher M, Schreinlechner M, Sommer P, Kerschbaum J, Berggren K, Theurl M, et al. Influence of Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Carotid and Femoral Atherosclerotic Plaque Volume as Measured by Three-Dimensional Ultrasound. J Clin Med. 2018;8(1):32. doi: 10.3390/jcm8010032.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Noflatscher</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schreinlechner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sommer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kerschbaum</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berggren</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Theurl</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Carotid and Femoral Atherosclerotic Plaque Volume as Measured by Three-Dimensional Ultrasound</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">32</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm8010032</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B101">
        <label>101</label>
        <mixed-citation>101. Otero HJ, Steigner ML, Rybicki FJ. The &#8220;Post-64&#8221; Era of Coronary CT Angiography: Understanding New Technology from Physical Principles. Radiol Clin North Am. 2009;47(1):79-90. doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2008.11.001.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Otero</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steigner</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rybicki</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The &#8220;Post-64&#8221; Era of Coronary CT Angiography: Understanding New Technology from Physical Principles</article-title>
          <source>Radiol Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>79</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rcl.2008.11.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B102">
        <label>102</label>
        <mixed-citation>102. Balu N, Yarnykh VL, Scholnick J, Chu B, Yuan C, Hayes C. Improvements in Carotid Plaque Imaging Using a New Eight-Element Phased Array Coil at 3T. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;30(5):1209-14. doi: 10.1002/jmri.21890.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Balu</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yarnykh</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scholnick</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chu</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuan</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayes</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Improvements in Carotid Plaque Imaging Using a New Eight-Element Phased Array Coil at 3T</article-title>
          <source>J Magn Reson Imaging</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1209</fpage>
          <lpage>1214</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jmri.21890</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B103">
        <label>103</label>
        <mixed-citation>103. Barros FS. Ultrassonografia das Car&#243;tidas e Vertebrais. In: Engelhorn Al, Engelhorn CA, Morais D Filho, Barros FS, Coelho NA, editors. Guia Pr&#225;tico de Ultrassonografia Vascular. Rio de Janeiro: Di Livros; 2011. p. 68-106.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Ultrassonografia das Car&#243;tidas e Vertebrais</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
              <given-names>Al</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morais</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>Guia Pr&#225;tico de Ultrassonografia Vascular</source>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Di Livros</publisher-name>
          <year>2011</year>
          <fpage>68</fpage>
          <lpage>106</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B104">
        <label>104</label>
        <mixed-citation>104. Saba L, Yuan C, Hatsukami TS, Balu N, Qiao Y, DeMarco JK, et al. Carotid Artery Wall Imaging: Perspective and Guidelines from the ASNR Vessel Wall Imaging Study Group and Expert Consensus Recommendations of the American Society of Neuroradiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018;39(2):E9-E31. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A5488.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saba</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuan</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hatsukami</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balu</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qiao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeMarco</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid Artery Wall Imaging: Perspective and Guidelines from the ASNR Vessel Wall Imaging Study Group and Expert Consensus Recommendations of the American Society of Neuroradiology</article-title>
          <source>AJNR Am J Neuroradiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>E9</fpage>
          <lpage>E31</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3174/ajnr.A5488</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B105">
        <label>105</label>
        <mixed-citation>105. Barros FSP, Pontes SM, Prezotti BB, Sandri GA, Salles-Cunha XS, Barros FS. Trombo M&#243;vel na Car&#243;tida Interna: Planejamento Cir&#250;rgico Definido pela Ultrassonografia Vascular. Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc. 2013;26(4):335-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>FSP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pontes</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prezotti</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandri</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salles-Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>XS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trombo M&#243;vel na Car&#243;tida Interna: Planejamento Cir&#250;rgico Definido pela Ultrassonografia Vascular</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>335</fpage>
          <lpage>340</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B106">
        <label>106</label>
        <mixed-citation>106. Cantisani V, Di Leo N, David E, Clevert DA. Role of CEUS in Vascular Pathology. Ultraschall Med. 2021;42(4):348-66. doi: 10.1055/a-1403-2400.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cantisani</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Leo</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>David</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clevert</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of CEUS in Vascular Pathology</article-title>
          <source>Ultraschall Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>348</fpage>
          <lpage>366</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/a-1403-2400</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B107">
        <label>107</label>
        <mixed-citation>107. Porter TR, Mulvagh SL, Abdelmoneim SS, Becher H, Belcik JT, Bierig M, et al. Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Enhancing Agents in Echocardiography: 2018 American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines Update. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31(3):241-74. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.11.013.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Porter</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulvagh</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abdelmoneim</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becher</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belcik</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bierig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Enhancing Agents in Echocardiography: 2018 American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines Update</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>274</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2017.11.013</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B108">
        <label>108</label>
        <mixed-citation>108. Greis C. Ultrasound Contrast Agents as Markers of Vascularity and Microcirculation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2009;43(1-2):1-9. doi: 10.3233/CH-2009-1216.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ultrasound Contrast Agents as Markers of Vascularity and Microcirculation</article-title>
          <source>Clin Hemorheol Microcirc</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3233/CH-2009-1216</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B109">
        <label>109</label>
        <mixed-citation>109. Schneider M. SonoVue, a New Ultrasound Contrast Agent. Eur Radiol. 1999;(9 Suppl 3):S347-8. doi: 10.1007/pl00014071.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>SonoVue, a New Ultrasound Contrast Agent</article-title>
          <source>Eur Radiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 3</supplement>
          <fpage>S347</fpage>
          <lpage>S348</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/pl00014071</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B110">
        <label>110</label>
        <mixed-citation>110. Greis C. Technical Aspects of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Examinations: Tips and Tricks. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2014;58(1):89-95. doi: 10.3233/CH-141873.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Technical Aspects of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Examinations: Tips and Tricks</article-title>
          <source>Clin Hemorheol Microcirc</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>89</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3233/CH-141873</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B111">
        <label>111</label>
        <mixed-citation>111. Sidhu PS, Cantisani V, Dietrich CF, Gilja OH, Saftoiu A, Bartels E, et al. The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for the Clinical Practice of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Non-Hepatic Applications: Update 2017 (Long Version). Ultraschall Med. 2018;39(2):e2-e44. doi: 10.1055/a-0586-1107.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sidhu</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cantisani</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dietrich</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilja</surname>
              <given-names>OH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saftoiu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartels</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for the Clinical Practice of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Non-Hepatic Applications: Update 2017 (Long Version)</article-title>
          <source>Ultraschall Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>e2</fpage>
          <lpage>e44</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/a-0586-1107</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B112">
        <label>112</label>
        <mixed-citation>112. Pinto CAV. Contraste por Microbolhas em Ultrassonografia no Diagnostico Diferencial entre Oclus&#227;o e Pseudoclus&#227;o da Car&#243;tida Interna: Correla&#231;&#227;o com a Angiotomografia. Tese [Doutorado em Radiologia] &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina. S&#227;o Paulo: Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; 2010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>CAV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Contraste por Microbolhas em Ultrassonografia no Diagnostico Diferencial entre Oclus&#227;o e Pseudoclus&#227;o da Car&#243;tida Interna: Correla&#231;&#227;o com a Angiotomografia</source>
          <comment>Tese [Doutorado em Radiologia]</comment>
          <publisher-name>Faculdade de Medicina</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-name>
          <year>2010</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B113">
        <label>113</label>
        <mixed-citation>113. Ventura CA, Silva ES, Cerri GG, Le&#227;o PP, Tachibana A, Chammas MC. Can Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound with Second-Generation Contrast Agents Replace Computed Tomography Angiography for Distinguishing between Occlusion and Pseudo-Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery? Clinics. 2015;70(1):1-6. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2015(01)01.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ventura</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerri</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Le&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tachibana</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chammas</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Can Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound with Second-Generation Contrast Agents Replace Computed Tomography Angiography for Distinguishing between Occlusion and Pseudo-Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery?</article-title>
          <source>Clinics</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6061/clinics/2015(01)01</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B114">
        <label>114</label>
        <mixed-citation>114. Ten Kate GL, van den Oord SC, Sijbrands EJ, van der Lugt A, de Jong N, Bosch JG, et al. Current Status and Future Developments of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Carotid Atherosclerosis. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57(2):539-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.07.028.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ten Kate</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van den Oord</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sijbrands</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Lugt</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Jong</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bosch</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Current Status and Future Developments of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Carotid Atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>539</fpage>
          <lpage>546</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2012.07.028</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B115">
        <label>115</label>
        <mixed-citation>115. Clevert DA, Sommer WH, Zengel P, Helck A, Reiser M. Imaging of Carotid Arterial Diseases with Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS). Eur J Radiol. 2011;80(1):68-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.12.103.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clevert</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sommer</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zengel</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helck</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reiser</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Imaging of Carotid Arterial Diseases with Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Radiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>68</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.12.103</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B116">
        <label>116</label>
        <mixed-citation>116. Schinkel AF, van den Oord SC, van der Steen AF, van Laar JA, Sijbrands EJ. Utility of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for the Assessment of the Carotid Artery Wall in Patients with Takayasu or Giant Cell Arteritis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15(5):541-6. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jet243.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schinkel</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van den Oord</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Steen</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Laar</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sijbrands</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Utility of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for the Assessment of the Carotid Artery Wall in Patients with Takayasu or Giant Cell Arteritis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>541</fpage>
          <lpage>546</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jet243</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B117">
        <label>117</label>
        <mixed-citation>117. Clevert DA, Sommer WH, Helck A, Reiser M. Duplex and Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Evaluation of In-Stent Restenosis after Carotid Stenting. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2011;48(1):199-208. doi: 10.3233/CH-2011-1400.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clevert</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sommer</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helck</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reiser</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Duplex and Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Evaluation of In-Stent Restenosis after Carotid Stenting</article-title>
          <source>Clin Hemorheol Microcirc</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>199</fpage>
          <lpage>208</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3233/CH-2011-1400</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B118">
        <label>118</label>
        <mixed-citation>118. Cloud GC, Markus HS. Diagnosis and Management of Vertebral Artery Stenosis. QJM. 2003;96(1):27-54. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcg003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cloud</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markus</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis and Management of Vertebral Artery Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>QJM</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/qjmed/hcg003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B119">
        <label>119</label>
        <mixed-citation>119. Simonetto M, DeSousa K, Campo N, Pandey V, Koch S. Topography of Vertebral Artery Origin Plaques: Characteristics and Determinants. J Ultrasound Med. 2019;38(2):331-5. doi: 10.1002/jum.14692.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Simonetto</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeSousa</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campo</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pandey</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koch</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Topography of Vertebral Artery Origin Plaques: Characteristics and Determinants</article-title>
          <source>J Ultrasound Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>331</fpage>
          <lpage>335</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jum.14692</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B120">
        <label>120</label>
        <mixed-citation>120. Gulli G, Khan S, Markus HS. Vertebrobasilar Stenosis Predicts High Early Recurrent STROKE risk in Posterior Circulation Stroke and TIA. Stroke. 2009;40(8):2732-7. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.553859.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gulli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markus</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vertebrobasilar Stenosis Predicts High Early Recurrent STROKE risk in Posterior Circulation Stroke and TIA</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>2732</fpage>
          <lpage>2737</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.553859</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B121">
        <label>121</label>
        <mixed-citation>121. Markus HS, van der Worp HB, Rothwell PM. Posterior Circulation Ischaemic Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack: Diagnosis, Investigation, and Secondary Prevention. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(10):989-98. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70211-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Markus</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Worp</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rothwell</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Posterior Circulation Ischaemic Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack: Diagnosis, Investigation, and Secondary Prevention</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Neurol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>989</fpage>
          <lpage>998</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70211-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B122">
        <label>122</label>
        <mixed-citation>122. Hua Y, Meng XF, Jia LY, Ling C, Miao ZR, Ling F, et al. Color Doppler Imaging Evaluation of Proximal Vertebral Artery Stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(5):1434-8. doi: 10.2214/AJR.09.2624.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hua</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meng</surname>
              <given-names>XF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jia</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ling</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miao</surname>
              <given-names>ZR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ling</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Color Doppler Imaging Evaluation of Proximal Vertebral Artery Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>AJR Am J Roentgenol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>193</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1434</fpage>
          <lpage>1438</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2214/AJR.09.2624</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B123">
        <label>123</label>
        <mixed-citation>123. Gunabushanam G, Kummant L, Scoutt LM. Vertebral Artery Ultrasound. Radiol Clin North Am. 2019;57(3):519-33. doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2019.01.011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gunabushanam</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kummant</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scoutt</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vertebral Artery Ultrasound</article-title>
          <source>Radiol Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>519</fpage>
          <lpage>533</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rcl.2019.01.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B124">
        <label>124</label>
        <mixed-citation>124. Buckenham TM, Wright IA. Ultrasound of the Extracranial Vertebral Artery. Br J Radiol. 2004;77(913):15-20. doi: 10.1259/bjr/70447093.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Buckenham</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wright</surname>
              <given-names>IA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ultrasound of the Extracranial Vertebral Artery</article-title>
          <source>Br J Radiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>913</issue>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1259/bjr/70447093</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B125">
        <label>125</label>
        <mixed-citation>125. Vicenzini E, Ricciardi MC, Sirimarco G, Di Piero V, Lenzi GL. Extracranial and Intracranial Sonographic Findings in Vertebral Artery Diseases. J Ultrasound Med. 2010;29(12):1811-23. doi: 10.7863/jum.2010.29.12.1811.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vicenzini</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ricciardi</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sirimarco</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Piero</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lenzi</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extracranial and Intracranial Sonographic Findings in Vertebral Artery Diseases</article-title>
          <source>J Ultrasound Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1811</fpage>
          <lpage>1823</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7863/jum.2010.29.12.1811</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B126">
        <label>126</label>
        <mixed-citation>126. Kliewer MA, Hertzberg BS, Kim DH, Bowie JD, Courneya DL, Carroll BA. Vertebral artery Doppler Waveform Changes Indicating Subclavian Steal Physiology. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174(3):815-9. doi: 10.2214/ajr.174.3.1740815.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kliewer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hertzberg</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bowie</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Courneya</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vertebral artery Doppler Waveform Changes Indicating Subclavian Steal Physiology</article-title>
          <source>AJR Am J Roentgenol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>174</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>815</fpage>
          <lpage>819</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2214/ajr.174.3.1740815</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B127">
        <label>127</label>
