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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5cLVLdWvvG3y5VPSrvhfcRj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230133</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sobrevida de Pacientes Transplantados Card&#237;acos com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Sob Diferentes Regimes de Imunossupressores Antiproliferativos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8727-0940</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furquim</surname>
            <given-names>Silas Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galbiati</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Campoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Monica S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fukushima</surname>
            <given-names>Julia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seguro</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Fernando Bernal da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Iascara Wozniak de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strabelli</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Mara Varej&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barone</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulo</surname>
            <given-names>Audrey Rose da Silveira Amancio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ohe</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Akutsu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galante</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Cappelletti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaiotto</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Silas Ramos Furquim &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>silasfurquim@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230133</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Figura Central</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: Sobrevida de Pacientes Transplantados Card&#237;acos com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Sob Diferentes Regimes de Imunossupressores Antiproliferativos</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AZA: azatioprina; MFM: micofenolato de mofetila; BEMN: bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/5cLVLdWvvG3y5VPSrvhfcRj/c804119eb6ba0b0b18087c266b2462c832965035.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/5cLVLdWvvG3y5VPSrvhfcRj/13c0d49ac04711c2c72ad517e5591f439d1cf25e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/5cLVLdWvvG3y5VPSrvhfcRj/371fb2d7caaa4d74044649fa547e0c6f0ac49aa6.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A Doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) &#233; uma causa importante de transplante card&#237;aco (TC). O principal obst&#225;culo &#233; a reativa&#231;&#227;o da DC (RDC), normalmente associada a altas doses de imunossupressores. Estudos anteriores sugeriram uma associa&#231;&#227;o do micofenolato de mofetila com aumento na RDC. No entanto, preditores de mortalidade s&#227;o desconhecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Identificar os fatores de risco de mortalidade em pacientes com DC ap&#243;s o TC e o impacto do regime antiproliferativo sobre a sobrevida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes chag&#225;sicos submetidos ao TC entre janeiro de 2004 e setembro de 2020, em protocolo de imunossupress&#227;o que priorizava o uso de azatioprina e sua mudan&#231;a para micofenolato de mofetila em caso de rejei&#231;&#227;o. Realizamos regress&#227;o univariada para identificar preditores de mortalidade e comparamos sobrevida, rejei&#231;&#227;o, e evid&#234;ncia RDC entre os pacientes que usavam azatioprina, micofenolato de mofetila, e aqueles que mudaram de azatioprina para micofenolato (grupo &#8220;Mudan&#231;a&#8221;) ap&#243;s a alta. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 85 pacientes, 54,1% homens, idade mediana 49 (39-57) anos, e 91,8% com prioridade na lista de espera. Dezenove (22,4%) usavam azatioprina, 37 (43,5%) micofenolato de mofetila, e 29 (34,1%) trocaram a terapia; a sobrevida n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos, 2,9 (1,6-5,0) x 2,9 (1,8-4,8) x 4,2 (2,0-5,0) anos, respectivamente; p=0,4. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de rejei&#231;&#227;o (42%, 73% e 59% respectivamente; p=0,08) ou de RDC (<italic>T. cruzi</italic> positiva na bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica 5% x 11% x 7%; p=0,7; uso benzonidazol 58% x 65% x 69%; p=0,8; PCR positiva para <italic>T. cruzi</italic> 20% x 68% x 42% respectivamente; p=0,1).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Este estudo retrospectivo com pacientes com DC e TC n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a na sobrevida entre os diferentes regimes antiproliferativos. O uso de micofenolato de mofetila n&#227;o foi associado com taxas significativamente mais altas de RDC ou rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto nesta coorte. Novos ensaios randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para abordar essa quest&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC), como etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade na lista de espera para transplante card&#237;aco (TC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As principais complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s o TC s&#227;o infec&#231;&#245;es virais e bacterianas, rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, c&#226;ncer, e Reativa&#231;&#227;o da DC (RDC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A RDC deve-se geralmente &#224; imunossupress&#227;o excessiva, e ao uso de Micofenolato de Mofetila (MFM) em vez de Azatioprina (AZA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Assim, recomenda-se que pacientes com DC recebam terapia imunossupressora mais branda, com ciclosporina, AZA e esteroides, contanto que n&#227;o ocorra rejei&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora existam registros frequentes da reativa&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> (<italic>T. cruzi</italic>), essa &#233; uma causa incomum de morte, dada &#224; efic&#225;cia do tratamento da RDC com benzonidazol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>Propostas para reduzir o risco de reativa&#231;&#227;o incluem redu&#231;&#227;o de corticosteroides, n&#237;veis mais baixos de inibidores de calcineurina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e uso preferencial de AZA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de evid&#234;ncias que corroboram o tratamento atualmente empregado, h&#225; poucos estudos que identificaram o impacto do uso da MFM versus AZA sobre a mortalidade, rejei&#231;&#227;o e RDC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Bacal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e Campos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> conduziram duas an&#225;lises de dados retrospectivos de pacientes com TC e DC, que receberam MFM imediatamente antes da cirurgia e encontraram que o medicamento foi associado com ocorr&#234;ncia aumentada de RDC, mas baixo risco de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Outros estudos relataram risco aumentado de infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> com o uso de MFM, mas eram limitados pelo tamanho amostral pequeno, por ser retrospectivo, e n&#227;o especificar as doses de MFM utilizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral de pacientes com TC, o MFM reduz significativamente a mortalidade no primeiro ano em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; AZA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e mant&#233;m sua superioridade ap&#243;s um seguimento de tr&#234;s anos. No entanto, ainda existem perguntas n&#227;o respondidas no manejo de pacientes com TC e DC, principalmente a aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica sobre o regime imunossupressor para esses pacientes. Assim, nosso estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a sobrevida em longo prazo de pacientes com DC ap&#243;s TC em diferentes regimes antiproliferativos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, que incluiu pacientes que se submeteram a TC por DC entre 01 de janeiro de 2004 e 30 de setembro de 2020.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos, de acordo com o regime antiproliferativo: AZA (grupo AZA), MFM (grupo MFM) na alta hospitalar e aqueles que trocaram de AZA para MFM durante o seguimento (grupo &#8220;Mudan&#231;a&#8221;).</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram &#243;bito antes da alta, perda de seguimento, mudan&#231;a de MFM para AZA e a aus&#234;ncia de uso de drogas antiproliferativas.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional local (CAAE: 63584222.2.0000.0068).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados a partir dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos institucionais, e de bancos de dados da farm&#225;cia e do departamento de doen&#231;as infecciosas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Imunossupress&#227;o</title>
