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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">z9ssh6k7zms8g5RqmSmkFdP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230188</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo Morfofuncional do &#193;trio Esquerdo Isolado de um Modelo Experimental de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira-Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Joviano-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Julliane Vasconcelos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alc&#226;ntara</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1787-4535</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Polyana Leal da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Michael Ramon Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2690-912X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Danilo Roman-Campos &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Botucatu, 862, ECB, 2 andar. CEP 04023-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>drcampos@unifesp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230188</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article ext-link-type="doi" id="ra1" related-article-type="correction-forward" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20230739"/>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: Estudo Morfofuncional do &#193;trio Esquerdo Isolado de um Modelo Experimental de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar em Ratos</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural e funcional do &#225;trio esquerdo induzida por monocrotalina em ratos.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/z9ssh6k7zms8g5RqmSmkFdP/2d4bc823155ebe8c5cbe6252e10baebfd50141e5.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A alta incid&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) pode estar associada a um progn&#243;stico ruim, e o &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) pode desempenhar um papel neste quadro. Um achado importante nos estudos de HP &#233; que a remodela&#231;&#227;o do AE &#233; subestimada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Este estudo investigou a morfologia e a fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do AE, bem como a suscetibilidade ao desenvolvimento de arritmias em um modelo de HP induzida por monocrotalina (HP-MCT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar com 4 semanas de idade receberam 50 mg/kg de MCT. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e histol&#243;gicas para avaliar o estabelecimento do modelo de HP-MCT. O tecido foi montado em banho de &#243;rg&#227;o isolado para caracterizar a fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do AE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, o modelo de HP-MCT apresentou hipertrofia do AE e altera&#231;&#245;es da atividade el&#233;trica card&#237;aca, conforme evidenciadas pelo aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P, PR e intervalo QT. N&#227;o foi observada altera&#231;&#227;o no inotropismo do AE isolado de ratos com HP-MCT; no entanto, o tempo para atingir a contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima foi atrasado. Finalmente, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a na suscetibilidade &#224; arritmia no AE dos ratos com HP-MCT ap&#243;s o protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o intermitente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A remodela&#231;&#227;o morfofuncional do AE n&#227;o levou ao aumento da suscetibilidade &#224; arritmia <italic>ex vivo</italic> ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o intermitente.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Monocrotalina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>304257/2020-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2020/14635/-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2021/05584-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2019/21304-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2023/04603-03</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq 304257/2020-6; FAPESP 2020/14635/-1, 2021/05584-7 e 2019/21304-4. Bolsa da FAPESP, n&#250;mero 2023/04603-03, Polyana Leal da Silva.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) &#233; um termo gen&#233;rico que se refere a um aumento na press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PMAP) &#8805; 20 mmHg em repouso, avaliada por cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca direita. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Les&#245;es nas pequenas art&#233;rias pulmonares, incluindo, entre outras, prolifera&#231;&#227;o anormal das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas e endoteliais na vasculatura pulmonar, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> consequentemente, promove o espessamento progressivo da parede da art&#233;ria pulmonar, resultando no aumento da PMAP e gradativamente uma sobrecarga de press&#227;o nas c&#226;maras card&#237;acas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma caracter&#237;stica prim&#225;ria da HP &#233; o envolvimento do lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, a medida que a doen&#231;a evolui, o lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o, incluindo o &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m &#233; afetado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As altera&#231;&#245;es no AE s&#227;o complexas e multifatoriais, incluindo aumento na &#225;rea, contratilidade prejudicada, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica comprometidas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estiramento cr&#244;nico do AE &#233; parcialmente respons&#225;vel pelas arritmias supraventriculares presentes em pacientes com HP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Possivelmente, o teto do AE, caracterizado pela bifurca&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares e do br&#244;nquio esquerdo, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> seja o principal respons&#225;vel pela g&#234;nese das arritmias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos sugerem que a assinatura estrutural, molecular e funcional do &#225;trio direito (AD) e do AE pode ser diferente na HP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Arritmias supraventriculares, como observadas na HP, geralmente est&#227;o associadas &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a e est&#227;o relacionadas a um progn&#243;stico ruim. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Assim, compreender a remodela&#231;&#227;o do AE e sua suscetibilidade ao desenvolvimento de arritmias &#233; de extrema relev&#226;ncia. Existem diferentes modelos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos para estudo de cardiopatias secund&#225;rias &#224; HP; entre estes, o modelo animal da MCT &#233;, sem d&#250;vida, o mais utilizado. A MCT &#233; um alcal&#243;ide pirrolizid&#237;nico extra&#237;do dos caules, folhas e sementes da <italic>Crotalaria spectabilis</italic> . Em ratos, a MCT &#233; biotransformada no f&#237;gado em seu metab&#243;lito ativo. As les&#245;es promovidas pela MCT s&#227;o heterog&#234;neas, incluindo les&#227;o endotelial, espessamento medial de grandes art&#233;rias e hipertrofia card&#237;aca. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um relato anterior <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> descreveu o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica do AE no modelo de HP-MCT; entretanto, n&#227;o se sabe se o HP-MCT prejudica a fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do AE e/ou aumenta a suscetibilidade a arritmias. Assim, este estudo investiga a fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do AE, 20 dias ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT em animais controle (CTRL) e administrados com MCT.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos de manejo dos animais foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (n&#250;mero 9073161118). Os ratos foram obtidos no Centro para o Desenvolvimento de Modelos Experimentais para Biologia e Medicina e alojados em instala&#231;&#245;es institucionais em um ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas com comida e &#225;gua dispon&#237;veis <italic>ad libitum</italic> .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho Experimental para Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar Induzida por Monocrotalina</title>
        <p>Um m&#233;todo de sorteio simples foi utilizado para dividir aleatoriamente ratos Wistar machos com quatro semanas de idade e peso aproximado de 100 g em dois grupos: grupo controle (CTRL) e o grupo experimental (MCT). Ap&#243;s o sorteio, os animais foram reagrupados e identificados em seus respectivos grupos: 1) CTRL, que recebeu uma &#250;nica dose i.p. de solu&#231;&#227;o ve&#237;culo de dimetilsulf&#243;xido (DMSO, Synth&#174;) (1 ml/kg); e 2) Grupo MCT, que recebeu uma &#250;nica inje&#231;&#227;o i.p. de MCT (50 mg/kg - SIGMA Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, EUA) dissolvido em DMSO no dia 0, conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Os animais foram observados por 20 dias ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT e DMSO.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas In Vivo</title>
        <p>Os ratos foram anestesiados por inala&#231;&#227;o de isoflurano 1,5&#8211;2,0% (Isoforine&#174;, Crist&#225;lia, SP, Brasil) e colocados em posi&#231;&#227;o supina para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos experimentos de eletrocardiograma (ECG). O registro do ECG de cinco minutos foi realizado utilizando equipamento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico (ECG-PC vers&#227;o 2.07 &#174;-TEB, MG, Brasil) antes da administra&#231;&#227;o da MCT ou ve&#237;culo e ap&#243;s 20 dias de tratamento. Os par&#226;metros avaliados foram dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P, dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS, intervalos PR, intervalo QT e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os valores do intervalo QT foram corrigidos pela f&#243;rmula de Bazett (QTc = QT/&#8730;RR). Todos os tra&#231;ados de ECG foram analisados offline. Ap&#243;s o c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia de, pelo menos, dez ciclos el&#233;tricos sucessivos para cada animal, os par&#226;metros foram analisados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros Morfol&#243;gicos</title>
        <p>O peso corporal dos ratos dos grupos CTRL e MCT foi medido no dia 0 e no dia 20. Ao final do estudo, os ratos foram decapitados para coleta do cora&#231;&#227;o. Utilizamos o &#237;ndice de Fulton para expressar o grau de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), calculado a partir da raz&#227;o do peso do VD pela soma do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e septo (S), conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o peso do cora&#231;&#227;o e o comprimento da t&#237;bia foi avaliada para determina&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia card&#237;aca geral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudos Histol&#243;gicos</title>
        <p>O processamento histol&#243;gico dos cora&#231;&#245;es foi realizado conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Os tecidos foram fixados por imers&#227;o em paraformalde&#237;do a 4% por 24 horas a uma temperatura de 4 &#176;C. Posteriormente, o tecido card&#237;aco foi desidratado com uma s&#233;rie crescente de etanol (70, 80, 90 e 100%), seguido de clarifica&#231;&#227;o em xilol e inclus&#227;o em parafina. Em seguida, cortes transversais de 8 &#181;m de espessura foram feitos utilizando um micr&#243;tomo (modelo HM335E; Microm, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, EUA). Ap&#243;s desparafiniza&#231;&#227;o com xileno e reidrata&#231;&#227;o por meio de concentra&#231;&#245;es graduadas de etanol (100, 90, 80 e 70%), as l&#226;minas foram coradas com Tricromo de Masson para avalia&#231;&#227;o da morfologia card&#237;aca, bem como da extens&#227;o da fibrose. A an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica da classifica&#231;&#227;o foi realizada utilizando o software ImageJ &#174;, vers&#227;o 1.44 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, EUA). Nesta an&#225;lise, utilizamos uma grade predefinida e uma ferramenta de contagem de c&#233;lulas para medi&#231;&#227;o, configurada com 1.000 pontos de intersec&#231;&#227;o por rato, a partir de 20 quadros, conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prepara&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
        <p>O AE foi cortado perpendicularmente e montado em cuba para &#243;rg&#227;os isolados, contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode (mM): 140 NaCl, 5,4 KCl, 1,8 CaCl <sub>2</sub> , 0,5 MgCl <sub>2</sub> , 0,33 NaH <sub>2</sub> PO <sub>4</sub> , 11 Dextrose e 5 HEPES continuamente gaseificados com 100% de O <sub>2</sub> , como descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> As extremidades do AE foram suspensas horizontalmente por ganchos de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel e equilibradas sob uma tens&#227;o de repouso de 0,5 gf (4,9 mN) por, no m&#237;nimo, 40 minutos antes do registro. O AE foi estimulado a 1 Hz.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolos de ritmo</title>
        <p>A susceptibilidade do AE ao desenvolvimento de arritmia foi testada aplicando-se um &#250;nico trem de 50 pulsos na frequ&#234;ncia de 30 Hz atrav&#233;s de um par de eletrodos de prata (Ag/AgCl) posicionados a 90&#186; e conectados a um estimulador (Myopacer, IonOptix), conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). A normalidade da vari&#225;vel dependente foi testada com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas usando um teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado bicaudal. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas por meio do teste t de Student pareado. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para os dados categ&#243;ricos (incid&#234;ncia de arritmias). A legenda das figuras identificam o teste estat&#237;stico utilizado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para rejei&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;tese nula foi p &lt; 0,05. A quantidade de animais, indicada na legenda da figura, &#233; representada por (n). Os dados foram analisados utilizando Excel&#174; (Microsoft, EUA) e Origin 8.0&#174; (OriginLab, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Morfofuncional Card&#237;aca em Modelo Experimental de HP-MCT em Ratos</title>