        <mixed-citation>127. King A, Markus HS. Doppler Embolic Signals in Cerebrovascular Disease and Prediction of Stroke Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Stroke. 2009;40(12):3711-7. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.563056.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markus</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doppler Embolic Signals in Cerebrovascular Disease and Prediction of Stroke Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>3711</fpage>
          <lpage>3717</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.563056</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B128">
        <label>128</label>
        <mixed-citation>128. Spence JD. Transcranial Doppler Emboli Identifies Asymptomatic Carotid Patients at High Stroke Risk: Why This Technique Should be Used More Widely. Angiology. 2017;68(8):657-60. doi: 10.1177/0003319716651525.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spence</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcranial Doppler Emboli Identifies Asymptomatic Carotid Patients at High Stroke Risk: Why This Technique Should be Used More Widely</article-title>
          <source>Angiology</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>657</fpage>
          <lpage>660</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0003319716651525</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B129">
        <label>129</label>
        <mixed-citation>129. Edmonds HL Jr, Isley MR, Sloan TB, Alexandrov AV, Razumovsky AY. American Society of Neurophysiologic Monitoring and American Society of Neuroimaging Joint Guidelines for Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonic Monitoring. J Neuroimaging. 201121(2):177-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00471.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Edmonds</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isley</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sloan</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexandrov</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Razumovsky</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>American Society of Neurophysiologic Monitoring and American Society of Neuroimaging Joint Guidelines for Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonic Monitoring</article-title>
          <source>J Neuroimaging</source>
          <year>201121</year>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>177</fpage>
          <lpage>183</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00471.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B130">
        <label>130</label>
        <mixed-citation>130. Miyazaki M, Kato K. Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow by Ultrasonic Doppler Technique. Jpn Circ J. 1965;29:375-82. doi: 10.1253/jcj.29.375.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miyazaki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kato</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow by Ultrasonic Doppler Technique</article-title>
          <source>Jpn Circ J</source>
          <year>1965</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <fpage>375</fpage>
          <lpage>382</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1253/jcj.29.375</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B131">
        <label>131</label>
        <mixed-citation>131. Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H. Noninvasive Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Recording of Flow Velocity in Basal Cerebral Arteries. J Neurosurg. 1982;57(6):769-74. doi: 10.3171/jns.1982.57.6.0769.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aaslid</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markwalder</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nornes</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Noninvasive Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Recording of Flow Velocity in Basal Cerebral Arteries</article-title>
          <source>J Neurosurg</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>769</fpage>
          <lpage>774</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3171/jns.1982.57.6.0769</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B132">
        <label>132</label>
        <mixed-citation>132. Lindegaard KF, Bakke SJ, Grolimund P, Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Assessment of Intracranial Hemodynamics in Carotid Artery Disease by Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound. J Neurosurg. 1985;63(6):890-8. doi: 10.3171/jns.1985.63.6.0890.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lindegaard</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakke</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grolimund</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aaslid</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nornes</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of Intracranial Hemodynamics in Carotid Artery Disease by Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound</article-title>
          <source>J Neurosurg</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>890</fpage>
          <lpage>898</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3171/jns.1985.63.6.0890</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B133">
        <label>133</label>
        <mixed-citation>133. Tegeler CH, Babikian VL, Gomez CR. The Transcranial Doppler Examination: Principles and Applications of Transcranial Doppler Sonography. In: Tegeler CH, Babikian VL, Gomez CR, editors. Neurosonology. St. Louis: Mosby; 1996. p. 113-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tegeler</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babikian</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>The Transcranial Doppler Examination: Principles and Applications of Transcranial Doppler Sonography</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Tegeler</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babikian</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>Neurosonology</source>
          <publisher-loc>St. Louis</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Mosby</publisher-name>
          <year>1996</year>
          <fpage>113</fpage>
          <lpage>127</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B134">
        <label>134</label>
        <mixed-citation>134. Sacco RL, Kargman DE, Gu Q, Zamanillo MC. Race-Ethnicity and Determinants of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Cerebral Infarction. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 1995;26(1):14-20. doi: 10.1161/01.str.26.1.14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sacco</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kargman</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zamanillo</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Race-Ethnicity and Determinants of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Cerebral Infarction. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>14</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.str.26.1.14</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B135">
        <label>135</label>
        <mixed-citation>135. Gorelick PB. Distribution of Atherosclerotic Cerebrovascular Lesions. Effects of Age, Race, and Sex. Stroke. 1993;24(12 Suppl):I16-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gorelick</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Distribution of Atherosclerotic Cerebrovascular Lesions. Effects of Age, Race, and Sex</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>I16</fpage>
          <lpage>I19</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B136">
        <label>136</label>
        <mixed-citation>136. Paulsen F, Waschke J. Sobotta - Atlas de Anatomia Humana. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Guanabara Koogan; 2000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paulsen</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waschke</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Sobotta - Atlas de Anatomia Humana</source>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Ed. Guanabara Koogan</publisher-name>
          <year>2000</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B137">
        <label>137</label>
        <mixed-citation>137. Fujioka KA, Douville CA: Anatomy and Freehand Examination Techniques. In: Newell OW, Aaslid R, editors. Transcranial Doppler. New York: Raven Press; 1992. p. 9-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fujioka</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douville</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Anatomy and Freehand Examination Techniques</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Newell</surname>
              <given-names>OW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aaslid</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>Transcranial Doppler</source>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Raven Press</publisher-name>
          <year>1992</year>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B138">
        <label>138</label>
        <mixed-citation>138. Jansen C, Moll FL, Vermeulen FE, van Haelst JM, Ackerstaff RG. Continuous Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography and Electroencephalography During Carotid Endarterectomy: A Multimodal Monitoring System to Detect Intraoperative Ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg. 1993;7(1):95-101. doi: 10.1007/BF02042666.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jansen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moll</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vermeulen</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Haelst</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ackerstaff</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Continuous Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography and Electroencephalography During Carotid Endarterectomy: A Multimodal Monitoring System to Detect Intraoperative Ischemia</article-title>
          <source>Ann Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>95</fpage>
          <lpage>101</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF02042666</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B139">
        <label>139</label>
        <mixed-citation>139. Spencer MP, Thomas GI, Nicholls SC, Sauvage LR. Detection of Middle Cerebral Artery Emboli During Carotid Endarterectomy Using Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography. Stroke. 1990;21(3):415-23. doi: 10.1161/01.str.21.3.415.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spencer</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>GI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicholls</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sauvage</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Detection of Middle Cerebral Artery Emboli During Carotid Endarterectomy Using Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>415</fpage>
          <lpage>423</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.str.21.3.415</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B140">
        <label>140</label>
        <mixed-citation>140. Ritter MA, Dittrich R, Thoenissen N, Ringelstein EB, Nabavi DG. Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of Microembolic Signals in Arterial Sources of Embolism. A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Neurol. 2008;255(7):953-61. doi: 10.1007/s00415-008-0638-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ritter</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dittrich</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thoenissen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ringelstein</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nabavi</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of Microembolic Signals in Arterial Sources of Embolism. A Systematic Review of the Literature</article-title>
          <source>J Neurol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>255</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>953</fpage>
          <lpage>961</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00415-008-0638-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B141">
        <label>141</label>
        <mixed-citation>141. Markus HS, Droste DW, Kaps M, Larrue V, Lees KR, Siebler M, et al. Dual Antiplatelet Therapy with Clopidogrel and Aspirin in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis Evaluated Using Doppler Embolic Signal Detection: The Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS) Trial. Circulation. 2005;111(17):2233-40. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000163561.90680.1C.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Markus</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Droste</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaps</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larrue</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lees</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siebler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dual Antiplatelet Therapy with Clopidogrel and Aspirin in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis Evaluated Using Doppler Embolic Signal Detection: The Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS) Trial</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2233</fpage>
          <lpage>2240</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.0000163561.90680.1C</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B142">
        <label>142</label>
        <mixed-citation>142. Chan FK, Ching JY, Hung LC, Wong VW, Leung VK, Kung NN, et al. Clopidogrel versus Aspirin and Esomeprazole to Prevent Recurrent Ulcer Bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(3):238-44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa042087.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>FK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ching</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hung</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>VW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leung</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kung</surname>
              <given-names>NN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clopidogrel versus Aspirin and Esomeprazole to Prevent Recurrent Ulcer Bleeding</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>352</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>238</fpage>
          <lpage>244</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa042087</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B143">
        <label>143</label>
        <mixed-citation>143. Markus HS, King A, Shipley M, Topakian R, Cullinane M, Reihill S, et al. Asymptomatic Embolisation for Prediction of Stroke in the Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study (ACES): A Prospective Observational Study. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(7):663-71. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70120-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Markus</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shipley</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Topakian</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cullinane</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reihill</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Asymptomatic Embolisation for Prediction of Stroke in the Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study (ACES): A Prospective Observational Study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Neurol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>663</fpage>
          <lpage>671</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70120-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B144">
        <label>144</label>
        <mixed-citation>144. Gucuyener D, Uzuner N, Ozkan S, Ozdemir O, Ozdemir G. Micro Embolic Signals in Patients with Cerebral Ischaemic Events. Neurol India. 2001;49(3):225-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gucuyener</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uzuner</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozkan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozdemir</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozdemir</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Micro Embolic Signals in Patients with Cerebral Ischaemic Events</article-title>
          <source>Neurol India</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>225</fpage>
          <lpage>230</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B145">
        <label>145</label>
        <mixed-citation>145. Poppert H, Sadikovic S, Sander K, Wolf O, Sander D. Embolic Signals in Unselected Stroke Patients: Prevalence and Diagnostic Benefit. Stroke. 2006;37(8):2039-43. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000231644.47325.aa.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poppert</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sadikovic</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sander</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolf</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sander</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Embolic Signals in Unselected Stroke Patients: Prevalence and Diagnostic Benefit</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>2039</fpage>
          <lpage>2043</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.STR.0000231644.47325.aa</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B146">
        <label>146</label>
        <mixed-citation>146. Iguchi Y, Kimura K, Kobayashi K, Ueno Y, Shibazaki K, Inoue T. Microembolic Signals at 48 Hours after Stroke Onset Contribute to New Ischaemia Within a Week. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(3):253-9. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.123414.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iguchi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kimura</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobayashi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ueno</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shibazaki</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inoue</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Microembolic Signals at 48 Hours after Stroke Onset Contribute to New Ischaemia Within a Week</article-title>
          <source>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>259</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jnnp.2007.123414</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B147">
        <label>147</label>
        <mixed-citation>147. Spence JD, Tamayo A, Lownie SP, Ng WP, Ferguson GG. Absence of Microemboli on Transcranial Doppler Identifies Low-Risk Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis. Stroke. 2005;36(11):2373-8. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000185922.49809.46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spence</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamayo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lownie</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ng</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferguson</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Absence of Microemboli on Transcranial Doppler Identifies Low-Risk Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2373</fpage>
          <lpage>2378</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.STR.0000185922.49809.46</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B148">
        <label>148</label>
        <mixed-citation>148. Gil-Peralta A. Reactividad Vasomotora Cerebral y Autorregulacion. In: Molina C, Serena J, &#193;lvarez-Sab&#237;n J, editors. Manual de Doppler Transcraneal. Madrid: Aula M&#233;dica; 2000. p. 64&#8211;80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gil-Peralta</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Reactividad Vasomotora Cerebral y Autorregulacion</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Molina</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serena</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#193;lvarez-Sab&#237;n</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>Manual de Doppler Transcraneal</source>
          <publisher-loc>Madrid</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Aula M&#233;dica</publisher-name>
          <year>2000</year>
          <fpage>64</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B149">
        <label>149</label>
        <mixed-citation>149. Markus HS, Harrison MJ. Estimation of Cerebrovascular Reactivity Using Transcranial Doppler, Including the Use of Breath-Holding as the Vasodilatory Stimulus. Stroke. 1992;23(5):668-73. doi: 10.1161/01.str.23.5.668.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Markus</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harrison</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimation of Cerebrovascular Reactivity Using Transcranial Doppler, Including the Use of Breath-Holding as the Vasodilatory Stimulus</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>668</fpage>
          <lpage>673</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.str.23.5.668</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B150">
        <label>150</label>
        <mixed-citation>150. Widder B, Paulat K, Hackspacher J, Mayr E. Transcranial Doppler CO2 Test for the Detection of Hemodynamically Critical Carotid Artery Stenoses and Occlusions. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1986;236(3):162-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00380944.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Widder</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paulat</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hackspacher</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayr</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcranial Doppler CO2 Test for the Detection of Hemodynamically Critical Carotid Artery Stenoses and Occlusions</article-title>
          <source>Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>236</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>162</fpage>
          <lpage>168</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF00380944</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B151">
        <label>151</label>
        <mixed-citation>151. Kofke WA, Dong ML, Bloom M, Policare R, Janosky J, Sekhar L. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography with Induction of Anesthesia for Neurosurgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1994;6(2):89-97. doi: 10.1097/00008506-199404000-00004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kofke</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dong</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bloom</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Policare</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janosky</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sekhar</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography with Induction of Anesthesia for Neurosurgery</article-title>
          <source>J Neurosurg Anesthesiol</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>89</fpage>
          <lpage>97</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00008506-199404000-00004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B152">
        <label>152</label>
        <mixed-citation>152. Bernstein M, Fleming JF, Deck JH. Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Carotid Endarterectomy: A Cause of Cerebral Hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1984;15(1):50-6. doi: 10.1227/00006123-198407000-00010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bernstein</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleming</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deck</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Carotid Endarterectomy: A Cause of Cerebral Hemorrhage</article-title>
          <source>Neurosurgery</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1227/00006123-198407000-00010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B153">
        <label>153</label>
        <mixed-citation>153. Powers WJ. Cerebral Hemodynamics in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease. Ann Neurol. 1991;29(3):231-40. doi: 10.1002/ana.410290302.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Powers</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cerebral Hemodynamics in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>Ann Neurol</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>240</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ana.410290302</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B154">
        <label>154</label>
        <mixed-citation>154. Powers AD, Smith RR. Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Endarterectomy: A Transcranial Doppler Evaluation. Neurosurgery. 1990;26(1):56-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Powers</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Endarterectomy: A Transcranial Doppler Evaluation</article-title>
          <source>Neurosurgery</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>56</fpage>
          <lpage>59</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B155">
        <label>155</label>