        <p>O esquema imunossupressor adotado consistiu na combina&#231;&#227;o tr&#237;plice padr&#227;o incluindo: esteroide, inibidor da calcineurina (ciclosporina ou tacrolimus) e antiproliferativo (AZA ou MFM) de acordo com protocolo da institui&#231;&#227;o. No grupo mudan&#231;a, a AZA foi convertida para MFM quando indicado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Monitoramento e tratamento da reativa&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o por T. cruzi</title>
        <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o pelo T. cruzi foi investigada por bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica (BEM), realizada de acordo com o protocolo de TC (sete dias, 15 dias, tr&#234;s, seis e 12 meses ap&#243;s o TC ou na suspeita de rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto). A RDC tamb&#233;m foi investigada em casos de evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de reativa&#231;&#227;o, por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase do sangue perif&#233;rico, desde 2017. Epis&#243;dios suspeitos ou confirmados de RDC foram tratados com benzonidazol em uma dose de 5-10 mg/kg/dia por 60 dias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal como mediana e intervalo interquartil, e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi realizada pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou teste de Mann-Whitney, respectivamente. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Nos grupos de imunossupress&#227;o, a an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e o teste log-rank. Realizamos uma an&#225;lise univariada pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica de Cox para identificar preditores de mortalidade. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa SPSS vers&#227;o 26.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre 01 de Janeiro de 2004 e 30 de setembro de 2020, 190 TC foram conduzidos em pacientes com DC. Foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises 105 pacientes &#8211; 54 morreram antes da alta, 12 perderam seguimento, dois mudaram de MFM para AZA e 37 n&#227;o utilizaram drogas antiproliferativas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. AZA: azatioprina; MFM: micofenolato de mofetila.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230133-30133-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Dezenove pacientes (22,4%) usaram AZA, 37 (43,5%) MFM, e 29 (34,1%) mudaram de AZA para MFM durante o acompanhamento. O tempo m&#233;dio de uso de MFM foi 3,44 (&#177;0,43) e 3,76 (&#177;0,58) anos nos grupos MFM e &#8220;Mudan&#231;a&#8221;, respectivamente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas basais entre esses grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A dura&#231;&#227;o mediana de seguimento foi 4,1 anos (IIQ: 1,6 -6,5) no grupo AZA, 2,9 (IIQ 1,8-6,0) no grupo MFM e 4,2 (IIQ: 2,0-6,1) no grupo Mudan&#231;a (p = 0,336). A dose m&#233;dia di&#225;ria de AZA foi 82,1 mg (&#177;9,9), de MFM foi 962,2 mg (&#177;57,6), e no grupo &#8220;Mudan&#231;a&#8221; foi de 900,0 mg (&#177;77,9). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nas taxas de rejei&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos AZA, MFM e &#8220;Mudan&#231;a&#8221; (42% x 73% x 59%, respectivamente p=0,08), positividade para <italic>T. cruzi</italic> na BEM (5% x 11% x 7%, respectivamente; p=0,7), PCR positiva para <italic>T. cruzi</italic> (20% x 68% x 42%, respectivamente; p=0,8), ou uso de benzonidazol (58% x 65% x 69%, respectivamente; p=0,1) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes (azatioprina x micofenolato de mofetila x mudan&#231;a de azatioprina para micofenolato de mofetila)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>AZA (19)</th>
                <th>MFM (37)</th>
                <th>MUDAN&#199;A (29)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acompanhamento (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,1 (1,6 -6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 (1,8-6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4,2 (2,0-6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,336</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade do receptor (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">48,6 (&#177;9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">48,59 (&#177;12,7)</td>
                <td align="center">45,0 (&#177;11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,416</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo (masculino)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12 (63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (40,5)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (65,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,870</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">11 (57,9)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (64,9)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (41,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o branca</td>
                <td align="center">8 (42,1)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (35,1)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (58,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,158</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso do receptor (Kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">60,7 (&#177;8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">62,2 (&#177;1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">60,3 (&#177;9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,738</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Altura do receptor (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">164 (&#177;1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">163 (&#177;1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (&#177;1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,476</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo sangu&#237;neo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O</td>
                <td align="center">10 (52,6)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (37,8)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (58,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A</td>
                <td align="center">7 (36,8)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (27,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B</td>
                <td align="center">2 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AB</td>
