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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pXJXchyMZZGd68BwmC8s8CG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230082</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Janelas Peric&#225;rdicas: O Valor Limitado do Diagn&#243;stico da Bi&#243;psia Peric&#225;rdica n&#227;o Guiada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2320-5776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giuliani</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Bianco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morales</surname>
            <given-names>Ismael Alberto Auca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okaresnki</surname>
            <given-names>Giovane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Faioli Nascimento Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dur&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Daniella de Freitas Pereira Angelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0654-2893</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Patologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriel Giuliani &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Escola de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP 14049-900, Monte Alegre, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>gabriel.giuliani@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230082</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A janela peric&#225;rdica, al&#233;m de promover a drenagem peric&#225;rdica, tamb&#233;m pode fornecer amostras do peric&#225;rdio para exame anatomopatol&#243;gico. No entanto, a contribui&#231;&#227;o dessas bi&#243;psias para a elucida&#231;&#227;o da etiologia do derrame peric&#225;rdico tem sido debatida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar o valor diagn&#243;stico da bi&#243;psia peric&#225;rdica n&#227;o guiada obtida de procedimentos de janela peric&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram revisados retrospectivamente dados de 80 pacientes submetidos a bi&#243;psia peric&#225;rdica parietal de 2011 a 2020. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Cinquenta pacientes eram do sexo masculino (62,5%) e 30 do sexo feminino (37,5%). A mediana de idade foi de 52 anos (intervalo interquartil: 29 a 59) e 49 anos (intervalo interquartil: 38 a 65), respectivamente (p = 0,724). A etiologia suspeita do derrame peric&#225;rdico foi neopl&#225;sica em 31,3%, incerta em 25%, tuberculose em 15%, autoimune em 12,5%, s&#237;ndrome edemig&#234;nica em 7,5% e outras condi&#231;&#245;es diversas em 8,8%. A abordagem mais frequente para drenagem peric&#225;rdica e bi&#243;psia foi a subxifoide (74%), seguida pela videotoracoscopia (22%). Em 78,8% das bi&#243;psias, os achados histopatol&#243;gicos foram compat&#237;veis com inflama&#231;&#227;o inespec&#237;fica, e apenas 13,7% de todas as bi&#243;psias produziram um diagn&#243;stico histopatol&#243;gico conclusivo. Aqueles que sofriam de c&#226;ncer e derrame peric&#225;rdico apresentaram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de achados histopatol&#243;gicos conclusivos (32% apresentavam infiltra&#231;&#227;o neopl&#225;sica peric&#225;rdica). A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 27,5% e 54,5% dos pacientes que morreram no hospital tinham c&#226;ncer. Nenhuma morte foi atribu&#237;da ao tamponamento card&#237;aco ou ao procedimento de drenagem.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Nossos resultados mostraram que a janela peric&#225;rdica &#233; um procedimento seguro, mas teve pouco valor para esclarecer a etiologia do derrame peric&#225;rdico e nenhum impacto na terapia planejada para o diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio al&#233;m da descompress&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Pericardio/ultraestrutura</kwd>
        <kwd>Bi&#243;psia n&#227;o guiada</kwd>
        <kwd>Derrame Peric&#225;rdico</kwd>
        <kwd>Tamponamento Card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Janelas Peric&#225;rdicas: O Valor Limitado do Diagn&#243;stico da Bi&#243;psia Peric&#225;rdica n&#227;o Guiada</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230082-30082-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O derrame peric&#225;rdico n&#227;o &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o incomum. Pode ser assintom&#225;tico ou apresentar sinais cl&#237;nicos de comprometimento funcional cardiovascular devido ao tamponamento card&#237;aco. A etiologia do derrame peric&#225;rdico varia de acordo com caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e comorbidades existentes. As causas mais citadas s&#227;o infec&#231;&#245;es, cirurgia card&#237;aca, inflamat&#243;rias/reumatol&#243;gicas, neopl&#225;sicas e idiop&#225;ticas,<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> e muitas est&#227;o associadas a condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas conhecidas, como insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e outras s&#237;ndromes edemig&#234;nicas.</p>
      <p>A pericardiocentese subxifoide, descrita pela primeira vez por Marfan,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> &#233; um procedimento minimamente invasivo que pode ser realizado com anestesia local &#224; &#8220;beira do leito.&#8221; Al&#233;m de descomprimir o cora&#231;&#227;o, fornece uma amostra de fluido para fins de diagn&#243;stico. No entanto, esse m&#233;todo geralmente n&#227;o fornece amostras de tecido peric&#225;rdico para exame anatomopatol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>A janela peric&#225;rdica, ou fenestra&#231;&#227;o, &#233; um procedimento realizado por meio de diversas abordagens cir&#250;rgicas abertas (subcostal, esternotomia, toracotomia, toracosc&#243;pica, subxifoide), que, al&#233;m de promover a drenagem peric&#225;rdica, tamb&#233;m pode fornecer amostras do peric&#225;rdio para exame anatomopatol&#243;gico. A abordagem subxifoide, conhecida como &#8220;janela subxifoide&#8221;, &#233; comumente utilizada, pois n&#227;o requer instrumentos e equipamentos especiais e preserva o espa&#231;o pleural e o esterno, podendo ser realizada com anestesia local.</p>
      <p>Apesar da efic&#225;cia da janela peric&#225;rdica para resolver o tamponamento card&#237;aco, a contribui&#231;&#227;o das amostras peric&#225;rdicas n&#227;o guiadas de padr&#227;o, obtidas usando tais abordagens para esclarecer a etiologia do derrame, &#233; question&#225;vel.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o valor diagn&#243;stico da bi&#243;psia peric&#225;rdica n&#227;o guiada obtida de procedimentos de janela peric&#225;rdica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram revisadas todas as amostras do peric&#225;rdio parietal excisadas cirurgicamente no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, de 2011 a 2020. A hist&#243;ria e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, bem como a ecocardiografia e os resultados histol&#243;gicos foram obtidos retrospectivamente atrav&#233;s do acesso aos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Todas as bi&#243;psias foram obtidas durante janela peric&#225;rdica realizada por abordagem subxifoide, videotoracoscopia ou toracotomia sob anestesia geral. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (CAAE: 65868422.3.0000.5440).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada usando histogramas e gr&#225;ficos Q-Q. Como as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, seus resultados s&#227;o apresentados como medianas e primeiro e terceiro quartis (Q1 a Q3). Os resultados para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentados como propor&#231;&#245;es. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e o teste exato de Fisher, respectivamente. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada quando p &lt; 0,05. A an&#225;lise foi realizada no programa SPSS for Windows (IBM&#174; SPSS&#174;), vers&#227;o 25.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram revisados dados de 80 pacientes. Cinquenta pacientes eram do sexo masculino (62,5%) e 30 do sexo feminino (37,5%). A mediana de idade foi de 52 anos (intervalo interquartil: 29 a 59) e 49 anos (intervalo interquartil: 38 a 65), respectivamente (p = 0,724). De acordo com os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, o derrame peric&#225;rdico foi considerado pequeno em 17% dos pacientes, moderado em 28% e grande em 55%. O derrame pleural concomitante esteve presente em 59% dos pacientes, independentemente do volume do derrame peric&#225;rdico (p = 0,394). Apenas 5% de todos os pacientes necessitaram de drenagem peric&#225;rdica urgente.</p>