        <p>Primeiramente, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise morfofuncional card&#237;aca para observar marcadores cl&#225;ssicos de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca no modelo de ratos com HP-MCT ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ). Inicialmente, avaliamos o peso do cora&#231;&#227;o (Figura 1A), o peso do cora&#231;&#227;o normalizado pelo peso corporal (Figura 1B), o peso do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) normalizado pelo comprimento da t&#237;bia (Figura 1C) e o &#237;ndice de Fulton (Figura 1D). Todos esses par&#226;metros estavam aumentados no grupo MCT em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo CTRL, indicando remodela&#231;&#227;o do lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o, como j&#225; demonstrado em estudos anteriores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, observamos que os pesos do AE (Figura 1E) e do VE (Figura 1F) tamb&#233;m estavam aumentados no grupo MCT em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo CTRL, sugerindo remodelamento estrutural do lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o. Para caracterizar melhor o modelo de MCT, realizamos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica do lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Remodela&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica do cora&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT. (A) Peso card&#237;aco; (B) Raz&#227;o entre peso card&#237;aco normalizado e peso corporal; (C) Peso do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) normalizado ao comprimento do osso tibial; (D) &#205;ndice de Fulton; (E) Peso do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE); (F) Peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) (n=7 animais por grupo). Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram analisadas por meio do teste t de Student. *comparando MCT e CTRL (p &lt; 0,05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230188-30188-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural do cora&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT. Imagens representativas de cortes transversais de cardiomi&#243;citos corados com Tricromo de Masson (barra de escala = 500 &#181;m) do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) dos animais controle (CTRL, A) e tratados (MCT, B); (C) An&#225;lise da &#225;rea transversal m&#233;dia (ATM) dos cardiomi&#243;citos do &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdos; (D) Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno. As &#225;reas fibr&#243;ticas intersticiais est&#227;o coradas em azul; (E) Ocupa&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos (n=3-4 animais por grupo). Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram analisadas por meio do teste t de Student. *comparando MCT e CTRL (p&lt;0,05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230188-30188-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica, observamos que a &#225;rea transversal dos mi&#243;citos do AE e do VE no grupo experimental foi aumentada em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CTRL (Figuras 2A-B) e quantificada na (Figura 2C). Curiosamente, o aumento da &#225;rea transversal foi observado em um cen&#225;rio de aumento do conte&#250;do de col&#225;geno no AE e no VE (Figura 2D) e redu&#231;&#227;o da ocupa&#231;&#227;o total de mi&#243;citos (Figura 2E).</p>
        <p>Assim, o modelo de HP-MCT recapitula a maior parte do fen&#243;tipo morfol&#243;gico do cora&#231;&#227;o observado em outros estudos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Para confirmar esse resultado, verificamos se o modelo de HP-MCT em nosso estudo apresenta as mesmas altera&#231;&#245;es esperadas no eletrocardiograma, conforme relatadas anteriormente neste modelo animal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> O eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie foi realizado nos grupos CTRL e MCT, e est&#225; resumido na ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> ). Tra&#231;os representativos de ECG s&#227;o mostrados na (Figura 3A). Ap&#243;s 20 dias da administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT, a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P (Figura 3B), o intervalo PR (Figura 3C) e o intervalo QT (Figura 3E) aumentaram. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es no intervalo QRS (Figura 3D). Assim, o ECG associado &#224; an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica e histol&#243;gica do cora&#231;&#227;o demonstra que o modelo de rato com HP-MCT desenvolve um fen&#243;tipo card&#237;aco associado a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o prejudicadas, conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Os par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o alterados ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT. A) Tra&#231;os representativos; B) dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P; C) intervalo PR; D) dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS; E) Dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n=7 animais por grupo). As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram analisadas por meio do teste t de Student pareado. *em compara&#231;&#227;o com o CTRL (p&lt;0,05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230188-30188-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o do AE em ratos dos grupos CTRL e MCT</title>
        <p>Em seguida, conduzimos uma s&#233;rie de experimentos para estudar a fun&#231;&#227;o do AE <italic>ex vivo</italic> estimulado a 1 Hz. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> resume nossos achados. Uma curva normalizada m&#233;dia sobreposta &#233; mostrada na (Figura 4A) para os grupos experimentais CTRL e MCT. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no AE do modelo de HP-MCT quanto &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o (Figura 4B) e a amplitude m&#225;xima (Figura 4C). Uma diferen&#231;a modesta, mas significativa, foi observada no tempo at&#233; a contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (Figura 4D), medido como o tempo entre 10 e 90% para o pico da contra&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foi observada altera&#231;&#227;o no tempo de relaxamento (Figura 4E).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A MCT prejudica a fun&#231;&#227;o do AE. A) Tra&#231;ados representativos do &#225;trio esquerdo sobreposto normalizado estimulado a 1 Hz para CTRL (n=10) e MCT (n=10); B) Frequ&#234;ncia do &#225;trio esquerdo; C) Amplitude m&#225;xima de contra&#231;&#227;o; D) Tempo at&#233; atingir a m&#225;xima eleva&#231;&#227;o de entre 10-90%; E) Tempo at&#233; atingir a m&#225;xima queda da contra&#231;&#227;o entre 10-90%. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram analisadas por meio do teste t de Student. *em compara&#231;&#227;o com o CTRL (p&lt;0,05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230188-30188-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Suscetibilidade &#224; arritmia do AE isolado de ratos do grupo MCT</title>