        <mixed-citation>155. Reigel MM, Hollier LH, Sundt TM Jr, Piepgras DG, Sharbrough FW, Cherry KJ. Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome: A Cause of Neurologic Dysfunction after Carotid Endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 1987;5(4):628-34. doi: 10.1016/0741-</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reigel</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hollier</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sundt</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piepgras</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharbrough</surname>
              <given-names>FW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cherry</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome: A Cause of Neurologic Dysfunction after Carotid Endarterectomy</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>1987</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>628</fpage>
          <lpage>634</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p><bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DIC/SBC), Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Radiologia (CBR) e Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p><bold>Nota:</bold> Estas aualiza&#231;&#245;es se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em&#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Update</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Recommendation Update for Vascular Ultrasound Evaluation of Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: DIC, CBR and SABCV &#8211; 2023</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1622-6621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albricker</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Vilas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1348-9074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alcantara</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4217-8977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cantisano</surname>
            <given-names>Armando Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2531-4308</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Carmen Lucia Lascasas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-7287-9198</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Salomon Israel do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-2066-1707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Veloso</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando Carlos Gl&#243;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7353-4444</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teodoro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Aldo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6186-1531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petisco</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cl&#225;udia Gomes Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16001">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9182-0204</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saleh</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed Hassan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16001">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6213-3226</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Vin&#237;cius Lins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17001">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4272-646X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Fanilda Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18001">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-1587-3973</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Dias Valiente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8760-2279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9101-7366</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nardino</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rica Patr&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8773-3095</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Melissa Andreia de Moares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22001">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2695-8519</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Biagioni</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Ciucci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23001">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0326-2183</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Jos&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24001">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2210-4367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sarpe</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Karina Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25001">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9729-0635</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur Curtarelli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26001">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8227-7120</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Rodrigo de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27001">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0792-1211</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28001">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-4945-4272</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;olin</surname>
            <given-names>Peter C&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29001">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29001">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30001">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6689-4076</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Iquizli</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28001">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8640-3657</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alair Augusto Sarmet Moreira Damas dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31001">
            <sup>32</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4700-0599</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Muglia</surname>
            <given-names>Valdair Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32001">
            <sup>33</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7153-4614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Naves</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33001">
            <sup>34</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte (UniBH), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">IMEDE &#8211; Instituto Mineiro de Ultrassonografia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares (UBSERH), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eccos Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular Avan&#231;ado, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Quinta D&#8217;Or, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede UnitedHealth Group (UHG), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pasteur, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Am&#233;ricas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>14</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas M&#225;rio Lioni, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14001">
        <label>15</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15001">
        <label>16</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">PRENOTO Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e Diagn&#243;stica, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16001">
        <label>17</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17001">
        <label>18</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18001">
        <label>19</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Fanilda Barros, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19001">
        <label>20</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20001">
        <label>21</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC Paulista, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21001">
        <label>22</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina Unoeste, Guaruj&#225;, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22001">
        <label>23</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Itajub&#225;, Itajub&#225;, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23001">
        <label>24</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Vascularline, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24001">
        <label>25</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ecocenter Medicina Diagn&#243;stica, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25001">
        <label>26</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ipiranga, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26001">
        <label>27</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Luiz Itaim, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27001">
        <label>28</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28001">
        <label>29</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff29001">
        <label>30</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff30001">
        <label>31</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Hcor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff31001">
        <label>32</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff32001">
        <label>33</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff33001">
        <label>34</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Madre Teresa, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Correspondence:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil &#8211; Posta Code 20020-907. E-mail: diretrizes@cardiol.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="deceased" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>
            <italic>In memoriam</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
        <fn>
          <p><bold>Coordinators:</bold> Ana Cristina Lopes Albricker, Luisa Ciucci Biagioni, Simone Nascimento dos Santos, Cl&#225;udia Maria Vilas Freire</p>
          <p><bold>SBC Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee:</bold> Carisi Anne Polanczyk (Coordenator), Humberto Graner Moreira, M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha, Jose Airton de Arruda, Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8211; Period 2022-2024</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <table-wrap>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Recommendation Update for Vascular Ultrasound Evaluation of Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: DIC, CBR and SABCV &#8211; 2023</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2022/2023.</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Expert</th>
                <th align="left">Type of relationship with industry</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Adriano Jos&#233; de Souza</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alair Augusto Sarmet Moreira Damas dos Santos</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ana Cl&#225;udia Gomes Pereira Petisco</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ana Cristina Lopes Albricker</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ana Luiza Dias Valiente Engelhorn</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anna Karina Paiva Sarpe</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Sigvaris e Venosan.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Armando Luis Cantisano</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arthur Curtarelli de Oliveira</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bruno de Lima Naves</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: Xarelto; Apsen: Dobeven.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carlos Alberto Engelhorn</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Eventual Speaker Honoraria &#8211; Pfizer: Amyloidosis; GE: Cardiovascular Tomography; Edwards: TAVI; Manole: CMR and CCT books.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- V-Plaque (Inclisiran- Novartis): Hcor Institution.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Any economically relevant equity interest in companies in the healthcare or education industry or in any companies competing with or supplying to SBC:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Blume Medicina Diagn&#243;stica: shareholder.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carmen Lucia Lascasas Porto</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: lectures.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Claudia Maria Vilas Freire</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Domingos de Morais Filho</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#201;rica Patr&#237;cio Nardino</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fanilda Souto Barros</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jos&#233; Aldo Ribeiro Teodoro</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luisa Ciucci Biagioni</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marcelo Rodrigo de Souza Moraes</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marcio Vin&#237;cius Lins de Barros</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Melissa Andreia de Moraes Silva</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Miguel Jos&#233; Francisco Neto</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mohamed Hassan Saleh</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Monica Luiza de Alcantara</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Boston Scientific: Watchman FLX.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Orlando Carlos Gl&#243;ria Veloso</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peter C&#233;lio Fran&#231;olin</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Any economically relevant equity interest in companies in the healthcare or education industry or in any companies competing with or supplying to SBC:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Ensino.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rogerio Iquizli</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Salomon Israel do Amaral</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Any economically relevant equity interest in companies in the healthcare or education industry or in any companies competing with or supplying to SBC:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Cardiovascular Imaging.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Simone Nascimento dos Santos</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valdair Francisco Muglia</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Contents</title>
        <p>1. Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence 5</p>
        <p>2. Summary of the Main Recommendations 5</p>
        <p>3. Introduction and Equipment 6</p>
        <p>3.1. Introduction 6</p>
        <p>3.2. Cleaning and Prevention of Infections 6</p>
        <p>4. Intima-media Thickness and</p>
        <p>Detection of Carotid Artery Plaques for</p>
        <p>Cardiovascular Risk Assessment 8</p>
        <p>4.1. Ultrasound Features of Intima-media Thickness and</p>
        <p>Carotid Plaque 9</p>
        <p>5. Assessment of Carotid Stenosis 9</p>
        <p>5.1. Anatomical Criteria 9</p>
        <p>5.2. The Role of Computed Tomography Angiography And</p>
        <p>Magnetic Resonance Angiography 9</p>
        <p>5.3. Velocity Criteria 11</p>
        <p>5.4. Technical Considerations for Doppler Assessment 11</p>
        <p>5.5. Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis 11</p>
        <p><bold>5.5.1. &lt; 50% stenoses</bold> 11</p>
        <p><bold>5.5.2. &gt; 50% stenoses</bold> 11</p>
        <p><bold>5.5.3. Occlusions and Near Occlusions</bold> 13</p>
        <p>5.6. Stenosis of the Common Carotid Artery and</p>
        <p>External Carotid Artery 14</p>
        <p>5.7. Conditions that Affect Velocity Measurements 14</p>
        <p>6. Ultrasound Evaluation after Endarterectomy and</p>
        <p>Stent Implantation 14</p>
        <p>6.1. Introduction 14</p>
        <p>6.2. Test Protocol 14</p>
        <p>6.3. Ultrasound Evaluation after Carotid Endarterectomy 15</p>
        <p>6.4. Vascular Ultrasound Findings after Endarterectomy 15</p>
        <p>7. Morphological Assessment of Carotid Plaques 16</p>
        <p>7.1. Investigation of Plaque Morphology 17</p>
        <p><bold>7.1.1. Plaque Morphology</bold> 17</p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.2. Characteristics of Atherosclerotic Plaques and Risk of</bold>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Cardiovascular Disease</bold> 17</p>
        <p><bold>7.1.3. Plaque Volume</bold> 17</p>
        <p>7.2. Atherosclerotic Plaque Characterization by Computed Tomography</p>
        <p>Angiography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography 17</p>
        <p><bold>7.2.1. Cervical Artery Dissection</bold> 18</p>
        <p>8. Ultrasound Enhancing Agents in the</p>
        <p>Characterization of Atherosclerotic Plaques 18</p>
        <p>8.1. Characteristics and Properties of Ultrasound Enhancing Agents 19</p>
        <p>8.2. Technical Aspects that Affect the Acquisition of</p>
        <p>Contrast-enhanced Images 19</p>
        <p>8.3. Mechanical Index 19</p>
        <p>8.4. Imaging Gain 19</p>
        <p>8.5. Contrast Agent Dose 20</p>
        <p>8.6. Diagnosis of Occlusion and Near-occlusion 20</p>
        <p>8.7. Evaluation of Plaque Vulnerability and Neovascularization 20</p>
        <p>8.8. Dissection 20</p>
        <p>8.9. Inflammation 21</p>
        <p>8.10 Follow-up after Stenting 21</p>
        <p>8.11 Contrast Preparation 21</p>
        <p>8.12. Basic Protocol for Vascular Ultrasound with</p>
        <p>Microbubble Contrast Agents 21</p>
        <p>9. Evaluation of Atheromatous Disease in</p>
        <p>Vertebral Arteries 21</p>
        <p>9.1. Introduction 21</p>
        <p>9.2. Ultrasound evaluation of vertebral arteries 22</p>
        <p>9.3. Methodology of Routine Examination 22</p>
        <p>9.4. Normal Parameters 22</p>
        <p>9.5. Stenosis Quantification 22</p>
        <p><bold>9.5.1. Proximal Stenosis (V0-V1)</bold> 22</p>
        <p><bold>9.5.2. Vertebral Stenosis in the Remaining Segments (V2-V4)</bold> 22</p>
        <p><bold>9.5.3. Vertebral Artery Occlusion</bold> 22</p>
        <p>9.6. Subclavian Steal Syndrome 22</p>
        <p>10. Transcranial Doppler in Extracranial Carotid and</p>
        <p>Vertebral Atherosclerotic Disease 23</p>
        <p>10.1. Imaging Techniques 23</p>
        <p>10.2. Standard Protocol for a Conventional &#8220;Blinded&#8221; Transcranial</p>
        <p>Doppler Examination 24</p>
        <p>10.3. Standard Protocol for Continuous Transcranial Doppler 25</p>
        <p>10.4. Clinical Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler in</p>
        <p>Cervical Atherosclerotic Disease 26</p>
        <p><bold>10.4.1. Identification of Patients with HITS</bold> 26</p>
        <p><bold>10.4.2. Induced Hemodynamic Repercussions</bold> 27</p>
        <p><bold>10.4.3. Evaluation of Intracranial Vertebral Stenosis (V4)</bold> 28</p>
        <p>10.5. Recommendations 28</p>
        <p>References 29</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>1. Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence</title>
        <p>Consensus statements were classified according to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9001">Charts 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18001">2</xref>, based on standards adopted by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t9001">
            <label>Chart 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Class of recommendations according to the standards adopted by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Definition</th>
                  <th>Grade of recommendation</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Conditions for which there is conclusive evidence or, if not, for which group consensus was achieved.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or divergence of opinions on the usefulness of the method.</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Evidence or opinion in favor of the method. The majority of authors agrees.</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Safety and usefulness are less well established, and there is no predominance of opinions in favor of the method.</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Conditions for which there is evidence and/or a consensus that the method is not useful.</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t18001">
            <label>Chart 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Levels of evidence according to the standards adopted by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Definition</th>
                  <th>Grade of recommendation</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Data obtained from several large, randomized studies showing concurring results and/or a robust meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Data obtained from a less robust meta-analysis, a single randomized study, or from nonrandomized (observational) studies.</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Data obtained from consensual expert opinions.</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Summary of the Main Recommendations</title>
        <p>A summary of the main recommendations developed by this expert panel is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t19001">Chart 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t19001">
            <label>Chart 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Summary of key recommendations on vascular ultrasound of the carotid system. CCA: common carotid artery; ECA: external carotid artery; EDV: end-diastolic velocity; ICA: internal carotid artery; PSV: peak systolic velocity; VUS: vascular ultrasound.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Expert panel recommendations</th>
                  <th>Grade of recommendation</th>
                  <th>Level of evidence</th>
                  <th>Reference</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major international societies recommend VUS as first choice for the assessment of symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid artery disease.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>The entire length of the common, internal, and external carotid arteries should be evaluated bilaterally, as well as the brachiocephalic trunk.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VUS evaluation of carotid stenosis involves hemodynamic criteria such as flow velocity measurements and its ratios by spectral Doppler, in association with anatomical characterization of the plaque and quantification of local stenosis &#8211; combined evaluation.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">1-3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSV is the most well-established hemodynamic criterion for quantification of ICA stenoses and has greater correlation with angiography.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">1-4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EDV and velocity ratios can assist in the diagnosis of stenosis and are of great value in cases where PSV, as an absolute value, may not adequately reflect the degree of stenosis.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">1-4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Near occlusion of the ICA may or may not present with increased flow velocity and, sometimes, the flow may not be detectable. In case of doubt, additional tests should be performed.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5-7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>The presence of reduced flow velocity and high resistance on the CCA may indicate the presence of occlusion of the ipsilateral ICA.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6,8,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Recommendations for grading ICA stenoses should not be used to classify lesions in the CCA or ECA.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Evaluation of CCA stenoses may be based on the ratio between systolic velocities prestenosis and in the stenosis, as well as anatomical quantification.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECA stenoses can be quantified according to increases in PSV, as well as by the ratio between PSV in the stenosis and PSV in the CCA.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12-14</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The 2015 Guideline recommendations are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t20001">Chart 4</xref>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> as well as new recommendations on equipment cleaning, carotid plaque definition, media-intimal thickness, grading of stenoses, and plaque morphology.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t20001">
            <label>Chart 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Reviewed and new recommendations. ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; CCA: common carotid artery; CTA: computed tomography angiography; EDV: end-diastolic velocity; ICA: internal carotid artery; MRA: magnetic resonance angiography; PSV: peak systolic velocity; TCD: transcranial Doppler; US: ultrasound; USEA: ultrasound enhancement agent; VUS: vascular ultrasound.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>New or reviewed recommendation</th>
