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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3HWyzX6HfBRtjwZBpLSswJd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220934</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Velocidade de Onda de Pulso de 8,2m/s como Limiar Associado &#224; Presen&#231;a de Les&#227;o de &#211;rg&#227;o Alvo Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5784-9991</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Inuzuka</surname>
            <given-names>Sayuri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5487-4649</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de Oliveria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Galdino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Formata&#231;&#227;o do artigo</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8584-8451</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Formata&#231;&#227;o do artigo</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Pierre Pac&#237;fico</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coca</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s - Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Clinic</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Barcelona</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hypertension and Vascular Risk Unit. Hospital Clinic. University of Barcelona, Barcelona &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Sayuri Inuzuka &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Rua 235 QD. 68 Lote &#193;rea. CEP 74605-050, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil E-mail: <email>sa.inuzuka@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220934</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Figura Central</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: Velocidade de Onda de Pulso de 8,2m/s como Limiar Associado &#224; Presen&#231;a de Les&#227;o de &#211;rg&#227;o Alvo Cardiovascular</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3HWyzX6HfBRtjwZBpLSswJd/828ce502f4b8d72d5fac45e68bd272d35c8832ba.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Estudos pr&#233;vios estabeleceram valores de normalidade e de refer&#234;ncia da Velocidade de Onda de Pulso (VOP). Por&#233;m, qual valor de VOP que apresenta a associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com biomarcadores cardiovasculares ainda &#233; pouco conhecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Identificar o valor de VOP com maior possibilidade de estar associado com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), aumento da espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea (EIMC), e presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este &#233; um estudo transversal de 119 pacientes. An&#225;lise de curvas caracter&#237;sticas de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi realizada para cada biomarcador cardiovascular. A diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Segundo an&#225;lises das curvas ROC, valores de VOP de 8,1m/s para HVE, 8,2m/s para EMIC aumentada e 8,7m/s para a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea foram encontrados, respectivamente. O valor de VOP de 8,2m/s foi definido como melhor o par&#226;metro para encontrar os tr&#234;s biomarcadores de LOA. A VOP acima de 8,2m/s associou-se ao aumento da EMIC (p = 0,004), &#224; presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas (p = 0,003) e &#224; HVE (p &lt; 0,001). A VOP acima de 8,2m/s apresentou maior sensibilidade para EMIC aumentada (AUC = 0,678, sensibilidade 62,2), HVE (AUC = 0,717, sensibilidade 87,2), e presen&#231;a de placas (AUC = 0,649, sensibilidade 74,51) na an&#225;lise das curvas ROC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O valor de 8,2m/s de VOP foi mais sens&#237;vel em identificar, precocemente, a exist&#234;ncia de biomarcadores cardiovasculares de LOA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Onda de Pulso</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Muitos pacientes hipertensos apresentam les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas em est&#225;gios iniciais da doen&#231;a, que n&#227;o s&#227;o identificadas por modelos tradicionais de avalia&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Segundo as principais diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o, testes complementares mais espec&#237;ficos para an&#225;lise de biomarcadores s&#227;o usados para a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de dano cardiovascular (CV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) carot&#237;deo-femoral &#233; o padr&#227;o-ouro para medida da rigidez arterial, por ser um m&#233;todo invasivo, simples, preciso, reprodut&#237;vel, e ter valor preditivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Valores estratificados da VOP est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para indiv&#237;duos sadios e aqueles com risco CV aumentado. Ainda, foi estabelecida uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre VOP e les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo (LOA) em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos mostraram que a VOP &#233; um preditor de eventos e mortalidade CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O uso da VOP, al&#233;m de fatores de risco CV tradicionais, melhora a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Um ponto de corte de 10m/s para a VOP foi estabelecida como uma defini&#231;&#227;o de LAO vascular em estudos pr&#233;vios e diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, uma VOP acima de 10m/s foi associada a biomarcadores de mudan&#231;as