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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">rKJsRGpygv3ndGngCcPQRBs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230638</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mudan&#231;a de Mentalidade na Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana: Reflex&#245;es Desencadeadas pelo Sexag&#233;simo Anivers&#225;rio do Protocolo de Bruce</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9582-7881</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bettencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1623-7382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Gaia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Gaia - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Santa Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Luz Lisboa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Cruz &#8211; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental &#8211; Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Nuno Bettencourt &#8226; Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina - Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular - Alameda Professor Hern&#226;ni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto - Portugal E-mail: <email>bettencourt.n@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230638</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Protocolo Bruce</kwd>
        <kwd>Prova de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>AngioTC Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes de Isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Carga Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Seis d&#233;cadas se passaram desde os estudos pioneiros que levaram ao desenvolvimento do protocolo de Bruce para o teste ergom&#233;trico, primeiro apresentado por Robert Arthur Bruce (o pai da cardiologia do exerc&#237;cio) et al.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup> Esse marco no diagn&#243;stico cardiovascular abriu caminhos para um melhor entendimento e manejo da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC). Enquanto comemoramos o sexag&#233;simo anivers&#225;rio do protocolo de Bruce, ainda existem incertezas acerca do melhor m&#233;todo de diagn&#243;stico e manejo da DAC.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> De fato, o manejo da DAC sofreu uma importante mudan&#231;a de paradigma nos &#250;ltimos anos.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> - <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup> O r&#225;pido avan&#231;o de modalidades invasivas e n&#227;o invasivas (por exemplo, de imagens) possibilitou melhor desempenho diagn&#243;stico e, assim, poss&#237;veis melhorias no manejo do paciente.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup> Simultaneamente, v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos desafiaram alguns dos conceitos fundamentais da DAC e geraram uma ampla discuss&#227;o sobre a &#8220;mudan&#231;a do paradigma da DAC&#8221;: do tratamento somente da estenose e isquemia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria para uma abordagem mais ampla, envolvendo carga ateroscler&#243;tica total, estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, e uma vis&#227;o global do manejo do paciente.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> - <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> Essa evolu&#231;&#227;o de pensamento ocorreu paralelamente ao desenvolvimento de ferramentas invasivas e n&#227;o invasivas que nos permitiram estudar as m&#250;ltiplas facetas da DAC.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Do teste ergom&#233;trico cl&#225;ssico &#224;s modalidades modernas</title>
      <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico, introduzido v&#225;rias d&#233;cadas atr&#225;s e cuja face mais vis&#237;vel evoluiu ao que se tornou o protocolo de Bruce, foi uma mudan&#231;a de paradigma na avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Ele possibilitou um meio n&#227;o invasivo para avaliar a resposta do cora&#231;&#227;o ao estresse f&#237;sico, oferecendo <italic>insights</italic> valiosos para aspectos como altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas e arritmias.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup> A simplicidade do m&#233;todo, combinada com o fornecimento de dados sobre diferentes componentes da resposta cardiovascular, levou &#224; ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> No entanto, o cen&#225;rio evolutivo da tecnologia m&#233;dica introduziu m&#233;todos alternativos, tais como a ecocardiografia de estresse e imagem nuclear e, mais recentemente, t&#233;cnicas de imagens avan&#231;adas de suporte, tais como resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e angiotomografia computadorizada (AC).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> De maneira lenta, mas constante, essas t&#233;cnicas t&#234;m prevalecido em v&#225;rios cen&#225;rios, e diretrizes atuais atribuem um papel relativamente secund&#225;rio para o teste ergom&#233;trico no diagn&#243;stico de DAC, ao mesmo tempo em que destacam seu valor em in&#250;meros outros contextos, como na avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, de sintomas, do ritmo card&#237;aco e de dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o, na prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio e na cardiologia do esporte.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>O enigma da escolha</title>