      <p>A etiologia suspeita do derrame peric&#225;rdico, baseada apenas na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e exames diagn&#243;sticos n&#227;o invasivos, foi neopl&#225;sica em 31,3%, incerta em 25%, tuberculose em 15%, autoimune em 12,5%, s&#237;ndrome edemig&#234;nica (cirrose, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, s&#237;ndrome de consumo, insufici&#234;ncia renal) em 7,5% e outras condi&#231;&#245;es diversas em 8,8%.</p>
      <p>No geral, 11 pacientes (13,8%) tiveram drenagem peric&#225;rdica pr&#233;via, dos quais 63,6% foram por pericardiocentese subxifoide e os demais por janela subxifoide. Entre os pacientes com drenagem peric&#225;rdica pr&#233;via, 45,5% tinham c&#226;ncer; 18,2% apresentavam s&#237;ndrome edemig&#234;nica e o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico n&#227;o era claro em 18,2%. A <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sintomas de todos os pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sintomas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 (0,57-0,69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 (9-13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32,5 (28-39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Plaquetas (&#215; 10 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> /&#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">286 (193-380)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Leuc&#243;citos (&#215; 10 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> /mm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> )</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5-12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Prote&#237;na C reativa (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">7,3 (2-17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Distens&#227;o venosa jugular</td>
                <td align="left"> </td>
                <td align="center">22,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sons card&#237;acos abafados</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">16,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pulso paradoxal</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 100 mmHg</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">10,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tr&#237;ade de Beck</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">43,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ortopneia</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">13,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">6,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Classe NYHA</td>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">62,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">23,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">8,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">5,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Febre</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">10,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dor tor&#225;cica</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">13,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ascites</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">7,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fric&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fadiga</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">28,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Derrame pleural</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">65,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Derrame peric&#225;rdico pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">15,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipotireoidismo</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">16,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#226;ncer</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">33,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">22,5%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como medianas e quartis (Q1 a Q3).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A abordagem mais frequente para drenagem e bi&#243;psia peric&#225;rdica foi a subxifoide (74%), seguida de videotoracoscopia (22%) e toracotomia (4%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados ao tamponamento card&#237;aco,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> no geral, 34% apresentaram colapso sist&#243;lico do &#225;trio direito; 24% apresentaram colapso diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito; 46% apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 25% ou mais na velocidade de influxo da v&#225;lvula mitral durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o; 41% apresentaram aumento de pelo menos 40% na velocidade de influxo da valva tric&#250;spide durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o; e 43% n&#227;o apresentaram colapso de nenhuma c&#226;mara (&#225;trio direito ou ventr&#237;culo direito). Os sintomas, sinais e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de acordo com o volume de derrame determinado pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico s&#227;o apresentados na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sintomas, sinais e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de acordo com o volume de derrame determinado pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="5">Sintomas e sinais</th>
                <th colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">Volume</th>
                <th rowspan="5">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">Pequeno</th>
                <th colspan="2">Moderado</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grande</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Distens&#227;o venosa jugular</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11,1%</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">31,4%</td>
                <td align="center">0,252</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sons card&#237;acos abafados</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11,1%</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">22,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pulso paradoxal</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,159</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 100mmHg</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11,1%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">14,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0,655</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tr&#237;ade de Beck</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">50,0%</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">33,3%</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">51,4%</td>
                <td align="center">0,418</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ortopneia</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">22,2%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">14,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0,334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11,1%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,360</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Esfor&#231;o</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">60,0%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">27,8%</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">22,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,091</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Classe NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">60,0%</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">70,6%</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">56,7%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,907</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">30,0%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">23,5%</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">23,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">5,9%</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colapso sist&#243;lico do AD</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">35,0%</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">44,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0,029* 0,004&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colapso diast&#243;lico do