estruturais na c&#226;mara do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, bem como a um aumento na mortalidade CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rigidez arterial associada com idade e sexo, e valores estratificados usando o m&#233;todo tonom&#233;trico foram estabelecidos em estudos pr&#233;vios, a maioria deles conduzido na Europa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Um estudo europeu<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> distinguiu valores &#8220;normais&#8221; de &#8220;valores de refer&#234;ncia&#8221;, Enquanto valores &#8220;normais&#8221; fornecem uma faixa fisiol&#243;gica, os valores &#8220;de refer&#234;ncia&#8221; indicam at&#233; quais valores uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresenta doen&#231;as CVs observ&#225;veis. Recentemente, valores de refer&#234;ncia usando o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> foram classificados em dois grupos, com e sem fatores de risco CVs, e estratificados por idade e sexo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existe uma lacuna na literatura quanto &#224; determina&#231;&#227;o de um percentil ideal para VOP para identificar um valor normal ou o in&#237;cio de dano CV. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar o valor da VOP, n&#227;o como uma LOA, mas aquele com associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com os seguintes biomarcadores: espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea (EIMC), presen&#231;a de placas ateromatosas, e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo transversal foi conduzido entre outubro de 2018 e mar&#231;o de 2019 em um servi&#231;o ambulatorial multidisciplinar de um hospital terci&#225;rio. Todos os dados deste estudo referem-se &#224; primeira visita de um ensaio cl&#237;nico delineado para testar tanto a hip&#243;tese da associa&#231;&#227;o da VOP com LOA e outras hip&#243;teses a serem testadas no acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>O tamanho da amostra para o ensaio cl&#237;nico foi calculado usando a f&#243;rmula para compara&#231;&#227;o de dois grupos. Foram considerados um erro tipo I de 0,30, e uma propor&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares de 87,7% para o grupo controle e de 96,5% (com uma porcentagem a mais de 10% para n&#227;o eventos) para o grupo experimental. Assim, uma amostra de 35 participantes foi obtida de cada grupo, mas decidimos expandir o tamanho amostral devido &#224;s poss&#237;veis perdas de seguimento.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, usando ou n&#227;o medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, foram recrutados como participantes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, hipertensos &#8211; pela aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA), que necessitavam de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: participa&#231;&#227;o em outros protocolos de pesquisa por menos de um ano, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas em est&#225;gios terminais &#224; crit&#233;rio do investigador; doen&#231;as cardiovasculares anteriores (conhecida ou sintom&#225;tica), incluindo doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina, cirurgia pr&#233;via de <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, ou angioplastia), ou acidente vascular cerebral (ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio) durante os &#250;ltimos seis meses. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pr&#233;vias foram definidos usando informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas dos pacientes (entrevistas diretas ou exames complementares).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados e procedimentos do estudo</title>
        <p>Os participantes foram entrevistados usando um question&#225;rio estruturado e medidas antropom&#233;tricas (peso e altura). Al&#233;m disso, dados de sexo, idade, e uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos foram coletados. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como peso (Kg) dividido pela altura (m) ao quadrado, e sobrepeso foi definido como IMC &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As categorias de PA perif&#233;rica foram definidas e medidas usando aparelhos autom&#225;ticos OMRON&#174;1100 seguindo-se as Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Foi considerada para an&#225;lise a m&#233;dia de duas medidas de PA no mesmo bra&#231;o, conduzidas em intervalos de dois minutos, foi considerada. Uma PA n&#227;o controlada foi considerada como PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#8805; 140 mmHg ou PA diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#8805; 90 mmHg.</p>
        <p>Par&#226;metros centrais foram avaliados de maneira n&#227;o invasiva usando o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico validado DynaMAPA AOP Cardios&#174; (IEM, Stolber, Alemanha). Os procedimentos foram realizados pela mesma pessoa usando o mesmo equipamento usando o protocolo validado C1 PWV incluindo tr&#234;s medidas no mesmo bra&#231;o em intervalos de um minuto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A pessoa respons&#225;vel pelas medidas tem mais de cinco anos de experi&#234;ncia com m&#233;todos de medidas de press&#227;o central.</p>