                <td align="center">0 (00,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,652</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo na lista de espera (dias)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">50 (21-190)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (17-140)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (29-77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,347</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Intermacs</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (40,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (37,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">14 (73,7)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (45,9)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (58,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,307</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Droga vasoativa</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">18 (94,7)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (89,2)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (93,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,781</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9 (47,4)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (64,9)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (72,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,199</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de DAV</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hemodi&#225;lise pr&#233;-TC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,268</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Inibidor de calcineurina</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tacrolimo</td>
                <td align="center">10 (52,6)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (73,0)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (79,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ciclosporina</td>
                <td align="center">9 (47,4)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (27,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (20,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,129</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Valores em n (%), m&#233;dia (DP) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). Intermacs: Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support. TC: Transplante Card&#237;aco; DAV: dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular; AZA: azatioprina; MFM: micofenolato de mofetila.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Evid&#234;ncia de reativa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas em pacientes em uso de azatioprina ou micofenolato de mofetila e pacientes que mudaram o regime imunossupressor (grupo &#8220;mudan&#231;a&#8221;)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>AZA (19)</th>
                <th>MFM (37)</th>
                <th>MUDAN&#199;A (29)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Rejei&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 2R</td>
                <td align="center">8 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (59)</td>
                <td align="center">0,079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>T. cruzi positivo na BEM</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,735</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de Benzonidazol</td>
                <td align="center">11 (58)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">0,768</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR positivo para T. cruzi (2017 &#8211; 2021)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Valores em n (%); T. cruzi: Trypanosoma cruzi; BEM: Bi&#243;psia Endomioc&#225;rdica; PCR: rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase; AZA: azatioprina; MFM: micofenolato de mofetila.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Onze pacientes foram a &#243;bito e 74 sobreviveram em cinco anos de seguimento. Na an&#225;lise univariada, as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes que foram a &#243;bito n&#227;o foram diferentes daquelas dos pacientes que sobreviveram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes (&#243;bitos x sobreviventes)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>&#211;bitos (n = 11)</th>
                <th>Sobreviventes (n = 74)</th>
                <th>Valores p</th>
                <th>HR</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Agente antiproliferativo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Azatioprina</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (84,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Micofenolato de mofetila</td>
                <td align="center">6 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (83,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,995</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,25-3,98)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mudan&#231;a de AZA para MFM</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (93,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 (0,07-2,36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade do receptor (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">51,1 (&#177;1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">42,8 (&#177;1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,178</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,98-1,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo (masculino)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9 (81,8)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,083</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 (0,06-1,19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">7 (63,6)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (54,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Afro-americana</td>
                <td align="center">4 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (45,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,468</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,18-2,17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso do receptor (Kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">61,6 (&#177;8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">61,16 (&#177;10,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,990</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,94-1,06)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Altura do receptor (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">166,9 (&#177;3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">163,5 (&#177;0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,380</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,96-1,11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Incompatibilidade de g&#234;neros (doador-receptor)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (51,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,437</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 (0,18-2,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade do doador (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">29,4 (&#177;0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">31,2 (&#177;0,28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,490</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,95-1,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo sangu&#237;neo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O</td>
                <td align="center">7 (63,6)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (45,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,649</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (37,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,243</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 (0,08-1,89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,837</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,1-6,56)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AB</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,744</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 (0,17-11,57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo na lista de espera (dias)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">47 (19-90)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (32-163)</td>
                <td align="center">0,972</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,99-1,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Prioridade na lista</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">10 (90,9)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (91,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,975</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,13-8,13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Intermacs</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,237</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (-)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">5 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (32,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,222</td>