                  <th>2015 recommendation</th>
                  <th>Grade of recommendation</th>
                  <th>2023 recommendation</th>
                  <th>Grade of recommendation</th>
                  <th>Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>Equipment cleaning</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">The equipment should be cleaned and disinfected according to procedure classification.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>CP definition</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R</td>
                  <td align="center">Focal structure extending at least 0.5 mm into the vessel lumen, and/or measuring more than 50% of the adjacent IME, and/or IME &gt; 1.5 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">2020 ASE classification (26) &#8211; Emphasis on the height and focal or diffuse aspect of the CP when grading the risk (&lt; 1.5 mm, between 1.5 and 2.4 mm, &#8805; 2.5 mm).</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3D analysis of atherosclerotic burden and atherosclerotic plaque volume</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>IMT</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R</td>
                  <td align="center">In the absence of CP, the description of IME in the report is at the discretion of the sonographer or at the request of the attending physician.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">There are no new recommendations. IMT measurement is not routinely recommended in the general.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>Grading of carotid stenoses</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R</td>
                  <td align="center">The local anatomical criterion should be used to characterize &lt; 50% stenoses.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">There are no new recommendations.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">CTA and MRA &#8211; to evaluate the degree of obstruction in symptomatic patients when not obtained by VUS.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R</td>
                  <td align="center">Classification of stenoses in deciles in the combined hemodynamic evaluation.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">There are no new recommendations &#8211; Table 2.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R</td>
                  <td align="center">PSV is the most accurate criterion.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">There are no new recommendations &#8211; Table 2.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R</td>
                  <td align="center">EDV and the ICA PSV/CCA PSV are considered additional criteria in the parametric evaluation.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">There are no new recommendations &#8211; Table 2.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R</td>
                  <td align="center">The ICA PSV/CCA EDV ratio is an additional, less accurate criterion and may be used in the parametric evaluation if there is no agreement between the other parameters.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">There are no new recommendations &#8211; Table 2.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R</td>
                  <td align="center">Near occlusion &#8211; presence of thread-like flow on CFM (string sign or trickle flow).</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">CTA &#8211; near occlusion: the artery is partially &#8220;collapsed&#8221;. Lumen &lt; 1.3 mm, distal ICA caliber &lt; 3.5 mm, diseased ICA/contralateral ICA ratio &lt; 0.87, affected ICA/ipsilateral ECA &lt; 1.27</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R</td>
                  <td align="center">Occlusion &#8211; absence of patency and complete absence of blood flow, as well as high-resistance flow in the CCA and very high preocclusion resistance flow.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">CTA &#8211; occlusion: the artery is completely &#8220;collapsed&#8221; (string sign).</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>CP morphology</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">R</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">There have been no changes in classification.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Use of USEAs (with technical specifications) to identify plaque vulnerability &#8211; presence of neovascularization.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>TCD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8220;Silent&#8221; microemboli should be investigated by &#8220;blinded&#8221; TCD, using a headset to fix the transducer to the patient&#8217;s head.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Pre-endarterectomy assessment of cerebral vasomotor reserve.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Perioperative monitoring and for at least 90 minutes immediately after endarterectomy.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Inclusion of the evaluation of the intracranial segments of the vertebral and basilar arteries (via the foraminal window) in routine examination of carotid and cervical vertebral arteries of symptomatic patients without extracranial anatomical lesions that warrant clinical attention justify the symptoms.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Introduction and Equipment</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Introduction</title>
          <p>The ultrasound (US) was introduced in the field of Medicine in the 1940s and has played an important role in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) since then. The wide applicability, relatively low cost, and reproducibility of the US also made it an established tool in the diagnosis of several other diseases. This Guideline was developed by cardiologists from the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging (DIC) at the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), angiologists and vascular surgeons from the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery (SBACV), and radiologists from the Brazilian College of Radiologists (CBR) &#8211; who are experts in vascular ultrasound (VUS) &#8211; with the aim of supporting the best use of VUS based on the current medical literature, as well as of updating the 2015 Guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The rationale for the use of VUS in the diagnosis of important diseases was based on the recommendations of the 2015, 2016, and 2019 DIC expert panel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Other topics included in this update are: transcranial Doppler, US enhancing agents (USEAs), and diagnostic aspects of carotid stenosis by computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). However, interested readers should seek more comprehensive and specific publications for further information on these other imaging modalities.</p>
          <p>Our aim is to disseminate the best VUS practices among professionals, standardize the interpretation of imaging scans, and promote the best possible use of this noninvasive, widely available, and inexpensive tool.</p>
          <p>Equipment, software, probe, and other imaging-related aspects are thoroughly described in the 2015 Guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2. Cleaning and Prevention of Infections</title>
          <p>In addition to the technical and technological requirements of both equipment and the examiner, cleaning the equipment and adhering to infection prevention measures are of utmost importance among professionals. Any diagnostic equipment that gets in contact with a patient poses a risk of infection &#8211; although the risk is low, there are reports of transducer contamination, especially using endocavitary probes and in association with central venous access, in addition to bacterial contamination of the US gel.</p>
          <p>According to the Spaulding classification,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> which determines the level of sterilization/decontamination required for a medical device, VUS procedures are classified as a) critical when the transducer comes into contact with sterile tissue, b) semi-critical when it comes into contact with mucous membranes and nonintact skin (with or without blood contamination), and c) noncritical when there is no contact with sterile tissues, mucous membranes, or nonintact skin. Cleaning and sterilization or high-level disinfection (HLD) are required for critical procedures; cleaning combined with HLD for semi-critical procedures; and low-level disinfection for noncritical procedures.</p>
          <p>Most carotid and transcranial diagnostic tests are classified as noncritical. The use of a probe cover (glove, condom, or plastic wrap) is not recommended, but disinfection is required. After the examination, the transducer should be cleaned with a cloth to remove the gel and washed with soap and water. The transducer, the cable, and the keyboard should then be dried before disinfection using quaternary ammonium compounds, alcohols, or phenols. If HLD is required, it is recommended immersing the transducer in a solution of glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, or peracetic acid for 8-15 minutes. Although the risk of infection is very low, care should be taken to prevent test-related infections, especially in laboratories, clinics, and hospitals where various examinations are performed. Always check with the equipment&#8217;s manufacturer which disinfectants can be used, as they may damage the transducer and cable.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Intima-media Thickness and Detection of Carotid Artery Plaques for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment</title>
        <p>After publication of the 2007, 2013, and 2019 Brazilian Guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> the 2004-2006-2011 Mannheim consensus statement,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) Consensus Statement,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Brazilian experts in VUS joined forces to describe the correct way to measure the intima-media thickness (IMT) and detect atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries.</p>
        <p>Traditional cardiovascular risk factors are known to be associated with increased IMT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The increase in IMT appears to involve mostly the middle layer, whereas carotid plaque (CP) is related to the thickening of the inner layer and its protrusion into the vessel lumen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Clinical trials have adopted a wide range of IMT values and, of note, the cutoff point for risk stratification based on numerical values depends on the baseline characteristics of the patient. A recent study by Polak et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> described a combined percentile score with IMT measurements at the distal common carotid artery (CCA) and proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) that improved cardiovascular risk prediction compared with traditional risk factors, even when the calcium score was added to the study model.</p>
        <p>Although IMT measurement is not routinely recommended in the general population, if we consider long-term cardiovascular risk prediction, this may be a valuable measure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Importantly, in the setting of population aging, cardiovascular risk may be overestimated in older adults with few risk factors, leading to excessive use of medications. The accurate identification of those at actual low risk could result in better clinical outcomes, with economic implications. A recent sub-analysis of the MESA study compared the capacity of &#8216;negative&#8217; risk markers to downgrade the 10-year cardiovascular risk estimate, such as an IMT value below the 25th percentile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to the 2017 Brazilian guideline for dyslipidemia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> atherosclerotic plaque can be defined as IMT &gt; 1.5 mm, so it is important for the vascular sonographer to know how to perform these measurements. Moreover, IMT measurements have a long track record of having been used in research protocols. The technique and interpretation of IMT measurement are described in the document that was the basis for this update.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CP is a manifestation of atherosclerosis and appears to be a stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than IMT measurement alone. A recent meta-analysis of 11 population-based studies including more than 54,000 patients showed that CP had a higher diagnostic accuracy for the prediction of myocardial infarction (MI) than IMT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Several publications have studied CP as a prognostic indicator of cardiovascular events, demonstrating its predictive power for the incidence of CVD and coronary events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The I Brazilian Guideline for Cardiovascular Prevention<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> and the V Brazilian Guideline for Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> recommend the presence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, detected by imaging tests, as a criterion for identifying patients at high risk of coronary events. Furthermore, the Brazilian guidelines as well as the ASE Consensus Statement<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> recommended that CP should be considered an aggravating factor in patients at intermediate risk.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Ultrasound Features of Intima-media Thickness and Carotid Plaque</title>
          <p>On B-mode US, the IMT is characterized by a double-line pattern representing the lumen-intima and the media-adventitia interfaces. The IMT is the distance between the two acoustic interfaces. CP is defined as a focal structure extending at least 0.5 mm into the vessel lumen, and/or measuring more than 50% of the adjacent IMT, and/or an IMT &gt; 1.5 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows a schematic representation of IMT measurement and the 3 definitions of CP, as shown in the 2015 Guideline. Further details on how to obtain and interpret these measurements are described in the base document.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Schematic representation of intima-media thickness and carotid plaque measurements. IMT measurement (A). Three different measurements of the carotid plaque (CP): B) extending &#8805; 0.5 mm into the vessel lumen; C) &gt; 50% of the surrounding IMT; D) IMT &gt; 1.5 mm.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In a recent study by Johri et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> an IMT &#8805; 1.5 mm was considered equivalent to atherosclerotic plaque (type II), especially if the image was diffuse. Type I plaque was defined by an extension &lt; 1.5 mm into the vessel lumen. We understand that type I plaque, as defined by Johri et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> corresponds to the first 2 plaque definitions presented in Mannheim&#8217;s study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Therefore, the sonographer should pay particular attention to the classification of type I plaque, using previous scans as a parameter.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Assessment of Carotid Stenosis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1. Anatomical Criteria</title>
          <p>VUS is able to characterize carotid stenosis through both the velocity criteria and quantification of stenosis using residual diameter measurements, preferably through the transverse plane.</p>
          <p>Those who advocate that carotid stenosis should be quantified using the anatomical criteria base their opinion on the following<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup>: a) the velocity criteria cannot differentiate narrower degrees of stenosis due to overlap of velocity ranges<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup>; b) velocity measurements vary greatly between different devices, leading to discrepant results; c) angle correction causes large inter-observer variation; d) the image quality of B-mode US has significantly improved in recent years.</p>
          <p>Members of this expert panel agree that the fundamental criterion for the quantification of carotid stenoses is hemodynamic. The anatomical criteria should be used to quantify stenoses &lt; 50% with no hemodynamic repercussions. After classification using the velocity criteria, it is recommended to inform the degree of stenosis in 10% intervals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
          <p>All considerations on the measurement of stenosis using the anatomical criteria are detailed in the 2015 Guideline, and no changes have been made in relation to the previous document.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2. The Role of Computed Tomography Angiography And Magnetic Resonance Angiography</title>
          <p>In patients with focal ischemic neurological symptoms corresponding to the territory supplied by the carotid artery, CTA or MRA is indicated to detect carotid stenosis when the US cannot be performed or yields nondiagnostic results (grade of recommendation: I; level of evidence: C). Both CTA and MRA with postprocessing techniques can provide angiographic images with similar quality to digital subtraction angiography (DSA), allowing stenosis to be measured according to the North American Symptomatic Carotid Trial (NASCET) or European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> The degree of carotid stenosis is measured differently (numerical, in percentage) according to each criterion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Compared with the gold standard technique (DSA), US, CTA, and MRA have the additional benefit of being noninvasive and allowing evaluation of the vascular lumen in the true axial plane (differently from the orthogonal projections of DSA) and some imaging of the arterial wall (not feasible in angiography as it is an exclusively luminographic technique).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Current high-speed, multidetector CTA techniques allow direct evaluation of the carotid lumen diameter and surrounding tissue with high spatial resolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Bartlett et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> demonstrated a linear correlation between millimeter measurements of carotid stenosis and the degree of stenosis estimated by angiography using the NASCET method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Threshold values of 1.4 to 2.2 mm can be used to evaluate for moderate stenosis (50%-69%) with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 93.8%. A &#8804; 1.3-mm residual lumen diameter corresponds to &gt; 70% stenosis and may be used as a cut-off value to diagnose or exclude significant stenosis with a sensitivity of 88.2%, a specificity of 92.4%, and a negative predictive value of 98%.</p>
          <p>Of note, in carotid near-occlusion (partial or complete collapse of the ICA distal to the stenosis), the degree of stenosis should not be measured numerically but rather classified as near-occlusion with total collapse, when there is marked reduction of the distal ICA caliber/string sign, or near-occlusion with partial collapse, when there is less marked reduction in the distal IAC caliber.</p>
          <p>Cases of near-occlusion with partial collapse are not always clear and evident, therefore there are some imaging criteria that may aid in their correct identification: 1) stenosis caliber &lt; 1.3 mm, 2) distal ICA diameter &lt; 3.5 mm, 3) diseased ICA/contralateral ICA ratio &lt; 0.87, 4) diseases ICA/ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA) ratio &lt; 1.27, and lower contrast enhancement compared with the contralateral vessel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Direct measurement of the residual lumen would minimize potential measurement errors compared with the distal ICA lumen, especially in cases of collapse of the walls in severe stenoses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Different imaging modalities for quantification of carotid stenosis: comparison of percentage decreases in distal diameter (angiography) between local anatomical criteria (US) and corresponding residual lumen measurements by ultrasonography and computed tomography.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Arteriography (NASCET)</th>
                    <th>% EST-US Local anatomic (ECST)</th>
                    <th>Residual lumen (mm) US &#8211; B-flow imaging</th>
                    <th>Residual lumen (mm) Computed tomography</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #8ad286">&lt; 20%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fde877">&lt; 50%</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="6" style="background-color: #f5af5f">&gt; 1.5</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4" style="background-color: #f5af5f">&gt; 2.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #59c753">20-29%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e5cc40">50-55%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #8ad286">30-39%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fde877">58-63%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #59c753">40-49%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e5cc40">64-69%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #8ad286">50-59%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fde877">70-75%</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #fda744">1.4-2.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #59c753">60-69%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e5cc40">76-81%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #8ad286">70-79%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fde877">82-87%</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color: #fda744">&lt; 1.5</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #f5af5f">1.3-1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #59c753">80-89%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e5cc40">88-93%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fda744">1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #8ad286">90-99%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fde877">94-99%</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #f5af5f">Thread-like flow</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #59c753">Occlusion</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #e5cc40"> </td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #f5af5f">Absence of filling</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #fda744">Absence of filling</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>The color scale refers to the degree of experience with each method among the scientific community.</italic>
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/4a5cba9b88e3b76fba6f535c9cc8b09595ffaeb7.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/48acb1a6c6371d71155bc889b79d245d77e86042.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Suwanwela et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup>correlated Doppler velocities with residual lumen measurements from surgical pathological specimens removed <italic>en bloc</italic> and suggested that the Doppler criteria has 100% specificity and 96% sensitivity for detecting significant stenosis, defined as residual lumen diameter &#8804;1.5 mm, in association with significant hemodynamic changes defined by the velocity criteria. In a recent study, Yurdakul et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> used B-flow imaging, which has better spatial and temporal resolution and less contrast extravasation than color and power Doppler, to demonstrate that a residual lumen diameter &lt; 1.5 mm performs similarly to DSA using the NASCET method to estimate 70%-99% ICA stenosis, with a sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 94%, and accuracy of 94%.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> shows residual lumen measurement by B-flow imaging, B-flow angiography, and color Doppler. The comparison of percentage decreases in distal diameter (arteriography) between local anatomical criteria (US) and the corresponding residual lumen measurements by US and CT is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Residual lumen measurements by (A) B-flow imaging, (B) B-flow angiography, and (C) color Doppler. B-flow techniques have less color overlap over the plaque and are the imaging methods of choice for residual lumen measurement.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3. Velocity Criteria</title>