      <p>Com uma vasta gama de modalidades dispon&#237;veis, m&#233;dicos e pesquisadores agora encaram um enigma desafiador: qual abordagem oferece a informa&#231;&#227;o mais precisa e pr&#225;tica em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es? Embora, historicamente, a angiografia coron&#225;ria tenha sido descrita como o padr&#227;o ouro no diagn&#243;stico de DAC, seu car&#225;ter invasivo e potenciais riscos, no entanto, requerem considera&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> As t&#233;cnicas de imagem n&#227;o invasiva oferecem <italic>insights</italic> funcionais e anat&#244;micos detalhados, mas sua disponibilidade e custos associados podem variar consideravelmente.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> - <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> Esse cen&#225;rio diverso de potenciais escolhas demanda uma abordagem individualizada de cada paciente, integrando fatores como apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, perfil de risco, comorbidades, prefer&#234;ncias do paciente, e recursos dispon&#237;veis.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> Al&#233;m disso, entre os fatores mais importantes (embora muitas vezes esquecidos) na an&#225;lise de um teste, est&#225; o equil&#237;brio risco-benef&#237;cio e seu potencial impacto sobre as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento pr&#233;-teste. Um ponto importante, caso n&#227;o seja esperado que o manejo do paciente mude independentemente dos resultados do teste, ent&#227;o, deve-se reconhecer que muito provavelmente o teste n&#227;o &#233; apropriado.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Al&#233;m da estenose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria: abrangendo a carga ateroscler&#243;tica</title>
      <p>Tradicionalmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o e o manejo da DAC giraram em torno da identifica&#231;&#227;o e do tratamento de estenoses importantes da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Contudo, pesquisas t&#234;m progressivamente revelado as limita&#231;&#245;es dessa abordagem.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> De fato, a aus&#234;ncia de placas obstrutivas na angiografia (ou seja, na angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva) n&#227;o exclui a presen&#231;a de anormalidades na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Esse conceito, associado n&#227;o s&#243; a dist&#250;rbios na microcircula&#231;&#227;o e &#224; isquemia com DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva (entidade cada vez mais reconhecida), como tamb&#233;m a outras condi&#231;&#245;es como a angina vasoesp&#225;tica, deve ser considerada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com dor tor&#225;cica.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Por outro lado, nem todas as les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas levam a eventos adversos, e algumas placas n&#227;o obstrutivas podem ser vulner&#225;veis e tender a se romperem, como mostrado elegantemente em indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s uma s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> </sup> Consequentemente, um foco na carga ateroscler&#243;tica &#8211; a extens&#227;o e a distribui&#231;&#227;o da placa dentro das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias &#8211; surgiu como um indicador mais abrangente do risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Modalidades de imagem como o escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano, AC e imagem intravascular empoderaram m&#233;dicos a quantificar a carga ateroscler&#243;tica, possibilitando uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas mais precisas e personalizadas.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Com uma identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce dos pacientes em alto risco, os recursos podem ser alocados de maneira eficiente, e estrat&#233;gias preventivas podem ser otimizadas.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Enquanto a troca de paradigma no entendimento atual sobre a fisiopatologia e o manejo da DAC &#233; promissor na tentativa de melhorar os desfechos do paciente, ela tamb&#233;m apresenta desafios significativos.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> Como e com que frequ&#234;ncia n&#243;s devemos quantificar a carga ateroscler&#243;tica, quais limiares e interven&#231;&#245;es devemos usar, s&#227;o algumas das quest&#245;es imediatas que permanecem n&#227;o respondidas. Mas, talvez o maior desafio em implementar essa troca de paradigma seja a transforma&#231;&#227;o de mentalidade que ser&#225; necess&#225;ria em diferentes cl&#237;nicas de cardiologia e departamentos. Colabora&#231;&#227;o interdisciplinar, educa&#231;&#227;o continuada, e integra&#231;&#227;o da medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para se alcan&#231;ar o potencial m&#225;ximo desse novo paradigma.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Olhando adiante</title>
      <p>A mudan&#231;a de paradigma mencionada acima representa um momento crucial na &#225;rea multifacetada e din&#226;mica da DAC. Enquanto necessidades n&#227;o atendidas quanto &#224; melhor abordagem em diferentes cen&#225;rios persistem (particularmente quando s&#227;o consideradas as especificidades de cada paciente), evid&#234;ncias t&#234;m desafiado m&#233;dicos a ampliarem suas perspectivas e se moverem em dire&#231;&#227;o a uma medicina mais centrada no paciente.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> Ao comemorar o anivers&#225;rio de 60 anos do teste ergom&#233;trico com o protocolo de Bruce, vamos aproveitar a oportunidade de reavaliar pragmaticamente nossas estrat&#233;gias para o diagn&#243;stico e o manejo da DAC. Mudando nosso foco de les&#245;es individuais para a carga ateroscler&#243;tica, ao implementar modelos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco personalizados e adotar uma abordagem hol&#237;stica do paciente, estamos promovendo uma nova era de tratamento da DAC, que pode ser mais precisa, abrangente, e eficaz que j&#225; houve antes. Apesar de ainda existirem v&#225;rias quest&#245;es que necessitem mais estudos em termos de sele&#231;&#227;o de um melhor teste em diferentes pontos do <italic>continuum</italic> da DAC, o sexag&#233;simo anivers&#225;rio do protocolo de Bruce &#233; um lembrete do grande progresso feito no diagn&#243;stico cardiovascular e no entendimento de sua complexa patologia.