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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cMtFYq5V76mmwt8dBJn7jDG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000901</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00901</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230332</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Morte por Covid-19 em Indiv&#237;duos com Hipertens&#227;o e Sobrepeso: Diabetes pode ser Fator de Risco?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara Ribeiro M&#225;ximo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Brenda dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Rennan de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Egidio Bezerra da</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alice Leit&#227;o Ara&#250;jo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3486-8548</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio Martinez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9679-5287</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Johnnatas Mikael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Paulo Afonso</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco (UNIVASF) &#8211; Medicina, Paulo Afonso , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNINASSAU</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro Universit&#225;rio Maur&#237;cio de Nassau ( UNINASSAU ), Recife , PE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Johnnatas Mikael Lopes &#8226; UNIVASF - Colegiado de Medicina - Centro de Forma&#231;&#227;o Profissional de Paulo Afonso (CFPPA) - Rua da Aurora, S/N Quadra 27 Lote 3. CEP 48607-190, Bairro General Dutra, Paulo Afonso, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>johnnataslopes2@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230332</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coortes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Em dezembro de 2019 na China, a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus SARS-CoV-2 evoluiu rapidamente para uma pandemia. A prote&#237;na S do v&#237;rus SARS-CoV-2 liga-se &#224; enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA 2), que faz parte do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA), para servir como um receptor de entrada celular. Esses receptores s&#227;o amplamente expressos no cora&#231;&#227;o, intestinos, rins, p&#226;ncreas e trato respirat&#243;rio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O SRAA &#233; uma via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o que atua como um regulador homeost&#225;tico da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular, respons&#225;vel pelo controle da press&#227;o arterial. A ECA 2 &#233; uma enzima que catalisa a clivagem da Angiotensina II em Angiotensina (1-7), Angiotensina I em Angiotensina (1-9) e participa da hidr&#243;lise de outros pept&#237;deos. Dessa forma, os medicamentos Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (IECA) e os Bloqueadores do Receptor AT1 da Angiotensina 2 (BRA) vem sendo bastante estudados pela possibilidade de aumentarem a express&#227;o da ECA 2. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Vale salientar o papel central da liga&#231;&#227;o entre a prote&#237;na S do SARS-Co-2 e a ECA 2, como m&#233;todo promotor da entrada celular pelo v&#237;rus. Al&#233;m da significativa express&#227;o da ECA 2 na mucosa do trato respirat&#243;rio, mesmo que em menor quantidade quando comparada a outros tecidos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que independentemente do sexo e etiologia, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo de IECA e de BRA n&#227;o promove um aumento da express&#227;o da ECA 2 na mucosa do trato respirat&#243;rio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo de Sham et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> publicado neste peri&#243;dico v. 120, n. 4, aborda uma tem&#225;tica de extrema import&#226;ncia para o manejo de pacientes hipertensos e obesos em situa&#231;&#245;es de infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19, por meio da correla&#231;&#227;o entre os antagonistas do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e os desfechos desfavor&#225;veis da COVID-19. Os autores, talentosamente, desenvolveram um desenho de coorte retrospectiva, onde se mostrou a ordem cronol&#243;gica das vari&#225;veis independentes e o desfecho.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, observamos que os desfechos investigados possuem alta incid&#234;ncia, com exce&#231;&#227;o do ECMO. Isso implica na inadequa&#231;&#227;o do odds ratio como medida de associa&#231;&#227;o/predi&#231;&#227;o, pois cria intervalos de confian&#231;a superdimensionados, produzindo, portanto, rela&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o significativas no modelo ajustado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Destarte, essa situa&#231;&#227;o pode ser evidenciada atrav&#233;s das vari&#225;veis, diabetes e IMC, presentes no referido estudo.</p>