          <p>Several institutions have published criteria for evaluating stenoses by analysis of flow velocities, with some differences between them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Arous et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> investigated 10 New England institutions and found that they used different duplex ultrasonography Doppler criteria for grading carotid stenoses, which led to significant differences in the number and subsequent costs of interventions. Columbo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> examined data from 338 diagnostic centers in the United States relating to two groups: 4,791 patients aged &#8805;65 years from the Cardiovascular Health Study and 28,483 asymptomatic patients who underwent carotid artery revascularization in the Vascular Quality Initiative registry (www.vqi.org). The authors found great variation in peak systolic velocity (PSV) cut-off points between institutions, both for stenoses greater than 50% and greater than 70%, which led to discrepancies in the diagnosis of stenosis and treatment choices. This study was addressed in an editorial written by Kim and Zierler,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> who highlighted the need for standardization of diagnostic parameters for carotid stenosis.</p>
          <p>In 2015, the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (DIC-SBC) published recommendations for the quantification of carotid artery stenosis, including criteria for flow assessment using Doppler associated with anatomical assessment of the plaque. It also divided the degree of stenosis into deciles so that US findings could provide more objective information, assisting in the therapeutic decision.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Thus, as other authors have also suggested, a consensus was reached on the use of a combined approach for the quantification of ICA stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4. Technical Considerations for Doppler Assessment</title>
          <p>Doppler assessment of blood flow velocity should be performed in combination with two-dimensional (2D) evaluation of the plaque. The spectral tracing in the CCA, ICA, and ECA should be measured bilaterally using pulsed Doppler, as well as in any site where B-mode and/or color Doppler suggest the presence of stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Visualization of the plaque, whether hypo or hyperechogenic, calcified, and with or without acoustic shadowing, is essential for the diagnosis of stenosis, as different hemodynamic conditions can progress with high or low velocities regardless of the presence of stenosis.</p>
          <p>Technical considerations for Doppler assessment, such as the correct insonation angle and the location for velocity measurement, are described in the 2015 Guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5. Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis</title>
          <p>This document reviews and updates the criteria published by the 2015 DIC-SBC Guideline. The sequence for carotid stenosis assessment recommended by DIC-SBC is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>DIC-SBC recommended sequence for carotid stenosis assessment</italic></title>
                <p>
                  <italic>PSV: peak systolic velocity.</italic>
                </p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <sec>
            <title>5.5.1. &lt; 50% stenoses</title>
            <p>This document suggests that &lt; 50% stenoses continue to be graded using B-mode imaging, preferably using the transverse plane that provides the best image for measuring lumen reduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.5.2. &gt; 50% stenoses</title>
            <p>PSV stands out among the criteria for the evaluation of stenoses, and, in the presence of plaque, is considered an important and objective parameter. However, combined analysis with other parameters, such as the EDV and velocity ratios, confers reliability and facilitates the diagnosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">5</xref>). Furthermore, the use of several parameters allows narrowing the diagnostic possibilities.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f04001">
                <label>Figure 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Internal carotid artery stenosis of 70% to 79%. A) Common carotid artery flow; B) Internal carotid artery stenosis on color Doppler; C) Internal carotid artery flow in the stenosis; D) Poststenotic turbulent flow in the internal carotid artery.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f05001">
                <label>Figure 5</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Internal carotid artery stenosis of &gt; 90%. A) Common carotid artery flow; B) Internal carotid artery flow.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>This document supports dividing the degree of ICA stenosis into deciles, according to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref>, as recommended by the 2015 Guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t3001">
                <label>Table 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Quantification of carotid stenosis</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="17%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th>% Stenosis (NASCET)</th>
                      <th>PSV cm/s</th>
                      <th>EDV cm/s</th>
                      <th>ICA PSV / CCA PSV</th>
                      <th>ICA PSV / CCA EDV</th>
                      <th>ICA EDV / CCA EDV</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #c2d9ef">&lt; 50%</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">&lt; 140</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&lt; 40</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&lt; 2.0</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">&lt; 8</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">&lt; 2.6</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3effa">50 &#8211; 59%</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">140 &#8211; 230</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">40 &#8211; 69</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">2.0 &#8211; 3.1</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">8 &#8211; 10</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">2.6 &#8211; 5.5</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #c2d9ef">60 &#8211; 69%</td>
                      <td style="background-color: #7cc55b"> </td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">70 &#8211; 100</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">3.2 &#8211; 4.0</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">11 &#8211; 13</td>
                      <td style="background-color: #fd9824"> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3effa">70 &#8211; 79%</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">&gt; 230</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&gt; 100</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&gt; 4.0</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">14 &#8211; 21</td>
                      <td style="background-color: #fd9824"> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #c2d9ef">80 &#8211; 89%</td>
                      <td style="background-color: #7cc55b"> </td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&gt; 140</td>
                      <td style="background-color: #d1e814"> </td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">22 &#8211; 29</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">&gt; 5.5</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3effa">&gt; 90%</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">&gt; 400</td>
                      <td style="background-color: #d1e814"> </td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">&gt; 5.0</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">&gt; 30</td>
                      <td style="background-color: #fd9824"> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #c2d9ef">Near occlusion</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">Variable &#8211; thread-like flow</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">Variable &#8211; thread-like flow</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">Variable &#8211; thread-like flow</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">Variable &#8211; thread-like flow</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">Variable &#8211; thread-like flow</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3effa">Occlusion</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #7cc55b">Undetectable flow</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">Undetectable flow</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #d1e814">Not applicable</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">Not applicable</td>
                      <td align="center" style="background-color: #fd9824">Not applicable</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN2001">
                    <p>
                      <italic>The colors represent, from left to right, the most relevant criteria. CCA: common carotid artery; ICA: internal carotid artery; EDV: end-diastolic velocity; PSV: peak systolic velocity.</italic>
                      <alternatives>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/e7420391d0d9ae02f4cd59742d473a54bc21f20f.tif"/>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/7ada5f518283880bd49f59c09e300d132da668a2.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                      </alternatives>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
            <p>The correlation between velocity parameters by VUS and angiography has already been demonstrated by several authors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t4001">
                <label>Table 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Correlation between velocity parameters by VUS and angiography (r-values)</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="20%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                      <th align="left">PSV</th>
                      <th align="left">EDV</th>
                      <th align="left">ICA PSV/CCA PSV</th>
                      <th align="left">ICA EDV/CCA EDV</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>AbuRahma et al. (2011)</td>
                      <td>0.81</td>
                      <td>0.70</td>
                      <td>0.57</td>
                      <td>0.54</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Petisco et al. (2015)</td>
                      <td>0.81</td>
                      <td>0.78</td>
                      <td>0.81</td>
                      <td>-----</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Braum et al. (2008)</td>
                      <td>0.825</td>
                      <td>0.762</td>
                      <td>0.766</td>
                      <td>0.643</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN3001">
                    <p>
                      <italic>CCA: common carotid artery; EDV: end-diastolic volume; ICA: internal carotid artery; PSV: peak systolic volume.</italic>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
            <p>VUS has good accuracy in identifying &gt; 70% stenoses but the same does not apply for &lt; 50% stenoses, particularly between 50% and 69%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> Recently, Barlinn et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> showed that the German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine (DEGUM) criteria also had a lower sensitivity for the evaluation of stenoses between 50% and 69% than between 70% and 99% (sensitivity of 35% and 81% and specificity of 89% and 69%, respectively).</p>
            <p>The 2003 Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU) consensus and the UK Joint Recommendations recommend a PSV cutoff of &gt; 230 cm/s for the identification of &gt; 70% stenoses, and this value was validated by other authors in their institutions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> AbuRahma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> found good accuracy in the 2003 consensus validation but suggest that, for &#8805; 70% ICA stenoses, a PSV cutoff of &gt; 230 cm/s should be used in symptomatic patients, whereas a combined approach should be used in asymptomatic patients (PSV &gt; 230 cm/s; EDV &gt; 100 cm/s; ICA PSV/CCA PSV &gt; 4), or a PSV &gt; 280 cm/s.</p>
            <p>To diagnose 50%-69% stenoses, the 2003 consensus and the UK Joint Recommendations recommend a PSV between 125 and 230 cm/s; however, some authors found that higher PSV values were better at diagnosing &gt; 50% stenoses. AbuRahma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup>showed better specificity with a PSV &#8805; 137 cm/s than with 125 cm/s (91% x 85%) and opted for a PSV of 140 cm/s, which was already used in their institution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> A similar value was found in the study by Petisco et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> in which a PSV &#8805; 141 cm/s had better specificity than a PSV &#8805; 125 cm/s (90% x 83%), with similar accuracy. Other PSV values have been described in the literature. The DEGUM and the External Quality Assurance in Laboratory Medicine in Sweden (EQUALIS) reported, respectively, that PSV values &gt; 200 cm/s and 230 cm/s could diagnose &#8805; 50% stenoses and PSV values &gt; 300 cm/s and 320 cm/s could diagnose &#8805; 70% stenoses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> Gornick et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> retrospectively assessed US scans of 167 patients (299 carotid arteries) comparing the 2003 criteria proposed by the SRU consensus with angiography. They observed that PSVs &#8805; 180 cm/s had better sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (93.3%, 81.6%, and 85.2%, respectively) to diagnose &#8805; 50% stenoses, as well as the association of a PSV &#8805; 125 cm/sec with an ICA/CCA PSV ratio of &#8805; 2 (sensitivity 94.3%, specificity 84.3%, accuracy 87.4%) Reinforcing the need for internationally standardized US criteria, recent proposals rely on a combined approach for a more accurate stenosis classification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In addition to PSV, EDV can also be useful in the diagnosis of &gt; 70% and 80% stenoses. The 2003 SRU consensus suggests an EDV &gt; 100 cm/s as an additional parameter for identifying obstructions &gt; 70%, and other authors have obtained good specificity using this parameter as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup> For the diagnosis of &gt; 80% stenoses, an EDV &gt; 140 cm/s has been used for years by the University of Washington, and was shown to have specificity greater than 90% in other studies as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> Arous et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> demonstrated that a PSV &#8805; 450 cm/s or an EDV &#8805; 120 cm/s can diagnose &#8805; 80% stenoses with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.66, with no significant difference in AUC between EDVs &#8805; 120 cm/s and &#8805; 140 cm/s (0.657 x 0.653, respectively).</p>
            <p>In addition to absolute velocities, velocity ratios &#8211; ICA PSV/CCA PSV, ICA PSV/CCA EDV, and ICA EDV/CCA EDV &#8211; are also particularly useful, either as an aid in quantifying stenosis or in particular cases where velocities may be altered due to other conditions that may underestimate or overestimate the degree of stenosis. The ICA PSV/CCA PSV ratio is the most used and has been evaluated and recommended by several studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> The ICA PSV/CCA EDV ratio (St Mary&#8217;s index) divides &gt; 50% stenoses into deciles,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup> but has not been much investigated, and there may be overlapping values for different degrees of stenosis. According to some authors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup> the ICA EDV/CCA EDV ratio can identify &gt; 80% ICA stenoses when greater than 5.5, but has a lower correlation with angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Post stenotic flow can assist in the identification of very severe stenoses and stenoses in calcified plaques, with acoustic shadow, when there is turbulent flow after the plaque, significant reduction in velocity (PSV &lt; 30 cm/s), and an increased acceleration time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> It is also important to compare the post stenotic flow with the contralateral flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.5.3. Occlusions and Near Occlusions</title>
            <p>The diagnosis of carotid near-occlusions is based on the narrowing of the vessel lumen on color/power Doppler, with thread-like flow (string sign or trickle flow); however, it may be associated with high, low, or undetectable velocities, which occasionally hinders the diagnosis. In near occlusions with high PSV in the stenosis, the velocity distal to the stenosis is significantly reduced.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The 2003 SRU consensus recommends differentiating between near occlusion and occlusion based on the examiner&#8217;s opinion rather than Doppler velocity parameters. The UK Joint Recommendations and the American Heart Association (AHA) recommend using an additional diagnostic method to differentiate near occlusions from occlusions, such as CTA, MRA, or conventional angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Total carotid occlusions are characterized by the absence of patent lumen in gray-scale US and undetectable flow on color, power, and spectral Doppler and with the use of microbubble contrast agents, in addition to the presence of high-resistance flow in the CCA and staccato flow (very reduced and highly resistant flow in the occlusion or before the occlusion) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup></p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f06001">
                <label>Figure 6</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Total occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). A) Undetectable flow in the ICA on color Doppler; B) Absence of contrast enhancement in the ICA lumen.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>In the presence of ICA occlusion, compensatory mechanisms, such as the development of collateral circulation, arise with the aim of preventing cerebral ischemia, but the most important way of collateralization route is through the circle of Willis.</p>
            <p>Another source of collateral flow is created from anterograde flow in the distal branches of the ipsilateral ECA that connect to the ophthalmic branch of the ICA, allowing the detection of retrograde blood flow in the ophthalmic artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, this condition is not present in all cases of ICA occlusion because there are different patterns of retrobulbar circulation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and it is known that hemodynamically significant stenoses (greater than 70% and near occlusions) of the ICA can progress with retrograde flow in the ophthalmic artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In cases of CCA occlusion, the ICA may be patent, with anterograde flow from the ECA and its branches.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.6. Stenosis of the Common Carotid Artery and External Carotid Artery</title>
        <p>The incidence of isolated CCA stenosis is low, and little is known about the clinical course of these lesions. Patients with isolated CCA stenosis are suspected to experience more hemispheric symptoms, aphasia, and amaurosis fugax.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is no evidence to support that recommendations for grading ICA stenosis should be applied to the classification of lesions in the CCA or ECA.</p>
        <p>This working group recommends that CCA stenoses should be quantified not only using velocity measurements, but also pre and post stenotic velocity ratios &gt; 2 for those greater than 50%, as well as the measurement of lumen narrowing on color/power Doppler and B-mode imaging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref>). It should be noted that assessment of ostial stenoses of the CCA, especially on the left, may be limited.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07001">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Common carotid artery stenosis. A) B-mode imaging; B) Color Doppler; C) Power Doppler; D) High PSV in the CCA stenosis; E) Pre stenotic PSV; F) Transverse plane showing significant narrowing of the residual lumen. PSV: peak systolic velocity.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The main criteria described in the literature for quantifying ECA stenoses are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Main criteria described in the literature for quantifying external carotid artery stenosis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left">External carotid artery stenoses</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Author</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ECA PSV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ECA PSV/CCA PSV ratio</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acer et al. (1996)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 50% &#8674; &lt; 150 cm/s &gt; 60% &#8674; &gt; 250 cm/s</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Paivansalo et al. (1996)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>&#8805; 50% &#8674; &#8805; 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kronick et al. (2019)</td>
                  <td>&gt; 50% &#8674; &#8805; 200 cm/s with aliasing</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Shmelev et al. (2019)</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805; 50%, without &#8805; 50% ICA stenosis &#8674; &gt; 148 cm/s</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8805; 50%, with &#8805; 50% ICA stenosis &#8674; &gt; 179 cm/s</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&gt; 50%, without ICA stenosis &#8674; &#8805; 1.45</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&gt; 50%, with ICA stenosis &#8674; &#8805; 1.89</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CCA: common carotid artery; ECA: external carotid artery; ICA: internal carotid artery; PSV: peak systolic velocity.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.7. Conditions that Affect Velocity Measurements</title>
        <p>Some conditions, whether due to arterial stenosis or local non-vascular reasons, affect spectral analysis measurements. They may be located distally or proximally to the carotid bifurcation or in the contralateral carotid artery &#8211; among the first, we underline aortic valve diseases (stenosis or insufficiency), atherosclerotic stenosis, and arteritis involving the aortic arch, branches, and CCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup> In addition to valve diseases, other conditions, such as significant left ventricular systolic dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, tachycardia, and bradycardia, can alter the waveform in the arterial system, including the carotid arteries, without the presence of stenosis in these vessels.</p>
        <p>It should be noted that cardiac alterations generate systemic effects, that is, changes in waveforms in the carotid artery present bilaterally, just as they affect the other arterial beds.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Conditions affecting velocity measurements are detailed in the 2015 DIC Guideline preceding this update.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Ultrasound Evaluation after Endarterectomy and Stent Implantation</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. Introduction</title>
          <p>Endovascular and conventional carotid interventions are frequently performed, especially for the treatment of atherosclerotic lesions. Follow-up is essential to identify any changes that may interfere with patency after treatment as early as possible and ensure better postoperative results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup> Compared with angiography, VUS is known to be inexpensive and to have good accuracy, but there is no consensus on the periodicity of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2. Test Protocol</title>
          <p>Follow-up VUS is similar to the diagnostic examination. It is essential to evaluate and describe all findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3. Ultrasound Evaluation after Carotid Endarterectomy</title>
          <p>Surgical treatment of carotid stenosis is performed by means of an incision in the anterior wall, removal of the atherosclerotic plaque, and artery repair with or without placement of a patch.</p>
          <p>Two of the main concerns after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the rate of restenosis and the risk of subsequent stroke<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup>, which are fortunately infrequent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Restenosis developed between 6 and 12 months after CEA are usually due to neointimal hyperplasia. Lesions developing after 24 to 36 months tend to represent recurrence of the atherosclerotic process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup></p>