                <td align="center">0,36 (0,069-1,86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">4 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (59,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 (0,31-0,93)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,237</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Droga vasoativa</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9 (81,8)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (93,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,227</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 (0,08-1,80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6 (54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (64,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,562</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 (0,21-2,31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de DAV</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,778</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,00-71784102,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hemodi&#225;lise pr&#233;-TC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,254</td>
                <td align="center">2,44 (0,53-11,33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Inibidor de calcineurina</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tacrolimo</td>
                <td align="center">7 (63,6)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (71,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ciclosporina</td>
                <td align="center">4 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (28,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,542</td>
                <td align="center">0,68 (0,20-2,33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Rejei&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 2R</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6 (54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (63,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,568</td>
                <td align="center">1,41 (0,43-4,63)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>T. cruzi positivo na BEM</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,280</td>
                <td align="center">2,33 (0,50-10,78)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de benzonidazol</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">8 (72,7)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (63,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,517</td>
                <td align="center">1,55 (0,41-5,85)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PCR positivo para T. cruzi (2017 &#8211; 2021)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (48,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,379</td>
                <td align="center">64,77 (0,01-701814,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Valores em n&#250;mero (%), m&#233;dia (DP) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil); Intermacs: Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; DAV: dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular; TC: transplante card&#237;aco; T. cruzi: Trypanosoma cruzi; BEM: bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica; PCR: rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase; AZA: azatioprina; MFM: micofenolato de mofetila.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Taxas de sobrevida</title>
        <p>As taxas de sobrevida em cinco anos n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos AZA, MFM e Mudan&#231;a 2,9 (1,6-5,0) x 2,9 (1,8-4,8) x 4,2 (2,0-5,0) anos, respectivamente; p=0,457 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Os principais resultados est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de sobrevida pelos m&#233;todos de Kaplan Meier e log-rank. AZA: azatioprina; MFM: micofenolato de mofetila.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230133-30133-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com base em estudos randomizados, o medicamento antiproliferativo de escolha ap&#243;s o TC tem sido o MFM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, em pacientes com DC, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de estudos observacionais e retrospectivos indicando taxas mais altas de RDC com o uso de MFM, mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa na sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O impacto da RDC sobre a mortalidade ap&#243;s o transplante n&#227;o &#233; conhecido e, por isso, o agente antiproliferativo de escolha tem sido AZA. Embora uma taxa mais alta de RCD era esperada nos pacientes em uso de MFM, com base em estudos pr&#233;vios, nossos resultados n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as nas taxas de sobrevida em cinco anos entre pacientes usando AZA e MFM.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos para RDC t&#234;m sido usados nos estudos; Bacal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> utilizaram xenodiagn&#243;stico e cultura sangu&#237;nea que pode ser positiva em pacientes com DC cr&#244;nica, e Campos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> n&#227;o usaram PCR. Observamos uma taxa mais alta de uso emp&#237;rico de benzonidazol, revelando a dificuldade diagn&#243;stica da RDC na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A maioria dos casos n&#227;o apresentam sinas ou sintomas sugestivos, requerendo alta suspei&#231;&#227;o. No momento, n&#227;o h&#225; um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico preciso para RDC, o que refor&#231;a a necessidade de melhorar seu diagn&#243;stico e monitoramento para melhor avaliar seu impacto em longo prazo sobre o TC. Neste cen&#225;rio, a PCR pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da RDC. Benvenuti et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> sugerem reativa&#231;&#227;o da DC se for detectada alta carga parasit&#225;ria em um &#250;nico exame de sangue ou ap&#243;s dois resultados de PCR positivos consecutivos de intensidade crescente. No caso de baixa carga parasit&#225;ria, um PCR positivo na BEM &#233; indicativo de RDC. No entanto, h&#225; uma grande discord&#226;ncia entre PCR no sangue perif&#233;rico e BEM positiva, al&#233;m de uma aus&#234;ncia de ponto de corte estabelecido para PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de uma porcentagem mais alta de rejei&#231;&#227;o nos grupos MFM e Mudan&#231;a em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo AZA, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. A tend&#234;ncia de uma maior rejei&#231;&#227;o com o uso de MFM &#233; contr&#225;ria aos dados da literatura, em que o uso de MFM foi associado com menores taxas de rejei&#231;&#227;o e de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Outro estudo pr&#233;vio que avaliou o uso de MFM e AZA em pacientes com DC tamb&#233;m n&#227;o relatou diferen&#231;a nas taxas de rejei&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Acreditamos que essa tend&#234;ncia possa estar relacionada com o delineamento do estudo, em que os pacientes nos grupos MFM e Mudan&#231;a apresentaram, necessariamente, rejei&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. Isso justificou o uso de MFM em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, o que, por sua vez, foi um fator de risco para novas rejei&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados maiores, de superioridade, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar se pacientes usando MFM apresentam maior sobrevida que pacientes usando AZA.