VD</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">8,3%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">31,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,284</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diminui&#231;&#227;o de 25% na velocidade de influxo da VM durante inspira&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">16,7%</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">40,0%</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">57,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,019&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aumento de 40% na velocidade de influxo da VT durante inspira&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">16,7%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">60,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,018&#8224; 0,005&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>*valor de p para pequeno versus moderado; &#8224; valor de p para pequeno versus grande; &#8225; valor de p para moderado versus grande; AD: &#225;trio direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VM: valva mitral; VT: v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Apenas 13,7% de todas as bi&#243;psias peric&#225;rdicas produziram um diagn&#243;stico histopatol&#243;gico conclusivo. A <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> mostra os achados histopatol&#243;gicos predominantes para cada etiologia suspeita de derrame peric&#225;rdico de acordo com a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica. No geral, em 78,8% das bi&#243;psias, os achados histopatol&#243;gicos foram compat&#237;veis com inflama&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica inespec&#237;fica. De todos os pacientes com derrame peric&#225;rdico e c&#226;ncer, 34,6% apresentaram infiltra&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica por c&#233;lulas neopl&#225;sicas; 57,7% apresentaram achados inflamat&#243;rios inespec&#237;ficos e nenhuma anormalidade foi encontrada em 7,7%. As neoplasias mais frequentes associadas ao derrame peric&#225;rdico foram malignidades hematol&#243;gicas em 30,8%, c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o em 26,9% e c&#226;ncer de mama e c&#226;ncer cervical em 11,5% cada. A maior propor&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psias com envolvimento peric&#225;rdico neopl&#225;sico foram aquelas realizadas em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o ou de mama (positividade de 71,4% e 66,7%, respectivamente).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Achados histopatol&#243;gicos predominantes para cada etiologia suspeita de derrame peric&#225;rdico de acordo com a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="7">Etiologias suspeitas</th>
                <th colspan="10">Achado histopatol&#243;gico</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="10">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="3">Sem anormalidades</th>
                <th colspan="4">Achados inflamat&#243;rios inespec&#237;ficos</th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="3">Amiloidose</th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="3">Infiltra&#231;&#227;o neopl&#225;sica</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Cr&#244;nica</th>
                <th colspan="2">Aguda</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Diagn&#243;stico incerto</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">60,0%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">25,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">5,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neopl&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">8,0%</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">60,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">32,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a autoimune</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">70,0%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tuberculose</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">83,3%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">16,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outras</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">85,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">14,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome edemig&#234;nica</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">50,0%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">33,3%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">16,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar geral foi de 27,5%, com mediana de idade de 52 anos (44 a 67), e 68,2% eram do sexo feminino. Nenhuma morte foi atribu&#237;da ao tamponamento card&#237;aco ou ao procedimento de drenagem, e 54,5% dos que foram a &#243;bito no hospital tiveram c&#226;ncer. Os demais &#243;bitos ocorreram em pacientes com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades cr&#244;nicas. Al&#233;m do diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer (mortalidade de 50% versus 16,7%, p = 0,003), nenhuma outra vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica ou ecocardiogr&#225;fica esteve associada ao &#243;bito hospitalar ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sintomas, sinais e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de acordo com o desfecho</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Sobrevida</th>
                <th colspan="2">&#211;bito hospitalar</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">49 (35-59)</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">52 (44-67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,380</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">60,3%</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">68,2%</td>
                <td align="center">0,610</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Colapso sist&#243;lico do AD</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">33,3%</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">36,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,784</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Colapso diast&#243;lico do VD</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">21,6%</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">31,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,531</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Diminui&#231;&#227;o de 25% na velocidade de influxo da VM</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Aumento de 40% na velocidade de influxo da VT</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">43,1%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">52,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,592</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Colapso sist&#243;lico do AD</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">37,3%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">52,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Volume do derrame</td>
                <td>Pequeno</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">15,4%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">21,1%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,872</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderado</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">28,8%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">26,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grande</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">55,8%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">52,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,65 (60-69)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,62 (0,55-0,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,466</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Distens&#227;o venosa jugular</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">20,4%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">29,4%</td>