        <p>A ultrassonografia com doppler das car&#243;tidas e a ecocardiografia foram realizadas seguindo-se as diretrizes dos consensos americano<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>e europeu.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Esses foram conduzidos por um &#250;nico observador, com mais de 10 anos de experi&#234;ncia, usando um sistema de ultrassom Philips Affiniti 70 e um transdutor linear com 12-4 MHz de frequ&#234;ncia para Doppler da car&#243;tida e transdutor setorial com frequ&#234;ncia 4-2MHz para ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de LOA</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises de LOA inclu&#237;ram medida da EIMC, presen&#231;a de placas ateromatosas, e HVE. A EIMC foi definida como uma espessura maior ou igual a 0,9mm,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas no territ&#243;rio carot&#237;deo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A HVE foi definida como raz&#227;o massa ventricular/&#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal (g/m<sup>2</sup>)&gt;115 (homens) e &gt;95 (mulheres).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>O presente estudo seguiu a Resolu&#231;&#227;o brasileira regulat&#243;ria de pesquisas e testes em seres humanos n&#250;mero 466/12. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (CAAE:89488218.0.1001.5078). Todos os procedimentos foram realizados ap&#243;s obten&#231;&#227;o de consentimento por escrito dos participantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o programa Stata vers&#227;o 14.0. Estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram calculadas usando frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas para vari&#225;veis qualitativas. M&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#245;es foram calculados para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e medianas e intervalos interquartis foram calculados para aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica.</p>
        <p>Curvas caracter&#237;sticas de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foram constru&#237;das para determinar o melhor ponto de corte para a VOP para defini&#231;&#227;o da EIMC, presen&#231;a de HVE, e de placas na car&#243;tida. Para a constru&#231;&#227;o da curva ROC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> valores de sensibilidade e de especificidade foram testados para as tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis que determinaram LOA (sim ou n&#227;o). Para a constru&#231;&#227;o da curva, foi escolhido o ponto de corte que apresentou a melhor combina&#231;&#227;o de sensibilidade e especificidade nas tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis simultaneamente. O ponto de corte da VOP foi obtido pela an&#225;lise da curva ROC para identificar o melhor par&#226;metro para determinar os tr&#234;s desfechos.</p>
        <p>A sensibilidade e a especificidade (ROC) foram analisadas para estimar o poder discriminat&#243;rio das vari&#225;veis independentes e identificar o valor da VOP associada com HVE, EIMC, e presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas. Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores de corte, a melhor combina&#231;&#227;o de sensibilidade e de especificidade foi verificada gerando-se um valor definido. Assim, a VOP foi categorizada como menor ou maior que o valor definido para compara&#231;&#245;es com diferentes vari&#225;veis da amostra usando os seguintes testes: qui-quadrado (vari&#225;veis qualitativas), teste t n&#227;o pareado (vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal), ou teste de Mann-Whitney (vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p&lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas dos 119 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (IIQ)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">60,38 &#177;10,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (Kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">29,07 (26,67-32,89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">n (%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">36 (30,25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">83 (69,75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sobrepeso</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">102 (80,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">24 (19,05)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros de press&#227;o central (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica central</td>
                <td align="center">123 (114 - 133)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica central</td>
                <td align="center">85 (78 - 94)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">131 (121 - 142)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">84 (77 - 93)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o de pulso central</td>
                <td align="center">37 (30 - 44)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de aumento</td>
                <td align="center">27 (15 - 25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">1,28 (1,16 &#8211; 1,46)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade de onda de pulso</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">45 (37,82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aumentada</td>
                <td align="center">74 (62,18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EIMC (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 &#177; 0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Placas carot&#237;deas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">68 (57,14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">51 (42,86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice massa ventricular esquerda (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (71,3 &#8211; 113,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada</td>