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao agente antiproliferativo de escolha e as taxas de RDC, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as durante o acompanhamento entre os grupos de diferentes regimes imunossupressores. Observou-se uma alta taxa de evid&#234;ncia (cl&#237;nica ou laboratorial) para RDC em todos os grupos. Outras caracter&#237;sticas basais n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os pacientes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Apesar do n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes, em nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o maior estudo do tipo coorte analisando regimes imunossupressores em pacientes com DC submetidos a TC, e dados de ensaios randomizados n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis ainda. Nosso estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es, como seu delineamento retrospectivo e em &#250;nico centro, aus&#234;ncia de um protocolo de pesquisa para RDC, uso recente de PCR para <italic>T. cruzi</italic> (2017), e consider&#225;vel n&#250;mero de pessoas que perderam seguimento ou n&#227;o usaram drogas antriproliferativas. N&#227;o avaliamos as causas de morte dos pacientes, o que poderia estar relacionado &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o ou RDC e forneceria mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre diferentes regimes imunossupressores. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o avaliamos os crit&#233;rios usados para o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento para RDC.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo retrospectivo n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;a na sobrevida entre pacientes com DC ap&#243;s TC em diferentes regimes imunossupressores. O uso de MFM n&#227;o foi estatisticamente associado a taxas mais altas de RDC ou rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto nesta coorte. Novos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para abordar essa quest&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 63584222.2.0000.0068, parecer: 5.752.273. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Survival of Heart Transplant Patients with Chagas&#8217; Disease Under Different Antiproliferative Immunosuppressive Regimens</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8727-0940</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furquim</surname>
            <given-names>Silas Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galbiati</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Campoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Monica S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fukushima</surname>
            <given-names>Julia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seguro</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Fernando Bernal da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Iascara Wozniak de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strabelli</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Mara Varej&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barone</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulo</surname>
            <given-names>Audrey Rose da Silveira Amancio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ohe</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Akutsu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galante</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Cappelletti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaiotto</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role> Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Silas Ramos Furquim &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: silasfurquim@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Central Illustration</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>: Survival of Heart Transplant Patients with Chagas&#8217; Disease Under Different Antiproliferative Immunosuppressive Regimens</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AZA: azathioprine; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil; EMB: endomyocardial biopsy.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230133-30133-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Chagas&#8217; disease (CD) is an important cause of heart transplantation (HT). The main obstacle is Chagas&#8217; disease reactivation (CDR), usually associated to high doses of immunosuppressants. Previous studies have suggested an association of mycophenolate mofetil with increased CDR. However, mortality predictors are unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To identify mortality risk factors in heart transplant patients with CD and the impact of antiproliferative regimen on survival.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Retrospective study with CD patients who underwent HT between January 2004 and September 2020, under immunosuppression protocol that prioritized azathioprine and change to mycophenolate mofetil in case of rejection. We performed univariate regression to identify mortality predictors; and compared survival, rejection and evidence of CDR between who received azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and those who changed from azathioprine to mycophenolate mofetil after discharge (&#8220;Change&#8221; group). A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Eighty-five patients were included, 54.1% men, median age 49 (39-57) years, and 91.8% were given priority in waiting list. Nineteen (22.4%) used azathioprine, 37 (43.5%) mycophenolate mofetil and 29 (34.1%) switched therapy; survival was not different between groups, 2.9 (1.6-5.0) x 2.9 (1.8-4.8) x 4.2 (2.0-5.0) years, respectively; p=0.4. There was no difference in rejection (42%, 73% and 59% respectively; p=0.08) or in CDR (T. cruzi positive by endomyocardial biopsy 5% x 11% x 7%; p=0.7; benznidazole use 58% x 65% x 69%; p=0.8; positive PCR for T. cruzi 20% x 68% x 42% respectively; p=0.1) rates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> This retrospective study did not show difference in survival in heart transplant patients with CD receiving different antiproliferative regimens. Mycophenolate mofetil was not associated with statistically higher rates of CDR or graft rejection in this cohort. New randomized clinical trials are necessary to address this issue.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Survival</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas&#8217; disease (CD), as etiology of heart failure (HF), is an independent predictor of mortality in the waiting list for heart transplantation (HT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Main complications after HT are bacterial and viral infections, graft rejection, cancer, and CD reactivation (CDR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CDR is usually due to excessive immunosuppression and the use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) instead of azathioprine (AZA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, it is recommended that patients with CD receive milder immunosuppressive therapy, with cyclosporine, AZA and steroids as long as there is no rejection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Even though there are frequent reports of reactivation of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> (<italic>T. cruzi</italic>) infection, it is an unusual cause of death, due to the efficacy of CDR treatment with benznidazole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Proposals to reduce the risk of reactivation include early reduction of corticosteroids, lower serum levels of calcineurin inhibitors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and preferential use of AZA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the evidence supporting the currently employed treatment, few studies have identified the impact of the MMF versus AZA use on mortality, rejection and CDR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Bacal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and Campos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> conducted two retrospective data analysis of heart transplant patients with CD in which MMF was administered right before the operation and found that the drug was related with increased CDR, but with low risk for mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Other studies reported increased risk of <italic>T.cruzi</italic> infection with the use of MMF, but they were limited by the small sample size, being retrospective and not specifying the MMF doses used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the general heart transplant population, MMF reduces significantly mortality in the first year compared to AZA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and maintains its superiority after a three-year follow-up. However, there are still several unanswered questions in the management of HT patients with CD, especially a lack of clinical evidence on the ideal immunosuppressive regimen for these patients. Therefore, our study has the aim to evaluate the long-term survival of patients with CD after HT under different antiproliferative regimens.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective, observational study that included patients who had undergone HT due to CD between 01 January 2004 and 30 September 2020.</p>