                <td align="center">0,508</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Sons card&#237;acos abafados</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">16,3%</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">17,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Pulso paradoxal</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 100 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">10,4%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11,8%</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Tr&#237;ade de Beck</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">38,8%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">58,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">10,2%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">23,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,220</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ortopneia</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4,1%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,271</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Classe NYHA</td>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">64,4%</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">57,1%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,854</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">22,2%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">28,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">8,9%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4,4%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7,1%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como medianas e quartis (Q1 a Q3). AD: &#225;trio direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VM: valva mitral; VT: v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que a janela peric&#225;rdica &#233; um procedimento seguro, mas amostras peric&#225;rdicas n&#227;o guiadas obtidas da janela peric&#225;rdica realizada tiveram pouco valor na elucida&#231;&#227;o da etiologia do derrame peric&#225;rdico e nenhum impacto na terapia planejada para o diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio al&#233;m da descompress&#227;o card&#237;aca. Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m mostraram que 43% dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de qualquer colapso de c&#226;mara (&#225;trio ou ventr&#237;culo direito), um achado com valor preditivo negativo de 90% para tamponamento.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A utilidade de bi&#243;psias peric&#225;rdicas n&#227;o guiadas obtidas como parte de procedimentos terap&#234;uticos, como janelas peric&#225;rdicas, tem sido questionada. Fernandes et al.,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> verificaram que a bi&#243;psia peric&#225;rdica revelou a etiologia do derrame peric&#225;rdico em apenas 10,5% de 38 pacientes. Na experi&#234;ncia de Boldes et al.,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> fibrose foi encontrada em 71% de todas as amostras coletadas; achados inflamat&#243;rios estiveram presentes em 86,2%, e o valor diagn&#243;stico da bi&#243;psia peric&#225;rdica em neoplasias metast&#225;ticas do peric&#225;rdio teve sensibilidade global de 57,69%. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que essas bi&#243;psias n&#227;o alteraram o diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio. Volk et al.,<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m observaram que o diagn&#243;stico foi poss&#237;vel em apenas 23,9% dos casos com a drenagem cir&#250;rgica do derrame peric&#225;rdico realizada por via subxifoide ou toracotomia.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Achados histopatol&#243;gicos. A) Normal: Camada parietal de peric&#225;rdio seroso, peric&#225;rdio fibroso e tecido adiposo adjacente sem altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas; B) Neoplasia: Peric&#225;rdio fibroso infiltrado por met&#225;stase de osteossarcoma de alto grau; C) Inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica: Peric&#225;rdio fibroso exibindo denso infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico linfoplasmocit&#225;rio perivascular; D) Inflama&#231;&#227;o aguda: Peric&#225;rdio exibindo infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio neutrof&#237;lico predominantemente perivascular com extravasamento de hem&#225;cias.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230082-30082-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A drenagem cir&#250;rgica do derrame peric&#225;rdico e a bi&#243;psia peric&#225;rdica realizada por via subxifoide geralmente permitem o acesso a uma por&#231;&#227;o limitada do peric&#225;rdio, diminuindo a chance de obter amostras representativas. Contudo, a pericardioscopia parece melhorar o valor diagn&#243;stico das bi&#243;psias peric&#225;rdicas, pois permite uma inspe&#231;&#227;o mais ampla da cavidade peric&#225;rdica, com visualiza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas suspeitas, possibilitando, consequentemente, a obten&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas amostras guiadas.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da contribui&#231;&#227;o da bi&#243;psia peric&#225;rdica no momento da janela peric&#225;rdica para o esclarecimento da etiologia, tamb&#233;m merece an&#225;lise mais aprofundada a quest&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia ideal para a drenagem dos derrames peric&#225;rdicos, se seria a pericardiocentese ou a drenagem cir&#250;rgica.</p>
      <p>Horr et al.,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> compararam os resultados de pacientes submetidos &#224; pericardiocentese ou &#224; janela peric&#225;rdica e conclu&#237;ram que ambos os procedimentos s&#227;o estrat&#233;gias seguras e eficazes para pacientes com derrame peric&#225;rdico. Eles tamb&#233;m verificaram que o reac&#250;mulo do derrame estava associado &#224; aus&#234;ncia de um dreno no local ap&#243;s o procedimento.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> No entanto, vale lembrar que a drenagem percut&#226;nea por cateter peric&#225;rdico &#233; vi&#225;vel e segura, principalmente se guiada por eco, e que as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do paciente certamente t&#234;m grande influ&#234;ncia na taxa de recorr&#234;ncia do derrame. Al&#233;m disso, um tempo prolongado de drenagem do cateter peric&#225;rdico tem sido associado a uma recorr&#234;ncia reduzida de tamponamento peric&#225;rdico ap&#243;s pericardiocentese.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pan et al.,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> utilizando uma amostra nacionalmente representativa de 44.637 registros, compararam os resultados entre ambas as abordagens de drenagem, pericardiocentese ou drenagem cir&#250;rgica aberta, em pacientes com derrame peric&#225;rdico n&#227;o relacionado a cirurgia. Observaram, ap&#243;s ajuste de risco, que a pericardiocentese estava associada a maiores chances de mortalidade, complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, reinterven&#231;&#227;o e readmiss&#227;o em 30 dias para drenagem cir&#250;rgica. A pericardiocentese foi associada a menores chances de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, respirat&#243;rias e hemorr&#225;gicas, mas maiores chances de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a abordagem cir&#250;rgica aberta.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o debate sobre a melhor abordagem para o diagn&#243;stico e manejo do derrame peric&#225;rdico merece mais estudos.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es importantes. Esta &#233; uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes; portanto, est&#225; sujeito aos vieses desse tipo de estudo. Adicionalmente, nossa coorte &#233; pequena; analisamos os dados apenas durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, e a escolha da estrat&#233;gia de abordagem do derrame peric&#225;rdico foi influenciada pela experi&#234;ncia do operador, pelos recursos hospitalares dispon&#237;veis e pela gravidade do quadro do paciente, resultando em potencial vi&#233;s.</p>
      <p>Dito isso, nosso estudo fornece dados confi&#225;veis sobre os achados histopatol&#243;gicos de bi&#243;psias peric&#225;rdicas obtidas atrav&#233;s de abordagens cir&#250;rgicas de rotina, principalmente a subxifoide, que apoiam a nossa conclus&#227;o e podem ser &#250;teis para o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias para tratar doen&#231;as peric&#225;rdicas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que a bi&#243;psia peric&#225;rdica n&#227;o guiada realizada no momento da janela peric&#225;rdica &#233; segura, mas teve pouco valor para diagnosticar a etiologia do derrame peric&#225;rdico.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcomes of clinically significant idiopathic pericardial effusion requiring intervention</article-title>
          <source> Am J Cardiol </source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>704</fpage>