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> Nosso desafio atual como m&#233;dicos &#233; trazer todo esse conhecimento acumulado para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e adotar estrat&#233;gias baseadas em evid&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da DAC, mesmo se isso represente uma profunda mudan&#231;a no paradigma que estamos historicamente seguindo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mindset Shift in Coronary Artery Disease: Reflections Triggered by the Diamond Anniversary of the Bruce Protocol</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9582-7881</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bettencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1623-7382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
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      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Gaia - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Cruz &#8211; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental &#8211; Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Nuno Bettencourt &#8226; Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina - Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular - Alameda Professor Hern&#226;ni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto - Portugal E-mail: bettencourt.n@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
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        <kwd>Bruce Protocol</kwd>
        <kwd>Treadmill Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary CT</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemia Testing</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerotic Burden</kwd>
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    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Six decades have passed since the pioneering studies that led to the Bruce protocol for exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) testing, first presented by Robert Arthur Bruce (the father of exercise cardiology) et al.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup>This landmark in cardiovascular diagnostics paved the way for a better understanding and management of coronary artery disease (CAD). While we celebrate the 60<sup>th</sup>anniversary of the Bruce protocol, ongoing uncertainties regarding the best way to diagnose and manage CAD remain.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup>Indeed, CAD management has undergone a profound paradigm shift over recent years.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> - <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup>The rapid advancement of invasive and non-invasive (i.e. imaging) modalities has allowed better diagnostic performance and hence possible improvements in patient management.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup>Simultaneously, several clinical trials have challenged some of the fundamental concepts of CAD and prompted a full discussion concerning the &#8220;CAD paradigm shift&#8221;: from treating coronary artery stenosis and ischemia only to a broader approach encompassing overall atherosclerotic burden, risk stratification, and a global perspective on patient management.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> - <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup>This evolution in thinking has paralleled the development of invasive and non-invasive tools which enable us to study the multiple facets of CAD.</p>
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        <title>From classical ECG exercise testing to modern modalities</title>
        <p>The ECG exercise test, introduced several decades ago and whose most visible face was evolved to what would become the Bruce protocol, was a paradigm shift in CAD evaluation.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>It provided a non-invasive means to assess the heart&#8217;s response to physical stress, offering valuable insights into aspects like ischemic changes and arrhythmias.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup>The simplicity of this method, coupled with the provision of data on different components of the cardiovascular response, led to its widespread adoption.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>However, the evolving landscape of medical technology has introduced alternative methods such as stress echocardiography and nuclear imaging and, more recently, ancillary advanced imaging techniques such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography angiography (CTA).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup>Slowly but steadily these techniques have prevailed in several scenarios, and current guidelines reserve a somewhat secondary role for ECG exercise testing in the diagnosis of CAD. Meanwhile, they highlight its value in a plethora of other clinical contexts, namely in terms of assessment of functional capacity, symptoms, heart rhythm and conduction disturbances, exercise prescription, and sports cardiology.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup></p>
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        <title>The conundrum of choice</title>