                <td align="center">49 (41,18)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DP: Desvio Padr&#227;o; IIQ: Intervalo Interquartil; EIMC: espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os pontos de corte para VOP indicando aumento da EIMC, presen&#231;a de HVE, e presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas definida usando a curva ROC foram 8,7 m/s, 8,2 m/s, e 8,1, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise das curvas ROC.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220934-20934-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Uma an&#225;lise da sensibilidade e da especificidade de cada biomarcador foi realizada nos pontos de corte das tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis encontradas pela an&#225;lise da curva ROC &#8211; IEMC (8,7), IMVE (8,2), e placas carot&#237;deas (8,1). Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte, a melhor combina&#231;&#227;o de especificidade e sensibilidade foi observada para o valor 8,2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sensibilidade e especificidade dos valores de velocidade de onda de pulso encontradas pela an&#225;lise da curva ROC para espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea (EIMC), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), e presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Ponto de corte</th>
                <th colspan="2">EIMC</th>
                <th colspan="2">HVE</th>
                <th colspan="2">Placas carot&#237;deas</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Sen. (%) (IC95%)</th>
                <th>Esp. (%) (IC95%)</th>
                <th>Sen. (%) (IC95%)</th>
                <th>Esp. (%) (IC95%)</th>
                <th>Sen. (%) (IC95%)</th>
                <th>Esp. (%) (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>8,1</td>
                <td align="center">75,68 (64,3-8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">55,56 (40,0-70,4)</td>
                <td align="center">*-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">80,39 (66,9-90,2)</td>
                <td align="center">48,53 (36,2-61,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8,2</td>
                <td align="center">68,92 (57,1-79,2)</td>
                <td align="center">57,78 (42,2-72,3)</td>
                <td align="center">87,18 (72,6-95,7)</td>
                <td align="center">55,00 (43,5-66,2)</td>
                <td align="center">74,51 (60,4-85,7)</td>
                <td align="center">52,94 (40,4-65,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8,7</td>
                <td align="center">62,16 (50,1-73,2)</td>
                <td align="center">75,56 (60,5-87,1)</td>
                <td align="center">74,36 (57,9-87,0)</td>
                <td align="center">65,00 (53,5-75,3)</td>
                <td align="center">60,78 (46,1-74,2)</td>
                <td align="center">61,76 (49,2-73,3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>EIMC: espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (IMVE), Sen.: sensibilidade; Esp.: especificidade; *n&#227;o houve pacientes com HVE na velocidade de 8,1m/s.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Um resumo &#233; ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, e valores hemodin&#226;micos e de press&#227;o central entre indiv&#237;duos acima e abaixo do ponto de corte de 8,2 mostrou uma baixa frequ&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e alta frequ&#234;ncia de placas carot&#237;deas em pacientes com &#8805; 8,2 m/s. Ainda, esse grupo era mais velho e apresentaram valores mais altos de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais, HVE, e EIMC que indiv&#237;duos com VOP &lt; 8,2 m/s (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra e compara&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o valor da velocidade de onda de pulso (acima ou abaixo do ponto de corte de 8,2 m/s); n=119, 2018&#8211;2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>VOP &lt; 8,2</th>
                <th>VOP &#8805; 8,2</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">19 (38,78)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (24,29)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">30 (61,22)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (75,71)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sobrepeso</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">45 (91,84)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (72,86)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,16)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (27,14)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">26 (57,78)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (42,22)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">23 (31,08)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (68,92)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Placas carot&#237;deas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">36 (73,47)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (45,71)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">13 (26,53)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (54,29)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">51,59 &#177;5,85</td>
                <td align="center">66,54 &#177;8,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (Kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">29,33 (26,99&#8211;32,88)</td>
                <td align="center">28,45 (26,31&#8211;32,89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,205</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PSC</td>
                <td align="center">117 (112&#8211;125)</td>