        <p>Um relato anterior descobriu que o AD isolado de animais com HP-MCT, ap&#243;s 14 dias de administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT, &#233; suscet&#237;vel ao desenvolvimento de arritmias ap&#243;s protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o <italic>ex vivo</italic> . <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Aqui, exploramos a suscetibilidade do AE de animais com HP-MCT para o desenvolvimento de arritmias ap&#243;s 20 dias da administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT. Nossos achados foram resumidos na ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> ). Ap&#243;s o protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o intermitente ( <italic>burst</italic> ), o AE do grupo CTRL desenvolveu algumas extrass&#237;stoles, conforme evidenciadas no tra&#231;o representativo (Figura 5A), tra&#231;o esquerdo, e o AE do grupo HP-MCT, representado na (Figura 5A), tra&#231;o direito. Conforme mostrado na (Figura 5B), eventos arr&#237;tmicos foram observados na mesma frequ&#234;ncia no grupo MCT (3/10) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo CTRL (5/10) ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o intermitente ( <italic>burst</italic> ). Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos observados foram extrass&#237;stoles e foi detectada fibrila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o atrial.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Suscetibilidade &#224; arritmia do AE isolado. A) Tra&#231;ados representativos do AE isolado na situa&#231;&#227;o CTRL (painel esquerdo) e MCT (painel direito) ap&#243;s o protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o intermitente (burst). (B) Incid&#234;ncia dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos. Teste Chi-quadrado, p&gt;0,05. CTRL (n = 10) e MCT (n=10).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230188-30188-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O modelo de HP-MCT em ratos provoca altera&#231;&#245;es complexas em n&#237;vel celular e molecular, contribuindo para a remodela&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e levando ao aumento da press&#227;o nas cavidades card&#237;acas e ao desenvolvimento de hipertrofia. Em nosso estudo, o modelo HP-MCT foi estabelecido pelo aumento do peso m&#233;dio do AE, do VE, do &#237;ndice de Fulton e da &#225;rea transversal dos cardiomi&#243;citos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os resultados histol&#243;gicos confirmaram a presen&#231;a de fibrose tecidual; esse fen&#244;meno reflete uma maior heterogeneidade el&#233;trica, comprometendo a estrutura atrial e, consequentemente, aumentando a suscetibilidade a arritmias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, exploramos as altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais do AE ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT em ratos. No entanto, observamos que o modelo de HP-MCT n&#227;o aumentou a suscetibilidade do AE para o desenvolvimento de arritmia <italic>ex vivo</italic> ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o intermitente ( <italic>burst</italic> ). Nossos resultados divergem do relato anterior, que utilizou um modelo experimental semelhante ao aplicado neste estudo, no qual os autores constataram que o AE ficou suscet&#237;vel a desenvolver arritmias ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o <italic>in situ</italic> de protocolo intermitente ( <italic>burst</italic> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Eles identificaram que a suscetibilidade &#224; arritmia estava aumentada no AE em um quadro de aumento da fibrose no tecido e aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P, de maneira semelhante &#224; observada em nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o atual. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem algumas explica&#231;&#245;es para a aparente discrep&#226;ncia do nosso estudo e do relato de Hiram et al. Por exemplo, os autores aplicaram o medicamento Blebbistatina em seu preparo, que desacopla a fun&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e mec&#226;nica do mi&#243;cito. Assim, o conceito experimental estudo deles difere do nosso, uma vez que exploramos a fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica para avaliar a suscetibilidade &#224; arritmia. Al&#233;m disso, os autores tamb&#233;m aplicaram um protocolo distinto para induzir arritmia, mais severo. Os autores usaram estimula&#231;&#227;o intermitente ( <italic>burst</italic> ) de 50 Hz, aplicada por 3 s, com 12 disparos separados por intervalos de 2 s; enquanto isso, no presente trabalho foi aplicado um &#250;nico est&#237;mulo de 30 Hz.</p>
      <p>Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a diferen&#231;a entre nossos resultados e os da literatura &#233; a idade dos ratos utilizados nos estudos, que ser&#225; discutida mais adiante. Al&#233;m disso, podemos dizer que o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o da HP-MCT do nosso estudo difere de outros, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dose de MCT e ao peso/idade dos animais utilizados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Aqui, relatamos o fen&#243;tipo do AE de animais pesando 100 g no in&#237;cio do estudo que foram tratados com 50 mg/kg de MCT, muito mais jovens que os utilizados no estudo de Hiram et al.</p>
      <p>Sabe-se que animais com ~100 g s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT, com mortalidade de 100% at&#233; 23 dias ap&#243;s o tratamento com MCT. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Uma observa&#231;&#227;o interessante &#233; que, em outro relato, notou-se que, em ratos Wistar machos, com peso de 150 a 175 g, administrados com 40 ou 60 mg/kg de MCT, ap&#243;s 14 dias, ambos os grupos desenvolveram press&#227;o ventricular direita elevada, sendo mais grave no grupo que recebeu a dose de 60 mg/kg. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, ratos Sprague-Dawley machos adultos (com peso corporal de 200 a 220 g) receberam 50 mg/kg de MCT e nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o ventricular direita foi observada em 14 dias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Esse resultado divergente foi recentemente elucidado por um estudo em que os pesquisadores examinaram o desenvolvimento de HP-MCT em ratos machos jovens da linhagem Sprague-Dawley (com 4 semanas de idade, pesando cerca de 80 g antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT) e em animais mais velhos (com 17 semanas de idade, pesando aproximadamente 420 g antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT). Os animais mais jovens morreram 23,4 &#177; 1,1 dias ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do MCT, enquanto os animais mais velhos n&#227;o morreram dentro do per&#237;odo do estudo (42 dias). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, no estudo anterior, os autores observaram arritmias no AE (por exemplo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial) em ratos tratados com MCT; ainda assim, foram utilizados animais mais velhos (200 a 275 g) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o nosso estudo (~100 g). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os autores administraram 60 mg/kg de MCT, enquanto neste estudo utilizamos uma dose de 50 mg/kg. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, &#233; crucial destacar que, no tecido saud&#225;vel, a propaga&#231;&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o teve in&#237;cio na &#225;rea de entrada da veia cava superior no AD, na regi&#227;o do n&#243; sinoatrial, e percorreu o subepic&#225;rdio atrial at&#233; alcan&#231;ar a face dorsal do AE, o &#250;ltimo a ser estimulado. Contudo, no tecido afetado dos animais com HP-MCT, ocorre a gera&#231;&#227;o quase simult&#226;nea de duas ondas de despolariza&#231;&#227;o: uma pr&#243;xima &#224; entrada da veia cava e outra na &#225;rea das jun&#231;&#245;es das veias pulmonares no AE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos achados demonstram que o AE na HP-MCT pode apresentar uma fisiopatologia distinta do AD, que &#233; mais suscet&#237;vel ao desenvolvimento de arritmias induzidas pelo mesmo protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o intermitente ( <italic>burst</italic> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante observar que nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es: 1) n&#227;o medimos a press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar nos ratos; 2) n&#227;o realizamos o atriograma nos experimentos do AE isolado; 3) estimulamos o AE a uma frequ&#234;ncia distante da frequ&#234;ncia fisiol&#243;gica encontrada <italic>in vivo</italic> em ratos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Coletivamente, nossos resultados mostraram que h&#225; remodela&#231;&#227;o morfofuncional do AE 20 dias ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT em ratos, conforme indicado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> , o que n&#227;o aumentou a suscetibilidade do tecido para o desenvolvimento de arritmias <italic>ex vivo</italic> ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o intermitente ( <italic>burst</italic> ).</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Jorge Lucas Teixeira-Fonseca pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5281070323. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq 304257/2020-6; FAPESP 2020/14635/-1, 2021/05584-7 e 2019/21304-4. Bolsa da FAPESP, n&#250;mero 2023/04603-03, Polyana Leal da Silva.</p>
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        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(10):e20230188</p>
        <p>No Artigo Original &#8220;Estudo Morfofuncional do &#193;trio Esquerdo Isolado de um Modelo Experimental de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar em Ratos&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230188, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(10):e20230188, na p&#225;gina 1, alterar o nome da autora Fabiana Silva Machado para: Fabiana da Silva Alc&#226;ntara.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Isolated Left Atrium Morphofunctional Study of an Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension Model in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira-Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Joviano-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Julliane Vasconcelos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alc&#226;ntara</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1787-4535</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Polyana Leal da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Michael Ramon</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concei&#231;&#227;o</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2690-912X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Danilo Roman-Campos &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Botucatu, 862, ECB, 2 andar. Postal Code 04023-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: drcampos@unifesp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <label>Central Illustration</label>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>: Isolated Left Atrium Morphofunctional Study of an Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension Model in Rats</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Monocrotaline-induced left atrium structural and functional remodeling in rats.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230188-30188-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The high incidence of atrial arrhythmias in pulmonary hypertension (PH) might be associated with poor prognosis, and the left atrium (LA) may play a role in this. An important finding in PH studies is that LA remodeling is underestimated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study investigated LA morphology and mechanical function, as well as the susceptibility to develop arrhythmias in a monocrotaline-induced PH (MCT-PH) model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Wistar rats aged 4 weeks received 50 mg/kg of MCT. Electrocardiography and histology analysis were performed to evaluate the establishment of the MCT-PH model. The tissue was mounted in an isolated organ bath to characterize the LA mechanical function</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Compared with the control group (CTRL), the MCT-PH model presented LA hypertrophy and changes in cardiac electrical activity, as evidenced by increased P wave duration, PR and QT interval in MCT-PH rats. In LA isolated from MCT-PH rats, no alteration in inotropism was observed; however, the time to peak contraction was delayed in the experimental MCT-PH group. Finally, there was no difference in arrhythmia susceptibility of LA from MCT-PH animals after the burst pacing protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The morphofunctional remodeling of the LA did not lead to increased susceptibility to ex vivo arrhythmia after application of the burst pacing protocol.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Monocrotaline</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an umbrella term that refers to an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) &#8805; 20 mmHg at rest as assessed by right heart catheterization. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Lesions in the small pulmonary arteries, including, among others, abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle and endothelial cells in the pulmonary vasculature, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> consequently promotes progressive thickening of the pulmonary artery wall, which results in increased mPAP and gradually induces pressure overload in the cardiac chambers. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A primary characteristic of PH is the involvement of the right side of the heart. However, as the disease progresses, the left side of the heart, including the left atrium (LA), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> is also affected. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The changes in the LA are complex and multifactorial, with an increased area, impaired contractility, and impaired systolic and diastolic function. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Chronic stretching of the LA is partly responsible for the supraventricular arrhythmias present in patients with PH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Possibly, the roof of the LA, characterized by the bifurcation of the pulmonary arteries and the left bronchus, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> is primarily responsible in the genesis of the arrhythmias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Several studies suggest that the structural, molecular and functional signature of the right atrium (RA) and LA may be different in PH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Supraventricular arrhythmias, as seen in PH, are usually associated with disease severity and are related to poor prognosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Thus, understanding the LA remodeling and its susceptibility to develop arrhythmias is of utmost relevance. There are different preclinical models for the study of heart diseases secondary to PH; among these, the monocrotaline (MCT) animal model is undoubtedly the most widely used. MCT is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid extracted from the stems, leaves, and seeds of Crotalaria spectabilis. In rats, MCT is biotransformed in the liver into its active metabolite. The lesions promoted by MCT are heterogeneous, including endothelial injury, medial thickening of large arteries, and cardiac hypertrophy. <sup>4, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A previous report <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> described impaired LA electrical function in the MCT-PH model; however, it is unknown whether MCT-PH impairs the LA mechanical function and/or increases susceptibility to mechanical arrhythmias. Thus, this study investigates the LA mechanical function 20 days after MCT administration for control (CTRL) and MCT animals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>All animal handling procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Use of the Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo (number 9073161118). The rats were obtained from the Center for the Development of Experimental Models for Biology and Medicine and housed in institutional animal care facilities on a 12-hour light/dark cycle with food and water available <italic>ad libitum</italic> .</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental Design for Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension</title>
          <p>A simple draw method was used to randomly divide four-week-old male Wistar rats weighing approximately 100 g into two groups: the control group (CTRL) and the experimental group (MCT). After the draw, the animals were regrouped and identified in their respective groups: 1) CTRL, which received a single i.p. dose of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Synth&#174;) vehicle solution (1 ml/kg); and 2) MCT group, which received a single i.p. dose of MCT (50 mg/kg - SIGMA Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, EUA) dissolved in DMSO on day 0, as previously described. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The animals were observed for 20 days after MCT and DMSO administration.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title><italic>In Vivo</italic> Electrocardiographic Measurements</title>
          <p>The rats were anesthetized by inhalation of 1.5&#8211;2.0% isoflurane (Isoforine&#174;, Crist&#225;lia, SP, Brazil) and placed in a supine position for the electrocardiogram (ECG) experiments. A five-minute ECG recording was performed using electrocardiograph equipment (ECG-PC version 2.07 &#174;-TEB, MG, Brazil) before the administration of MCT or vehicle and after 20 days of treatment. The parameters evaluated were P wave duration, QRS complex duration, PR intervals, QT interval, and heart rate. The QT interval values were corrected using the Bazett formula (QTc = QT/&#8730;RR). All ECG tracings were analyzed offline. At least ten successive electrical cycles were averaged for each animal, and the parameters were analyzed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphological Parameters</title>
          <p>The body weight of the CTRL and MCT rats was measured on day 0 and day 20. At the end of the study, the rats were decapitated for heart collection. We used Fulton&#8217;s index to express the degree of right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy, calculated from the weight ratio of the RV to the sum of the left ventricle (LV) and septum (S), as previously described. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In addition, the ratio of heart weight to tibia length was evaluated to determine overall heart hypertrophy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histological Studies</title>
          <p>The histological processing of the hearts was performed as previously described. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Tissues were fixed by immersion in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 hours at 4 &#176;C. Subsequently, the cardiac tissue was dehydrated using an increasing series of ethanol (70, 80, 90 and 100%), followed by clearing in xylol and embedding in paraffin. Then, 8 &#181;m-thick cross-sections were cut using a microtome (model HM335E; Microm, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). After deparaffinization with xylene and rehydration through graded concentrations of ethanol (100, 90, 80, and 70%), the slides were stained with Masson&#8217;s Trichrome to assess cardiac morphology, as well as the extent of fibrosis. Grading morphometric analysis was performed using ImageJ &#174; software, version 1.44 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). In this analysis, we used a predefined grid and a cell counter tool for measuring, set with 1,000 grid intersection points per rat from 20 frames, as previously described. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Left atrium preparation</title>
          <p>The LA was cut perpendicularly and mounted in a tank for isolated organs containing Tyrode&#8217;s solution (mM): 140 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 1.8 CaCl <sub>2</sub> , 0.5 MgCl <sub>2</sub> , 0.33 NaH <sub>2</sub> PO <sub>4</sub> , 11 Dextrose and 5 HEPES continuously gasified with 100% O <sub>2</sub> as previously described. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The ends of the LA were suspended horizontally by stainless steel hooks and equilibrated under a resting tension of 0.5 gf (4.9 mN) for at least 40 minutes before recording. The LA was paced at 1 Hz.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacing Protocols</title>
          <p>The susceptibility of the LA to develop arrhythmia was tested by applying a single train of 50 pulses at a frequency of 30 Hz through a pair of silver electrodes (Ag/AgCl) positioned at 90&#186; and connected to a stimulator (Myopacer, IonOptix), as previously described. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>All data are presented as the mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). The normality of the dependent variable was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Comparisons between groups were performed using a two-tailed unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test. Continuous variables were analyzed using the paired Student&#8217;s t-test. Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used for categorical data (incidence of arrhythmias). Each figure legend identifies the statistical test. The level of significance to reject the null hypothesis was p &lt; 0.05. The number of animals, indicated in the figure legend, is represented by (n). Data were analyzed using Excel &#174; (Microsoft, USA) and Origin 8.0&#174; (OriginLab, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphofunctional Analysis of the Heart in the Experimental Model of MCT-PH in Rats</title>