          <lpage>707</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0002-9149(02)03408-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Pan CS, Mabeza RM, Tran Z, Lee C, Hadaya J, Sanaiha Y, et al. Pericardiocentesis or surgical drainage: A national comparison of clinical outcomes and resource use. PLoS One. 2022;17(4):e0267152. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267152</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pan</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mabeza</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tran</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hadaya</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanaiha</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pericardiocentesis or surgical drainage: A national comparison of clinical outcomes and resource use</article-title>
          <source> PLoS One </source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0267152</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0267152</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 65868422.3.000.5440. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pericardial Windows: The Limited Diagnostic Value of Non-Targeted Pericardial Biopsy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2320-5776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giuliani</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Bianco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morales</surname>
            <given-names>Ismael Alberto Auca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okaresnki</surname>
            <given-names>Giovane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Faioli Nascimento Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dur&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Daniella de Freitas Pereira Angelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0654-2893</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gabriel Giuliani &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Escola de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900. Postal Code 14049-900, Monte Alegre, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil E-mail: gabriel.giuliani@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Pericardial window, in addition to promoting pericardial drainage, can also provide samples of the pericardium for anatomopathological examination. However, such biopsies&#8217; contribution to clarifying the etiology of pericardial effusion has been debated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To analyze the diagnostic value of non-targeted pericardial biopsy obtained from pericardial window procedures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Data from 80 patients who had undergone parietal pericardial biopsies from 2011 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Statistical significance was considered if p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Fifty patients were male (62.5%,) and 30 were female (37.5%). The median age was 52 years (interquartile range: 29 to 59) and 49 years (interquartile range: 38 to 65), respectively (p = 0.724). The suspected etiology of pericardial effusion was neoplastic in 31.3%, unclear in 25%, tuberculosis in 15%, autoimmune in 12.5%, edemagenic syndrome in 7.5%, and other miscellaneous conditions in 8.8%. The most frequent approach for pericardial drainage and biopsy was subxiphoid (74%), followed by video-assisted thoracoscopy (22%). Overall, in 78.8% of the biopsies, the histopathologic findings were compatible with nonspecific inflammation, and only 13.7% of all biopsies yielded a conclusive histopathological diagnostic. Those suffering from cancer and pericardial effusion had a higher proportion of conclusive histopathologic findings (32% had pericardial neoplastic infiltration). The hospital mortality rate was 27.5%, and 54.5% of the patients who died in the hospital had cancer. No deaths were attributed to cardiac tamponade or the drainage procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Our results showed that pericardial window is a safe procedure, but it had little value to clarify the pericardial effusion etiology and no impact on the planned therapy for the primary diagnosis besides the cardiac decompression.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pericardium/ultrastructure</kwd>
        <kwd>Biopsy/image-non-guide</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardial Effusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Tamponade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Pericardial Windows: The Limited Diagnostic Value of Non-Targeted Pericardial Biopsy</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230082-30082-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pericardial effusion is not an uncommon condition. It may be asymptomatic or show clinical signs of cardiovascular functional impairment due to cardiac tamponade. The etiology of pericardial effusion varies according to demographic characteristics and existing comorbidities. Infections, cardiac surgery, inflammatory/rheumatological, neoplastic and idiopathic are the most cited causes,<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>and many are associated with known medical conditions, such as chronic renal failure and other edematogenic syndromes.</p>
        <p>Subxiphoid pericardiocentesis, first described by Marfan,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>is a minimally invasive procedure that can be performed with local anesthesia at the &#8220;bedside.&#8221; In addition to decompressing the heart, it provides a fluid sample for diagnostic purposes. However, this method usually does not provide samples of pericardial tissue for anatomopathological examination.</p>
        <p>Pericardial window, or fenestration, is a procedure performed by means of several open surgical approaches (subcostal, sternotomy, thoracotomy, thoracoscopic, subxiphoid), which, in addition to promoting pericardial drainage, can also provide samples of the pericardium for anatomopathological examination. The subxiphoid approach, known as &#8220;subxiphoid window,&#8221; is commonly used, since it does not require special instruments and equipment, preserves the pleural space and sternum, and may be performed with local anesthesia.</p>
        <p>Despite the effectiveness of pericardial window to resolve cardiac tamponade, the contribution of the standard, non-targeted, pericardial samples obtained using such approaches to clarify the effusion etiology is questionable.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the diagnostic value of non-targeted pericardial biopsy obtained from pericardial window procedures.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>All parietal pericardial specimens surgically excised at the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the School of Medicine of Ribeir&#227;o Preto of the University of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, from 2011 to 2020 were reviewed. The clinical history and course, as well echocardiography and histological results were retrospectively obtained by accessing patients&#8217; medical records.</p>
        <p>All biopsies were obtained during pericardial window performed by the subxiphoid approach, video-assisted thoracoscopy, or thoracotomy under general anesthesia. This study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the School of Medicine of Ribeir&#227;o Preto of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (CAAE: 65868422.3.0000.5440).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The distribution of data was screened using histograms and Q-Q plots. Since the continuous variables were not normally distributed, their results are presented as medians and first and third quartiles (Q1 to Q3). The results for categorical variables are presented as proportions. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney test and the Fisher exact test, respectively. Statistical significance was considered when p &lt; 0.05. The analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows (IBM&#174; SPSS&#174;), version 25.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Data from 80 patients were reviewed. Fifty patients were male (62.5%), and 30 were female (37.5%). The median age was 52 years (interquartile range: 29 to 59) and 49 years (interquartile range: 38 to 65), respectively (p = 0.724). According to echocardiographic parameters, pericardial effusion was deemed small in 17% of the patients, moderate in 28%, and large in 55%. Concomitant pleural effusion was present in 59% of the patients, regardless of pericardial effusion volume (p = 0.394). Only 5% of all patients needed urgent pericardial drainage.</p>