                <td align="center">126,5 (117&#8211;143)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PDC</td>
                <td align="center">84 (76&#8211;92)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (78&#8211;96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PSP</td>
                <td align="center">123 (119&#8211;131)</td>
                <td align="center">136 (125&#8211;149)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PDP</td>
                <td align="center">83 (76&#8211;92)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (77&#8211;94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,595</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PPC</td>
                <td align="center">31 (28&#8211;39)</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 (34&#8211;47)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IA</td>
                <td align="center">16 (10&#8211;29)</td>
                <td align="center">30,5 (21&#8211;37)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RVP</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 (1,16&#8211;1,43)</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (1,2&#8211;1,46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HVE</td>
                <td align="center">78,9 (68,1&#8211;93,6)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (79&#8211;123,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EIMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 +0,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>PSC: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica central; PDC: press&#227;o diast&#243;lica central; PSP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; PPC: press&#227;o de pulso central; IA: &#237;ndice de aumento; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; EIMC: espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea; PDP: press&#227;o diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, uma VOP acima de 8,2m/s foi estatisticamente associada com EIMC aumentada, presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas, e HVE. De acordo com a an&#225;lise ROC, o ponto de corte mostrou melhor sensibilidade que outros valores de VOP.</p>
      <p>Evidentemente, modelos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco capazes de identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior probabilidade de apresentar complica&#231;&#245;es em est&#225;gios iniciais da doen&#231;a s&#227;o desej&#225;veis e necess&#225;rios para reduzir risco residual. Uma meta-an&#225;lise mostrou que o valor da VOP bem como um biomarcardor (LOA) apresenta importantes diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas em indiv&#237;duos com risco moderado ou intermedi&#225;rio, demonstrando um aumento de 13% na classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco global em 10 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos definindo valores de refer&#234;ncia da VOP em popula&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis e em popula&#231;&#245;es em risco CV foram publicados no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 20.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Valores de VOP acima de 10m/s j&#225; foram estabelecidos como LOA nas principais diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Alguns estudos abordaram a distribui&#231;&#227;o de percentis; contudo, n&#227;o h&#225; pesquisa sobre pontos de corte para normalidade e marcadores de risco CV.</p>
      <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise identificou limiares de desempenho preditivo da VOP, os pontos de corte foram 10,7 m/s para mortalidade CV (AUC 0,75 [IC95%, 0,69-0,81]) e 11,5 m/s para mortalidade por todas as causas (AUC 0,78 [IC95%, 0,74-0,83]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Um estudo do tipo coorte encontrou que um ponto de corte para VOP &gt; 9,4 m/s associou-se com uma maior incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Esses valores s&#227;o maiores que aqueles encontrados no presente estudo. O estudo SPARTE usou um valor de VOP &lt; 10m/s para direcionar o tratamento medicamentoso, mas ele n&#227;o mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos eventos CV maiores. Ainda, &#233; question&#225;vel se os valores estratificados de VOP, e n&#227;o o valor definido como LOA (10 m/s) foram usados para direcionar o tratamento, devido &#224; diferen&#231;a nos resultados. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo SPARTE sofreu uma perda amostral devido &#224; pandemia da COVID-19, o que pode ter afetado os resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios outros par&#226;metros para identificar les&#245;es foram estudados. Um estudo chin&#234;s encontrou um ponto de corte &#243;timo da press&#227;o arterial para identificar aterosclerose; os &#237;ndices de press&#227;o arterial tiveram um alto desempenho preditivo com um ponto de corte de 123,5/73,5 mmHg com um p&lt;0,01.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> A VOP foi usada para avaliar escores de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o da VOP com EIMC, combinada com um &#237;ndice de envelhecimento vascular (<italic>Vascular Aging Index, VAI</italic>) promove melhor predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos CVs reclassificando pacientes sem eventos CVs pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Essa identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce facilita uma abordagem individualizada.</p>