          <p>Patients were divided into three groups, according the antiproliferative regimen: AZA (AZA Group) and MMF (MMF group) on hospital discharge and those who changed from AZA to MMF during the follow-up (Change group). Exclusion criteria were death before discharge, loss of follow-up, change from MMF to AZA and non-use of antiproliferative drugs.</p>
          <p>The study was approved by local institutional review board (CAAE: 63584222.2.0000.0068).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data source</title>
          <p>Data were collected from institutional electronic medical records, as well as pharmacy and infectious diseases department databases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Immunosuppression</title>
          <p>Immunosuppressive regimen consisted of a combination of three drugs: steroids, cyclosporine or tacrolimus and AZA or MMF, according to the institutional protocol. AZA was preferred as antiproliferative in patients with CD. In cases of graft rejection, AZA was converted to MMF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitorization and treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection reactivation</title>
          <p><italic>Trypanossoma cruzi</italic> infection was investigated by endomyocardial biopsy (EMB), performed according to the HT protocol (seven days, 15 days, three, six and 12 months after HT or in clinical suspicion of graft rejection). CDR has been investigated in cases of clinical evidence of reactivation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the peripheral blood since 2017. Episodes of confirmed or suspected CDR were treated with benznidazole in a 5-10 mg/kg/day dosage for 60 days.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean and standard deviation and those without normal distribution as median and interquartile range, and these were compared between the groups by unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test or Mann-Whitney test, respectively. Categorical variables were compared by chi-square and Fisher&#8217;s exact tests. Data normality was verified using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In the groups of immunosuppression, survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. We performed a univariate analysis by Cox logistic regression to identify mortality predictors. P values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistics were performed with SPSS software version 26.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From 01 January 2004 to 30 September 2020, 190 HT were performed in patients with CD. One hundred and five patients were excluded from analysis: 54 died before discharge, 12 were lost to follow-up, 2 changed MMF to AZA and 37 did not use antiproliferative drugs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of patients&#8217; selection. AZA: azathioprine; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230133-30133-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nineteen (22.4%) patients used AZA, 37 (43.5%) MMF and 29 (34.1%) changed from AZA to MMF during the follow-up. The mean time of MMF use was 3.44 (&#177;0.43) and 3.76 (&#177;0.58) years in MMF and Change groups, respectively. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between these groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Median follow-up duration was 4.1 (IQR: 1.6 -6.5) years in the AZA group, 2.9 (IQR: 1.8-6.0) in MMF group and 4.2 (IQR: 2.0-6.1) in Change group (p = 0.336). Mean daily AZA dose was 82.1 mg (&#177;9.9), MMF was 962.2 mg (&#177;57.6), and Change was 900.0 mg (&#177;77.9). There were no differences between AZA, MMF and Change groups in rejection rates (42% x 73% x 59%, respectively; p=0.08), positivity to <italic>T. cruzi</italic> on EMB (5% x 11% x 7%, respectively; p=0.7) positive PCR for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> (20% x 68% x 42%, respectively; p=0.8) or benznidazole use (58% x 65% x 69%, respectively; p=0.1. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of patients (Azathioprine x Mycophenolate x Change)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>AZA (19)</th>
                  <th>MMF (37)</th>
                  <th>CHANGE (29)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Follow up (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.1 (1.6 -6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9 (1.8-6.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2 (2.0-6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.336</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Recipient age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">48.6 (&#177;9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">48.59 (&#177;12.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.0 (&#177;11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.416</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender (male)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12 (63.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (40.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (65.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.870</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Race</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (57.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (64.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (41.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nonwhite</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (42.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (35.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (58.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.158</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Recipient weight (Kg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60.7 (&#177;8.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.2 (&#177;1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.3 (&#177;9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.738</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Recipient height (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">164 (&#177;1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">163 (&#177;1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (&#177;1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.476</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Blood type</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>O</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (52.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (37.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (58.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (36.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (27.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (13.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AB</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (00.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.652</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Time in waiting list (days)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50 (21-190)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (17-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (29-77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.347</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Intermacs</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (40.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (37.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (73.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (45.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (58.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.307</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vasoactive drug</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18 (94.