    <p>A implica&#231;&#227;o nos resultados da investiga&#231;&#227;o de Sham et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> acarreta impactos nas revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas com metan&#225;lise que utilizam as estimativas intervalares e pontuais para efeito de interven&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> &#192; vista disso, h&#225; a possibilidade de evid&#234;ncias equivocadas serem aplicadas nas tomadas de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>Mediante o exposto, sugerimos que esta an&#225;lise seja realizada a partir da regress&#227;o de Poisson, a qual estima uma medida de efeito chamada risco relativo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Tal regress&#227;o, apresenta valores pontuais e intervalares mais robustos, o que propicia evidenciar efeitos n&#227;o detectados pela infla&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos de confian&#231;a criados pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria. Por fim, tamb&#233;m sugerimos a apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos valores brutos da medida de associa&#231;&#227;o para melhor interpreta&#231;&#227;o do modelo explicativo.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Death by Covid-19 in Individuals with Hypertension and Overweight: Can Diabetes be a Risk Factor?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara Ribeiro M&#225;ximo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Brenda dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Rennan de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Egidio Bezerra da</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alice Leit&#227;o Ara&#250;jo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3486-8548</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio Martinez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9679-5287</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Johnnatas Mikael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco (UNIVASF) &#8211; Medicina, Paulo Afonso, BA &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro Universit&#225;rio Maur&#237;cio de Nassau (UNINASSAU), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Addresss: Johnnatas Mikael Lopes &#8226; UNIVASF - Colegiado de Medicina - Centro de Forma&#231;&#227;o Profissional de Paulo Afonso (CFPPA) - Rua da Aurora, S/N Quadra 27 Lote 3. Postal Code 48607-190, Bairro General Dutra, Paulo Afonso, BA - Brazil E-mail: johnnataslopes2@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Death</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In China, December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection rapidly evolved into a pandemic. The S protein from the SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2), which is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), to serve as a cell-entry receptor. These receptors are widely expressed in the heart, intestines, kidneys, pancreas and respiratory tract. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The RAAS is a signaling pathway that acts as a homeostatic regulator of vascular function, responsible for blood pressure control. ACE 2 is an enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of Angiotensin II into Angiotensin (1-7), Angiotensin I into Angiotensin (1-9) and participates in the hydrolysis of other peptides. Thus, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE) and Angiotensin 2 AT1 Receptor Blockers (ARB) have been extensively studied due to the possibility of increasing ACE expression 2. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is worth emphasizing the central role of the binding between the protein S of SARS-Co-2 and ACE 2, as a method to promote cell entry by the virus. In addition to the significant expression of ACE 2 in the respiratory tract mucosa, even if in smaller quantities when compared to other tissues. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It has also been shown that, regardless of gender and etiology, the long-term use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs does not promote an increase in ACE 2 expression in the respiratory tract mucosa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study by Sham et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> published in this journal v. 120, no. 4, addresses a topic of extreme importance for the management of hypertensive and obese patients in situations of COVID-19 infection, through the correlation between antagonists of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the unfavorable outcomes of COVID-19. The authors, talentedly, developed a retrospective cohort design, where the chronological order of the independent variables and the outcome were shown.</p>
      <p>However, we observed that the investigated outcomes have a high incidence, with the exception of ECMO. This implies that the odds ratio is inadequate as a measure of association/prediction, as it creates oversized confidence intervals, thus producing non-significant relationships in the adjusted model. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Thus, this situation can be evidenced through the variables, diabetes and BMI, present in that study.</p>
      <p>The implication in the results of the investigation by Sham et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> entails impacts on systematic reviews with meta-analysis that use interval and point estimates for the effects of interventions. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In view of this, there is the possibility of erroneous evidence being applied in clinical decision-making.</p>
      <p>In view of the above, we suggest that this analysis be performed using Poisson regression, which estimates an effect measure called relative risk. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Such regression presents more robust punctual and interval values, which allows to evidence effects not detected by the inflation of the confidence intervals created by the binary logistic regression. Finally, we also suggest presenting the raw values of the association measure for a better interpretation of the explanatory model.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