        <p>The suspected etiology of pericardial effusion, based solely on the clinical history and non-invasive diagnostic exams, was neoplastic in 31.3%, unclear in 25%, tuberculosis in 15%, autoimmune in 12.5%, edemagenic syndrome (cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, consumptive syndrome, renal failure) in 7.5%, and other miscellaneous conditions in 8.8%.</p>
        <p>Overall, 11 patients (13.8%) had previous pericardial drainage, of which 63.6% were through subxiphoid pericardiocentesis and the others through subxiphoid window. Among patients with previous pericardial drainage, 45.5% had cancer; 18.2% had edemagenic syndrome, and the clinical diagnosis was unclear in 18.2%. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics and symptoms of all patients.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1001">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics and symptoms of patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Left ventricle ejection fraction</th>
                <th scope="col">0.65 (0.57-0.69)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">10.9 (9-13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Hematocrit (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32.5 (28-39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Platelets (&#215; 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l)</td>
                <td align="center">286 (193-380)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Leucocytes (&#215; 10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5-12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Reactive C-protein (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">7.3 (2-17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jugular venous distension</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">22.7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Muffled heart sounds</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">16.7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Paradoxical pulse</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">1.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">10.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Beck&#8217;s triad</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyspnea</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">43.9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Orthopnea</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">13.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">6.1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">NYHA class</td>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">62.7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">23.7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">8.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">5.1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fever</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">10.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chest pain</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">13.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ascites</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">7.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pericardial friction</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">1.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fatigue</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">28.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pleural effusion</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">65.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous pericardial effusion</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">15.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypothyroidism</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">16.7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cancer</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">33.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Renal failure</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">22.5%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1_en">
              <p>Continuous variables are presented as medians and quartiles (Q1 to Q3).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The most frequent approach for pericardial drainage and biopsy was subxiphoid (74%), followed by video-assisted thoracoscopy (22%) and thoracotomy (4%). Regarding the echocardiographic findings associated with cardiac tamponade,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>overall, 34% had systolic right atrial collapse; 24% had diastolic right ventricular collapse; 46% had a decrease of 25% or more in mitral valve inflow velocity with inspiration; 41% had an increase of at least 40% in tricuspid valve inflow velocity with inspiration, and 43% did not have collapse of any chamber (right atrial or ventricle). The symptoms, signs, and echocardiographic findings according to the effusion volume determined by the transthoracic echocardiogram are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2001">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Symptoms, signs, and echocardiographic findings according to the effusion volume determined by the transthoracic echocardiogram</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="5" scope="col">Symptoms and signs</th>
                <th colspan="7" rowspan="1" scope="col">Volume</th>
                <th rowspan="5" scope="col">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="7" rowspan="1" scope="col">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" rowspan="1" scope="col">Small</th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col">Moderate</th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col">Large</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" scope="col">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col"/>
                <th scope="col">n</th>
                <th scope="col">%</th>
                <th scope="col">n</th>
                <th scope="col">%</th>
                <th scope="col">n</th>
                <th scope="col">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Jugular venous distension</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">20.0%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11.1%</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">31.4%</td>
                <td align="center">0.252</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Muffled heart sounds</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10.0%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11.1%</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">22.9%</td>
                <td align="center">0.586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Paradoxical pulse</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0.159</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11.1%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">14.7%</td>
                <td align="center">0.655</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Beck&#8217;s triad</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyspnea</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">50.0%</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">33.3%</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">51.4%</td>
                <td align="center">0.418</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Orthopnea</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">22.2%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">14.3%</td>
                <td align="center">0.334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10.0%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11.1%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2.9%</td>
                <td align="center">0.360</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exertion</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">60.0%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">27.8%</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">22.9%</td>
                <td align="center">0.091</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">NYHA class</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">60.0%</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">70.6%</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">56.7%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.907</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">30.0%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">23.5%</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">23.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10.0%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">5.9%</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">10.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">10.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic RA collapse</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">35.0%</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">44.7%</td>