          <p>AbuRahma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup> found no significant value for repeating routine VUS after CEA with a patch closure. Bandyk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup> and Zierler et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup> on the other hand, believe the benefits of surveillance outweigh the risks and recommend VUS surveillance with a grade of recommendation of 1B.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4. Vascular Ultrasound Findings after Endarterectomy</title>
          <p>The arteriotomy closure sutures may be seen as bright, evenly spaced echoes along the wall of the CCA and ICA in B-mode imaging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7A</xref>). If a patch was used, it can create a dilation at the CEA site of varying dimensions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figures 7B and 7C</xref>). While a vein patch may be indistinguishable in appearance from the wall of the native artery, the dilation and the sutures can help identify its presence. A Dacron patch will appear as a thick, brightly echogenic surface, and a polytetrafluoroethylene patch will typically appear as a bright, double line that represents the thickness of the material and the effects of US penetration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The diameters of the native vessel, the anastomosis sites, and the enlarged region, if any, should be measured so that they can be followed and compared later.</p>
          <p>The main US features and complications after carotid interventions were described and illustrated in the 2015 DIC Guideline. In this update, only 1 change was made in the restenosis criteria. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t21001">Chart 5</xref> presents a summary of the criteria to reaffirm the definitions and include the update.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t21001">
              <label>Chart 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Ultrasound features and major complications after endarterectomy. CCA: common carotid artery; ECA: external carotid artery; ICA: internal carotid artery; VUS: vascular ultrasound; EDV: end diastolic velocity; PSV: peak systolic velocity.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Follow-up after endarterectomy</th>
                    <th align="left">VUS feature</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>Disparate calibers:</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>Occurs immediately after the procedure</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Large difference in caliber between the carotid bulb and the distal segment of the internal carotid artery after endarterectomy (common with carotid patch placement)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>&#8220;Step&#8221;:</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>Occurs early</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Identification of a &#8220;step&#8221; in the arterial wall at the site of surgical intervention</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Postendarterectomy complications</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>Aneurysmal dilatation</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>Typically occurs late</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Marked dilation at the site of endarterectomy; may present with associated thrombus</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>Occlusive/non-occlusive thrombosis:</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>Occurs early</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Presence of hypoechoic image adhered to the surgical site, with or without a mobile component</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>Restenosis:</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>Occurring:</p>
                              </list-item>
                              <list-item>
                                <p>between 3 and 24 months after the procedure &#8211; mechanism: neointimal hyperplasia;</p>
                              </list-item>
                              <list-item>
                                <p>24 months &#8211; mechanism: atherosclerosis</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>Update:</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>Lumen narrowing on B-mode imaging (transverse and longitudinal planes), with local turbulent flow</p>
                              </list-item>
                              <list-item>
                                <p>&lt; 70% stenoses PSV &gt; 300 cm/s; EDV &#8805; 125 cm/s, and PSV ICA/CCA ratio &gt; 5</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Poststenting complications</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>Stent malposition</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>Occurs immediately after the procedure</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Stent not positioned on the site of greater stenosis, with maintenance of turbulent flow</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>Inadequate expansion</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>Occurs between 0 and 24 months</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Measurements of diameters at the stent margins and/or body with &gt; 30% residual stenosis</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>Restenosis:</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>Occurring:</p>
                              </list-item>
                              <list-item>
                                <p>between 3 and 24 months after the procedure &#8211; mechanism: neointimal hyperplasia;</p>
                              </list-item>
                              <list-item>
                                <p>24 months &#8211; mechanism: atherosclerosis</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>&gt; 50%:</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>PSV &#8805; 220 cm/s and ICA/CCA PSV ratio &#8805; 2.7</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>&gt; 80%:</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>PSV &#8805; 340 cm/s and ICA/CCA PSV ratio &#8805; 4.15</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>
                            <bold>Types:</bold>
                            <list list-type="simple">
                              <list-item>
                                <p>I: focal hyperplasia on the stent margins (&lt; 10 mm)</p>
                              </list-item>
                              <list-item>
                                <p>II: focal hyperplasia intrastent (&lt; 10 mm)</p>
                              </list-item>
                              <list-item>
                                <p>III: diffuse hyperplasia (&gt; 10 mm)</p>
                              </list-item>
                              <list-item>
                                <p>IV: proliferative diffuse hyperplasia (&gt; 10 mm) extending beyond the stent margins</p>
                              </list-item>
                              <list-item>
                                <p>V: stent occlusion</p>
                              </list-item>
                            </list>
                          </p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Stent fracture/torsion</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>VUS is not the method of choice</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Should be suspected when there is significant calcification and/or restenosis with abnormal radiography</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Effect of stent on CEA</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>May lead to stenosis at the origin of the CEA, with turbulent flow (the flow passes through the stent mesh)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Although most studies consider &gt; 70% stenosis after CEA as a criterion for restenosis severity, this cutoff point varies in the literature. Thus, further studies are needed to standardize the criteria for US velocities in restenosis after CEA. However, velocity differences found in CEA with or without the use of a patch and the possibility of disparate calibers after CEA should be considered.</p>
          <p>We recommend the recent criteria by Bandyk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup> for grading &gt; 70% stenoses after CEA (PSV &gt; 300 cm/s, EDV &gt; 125 cm/s, and an ICA/CCA PSV ratio &gt; 5). For VUS surveillance, according to the same authors, we recommend intervals of 1, 3, and 12 months after the procedure.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Morphological Assessment of Carotid Plaques</title>
        <p>The morphology of the atherosclerotic plaque has been increasingly studied in the evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis. Conventionally, the degree of carotid stenosis has always had the most prominent role in carotid and vertebral imaging studies, as it is the most used parameter in the decision-making process for CEA and carotid stenting. However, for over 2 decades, morphological and histopathological aspects linked to atherosclerotic plaque instability have been studied, that is, plaques with the same degree of stenosis do not necessarily have the same ischemic potential for thromboembolic events. Identifying which plaque would be more unstable or vulnerable may play a key role in therapeutic decision.</p>
        <p>The presence of a CP with a lipid-rich necrotic core, carotid intraplaque hemorrhage, and ulceration in patients with recurrent strokes and non-significant stenoses may require surgical intervention or intensive medical therapy according to the best medical practices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup> The definition of atherosclerotic plaque is described in the second part of this document (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>) and remains unchanged from the one in the 2015 Guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1. Investigation of Plaque Morphology</title>
          <p>The characterization of plaque morphology plays an important role in the occurrence of strokes and may be an important predictor of ischemic events. The investigation of characteristics associated with an increased risk of ischemic events demonstrates an effort to identify plaque-related parameters that, together with the degree of stenosis, can more accurately predict the presence of vulnerable plaques and the associated risk of these events. However, the US has some characteristics that limit its role in this investigation. Other methods have not yet been routinely incorporated in this assessment, as there is no fully established evidence that it improves risk stratification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>7.1.1. Plaque Morphology</title>
            <p>Plaque morphology should be described in the VUS report, as recommended in the 2015 DIC Guideline, using the parameters on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t21001">Chart 5</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The characterization of the atherosclerotic plaque may help predict the progression of the degree of stenosis and clinical events. Hypoechogenic, heterogeneous, and irregular plaques are risk markers for events such as stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA).</p>
            <p>In this document, we updated the value of some characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), assessment of plaque volume, and data from CTA and MRA.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.1.2. Characteristics of Atherosclerotic Plaques and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease</title>
            <p>Herr et al. used a method similar to grayscale median analysis to assess the severity of CVD and risk of cardiovascular events in patients who had recently undergone coronary angiography. Increased echogenicity of CP (fibrous and/or calcium-like tissue) was correlated with increased coronary artery disease, and a combination of plaque height, percent calcium, and/or percent fat increased the risk of cardiovascular events. The study highlights the possibility of using CP composition on US for risk stratification (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t22001">Chart 6</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref></sup></p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t22001">
                <label>Chart 6</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Summary of atherosclerotic plaque characterization and cardiovascular risk. CTA = computed tomography angiography; MRA = magnetic resonance angiography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; US = ultrasound. *This parameter does not have good accuracy in perioperative testing and is reduced in the presence of calcium and stenotic plaques.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="33%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Plaque characteristic</th>
                      <th align="left">Definition</th>
                      <th align="left">Clinical risk/reference</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Echogenicity</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <list list-type="simple">
                          <list-item>
                            <p><italic>Type I:</italic> uniformly echolucent</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p><italic>Type II:</italic> predominantly echolucent</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p><italic>Type III:</italic> predominantly echogenic</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p><italic>Type IV:</italic> uniformly echogenic</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p><italic>Type V:</italic> calcified</p>
                          </list-item>
                        </list>
                      </td>
                      <td>Types I and III plaques are associated with a higher risk of stroke, whereas types IV and V are the most stable.<sup>1</sup></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Location</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>Describe in which segment of the carotid system the plaque is located: common carotid, bifurcation, proximal and middle external and internal branches.</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Surface*</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <list list-type="simple">
                          <list-item>
                            <p><italic>1. Regular:</italic> &lt; 0.4 mm in depth</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p><italic>2. Irregular:</italic> 0.4 to 2.0 mm in depth</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>
                              <italic>Ulceration:</italic>
                              <list list-type="simple">
                                <list-item>
                                  <p>De Bray &#8211; concavity and length &gt; 2.0 mm, with a well-defined back wall and reverse flow within the concavity on color Doppler</p>
                                </list-item>
                                <list-item>
                                  <p>Muraki &#8211; clear concavity and base echogenicity less intense than on the adjacent wall</p>
                                </list-item>
                              </list>
                            </p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p><italic>3. With or without a mobile component:</italic> describe size if mobile component is present.</p>
                          </list-item>
                        </list>
                      </td>
                      <td>Irregular and ulcerated plaques are associated with an increased risk of events.<sup>1</sup></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Intraplaque hemorrhage</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>Anechoic area close to the plaque surface with an intact fibrotic cap.</td>
                      <td>Vulnerability marker due to its significant association with cerebrovascular events; occurs in plaques with and without hemodynamic compromise and appears to be caused by disruption of intraplaque neovascularization or of the atherosclerotic plaque itself.<sup>1,103-105</sup></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Plaque volume</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>CPV is the equivalent of atherosclerotic burden measured within a defined length of artery by 3D imaging and allows monitoring of lesion progression and treatment.</td>
                      <td>Total CPV, measured from 1.5 cm distal to the CCA to 1 cm distal to the bifurcation, is a predictor of future cardiovascular events.<sup>26,98,99</sup></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>CTA and MRA evaluation</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <list list-type="simple">
                          <list-item>
                            <p>The advantage of CTA and MRA is that they have submillimeter spatial resolution, but they are not used for cardiovascular risk assessment.</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>&#8211; Vessel wall imaging: novel technical resource for the diagnosis of intramural hematomas and arterial dissection by MRI.</p>
                          </list-item>
                        </list>
                      </td>
                      <td>Very useful for the diagnosis of acute and subacute cervical vessel dissection and intramural hematoma, for which the US is not as accurate &#8211; gold standard.<sup>101,102</sup></td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.1.3. Plaque Volume</title>
            <p>In recent years, advances in US technology have occurred at large scale. The creation of three-dimensional (3D) vascular probes and software for 3D reconstruction allowed the conduction of studies and elaboration of systematic recommendations for standardization of the quantification of carotid arterial plaque for the purposes of CVD risk stratification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> This practical and reproducible technique allows quantifying the volume and characterizing the anatomy and function of the arterial wall, including the plaque, with improved spatial resolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> The main advantage of 3D quantification is the ability to measure a specific lesion in all planes, a technique that allows monitoring the progression of the lesion and its treatment.</p>
            <p>CP volume (CPV) is the equivalent of atherosclerotic burden measured within a defined length of artery. This measurement is important because it can assist in the diagnosis of plaques in angiographically normal arteries and in carotid arteries with &lt; 50% stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup></p>
            <p>CPV may be measured using 2 different approaches, depending on the equipment available:</p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Single-region protocol, in which a specific segment or only one plaque is reconstructed;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Full-vessel protocol, in which a dataset acquired along the length of the vessel is reconstructed.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Total CPV, measured from 1.5 cm distal to the CCA to 1 cm distal to the bifurcation, is a predictor of future CVD events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup> US evaluation of IMT and plaque volume has been used in risk stratification and for the evaluation of antiatherosclerotic therapies. According to Wannarong et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup> the measurement and progression of CPV are superior to IMT in both situations.</p>
            <p>In the study by Ball et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> CPV was higher in patients with symptoms of cerebral ischemia during the first weeks of symptoms, when the risk of stroke is also higher. However, there was no significant relationship between CPV and carotid stenosis. Noflatscher et al. demonstrated a strong correlation between total CPV and cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, age, presence of cerebrovascular and/or coronary disease), as well as the number of affected vascular beds.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup> However, current data for plaque volume classification are limited, and further studies are needed to establish predictive cutoff values for CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.2. Atherosclerotic Plaque Characterization by Computed Tomography Angiography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography</title>
        <p>Among the various indications for CTA and MRA is the characterization of plaques and the arterial wall, as they have submillimeter spatial resolution, with accuracy in detecting these processes similar to the most modern equipment and techniques available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup> The decision on whether to indicate one method or the other should be individualized, according to the clinical particularities of each patient. However, these tests are not used to assess cardiovascular risk, but rather for patients who are asymptomatic or who were initially screened by another method, such as USV, and to assess the severity of the stenosis and the extent of the disease. These imaging methods are very useful for the diagnosis of cervical artery dissection and intramural hematoma, for which the US is not as accurate.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>7.2.1. Cervical Artery Dissection</title>
          <p>CTA and MRA are noninvasive and highly accurate methods that can assist in the diagnosis of cervical artery dissection (grade of recommendation: I; level of evidence: C) and have supplanted digital angiography (gold standard) as the method of choice for suspected arterial dissection.</p>
          <p>In the most modern equipment available, CTA and MRA techniques showed similar accuracy in detecting arterial dissections. However, MRI has greater sensitivity for demonstrating mural hematomas and greater capacity for differentiating between acute and subacute dissections (characterized by a predominance of deoxy or methemoglobin in the mural hematoma). Vessel wall imaging, an additional and more recent technical resource, contributes to the superior detection capacity.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Ultrasound Enhancing Agents in the Characterization of Atherosclerotic Plaques</title>
        <p>One of the greatest advances in US technology after the introduction of B-mode imaging and Doppler US are the USEAs, which significantly increased the value and use of US in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref></sup> The term USEA/echo enhancer is preferred over the term contrast agent to differentiate it from gadolinium and iodinated contrasts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The great technical innovation was the introduction of contrast-specific imaging modes on US scanners with the use of pulse inversion harmonics, allowing direct visualization of signals emitted by contrast agent microbubbles independently of their velocity. Specific characteristics of microbubble signals, which are fundamentally different from those of static tissue, allow the creation of microbubble-specific images that can display blood volume and parenchymal perfusion with extremely high sensitivity and spatial resolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref></sup> The use of USEAs has opened new horizons in the study of several arterial diseases by providing new sets of data that can be fundamental in patient management. Essential information for the use of USEAs is described below.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1. Characteristics and Properties of Ultrasound Enhancing Agents</title>
          <p>Unlike MRI and CT contrast agents, which use physical and chemical properties of cells to generate their effect, USEAs use the physical properties of the US itself, that is, the greater the difference in density between the two media, the greater the reflection of emitted energy and the larger the amplitude of US signal. Unquestionably, the gaseous medium provides the greatest difference, corresponding to a signal increase of approximately 30 decibels.</p>
          <p>USEAs consist of gas-filled microbubbles encapsulated within a phospholipid shell that is flexible and stable. SonoVue&#174; (Bracco Imaging S.p.A.) is the only USEA currently approved for use in Brazil by the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) and the National Regulatory Agency for Private Health Insurance and Plans (ANS). SonoVue&#174; consists of encapsulated microspheres of sulfur hexafluoride gas. The microbubbles have a mean diameter of 2.3 &#181;m, which prevents them from crossing blood vessel walls and reaching the interstitial space. As a lipophilic gas, it has low blood solubility and does not spread outside the capsule. This protein shell composed of a single layer of phospholipids acts as a surfactant, providing stability and flexibility while it travels along the macro and microcirculation. Therefore, SonoVue&#174; is considered a real blood-pool contrast agent and a marker of blood circulation&#8212;this property distinguishes it from MRI and CT contrast agents, which can cross into the extracellular space. After the microbubble ruptures, the gas is almost entirely exhaled via the lungs, without undergoing liver metabolism or renal excretion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup>Thus, there is no contraindication to its use in patients with renal failure, which is extremely advantageous for patients with diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and other diseases that progress with chronic renal failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2. Technical Aspects that Affect the Acquisition of Contrast-enhanced Images</title>
