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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bGBcsc4dGBYJDP57PhC3w7j</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230689</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Sarcopenia: O que Est&#225; no Meio?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Humberto Villacorta &#8226; Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24033-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230689</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Sarcopenia</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a progressiva e letal se n&#227;o tratada corretamente.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Pacientes com IC grave frequentemente evoluem para um estado de caquexia e perda de for&#231;a muscular denominado sarcopenia.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> Sarcopenia e caquexia n&#227;o s&#227;o exatamente a mesma coisa. De acordo com o Consenso Europeu, a caquexia &#233; caracterizada como grave perda de peso corporal, gordura, m&#250;sculo e aumento do catabolismo proteico.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o termo sarcopenia &#233; definido como perda de m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico relacionada &#224; idade e decl&#237;nio da for&#231;a muscular e/ou desempenho f&#237;sico, n&#227;o necessariamente associado &#224; perda de peso.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora amplamente sobrepostas e por vezes dif&#237;ceis de reconhecer, estas duas condi&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o altamente prevalentes em pacientes com IC grave. Nos Estudos que Investigam Comorbidades Agravantes da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (SICA-HF), que analisaram 200 pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (69% dos casos) ou preservada, 32% apresentavam perda muscular. Destes, 30 (14,4%) apresentavam apenas sarcopenia, 25 (12%) apenas caquexia e 14 (6,7%) sarcopenia e caquexia juntas.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A fisiopatologia da rela&#231;&#227;o entre IC e sarcopenia n&#227;o &#233; clara, mas partilham vias patog&#234;nicas semelhantes, como demonstrado na <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> . Portanto, poderiam beneficiar-se de uma abordagem terap&#234;utica comum. Uma vez que o paciente desenvolve sarcopenia, isso pode contribuir para o mau progn&#243;stico da IC.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a sarcopenia compartilham alguns fatores de risco. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca podem evoluir com sarcopenia pelos mecanismos apontados acima, e a sarcopenia indica pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230689-30689-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, os autores investigaram genes centrais comuns em ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es e previram vias associadas a esses genes por meio de an&#225;lise quantitativa de bioinform&#225;tica. O gene hub &#233; um gene que est&#225; conectado a muitos outros genes em uma rede gen&#233;tica. Os autores usaram o Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), um reposit&#243;rio p&#250;blico de dados gen&#244;micos funcionais. Eles descobriram que 114 genes expressos diferencialmente s&#227;o comuns em ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es. As vias relacionadas ao fator de crescimento, secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina e cGMP-PKG tamb&#233;m foram enriquecidas na IC e na sarcopenia.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Parabenizo os autores por seu esfor&#231;o em iluminar uma &#225;rea n&#227;o totalmente compreendida. Apesar de algumas limita&#231;&#245;es j&#225; apontadas pelos autores, como o pequeno tamanho da amostra e o car&#225;ter retrospectivo do estudo, esses dados indicam alguns caminhos que podem ser utilizados para refinar o progn&#243;stico na IC e servir como poss&#237;vel alvo terap&#234;utico.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Abordagem de Bioinform&#225;tica e Biologia de Sistemas para Identificar a Liga&#231;&#227;o Patogen&#233;tica entre Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Sarcopenia</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Failure and Sarcopenia: What is in between?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Humberto Villacorta &#8226; Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24033-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil E-mail: hvillacorta@cardiol.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Sarcopenia</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a progressive and lethal disease if not treated correctly.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Patients with severe HF often progress to a state of cachexia and loss of muscle strength called sarcopenia.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup>Sarcopenia and cachexia are not exactly the same thing. According to the European Consensus, cachexia is characterized as severe body weight, fat, muscle loss, and increased protein catabolism.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>On the other hand, the term sarcopenia is defined as age-related loss of skeletal muscle and a decline in muscle strength and/or physical performance, not necessarily associated with weight loss.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although widely overlapping and sometimes difficult to recognize, these two conditions are highly prevalent in patients with severe HF. In the Studies Investigating Comorbidities Aggravating Heart Failure (SICA-HF), which analyzed 200 patients with either reduced (69% of the cases) or preserved ejection fraction, 32% had muscle wasting. Of these, 30 (14.4%) presented with sarcopenia alone, 25 (12%) with cachexia alone, and 14 (6.7%) with sarcopenia and cachexia together.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The pathophysiology of the relationship between HF and sarcopenia is unclear, but they share similar pathogenic pathways, as demonstrated in <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> . Therefore, they could benefit from a common therapeutic approach. Once the patient develops sarcopenia, it may contribute to the poor prognosis of HF.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Heart failure and sarcopenia share some risk factors. Patients with heart failure can evolve with sarcopenia through the mechanisms pointed out above, and sarcopenia indicates a worse prognosis in patients with heart failure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230689-30689-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In this Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia issue, the authors investigated hub genes common to both conditions and predicted pathways associated with these genes through quantitative bioinformatics analysis. Hub gene is a gene that is connected to many other genes in a gene network. The authors used the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), a public repository of functional genomic data. They found that 114 differentially expressed genes are common to both conditions. Pathways related to growth factor, insulin secretion and cGMP-PKG were also enriched in HF and sarcopenia.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>I congratulate the authors for their effort to shed light on an area not fully understood. Despite some limitations already pointed out by the authors, such as the small sample size and the study&#8217;s retrospective nature, these data indicate some pathways that may be used to refine the prognosis in HF and serve as a possible therapeutic target.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Approach to Identify the Pathogenetic Link between Heart Failure and Sarcopenia</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