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (89.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (93.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.781</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Intra-aortic balloon</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (47.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (64.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (72.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.199</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VAD use</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemodialysis pre-HT</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (13.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.268</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Calcineurin Inhibitor</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tacrolimus</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (52.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (73.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (79.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cyclosporine</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (47.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (27.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (20.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.129</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Values are n (%), mean (SD) or median (interquartile range). Intermacs: interagency registry for mechanically assisted circulatory support. VAD: ventricular assist device; HT: heart transplantation; AZA: azathioprine; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Evidence of Chagas disease reactivation in patients under azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil regimen and patients that changed immunosuppression regimens</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>AZA (19)</th>
                  <th>MMF (37)</th>
                  <th>CHANGE (29)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rejection &#8805; 2R</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.079</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T. cruzi positive in EMB</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.735</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Benznidazole use</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.768</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Positive PCR for T. cruzi (2017 &#8211; 2021)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (68)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.106</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Values are n (%). T. cruzi: Trypanosoma cruzi; EMB: endomyocardial biopsy; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; AZA: azathioprine; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>There were 11 deaths and 74 survivors in five years of follow-up. In the univariate analysis, baseline characteristics of the patients who died were not different from those who survived (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of patients (dead x survivors)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Dead (n = 11)</th>
                  <th>Live (n = 74)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Antiproliferative</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Azathioprine</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (84.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mycophenolate</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (16.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (83.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.995</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99 (0.25-3.98)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Change AZA to MMF</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (93.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.308</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39 (0.07-2.36)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Recipient age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51.1 (&#177;1.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.8 (&#177;1.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.178</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 (0.98-1.10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender (male)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (81.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.083</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26 (0.06-1.19)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Race</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (63.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (54.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>African American</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (36.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (45.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.468</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 (0.18-2.17)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Recipient weight (Kg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">61.6 (&#177;8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.16 (&#177;10.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.990</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.94-1.06)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Recipient height (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">166.9 (&#177;3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">163.5 (&#177;0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.380</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.96-1.11)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Donor-recipient gender mismatch</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (36.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (51.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.437</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61 (0.18-2.10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Donor age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29.4 (&#177;0.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">31.2 (&#177;0.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.490</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.95-1.10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Blood Type</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>O</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (63.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (45.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.649</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (37.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.243</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39 (0.08-1.89)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.837</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80 (0.1-6.56)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AB</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.744</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 (0.17-11.57)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Time in waiting list (days)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">47 (19-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (32-163)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.972</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.99-1.00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Priority on the list</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10 (90.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (91.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.975</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.13-8.13)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Intermacs</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.237</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 (-)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (45.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (32.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.222</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36 (0.069-1.86)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (36.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (59.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17 (0.31-0.93)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.237</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vasoactive drug</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (81.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (93.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.227</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39 (0.08-1.80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Intra-aortic balloon</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6 (54.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (64.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.562</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70 (0.21-2.31)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VAD use</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.778</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05 (0.00-71784102.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemodialysis pre-HT</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.254</td>