                <td align="center">0.029* 0.004&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diastolic RV collapse</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">8.3%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">20.0%</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">31.6%</td>
                <td align="center">0.284</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>25% decrease in MV inflow velocity during inspiration</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">16.7%</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">40.0%</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">57.9%</td>
                <td align="center">0.019&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40% increase in TV inflow velocity during inspiratio</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">16.7%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">20.0%</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">60.5%</td>
                <td align="center">0.018&#8224; 0.005&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2_en">
              <p>*p value for small versus moderate; &#8224; p value for small versus large; &#8225; p value for moderate versus large; MV: mitral valve; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle; TV: tricuspid valve.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Only 13.7% of all pericardial biopsies yielded a conclusive histopathological diagnosis. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows the predominant histopathologic findings for each suspected etiology of pericardial effusion according to the clinical history. Overall, in 78.8% of the biopsies, the histopathologic findings were compatible with nonspecific pericardial inflammation. Of all patients with pericardial effusion and cancer, 34.6% had pericardial infiltration by neoplastic cells; 57.7% had nonspecific inflammatory findings, and no abnormalities were found in 7.7%. The most frequent neoplasms associated with pericardial effusion were hematologic malignancies in 30.8%, lung cancer in 26.9%, and breast cancer and cervical cancer in 11.5% each. The higher proportion of biopsies with neoplastic pericardial involvement were those taken from patients with lung or breast cancer (positivity of 71.4% and 66.7%, respectively).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3001">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Predominant histopathologic findings for each suspected etiology of pericardial effusion according to clinical history</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="7" scope="col">Suspected etiologies</th>
                <th colspan="10" scope="col">Histopathologic finding</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="10" scope="col">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="3" scope="col">No abnormalities</th>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1" scope="col">Nonspecific inflammatory findings</th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="3" scope="col">Amyloidosis</th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="3" scope="col">Neoplastic infiltration</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1" scope="col">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col">Chronic</th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col">Acute</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="10" scope="col">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col">n</th>
                <th scope="col">%</th>
                <th scope="col">n</th>
                <th scope="col">%</th>
                <th scope="col">n</th>
                <th scope="col">%</th>
                <th scope="col">n</th>
                <th scope="col">%</th>
                <th scope="col">n</th>
                <th scope="col">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Unclear diagnosis</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">10.0%</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">60.0%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">25.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">5.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neoplastic</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">8.0%</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">60.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">32.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Autoimmune disease</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">20.0%</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">70.0%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tuberculosis</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">83.3%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">16.7%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Others</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">85.7%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">14.3%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Edemagenic syndrome</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">50.0%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">33.3%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">16.7%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The overall hospital mortality rate was 27.5%, with a median age of 52 years (44 to 67), and 68.2% was female. No deaths were attributed to cardiac tamponade or the drainage procedure, and 54.5% of those who died in the hospital had cancer. The remaining deaths occurred in patients with multiple chronic comorbidities. Besides the diagnosis of cancer (50% mortality versus 16.7%, p = 0,003), no other clinical or echocardiographic variables were associated with hospital death ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4001">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Symptoms, signs and echocardiographic findings according to the outcome</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="3" scope="col"/>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">Survival</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">Hospital death</th>
                <th rowspan="3" scope="col">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1" scope="col">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col">n</th>
                <th scope="col"/>
                <th scope="col">n</th>
                <th scope="col"/>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">49 (35-59)</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">52 (44-67)</td>
                <td align="center">0.380</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Female</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">60.3%</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">68.2%</td>
                <td align="center">0.610</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">systolic RA collapse</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">33.3%</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">36.8%</td>
                <td align="center">0.784</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">diastolic RV collapse</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">21.6%</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">31.6%</td>
                <td align="center">0.531</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">25% decrease in MV inflow velocity</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">40% increase in TV inflow</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">43.1%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">52.6%</td>
                <td align="center">0.592</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">systolic RA collapse</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">37.3%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">52.6%</td>
                <td align="center">0.283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Effusion volume</td>
                <td>Small</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">15.4%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">21.1%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.872</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">28.8%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">26.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Large</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">55.8%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">52.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Left ventricle ejection fraction</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0.65 (60-69)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0.62 (0.55-0.70)</td>