        <p>With a vast array of available modalities, clinicians and researchers now face a challenging conundrum: which approach offers the most accurate and actionable information in different patient populations? Although invasive coronary angiography has historically been described as the gold standard for diagnosing CAD, its invasiveness and potential risks nonetheless warrant careful consideration.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Non-invasive imaging techniques offer detailed anatomical and functional insights, but their availability and associated costs can vary widely.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> - <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup>This diverse landscape of potential choices demands an individualized approach for each patient, integrating factors such as clinical presentation, risk profile, comorbidities, patient preferences, and available resources.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup>Additionally, among the most relevant (yet often forgotten) factors to be considered in a test is its risk-benefit balance and potential impact on pre-test treatment strategies. Importantly, if patient management is not expected to change independently of the test results, then it should be acknowledged that the test is probably inappropriate.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup></p>
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        <title>Beyond coronary artery stenosis: embracing atherosclerotic burden</title>
        <p>Traditionally, the assessment and management of CAD has revolved around identifying and treating significant coronary artery stenosis.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>However, research has progressively revealed the limitations of this approach.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>Indeed, the absence of obstructive plaque on angiography ( <italic>i.e</italic> ., in the setting of invasive coronary angiography) does not exclude the presence of abnormalities in coronary vascular function.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>This, associated not only with derangements in the microcirculation and the increasingly recognized entity of ischemia with non-obstructive CAD, but also with other conditions such as vasospastic angina, should be considered when assessing individuals with chest pain.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>On the other hand, not all stenotic lesions lead to adverse outcomes, while some non-obstructive plaques may be vulnerable and prone to rupture, as elegantly shown in individuals after an acute coronary syndrome.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> </sup>Consequently, a focus on atherosclerotic burden - the extent and distribution of plaque within the entire coronary tree - has emerged as a more comprehensive indicator of cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>Imaging modalities such as coronary calcium scoring, CTA and intravascular imaging have empowered clinicians to quantify atherosclerotic burden, enabling more accurate and personalized risk stratification and treatment decisions.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>By identifying high-risk patients early, resources may be allocated efficiently, and preventive strategies could be optimized.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>While the paradigm shift in the current understanding of CAD physiopathology and management is promising in the quest to improve patient outcomes, it also presents significant challenges.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>How and how often we should quantify atherosclerotic burden, which thresholds and which interventions we should use, are some of the pressing questions that remain largely unanswered. But perhaps the greatest challenge in implementing this paradigm shift will be the mindset transformation that will be required across different cardiology clinics and departments. Interdisciplinary collaboration, continuous education, and the integration of evidence-based medicine into clinical practice is necessary to reach the full potential of this new paradigm.</p>
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        <title>Looking forward</title>
        <p>The abovementioned paradigm shift represents a pivotal moment in the multifaceted and dynamic field of CAD. While unmet needs persist regarding the optimal approach in distinct scenarios (particularly when considering the specificities of each patient), evidence has challenged clinicians to broaden perspectives and move towards a more patient-centered medicine.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>As we celebrate the diamond anniversary of ECG exercise testing with the Bruce protocol, let us embrace the opportunity to pragmatically reevaluate our strategies for CAD testing and management. By shifting our focus from individual lesions to atherosclerotic burden, while implementing personalized risk stratification models and adopting a holistic patient approach, we are promoting a new era of CAD care that can be more precise, comprehensive, and effective than ever before. Although there are still several issues which need further study in terms of optimized test selection across different points of the CAD continuum, this 60<sup>th</sup>anniversary of the Bruce protocol is a reminder of the remarkable progress made in cardiovascular diagnostics and in the understanding of this complex pathology.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup>Our current challenge as physicians is to bring this cumulative body of knowledge into clinical practice and adopt evidence-based strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of CAD, even if this represents a profound change in the paradigm that we have historically followed.</p>
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