          <p>Currently, most US device manufacturers have a dedicated software for imaging studies with contrast, which may be included in the original device configuration or purchased separately. However, even machines without a dedicated USEA mode have some parameters that can be configured by the operator. Some concepts and adjustments of the US machine that the operator should know in order to obtain the best imaging results are described below.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.3. Mechanical Index</title>
          <p>The signals obtained from microbubbles are dependent on the transmitted US power, that is, the amplitude of the acoustic wave (which is shown on the machine screen as the mechanical index [MI]). In non-USEA examinations, the MI ranges from 1.6 to 1.9; however, with this acoustic power, the microbubbles oscillate violently and rupture, leading to two undesired effects: a sudden increase in signal intensity with an excessive blurring of the image, and a significant reduction in contrast concentration, consequently reducing the examination time. This imaging mode, called &#8220;imaging by acoustic stimulation&#8221;, does not require machines with a dedicated contrast agent mode but, on the other hand, does not take full advantage of the contrast agent&#8217;s potential and is limited to the function of echo enhancer.</p>
          <p>By reducing the MI to &#8804; 0.2, the microbubbles remain intact and begin to oscillate in an asymmetric manner (initial compression followed by expansion) until they become resonant and emit different frequencies (known as harmonic frequencies) from the fundamental frequency of the transducer. Equipment suitable for this technology can filter signals transmitted specifically by microbubbles, allowing for a longer examination with a more enhanced microbubble signal compared with surrounding tissue, which is practically null (dark background). This imaging mode, also known as low-MI imaging, allows continuous assessment of time of contrast arrival in the region of interest (wash in), enhancement duration, and microbubble concentration in the target lesion, which is very important in cases such as imaging of the vasa vasorum, CPs, distribution of renal capillaries (perfusion), and masses in general.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref></sup></p>
          <p>One major limitation of low-MI imaging is reduced depth of penetration, as the US wave becomes more attenuated while traveling through the tissue. Some solutions include selecting different acoustic windows that bring the target lesion closer to the nearfield, using wide-band transducers with lower frequencies (often necessary in carotid artery imaging), and, if penetration is still insufficient, increasing the MI, which has the disadvantage of increasing microbubble destruction in the nearfield.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4. Imaging Gain</title>
          <p>A noteworthy machine setting in imaging studies with contrast is imaging gain, which amplifies the signal received during postprocessing. High gain settings produce a bright image with enhanced background noise, which may obscure contrast signal (once the machine&#8217;s saturation level has been reached, contrast agent signal intensity can no longer be increased). During the examination, gain settings should therefore be reduced until the image becomes virtually black, except for highly echogenic structures. Some manufacturers provide automatic gain adjustment settings that can easily be turned on and off during the examination. When manually adjusting the gain settings, there should be the least amount of acoustic signal before injection of the contrast agent, and it is important to understand whether the signal is caused by an increase in MI (tissue structures become visible on the image) or gain (widespread noise increase over the whole image).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup> In general, US machines allow simultaneous assessment with B-mode and contrast agents, on parallel screens (side by side).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.5. Contrast Agent Dose</title>
          <p>The USEA dose to be injected should always be previously assessed by the examiner. High doses initially blur the signal (saturation) and attenuate (acoustic shadowing) structures in the distal field until contrast concentrations drop to an adequate level. In addition, small differences in enhancement will no longer be distinguishable, as the upper limit of the machine&#8217;s dynamic range (grayscale) has been exceeded.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup> One way of distinguishing different enhancing levels in a structure is to adjust the USEA dose to allow adequate opacification, with no blurring or attenuation, and increase the dynamic range of the machine. On the other hand, low doses will not reach the desired opacification level.</p>
          <p>Indications for the use of contrast agents in VUS, and specifically for carotid arteries, are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t23001">Chart 7</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t23001">
              <label>Chart 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Indications for the use of contrast agents in vascular ultrasound for carotid and vertebral arteries.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Application</th>
                    <th>Grade of recommendation</th>
                    <th>Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Occlusion x near-occlusion</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Plaque neovascularization</td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Dissection</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Inflammation</td>
                    <td align="center">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.6. Diagnosis of Occlusion and Near-occlusion</title>
          <p>In suspected carotid artery disease, the use of microbubbles improves the sensitivity of Doppler US and can distinguish occlusion from tight near-occlusive stenosis, comparable to contrast-enhanced CTA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref></sup> Contrast-enhanced US improves endovascular visualization, characterizing the geometry of prestenotic, intra-stenotic and poststenotic segments without artifacts or angle dependence<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 8</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08001">
              <label>Figure 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Echo enhancer in calcified plaques demonstrating &gt; 70% stenosis (near occlusion) at the beginning of the left internal carotid artery (green circle). A. When using microbubbles, the contrast medium passes through the plaque, and contrast is observed beyond the stenosis (green circle) between 27 and 34 seconds after intravenous injection of SonoVue&#174;. In B-mode imaging, check difficulty at the site of stenosis according to the acoustic shadow (green circle).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.7. Evaluation of Plaque Vulnerability and Neovascularization</title>
          <p>The indication of USEAs for the evaluation of CPs is based on the premise that vulnerable plaques have a thin fibrous cap covering a large lipid necrotic core in an active inflammatory process. Intraplaque neovascularization is the key to detecting vulnerable plaques, as the neo vessels serve as a port of entry for inflammatory cells, lipids, and red blood cells, increasing gap junctions and contributing to plaque growth. In addition, the neo vessels are at increased risk of rupture, causing intraplaque hemorrhage and rapid plaque growth.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref></sup></p>
          <p>USEAs allow for a better assessment of the vessel wall and plaque surface. Because they can detect individual microbubbles passing though the capillary system, this technique allows direct visualization of intraplaque neovascularization, as microbubbles are strictly intravascular markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref></sup> Therefore, in carotid atherosclerosis, USEAs are not only capable of differentiating between occlusion and critical stenosis, but also of performing qualitative plaque assessment. The most important plaque features that the USEAs can identify are ulceration, neovascularization, and the presence of inflammatory infiltrates, all of which contribute to plaque vulnerability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.8. Dissection</title>
          <p>MRI is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of vascular dissections. However, USEAs can improve the accuracy of US Doppler<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref></sup> and are an important alternative for patients with contraindication to gadolinium contrast.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.9. Inflammation</title>
          <p>USEAs can also be used to assess large-vessel vasculitis, particularly within the vascular walls. They provide visualization of the lumen border and allow dynamic assessment of carotid wall vascularization, which is a marker of disease activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>8.10 Follow-up after Stenting</title>
            <p>Follow-up after stenting can be performed using microbubbles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup> USEAs improve intraluminal stent evaluation because they have fewer artifacts compared with spectral Doppler. Therefore, imaging studies using USEAs allow depiction of the length and morphology of the stenosis.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.11 Contrast Preparation</title>
        <p>SonoVue&#174; is a kit including 1 vial containing 25 mg of lyophilized powder in a sulfur hexafluoride atmosphere, 1 prefilled syringe containing 5 mL of sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution, and 1 transfer system. The USEA is easy to prepare at the bedside, following the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. After emptying the contents of the syringe into the vial, shake the vial for 20 seconds to form microbubbles and obtain a white milky homogeneous liquid, which indicates that the microbubbles are homogeneously distributed. In this state, the suspension can be stored for up to 6 hours. If microbubbles accumulate on the surface during rest, shake the vial again until microbubble distribution becomes heterogenous again. The usual route of administration is by a bolus intravenous injection using a needle catheter of at least 20G, preferably in the antecubital fossa. A small volume should be administered initially, followed by a flush of 10mL of 0.9% saline to push the contrast agent into the central vein (which happens in seconds).</p>
        <p>In VUS studies, the most recommended dose for a single injection is 2.4 mL, ranging from 1 to 4.8 mL according to the target organ, the probe used, and the sensitivity of the machine available. It should be noted that probes with higher frequencies need higher doses, in this case, 4.8 mL. The first 10 to 40 seconds after bolus injection correspond to the time-intensity curve contrast enhancement (wash in and wash out) and should be continuously recorded for later review. In some cases, such as in the investigation of late endoleaks after aortic stenting, the examination may reach up to 5 minutes, and shorter video clips may be recorded. The examiner should bear in mind that the higher the MI, the greater the degree of bubble disruption and the shorter the duration of contrast. After the bubbles disrupt, sulfur hexafluoride is quickly excreted by the lungs (approximately 2 minutes).</p>
        <p>SonoVue&#174; is a safe contrast agent with a low rate of complications. Anaphylactic reactions have been reported in approximately &lt; 0.0014% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.12. Basic Protocol for Vascular Ultrasound with Microbubble Contrast Agents1,16</title>
        <p>After determining the indication for the use of a microbuble contrast agent in VUS, the mandatory protocol described below must be followed.</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Repeat and record standard VUS examination of the target organ.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Secure venous access for injection of contrast solution with microbubbles (preferably peripheral vein puncture).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Prepare the solution with the microbubble contrast agent (SonoVue&#174;) following the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Activate the dedicated USEA mode in the machine; if there is no specific software, adjust the MI (&lt; 0.6 and as close as possible to 0.1), image gain (darken the background), and choose the appropriate windows to reduce the depth of the target organ under study.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8211; Administer the contrast solution, make adjustments to reduce excessive enhancement, and record digital images (video clips) for 10 to 40 seconds after the initial bolus injection; in longer examinations (5 to 8 minutes), record only the necessary parts for later analysis.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Examination with microbubble contrast agents is fundamentally dynamic, and the duration of the examination is short because the microbubbles are rapidly ruptured by US waves, even when using a very low MI setting. Thus, recording video clips of the examination is essential for later processing and careful review of images, ensuring the correct diagnosis and permanent storage of test results.</p>
        <p>The main limitations of USEAs in VUS are the examiner&#8217;s inexperience, the lack of specific software, difficult access to USEAs in the public health system, and the complete absence of an ultrasound &#8220;window&#8221;. Clinical contraindications include MI, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe cardiac arrhythmias, and hypersensitivity to USEAs (rare).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9. Evaluation of Atheromatous Disease in Vertebral Arteries</title>
        <sec>
          <title>9.1. Introduction</title>
          <p>The investigation of atherosclerotic involvement of the extracranial vertebral artery using VUS is interwoven with the imaging of the carotid arteries. This is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of severe carotid lesions, as well as for a careful assessment of the risks of the surgical approach. Approximately 25% of ischemic strokes involve the posterior circulation, and atherosclerotic disease corresponds to 20% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref></sup> Atherosclerotic plaques are predominantly located at the origin of the vertebral arteries, and in most cases they are extensions from the subclavian arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup> The presence of vertebrobasilar stenosis in the setting of stroke or TIA involving the posterior circulation increases the risk of recurrence by approximately 33% in the first month after the initial event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A detailed description of the anatomy of the vertebrobasilar system arteries can be found in the 2015 DIC Guideline that precedes this update.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.2. Ultrasound evaluation of vertebral arteries</title>
          <p>With the technical resources currently available, it is possible to image the entire vertebral artery, including the intracranial segment and the proximal basilar artery. We recommend including the origin of the vessel (most common site of stenosis) and the other extracranial segments in routine evaluation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.3. Methodology of Routine Examination</title>
          <p>Patient positioning is the same as for imaging of the carotid arteries. Depth of field may vary according to neck anatomy. The color scale should be reduced, and the sensitivity of color flow detection should be increase.</p>
          <p>The complete methodology is described in the 2015 DIC Guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.4. Normal Parameters</title>
          <p>The anatomical and hemodynamic parameters of vertebral artery hypoplasia are described in the 2015 Gideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 5</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Anatomical and hemodynamic parameters for the definition of vertebral artery hypoplasia</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Anatomical and hemodynamic criteria for vertebral hypoplasia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diameter &#8804; 2mm in segment V2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Decreased diastolic flow</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Resistance index &gt; 0.75</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Increased caliber of the contralateral vertebral artery (&gt; 4 mm) at normal velocities</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.5. Stenosis Quantification</title>
          <sec>
            <title>9.5.1. Proximal Stenosis (V0-V1)</title>
            <p>The diagnosis of proximal stenoses is based on the identification of turbulence on color Doppler and an increase in flow velocities at the lesion site (which is not always visualized). In tortuous vertebral arteries, there may be a physiological increase in velocities. A dampened waveform pattern corroborates the presence of significant proximal stenosis. If the 2D image is high quality, it is possible to detect a narrowing of the vessel lumen and measure, using power angiography, the residual lumen according to the distal anatomical criterion.</p>
            <p>We recommend using the cutoff values in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 6</xref>, adapted from the study by Hua et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> to define the degrees of proximal stenosis on the vertebral artery. PSV at the origin of the vertebral artery is the most specific parameter for quantification of proximal vertebral stenosis when compared with other spectral criteria, such as the peak velocity index and EDV.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t7001">
                <label>Table 6</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Velocity cutoff values for the evaluation of proximal stenosis in the vertebral artery (adapted from Hua et al.<bold>122</bold>)</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="25%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Stenosis</th>
                      <th align="left">&lt; 50%</th>
                      <th align="left">50-69%</th>
                      <th align="left">70-99%</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Vmax</td>
                      <td>&#8805; 85 cm/s</td>
                      <td>&#8805; 140 cm/s</td>
                      <td>&#8805; 210 cm/s</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>PVI*</td>
                      <td>&#8805; 1.3</td>
                      <td>&#8805; 2.1</td>
                      <td>&#8805; 4</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>EDV</td>
                      <td>&#8805; 27 cm/s</td>
                      <td>&#8805; 35 cm/s</td>
                      <td>&#8805; 55 cm/s</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN5001">
                    <p>
                      <italic>*PV: peak velocity index in the stenosis and V2 segment.</italic>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>9.5.2. Vertebral Stenosis in the Remaining Segments (V2-V4)</title>
            <p>The diagnosis of stenosis in the remaining segments is based on a combined analysis of turbulence on color Doppler, local increase in flow velocities, increase in velocity indices, and damping in distal flow, as there are no quantification tables for stenoses in the V2-V4 segments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref></sup></p>
            <p>For segments that cannot be visualized on conventional examination, such as the intracranial segment (V4), findings are indirect and correlate with the degree of stenosis and the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Spectral curves of stenoses before the origin of the PICA show reduced velocities and an elevated resistance pattern on segments V1-V2, whereas stenoses after the origin of the PICA do not cause flow alterations, as there is deviation to the cerebellum. In these cases, transcranial Doppler (TCD) imaging is essential to confirm the diagnosis.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>9.5.3. Vertebral Artery Occlusion</title>
            <p>Findings vary according to the level of occlusion. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t24001">Chart 8</xref> shows possible spectral curves according to the level of occlusion. It is not uncommon for a vertebral artery occluded at its origin can return to its distal segment through well-defined anastomotic circuits. This possibility should be investigated through imaging of the distal extracranial segments.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t24001">
                <label>Chart 8</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Spectral curves according to the degree of occlusion of the vertebral artery. PICA: posterior inferior cerebellar artery.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="100%">
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                        <alternatives>
                          <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/c8c014aa33b45f705293af5fc72c0ee8450dbc6e.tif"/>
                          <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/e8c97961f7ce24eb86524dcec933a943f7c3b642.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                        </alternatives>
                      </th>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.6. Subclavian Steal Syndrome</title>
        <p>A subclavian steal effect can arise from hemodynamically significant stenosis or occlusion of the brachiocephalic trunk or proximal segment of the subclavian artery (right or left): if the caliber of the ipsilateral vertebral artery is normal and there is no associated significant atheromatous disease, blood supply of the affected subclavian artery is maintained through a steal effect from the contralateral side.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref></sup> In this case, the subclavian steal may be detected through the evaluation of spectral waveform morphology and flow direction in the vertebral artery on the same side as the abnormal subclavian artery, at rest or after induction of reactive hyperemia (compression of the ipsilateral arm with a blood pressure cuff). Unlike distal vertebral stenoses, in which the first component to be affected is the diastolic one, the earliest manifestation of the subclavian steal syndrome is a mild deceleration of blood flow during the systolic phase (almost imperceptible for less experienced examiners).</p>
        <p>The classification of different spectral curve morphologies observed in vertebral arteries is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t25001">Chart 9</xref>. In general, the type of steal correlates with greater degrees of stenosis in the subclavian artery or brachiocephalic trunk. In the case of severe stenosis in the brachiocephalic trunk, there may be concomitant carotid steal, which will present a spectral curve with systolic flow inversion.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t25001">
            <label>Chart 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Types of steal according to spectral curve pattern.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/e89783c79ee74eb8cc5e2d92ba0cce8cf5982784.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NtNNMWrsfxjzdwzh8VH5vKN/b7e64317fb8d7f1afdb12d8532ee4185b41edb92.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10. Transcranial Doppler in Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Atherosclerotic Disease</title>
        <p>The fundamental aim of TCD in patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic extracranial carotid and vertebral atherosclerotic disease is to investigate the predictive value of ischemic stroke occurrence.</p>
        <p>TCD offers some valuable tools, including the a) detection of spontaneous cerebral microemboli and b) recording of hemodynamic information during intraoperative monitoring (endarterectomy) and during endovascular procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1. Imaging Techniques</title>