          <p>First, we performed a morphofunctional analysis of the heart to observe classical markers of heart disease in the MCT-PH rat model ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ). Initially, we evaluated the heart weight (Figure 1A), the normalized heart weight by body weight (Figure 1B), the right ventricle (RV) weight normalized by tibia length (Figure 1C), and the Fulton&#8217;s index (Figure 1D). All these parameters were increased in the MCT group compared to the CTRL group, indicating remodeling of the right side of the heart, as already shown in previous studies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Additionally, we found that the LA (Figure 1E) and the LV (Figure 1F) weights were also increased in the MCT group compared to the CTRL group, suggesting structural remodeling of the left side of the heart. In order to further characterize the MCT model, we performed a histological evaluation of the left side of the heart ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Morphological remodeling of the heart after MCT administration. (A) Heart weight; (B) Ratio of normalized heart weight to body weight; (C) Right ventricle (RV) weight normalized to tibial bone length; (D) Fulton&#8217;s index; (E) Left atrium (LA) weight; (F) Left ventricle (LV) weight (n=7 animals per group). Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD. Differences between groups were analyzed using Student&#8217;s t-test. * comparing MCT to the CTRL (p &lt; 0.05).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230188-30188-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Structural remodeling of the heart after MCT administration. Representative images of transverse sections of cardiomyocytes stained with Masson&#8217;s Trichrome (scale bar = 500 &#181;m) from the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) of control (CTRL, A) and monocrotaline (MCT, B) treated animals; (C) Analysis of mean cross-sectional area (CSA) of the left atrium and ventricle cardiomyocytes; (D) Quantification of collagen deposition. Interstitial fibrotic areas are stained in blue; (E) Cardiomyocyte occupation. (n=3-4 animals per group). Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD. Differences between groups were analyzed using Student&#8217;s t-test. * comparing MCT to the CTRL (p&lt;0.05).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230188-30188-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The histological evaluation showed that the cross-sectional area of LA and LV myocytes in the experimental group was enhanced compared to the CTRL group (Figures 2A-B) and quantified in (Figure 2C). Interestingly, this increase in the cross-sectional area was observed in a scenario of increased collagen content in both LA and LV (Figure 2D) and reduced total myocyte occupancy (Figure 2E).</p>
          <p>Thus, the MCT-PH model recapitulates most of the morphological heart phenotype observed in other studies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In order to confirm that, we explored if the MCT-PH model in our study presents the same expected electrocardiogram changes previously reported in this animal model. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The surface electrocardiogram was conducted in the control and experimental groups, which is summarized in ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> ). Representative ECG traces are shown in (Figure 3A). After 20 days of MCT administration, P wave duration (Figure 3B), PR interval (Figure 3C), and QT interval (Figure 3E) were increased. No changes in the QRS interval were observed (Figure 3D). Thus, the ECG associated with heart morphometric and histological analysis demonstrates that the MCT-PH rat model develops a heart phenotype associated with impaired structure and function, as previously described. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Electrocardiographic parameters are altered after MCT administration. A) Representative traces; B) P wave duration; C) PR interval; D) QRS complex duration; E) QT interval duration. Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD (n=7 animals per group). Differences between groups were analyzed using paired Student&#8217;s t-test. * comparing to the CTRL (p&lt;0.05).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230188-30188-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>LA Function in the CTRL and MCT Rats</title>
          <p>Next, we conducted a series of experiments to study the function of <italic>ex vivo</italic> LA paced at 1 Hz. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> summarizes our findings. A superimposed averaged normalized curve is shown in (Figure 4A) for the CTRL and MCT experimental groups. There was no difference in the LA from the MCT-PH regarding the pacing frequency (Figure 4B) and peak amplitude (Figure 4C). A modest but significant difference was observed in the time to peak contraction (Figure 4D), measured as the time between 10 and 90% for the peak of contraction. Non-change in the time for relaxation was observed (Figure 4E).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The MCT impairs LA function. (A) Representative tracings of normalized superimposed left atrium paced at 1 Hz for control (CTRL) (n=10) and MCT (n=10); (B) Left atrium frequency; (C) Peak amplitude of contraction; (D) Time to peak contraction rise between 10-90%; (E) Time to peak contraction decay between 10-90%. Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD. Differences between groups were analyzed using Student&#8217;s t-test. * comparing to the CTRL (p&lt;0.05).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230188-30188-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Susceptibility to Arrhythmia of Isolated LA From MCT Rats</title>