                  <td align="center">2.44 (0.53-11.33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Calcineurin inhibitor</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tacrolimus</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (63.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (71.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cyclosporine</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (36.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (28.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.542</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68 (0.20-2.33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Rejection &#8805; 2R</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6 (54.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (63.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.568</td>
                  <td align="center">1.41 (0.43-4.63)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>T. cruzi positive in EMB</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.280</td>
                  <td align="center">2.33 (0.50-10.78)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Benznidazole use</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8 (72.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (63.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.517</td>
                  <td align="center">1.55 (0.41-5.85)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Positive PCR for T. cruzi (2017 &#8211; 2021)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (48.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.379</td>
                  <td align="center">64.77 (0.01-701814.7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>Values are n (%), mean (SD) or median (interquartile range). Intermacs: interagency registry for mechanically assisted circulatory support; VAD: ventricular assist device; HT: heart transplantation; T. cruzi: Trypanosoma cruzi; EMB: endomyocardial biopsy; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; AZA: azathioprine; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Survival rates</title>
          <p>Median survival rates in five years were not different between the AZA, MMF and Change groups 2.9 (1.6-5.0) x 2.9 (1.8-4.8) x 4.2 (2.0-5.0) years, respectively; p=0.457 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). The main results are summarized in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; survival analysis by Kaplan Meier and Log-Rank. AZA: azathioprine; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230133-30133-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Based on randomized studies, the antiproliferative agent of choice after HT has been the MMF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nonetheless, in patients with CD, there has been evidence from observational and retrospective studies indicating higher CDR rates with MMF use, although without significant difference in survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The impact of CDR on mortality after transplantation is unknown, so the antiproliferative agent of choice has been AZA. Although a higher CDR rate was expected in patients using MMF based on previous studies, our results did not show different survival rates in five years between patients using AZA and MMF.</p>
        <p>Various CDR diagnostic methods have been used in the studies; Bacal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> used xenodiagnosis and blood culture that can be positive in patients with chronic CD, and Campos et al. did not use PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> We observed a higher rate of empirical use of benznidazole, revealing the difficult to diagnose CDR in clinical practice; most cases do not present suggestive signs and symptoms, requiring high suspicion. At the present, there is no accurate CDR diagnostic method, which reinforces the need to improve its diagnosis and monitoring to better assess its long-term impact on HT. In this scenario, PCR may be a useful tool to monitor CDR. Benvenuti et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> suggest reactivation of CD if high parasitic load (PL) is detected in a single blood test or after at least two sequential positive PCR results of increasing intensity. In cases of low PL, a positive PCR on EMB is indicative of CDR. However, there is a great discordance between PCR in peripheral blood and positive EMB, in addition to lack of an established PCR cutoff.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite a higher percentage of rejection in the MMF and Change groups compared to the AZA group, there was no statistical difference. The tendency of higher rejection with MMF use is contrary to literature data, where MMF use has been associated with lower rejection and mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Another previous study that evaluated MMF and AZA regimens in CD patients also found no difference in rejection rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> We believe that this tendency may be related to the study design, in which patients in the MMF and Change groups necessarily had a previous rejection. This justified the use of MMF in our institution, which in turn was a risk factor for new rejections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Larger, blinded, superiority randomized clinical trials should be done to investigate whether patients taking MMF have higher survival as compared with those using AZA.</p>
        <p>Regarding the antiproliferative agent choice and CDR rates, there were no differences during the follow-up between the immunosuppressive regimen groups. There was a high rate of CDR evidence (clinical or laboratorial) in all groups. Other baseline characteristics were not different between the patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Despite the relatively small number of patients, to our knowledge, this study is the largest cohort study analyzing immunosuppressive regimens in CD patients undergoing HT, and data from prospective and randomized trials are not available yet. Our study has limitations such as its retrospective and single center design, lack of a research protocol for CDR, recent use of PCR for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> (2017), and considerable number of patients who were lost to follow-up or who did not use antiproliferative drugs. We did not evaluate patients&#8217; causes of death, which could be related to rejection or CDR and could provide more information about different immunosuppressive regimens. We also did not assess the criteria used to diagnose and indicate treatment for CDR.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This retrospective study did not find differences in survival of CD patients following HT between immunosuppressive regimens. The use of MMF was not statistically associated with higher rates of CDR or graft rejection in this cohort. New randomized clinical trials are necessary to address this issue.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP under the protocol number CAAE: 63584222.2.0000.0068, N&#186; 5.752.273. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