          <p>The imaging technique depends on the clinical indication. In outpatient and intraoperative evaluations, the need for continuous and long-term monitoring requires specific equipment, including an adjustable headset for fixing the probe. This will ensure that all necessary information is recorded during the transient event to define the most appropriate therapeutic approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref></sup></p>
          <p>TCD devices are &#8220;blind&#8221; due to the absence of 2D imaging and color flow mapping (CFM), which means that useful anatomical information is lost during the examination. However, by providing a headset for probe fixation, these devices allow for continuous flow monitoring.</p>
          <p>A standard conventional TCD examination should be initially performed, with the aim of evaluating the vascular anatomy and detecting any possible collateral flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup> In addition, <italic>in situ</italic> investigation of the site of intracranial segmental intravascular stenosis can be performed, which is present in 10% of cases of ischemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The standard &#8220;blinded&#8221; TCD examination consists of insonating the segments of all arteries: anterior circulation, including the right and left internal carotid arteries and their branches; and posterior circulation, including the basilar artery (which arises from the confluence of the right and left vertebral arteries) and its branches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Both anterior and posterior circulations are connected by communicating arteries (left and right anterior and posterior), integrating a system of arteries known as the circle of Willis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">Figure 9</xref>). This vascular architecture is an efficient automatic collateral mechanism of collateralization in case of occlusion in any of the vessels, preventing or mitigating the consequences of cerebral ischemia. However, anatomical variations are present in more than 50% of cases, which explains why different people suffer different sequelae from occlusions in the same artery. In each cerebral hemisphere of the anterior circulation, the ICA first gives a branch to the ophthalmic artery and then gives rise to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, which supply most of the brain. In the posterior circulation, the right and left vertebral arteries merge into the basilar artery, which is divided into the right and left posterior cerebral arteries, supplying the brainstem and the cerebellar region.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f09001">
              <label>Figura 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Schematic representation of the circle of Willis (9A) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound image in the right temporal window (9B).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf09-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A transducer with a frequency &#8804; 2 MHz must be used in TCD examinations, as the deep location of the intracranial arteries requires the use of low-frequency waves for visualization. Identification of the insonated vessel by &#8220;blinded&#8221; Doppler depends on the a) acoustic window used; b) position of the transducer in relation to the skull (angle of incidence); c) depth of &#8220;sample volume&#8221;; d) characteristics of waveform spectral curves (morphology, flow direction in relation to the transducer, PSV, EDV, mean velocity, and pulsatility and resistance indices). The parameters on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8001">Table 7</xref> can be used to characterize the examined artery, except in cases of anatomical variations, for which duplex image are more advantageous.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t8001">
              <label>Table 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Criteria for the identification of intracranial vessels</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Artery</th>
                    <th>Window</th>
                    <th>Transducer angle in relation to the skull</th>
                    <th>Vessel depth</th>
                    <th>Mean flow velocity</th>
                    <th>Flow direction</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Intrasellar carotid siphon</td>
                    <td align="center">Orbital</td>
                    <td align="center">Perpendicular</td>
                    <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">40-50 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Negative</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Geniculate carotid siphon</td>
                    <td align="center">Orbital</td>
                    <td align="center">Perpendicular</td>
                    <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">40-50 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Negative positive</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Suprasellar carotid siphon</td>
                    <td align="center">Orbital</td>
                    <td align="center">Perpendicular</td>
                    <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">40-50 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Positive</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Ophthalmic</td>
                    <td align="center">Orbital</td>
                    <td align="center">Perpendicular</td>
                    <td align="center">40-60 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">20 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Positive</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Distal internal carotid</td>
                    <td align="center">Temporal</td>
                    <td align="center">Downward</td>
                    <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">45 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Positive</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Anterior cerebral</td>
                    <td align="center">Temporal</td>
                    <td align="center">Upward and anterior</td>
                    <td align="center">60-70 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">60 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Negative</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Middle cerebral</td>
                    <td align="center">Temporal</td>
                    <td align="center">Perpendicular</td>
                    <td align="center">35-60 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">70 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Positive</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Posterior cerebral (p1)</td>
                    <td align="center">Temporal</td>
                    <td align="center">Downward and posterior</td>
                    <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">40 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Positive</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Posterior cerebral (p2)</td>
                    <td align="center">Temporal</td>
                    <td align="center">Downward and posterior</td>
                    <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">40 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Negative</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Vertebral (V4)</td>
                    <td align="center">Foraminal</td>
                    <td align="center">Slightly upward and lateral</td>
                    <td align="center">55-70 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">40 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Negative</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Proximal basilar</td>
                    <td align="center">Foraminal</td>
                    <td align="center">Slightly upward and central</td>
                    <td align="center">70-120 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">45 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Negative</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Inferior posterior cerebral</td>
                    <td align="center">Foraminal</td>
                    <td align="center">Slightly upward and lateral</td>
                    <td align="center">40-55 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">45 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Positive</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.2. Standard Protocol for a Conventional &#8220;Blinded&#8221; Transcranial Doppler Examination</title>
          <p>Position the patient in supine and gently place the 2-MHz transducer over each of the five classic acoustic windows, in no specific order, to ensure imaging of all intracranial arteries: a) transorbital (right and left); b) transtemporal (right and left); c) transforaminal.</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>a) Transorbital windows:</bold> image the ophthalmic arteries and carotid siphons (cavernous portions of internal carotid arteries). The transducer should be placed over the eye, with the patient with the eye closed, without applying local pressure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10001">Figure 10</xref>).</p>
              <p>
                <fig id="f10001">
                  <label>Figure 10</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>&#8211; <italic>Transcranial Doppler in the transorbital window (10A); schematic representation of insonated arteries (carotid siphon and ophthalmic &#8211; 10B).</italic></title>
                  </caption>
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf10-en.tif"/></fig>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>b) Transtemporal windows:</bold> located above the zygomatic arch (approximately 1 cm away from the external auditory canal), they vary individually in length and quality. The transducer should be initially placed perpendicular to the skull and then subtly tilted anteriorly and posteriorly to obtain images from the ipsilateral distal internal carotid, anterior cerebral (A1), middle cerebral (M1), top of the basilar, and posterior cerebral (P1 and P2) arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11001">Figure 11</xref>). The communicating arteries (anterior and posterior) can also be insonated through these ultrasonic windows.</p>
              <p>
                <fig id="f11001">
                  <label>Figure 11</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>&#8211; <italic>Transcranial Doppler in the transtemporal window (11A); schematic representations of the anterior (11B), middle (11C), and posterior (11D) cerebral arteries.</italic></title>
                  </caption>
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf11-en.tif"/></fig>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>c) Transforaminal window:</bold> only access to the lumens of the intracranial segments of the vertebral arteries (V4) and to the origin of the basilar artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12001">Figure 12</xref>),</p>
              <p>
                <fig id="f12001">
                  <label>Figure 12</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>&#8211; <italic>Transcranial Doppler in the foraminal window (12A); schematic representation of the basilar and vertebral arteries (12B). RV: right vertebral; LV: left vertebral.</italic></title>
                  </caption>
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf12-en.tif"/></fig>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>in addition to the posteroinferior cerebellar arteries (crucial branches for collateral flow route in cases of occlusion of the vertebral artery above their emergence). The patient should be positioned in lateral decubitus, with the chin touching the thorax to expose the occipital region (topography of the foramen magnum), or sitting in the bed or a chair to facilitate positioning of the examiner. Pulsed Doppler will show the flow moving away from the transducer in the vertebral and basilar lumens; in the PICAs, flow direction is reversed.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Spectral waveforms recorded in the intracranial arteries have similar morphology, differing only in the specific velocities of each vessel and in the direction in relation to the transducer. Low frequency should be used in all segments except the ophthalmic, which is the only artery with a high resistance index&#8212;although it branches off the ICA, it supplies extracranial structures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.3. Standard Protocol for Continuous Transcranial Doppler</title>
          <p>The patient should wear an adjustable headset with 2 or more &#8220;blind&#8221; transducers fixed to it and placed over the temporal windows, directed towards the middle cerebral arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13001">Figure 13</xref>). Continuous and simultaneous flow analysis in both arteries ensures real-time observation and recording of emboli occurrence, as well as count of events per hour. Microembolism is reflected by a transient, short-term (less than 300 ms), high-intensity signal, depicted on the spectral curve (pulsed Doppler) as a vertical trace associated with an audible output, called high-intensity transient signal (HITS) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14001">Figure 14</xref>). Counting the number of HITSs and differentiating between solid and gas HITS is important in CEA and endovascular procedures. The risk of ischemic stroke depends on the intensity of the embolic phenomena and can be estimated according to the number of HITS registered with the TCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f13001">
              <label>Figure 13</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Adjustable headset for transducer fixation and continuous flow monitoring in middle cerebral arteries. TCD: transcranial Doppler.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf13-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f14001">
              <label>Figure 14</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>High-intensity transient signals indicating emboli (gas or solid).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf14-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.4. Clinical Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler in Cervical Atherosclerotic Disease</title>
          <sec>
            <title>10.4.1. Identification of Patients with HITS</title>
            <p>Microembolism distal to carotid stenosis indicates a 7.5 times greater risk of recurrent ischemic stroke or TIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup> In patients with recent symptomatic carotid stenosis (less than 7 days), the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke is 26% at 30 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup> Therefore, microembolism screening can support the intensification of antithrombotic therapy, as shown in the Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref></sup> and Clopidogrel plus Aspirin for Infarction Reduction<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref></sup> studies, or anticipate endarterectomy and endovascular treatment.</p>
            <p>The identification of HITSs is also useful in the risk stratification of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study identified an annual risk of ischemic stroke or TIA ipsilateral to the stenosis of 7.1% in patients with HITSs and 3.0% in those without microembolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Microembolism was detected in 49% of patients in the first 24 hours after the onset of ischemic stroke, and this rate progressively and significantly decrease after 48 hours.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref></sup> Likewise, in patients with TIA, the presence of HITS is associated with the occurrence of ischemic stroke or new TIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref></sup></p>
            <p>During endarterectomy, real-time detection of emboli released in the carotid occlusion phase of atherosclerotic plaque resection can be easily and quickly performed with continuous TCD monitoring, ensuring greater safety during the procedure and reducing postoperative ischemic complications.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.4.2. Induced Hemodynamic Repercussions</title>
            <p>Special attention should be given to the evaluation of intracranial hemodynamic repercussions induced during flow monitoring of the middle cerebral arteries, which should be performed with a TCD device with a headset. In symptomatic patients, monitoring should last for at least 1 hour; in asymptomatic patients, monitoring should be extended to 4 hours in order to obtain better accuracy. The analysis of cerebral autoregulation and cerebral vasomotor reserve (CVR) provides some of the most useful information.</p>
            <p>Cerebral autoregulation (or autoregulatory pressure) is a mechanism that maintains cerebral blood flow relatively constant despite changes in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP).</p>
            <p>Factors affecting cerebral perfusion include CPP and cerebrovascular resistance (microcirculation). Cerebral blood flow can remain constant despite variations in mean arterial pressure (MAP) if compensatory changes occur in the microcirculation (arterioles). There are two methods for assessing the state of cerebral autoregulation: a static and a dynamic one. TCD is one of the most used methods for estimating changes in cerebral perfusion. Dynamic autoregulation translates transient changes in cerebral blood flow after rapid changes in blood pressure and can be provoked by the femoral cuff test: a blood pressure cuff placed on the patient&#8217;s thighs is inflated and then abruptly deflated with the aim of inducing hyperemia in the legs and a drop in systemic blood pressure. Cerebral autoregulation will ensure that hypotension does not alter the cerebral blood flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref></sup></p>
            <p>CVR can be estimated through the cerebrovascular reactivity test, whose objective is to quantify the dilation capacity of a certain arterial sites, identifying patients with hemodynamically critical stenoses and at high risk of cerebral circulation insufficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref></sup> Among the tests for the evaluation of microcirculatory reserve, CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation consists of inhaling in a controlled manner a gas mixture enriched with CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref></sup> Hypercapnia causes dilation of arterioles and increased blood flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15001">Figure 15</xref>), whereas hypocapnia promotes vasoconstriction and reduced cerebral blood flow. During monitoring of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery, the velocity can be reduced to 50% below baseline values during hypocapnia, while in hypercapnia it can rise up to 200% above baseline values. As a clinical cutoff point, it is recommended that flow increases of less than 10% should be considered CVR impairment.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f15001">
                <label>Figure 15</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>TCerebral vasomotor reserve capacity assessment through the CO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub> inhalation test; significant reductions in velocities and the resistance index (15B) were observed after CO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub> inhalation (15A).</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf15-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Intraoperative flow monitoring of the middle cerebral arteries with TCD allows the analysis of variations in blood flow velocities in response to the use of volatile anesthetics, which cause vasodilation of the cerebral microcirculation and increase cerebral blood flow, and hypnotic agents, which decrease cerebral blood flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Hyperperfusion syndrome: in the immediate postoperative period of CEA in patients with severe stenosis, the cerebral bed of small vessels (pial arteries and arterioles) may present with chronic vasodilation and loss of vasoconstriction capacity after sudden restoration of perfusion by CEA. This will lead to inadequate cerebral hyperemia once normal pressure is introduced into the vasodilator tissue bed, and significant morbidity associated with edema, intracranial hypertension, and hemorrhage may occur.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref></sup> Such a mechanism has also been described immediately or up to 24 to 48 hours after resection of arteriovenous malformations. TCD can detect spectral curves with increased velocities and low pulsatility and resistance in cerebral vessels. Flow velocity measurements in the middle cerebral arteries can guide treatment until normalization.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.4.3. Evaluation of Intracranial Vertebral Stenosis (V4)</title>
            <p>Routine imaging of vertebral arteries should not be restricted to the extracranial segments, as plaques with severe stenosis, or even occlusions in intracranial segments (V4) of the vertebrobasilar system, may not cause any abnormality in spectral flow curves in cervical topography (V0-V3). If the atherosclerotic plaque is located before the origin of the PICA in the intracranial spine, the spectral curves will show low amplitude and high resistance in ipsilateral V1-V3. If the stenotic lesion or lumen occlusion is located above the PICA, there may be flow deviation to the cerebellum, and the spectral curves will be normal, which makes the TCD a valuable diagnostic tool (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16001">Figure 16</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f16001">
                <label>Figure 16</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Anatomy of the intracranial segments of the vertebral and basilar arteries and their branches (16A); foraminal window: color flow mapping in vertebral lumens (V4) and PICAs (16B); color mapping of transition from vertebral V3 (extra) to V4 (intracranial &#8211; 16C); spectral curve on pulsed Doppler moving away from the transducer (V4) (16D); color flow mapping of the left PICA (flow towards the transducer &#8211; 16E); and spectral curves on pulsed Doppler of the left PICA (16F).</italic></title>
                  <p>
                    <italic>PICA: posterior inferior cerebellar artery.</italic>
                  </p>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230695-30695-gf16-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Imaging of the intracranial segments of the vertebrobasilar system requires a &#8804; 2.0-MHz sectoral transducer with CFM. Through the foramen magnum, the US will reach the arteries and provide visualization of the intraluminal flow, defining the regional anatomy. Vertebral artery flow moves away from the transducer and, in the PICA, has the opposite direction, facilitating vessel identification.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.5. Recommendations</title>
        <p>Our recommendations on the use of TCD in carotid atherosclerotic disease are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t20001">Chart 4</xref>.</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>In patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral atherosclerotic disease, silent microembolism should be investigated with a &#8220;blinded&#8221; TCD device with a headset for transducer fixation. Continuous flow monitoring in the middle and basilar cerebral arteries should be performed for at least 4 consecutive hours.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pre-CEA assessment of CVR provides valuable information for reducing the risk of severe cerebral ischemia during surgery.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Perioperative monitoring and for at least 90 minutes immediately after CEA is essential for simultaneous diagnosis and early treatment of complications resulting from gas or solid embolization (pieces of atherosclerotic plaques or thrombi).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>We recommend including imaging of the intracranial segments of the vertebral and basilar arteries (via the foraminal window) in routine examinations of carotid and cervical vertebral arteries of symptomatic patients without extracranial anatomical lesions that warrant clinical attention.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p><bold>Development:</bold> Department of Cardiovascular Imaging of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (DIC/SBC), Brazilian College of Radiology (CBR), Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery (SBACV)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p><bold>Note:</bold> These updates are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