          <p>A previous report found that the isolated RA from MCT-PH animals, after 14 days of MCT administration, is susceptible to developing arrhythmias after <italic>ex vivo</italic> burst pacing protocol. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Here, we explored the susceptibility of LA from MCT-PH animals to develop arrhythmias after 20 days of MCT administration. The summary of our findings is found in ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref> ). After the burst pacing protocol, the CTRL LA developed some extrasystoles as observed in the representative trace (Figure 5A), left trace, and the LA from MCT-PH, represented in (Figure 5A), right trace. As is shown in (Figure 5B), arrhythmic events were observed at the same frequency in the MCT (3/10) compared to the CTRL (5/10) group after burst pacing. Also, most arrhythmic events observed were extrasystoles, and non-atrial fibrillation was detected.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Susceptibility to arrhythmia in isolated LA A) Representative tracings of the isolated LA in the CTRL (left panel) and MCT (right panel) situation after the intermittent stimulation protocol (burst). (B) Incidence of arrhythmic events. Chi-square test, p&gt;0.05. CTRL (n = 10) and MCT (n=10).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230188-30188-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The MCT-PH model in rats induces complex cellular and molecular level changes, which contribute to myocardial remodeling, resulting in increased pressure in the cardiac chambers and hypertrophy. In our study, the MCT-PH model was established by an increase in mean LA weight, LV, Fulton index and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In addition, the histological findings confirmed the presence of tissue fibrosis; this phenomenon reflects greater electrical heterogeneity, compromising the atrial structure and, consequently, increasing vulnerability to arrhythmias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, we explored the morphofunctional changes of the LA after MCT administration in rats. However, we found that the MCT-PH model did not increase the susceptibility of the LA to develop arrhythmia <italic>ex vivo</italic> after the burst pacing protocol. Our results differ from the previous report, which used a similar experimental model as the one applied in this study, whose authors found that the LA was susceptible to developing arrhythmias after <italic>in situ</italic> administration of a burst protocol. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> They identified that the susceptibility to arrhythmia was increased in the LA in a scenario of enhanced fibrosis in the tissue and increased P wave duration in a similar fashion as we observed in our current investigation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are some explanations for the apparent discrepancy from our study and that reported by Hiram et al. For example, they applied the drug Blebbistatin in their preparation, which uncouples the electrical and mechanical function of the myocyte. Therefore, their study&#8217;s experimental concept differs from ours since we explored the mechanical function to evaluate susceptibility to arrhythmia. They also applied a distinct protocol to induce arrhythmia, which was more severe than ours. They used a 50-Hz burst pacing applied for 3 s, with 12 bursts separated by 2-s intervals; meanwhile, we applied a single 30 Hz burst pacing stimulus.</p>
        <p>Another possible explanation for the difference between our results and those in the literature is the age of the rats used in the studies, which will be further discussed. Also, we may say that the time course of MCT-PH disease from our study and others are different, especially related to the dose of MCT and the weight/age of the animals used. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Here, we report the phenotype of the LA from animals weighing 100 g at the beginning of the study and treated with 50 mg/kg MCT, which is much younger than that used in the study by Hiram et al.</p>
        <p>It is already known that animals with ~100 g are more susceptible to MCT administration, with 100% mortality up to 23 days post-MCT treatment. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> An interesting observation is that, in another report, it was noted that male Wistar rats weighing 150 to 175 g and administrated with 40 or 60 mg/kg of MCT, after 14 days, both groups developed elevated right ventricular pressure, being more severe in the group that was given 60 mg/kg of MCT. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Besides, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (body weights of 200 &#8211; 220 g) were given 50 mg/kg of MCT and no change in the right ventricular pressure was observed at 14 days. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> This divergent result was recently explained by a study in which authors evaluated the development of MCT-PH in young male Sprague-Dawley rats (4-week-old, weighing ~80 g before MCT administration) and older animals (17-week-old, weighing ~420 g before MCT administration). Younger animals died 23.4 &#177; 1.1 days after MCT administration, while older animals did not die within the study&#8217;s time frame (42 days). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In addition, in the previous study, the authors observed arrhythmias in the LA (e.g., atrial fibrillation) in MCT-treated rats; still, older animals (200 to 275 g) compared to our study (~100 g) were used. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Also, they administered 60 mg/Kg of MCT, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> while in this study we used 50 mg/kg of MCT.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, it is important to stress that, in the healthy tissue, the depolarization wave started in the region of the inflow of the superior vena cava into the RA, which is the region of the sinoatrial node, along the atrial subepicardium to the dorsal side of the LA, which is the last excited. However, in the diseased tissue from MCT-PH animals, almost two concomitant depolarization waves are formed: one near the inflow of the vena cava and another in the region of the lacunae of the pulmonary veins in the LA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our findings demonstrate that the LA in MCT-PH may present a distinct pathophysiology from the RA, which is more susceptible to developing arrhythmias induced by the same burst pacing protocol. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is important to note that our study has some limitations: 1) we did not measure the mean pulmonary artery pressure in the rats; 2) we did not perform the atriogram in the isolated LA experiments; 3) we paced the LA in a frequency far from the physiological frequency found <italic>in vivo</italic> for rats.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Collectively, our results showed that there is LA morphofunctional remodeling 20 days after administration of MCT in rats, as indicated in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> , which did not increase the susceptibility of the tissue to develop <italic>ex vivo</italic> arrhythmias after a protocol of burst pacing.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Jorge Lucas Teixeira-Fonseca, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 5281070323. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by CNPq 304257/2020-6; FAPESP 2020/14635/-1, 2021/05584-7, 2019/21304-4 e FAPESP [grant number, 2023/04603-03, Polyana Leal da Silva.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(10):e20230188</p>
          <p>In the Original Article &#8220;Isolated Left Atrium Morphofunctional Study of an Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension Model in Rats&#8221;, with DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230188, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(10):e20230188, on page 1, change the name of the author Fabiana Silva Machado to: Fabiana da Silva Alc&#226;ntara.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