                <td align="center">0.466</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Jugular venous distension</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">20.4%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">29.4%</td>
                <td align="center">0.508</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Muffled heart sounds</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">16.3%</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">17.6%</td>
                <td align="center">0.900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Paradoxical pulse</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2.0%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">10.4%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11.8%</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Beck&#8217;s triad</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">38.8%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">58.8%</td>
                <td align="center">0.169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyspnea</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">10.2%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">23.5%</td>
                <td align="center">0.220</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Orthopnea</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4.1%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11.8%</td>
                <td align="center">0.271</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">NYHA class</td>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">64.4%</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">57.1%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.854</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">22.2%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">28.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">8.9%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7.1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4.4%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7.1%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3_en">
              <p>Continuous variables are presented as medians and quartiles (Q1 to Q3). MV: mitral valve; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle; TV: Tricuspid valve.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our results showed that the pericardial window is a safe procedure, but non-targeted pericardial samples obtained from the pericardial window performed had little value to clarify the pericardial effusion etiology and no impact on the planned therapy for the primary diagnosis besides the cardiac decompression. Our results also showed that 43% of the patients had no echocardiographic signs of any chamber collapse (right atrium or ventricle), a finding with a 90% negative predictive value for tamponade.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The usefulness of non-targeted pericardial biopsies obtained as part of therapeutic procedures, such as pericardial windows, has been questioned. Fernandes et al.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>found that the pericardial biopsy revealed the etiology of the pericardial effusion in only 10.5% of 38 patients. In the experience of Boldes et al.,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>fibrosis was found in 71% of all specimens collected; inflammatory findings were present in 86.2%, and the diagnostic value of pericardial biopsy in metastatic neoplasms of the pericardium had an overall sensitivity of 57.69%. The authors concluded that those biopsies did not change the primary diagnosis. Volk et al.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>also observed that diagnosis was possible in only 23.9% with surgical drainage of pericardial effusion performed through a subxiphoid or thoracotomy approach.</p>
        <p>Surgical drainage of pericardial effusion and pericardial biopsy performed through a subxiphoid approach usually allow access to a limited portion of the pericardium, decreasing the chance of obtaining representative samples. However, pericardioscopy seems to improve the diagnostic value of the pericardial biopsies, since it allows a broader inspection of the pericardial cavity, with visualization of suspected areas, consequently making it possible to obtain multiple targeted samples.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Besides the contribution of the pericardial biopsy at the time of the pericardial window for clarifying the etiology, the ideal strategy for the drainage of pericardial effusions, whether pericardiocentesis or surgical drainage, also deserves further analysis.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Histopathologic findings. A) Normal: Parietal layer of serous pericardium, fibrous pericardium and adjacent adipose tissue without histopathological changes; B) Neoplasm: Fibrous pericardium infiltrated by metastasis of high-grade osteosarcoma; C) Chronic inflammation: Fibrous pericardium exhibiting dense perivascular lymphoplasmacytic chronic inflammatory infiltrate; D) Acute inflammation: Pericardium exhibiting predominantly perivascular neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate with extravasation of red blood cells.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20230082-30082-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Horr et al.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>compared the outcomes of patients undergoing pericardiocentesis or pericardial window and concluded that both procedures are safe and effective strategies for patients with pericardial effusion. They also found that re-accumulation of the effusion was associated with the absence of a drain left in place after the procedure.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>However, it is worth keeping in mind that percutaneous pericardial catheter drainage is feasible and safe, mainly if echo-guided, and that the patient&#8217;s clinical characteristics certainly have a great influence on the rate of effusion recurrence. Moreover, an extended time of pericardial catheter drainage has been associated with a reduced recurrence of pericardial tamponade after pericardiocentesis.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pan et al.,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>using a nationally representative sample of 44,637 records, compared the outcomes between both drainage approaches, pericardiocentesis or open surgical drainage, in patients with non-surgically related pericardial effusions. They observed, after adjusting risk, that pericardiocentesis was associated with greater odds of mortality, cardiac complications, reintervention, and 30-day readmission for surgical drainage. Pericardiocentesis was associated with lower odds of infectious, respiratory, and bleeding complications, but higher odds of cardiac complications, compared to the open surgical approach.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the debate over the best approach to diagnosing and managing pericardial effusion warrants further studies.</p>
        <p>The present study has several important limitations. This is a retrospective analysis of patients&#8217; medical records; therefore, it is subject to the biases of this type of study. Additionally, our cohort is small; we analyzed data only during the hospitalization period, and the choice of the strategy to approach the pericardial effusion was influenced by the operator experience, available hospital resources, and acuteness of the patient condition, resulting in potential bias.</p>
        <p>Nevertheless, our study provides reliable data regarding the histopathologic findings from pericardial biopsies obtained through usual surgical approaches, mainly the subxiphoid, which support our conclusion and may be useful for the development of strategies to approach pericardial diseases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our results showed that non-targeted pericardial biopsy performed at the time of pericardial window is safe, but it had little value to diagnose the etiology of the pericardial effusion.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto under the protocol number CAAE: 65868422.3.000.5440. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