      <p>Um estudo europeu distinguiu valores &#8220;normais&#8221; de valores &#8220;de refer&#234;ncia&#8221; para VOP, no entanto, ainda n&#227;o se sabe qual valor da VOP que apresenta a associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com biomarcadores. O presente estudo mostrou que uma VOP de 8,2m/s pode possibilitar uma identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de risco CV aumentado e ajuda estabelecer valores que podem ser considerados normais. A an&#225;lise da VOP apresenta vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o aos testes diagn&#243;sticos, por exemplo, ela reduz demandas sobre o sistema de sa&#250;de e &#233; altamente acess&#237;vel, menos invasivo, mais seguro, mais barato, mais r&#225;pido e menos desconfort&#225;vel fisicamente e psicologicamente para os pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo n&#227;o analisou um novo limiar para LOA, mas determinou um ponto de corte para VOP a partir de valores de refer&#234;ncia previamente estabelecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O estudo definiu um valor que consegue identificar o desenvolvimento precoce de LOA e estabelecer valores de VOP que possam ser considerados anormais.</p>
      <p>Uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa foi encontrada entre os biomarcadores e valores de VOP &gt; 8,2m/s. Esses achados indicam que uma VOP menor que 10m/s, mas superior a 8,2 m/s deve ser considerada como ponto de corte associado com EIMC aumentada, presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas, e HVE. Ainda, ela pode ajudar a estabelecer valores anormais em estudos populacionais de refer&#234;ncia previamente publicados.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es foi o tamanho amostral, que pode ter sido respons&#225;vel pelos valores de AUC, embora eles foram estatisticamente significativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Estudos futuros incluindo uma amostra maior, v&#225;rios centros, e maior dura&#231;&#227;o podem fornecer valores de percentis de VOP relacionados &#224; LOA. Ressaltamos que as medidas de PA foram aferidas apenas em um bra&#231;o, mas como as diferen&#231;as entre os bra&#231;os direito e esquerdo s&#227;o raras, acreditamos que isso n&#227;o relevante ao que n&#243;s encontramos. Os n&#237;veis de glicose e de colesterol, a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de diabetes e dados de ra&#231;a/cor n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis de todos os pacientes e n&#227;o foram considerados na an&#225;lise do estudo.</p>
      <p>Outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar o percentil que deve ser considerado na identifica&#231;&#227;o do in&#237;cio de les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas, e os valores que devem ser usados nos estudos de medidas de press&#227;o central, descritos como valores de VOP normais e anormais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Encontrou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os biomarcadores e valores de VOP &gt; 8,2m/s. Esses achados indicam que uma VOP acima de 8,2 m/s devem ser considerados como um ponto de corte associado com EIMC aumentada e a presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas e HVE. O valor de 8,2 m/s pode ser mais sens&#237;vel em identificar precocemente a exist&#234;ncia de biomarcadores.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <article-title>Pulse Wave Velocity of 8.2 m/s as a Threshold Associated with Cardiovascular Target Organ Damage Presence</article-title>
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          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Pierre Pac&#237;fico</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coca</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s - Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hypertension and Vascular Risk Unit. Hospital Clinic. University of Barcelona, Barcelona &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address Sayuri Inuzuka &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Rua 235 QD. 68 Lote &#193;rea. Postal Code 74605-050, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil E-mail: sa.inuzuka@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Central Illustration</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>: Pulse Wave Velocity of 8.2 m/s as a Threshold Associated with Cardiovascular Target Organ Damage Presence</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220934-20934-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Previous studies have established normal and reference values for Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV). However, the PWV value that has the strongest association with cardiovascular biomarkers remains poorly understood.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study aimed to determine the PWV value more likely to be associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), increased intima-media thickness (IMT), and presence of carotid plaques in patients with hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This cross-sectional study included 119 patients. Analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was performed for each cardiovascular biomarker. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> According to the ROC curve analysis, the PWV values were 8.1 m/s, 8.2 m/s, and 8.7 for the LVH, IMT, and presence of carotid plaques, respectively. A PWV value of 8.2 m/s was identified as the best parameter to determine the three TOD biomarkers. PWV above 8.2 m/s was associated with increased CIMT (p = 0.004) and the presence of carotid plaques (p = 0.003) and LVH (p&lt;0.001). PWV above 8.2 showed greater sensitivity for increased CIMT (AUC = 0.678, sensitivity = 62.2), LVH (AUC = 0.717, sensitivity = 87.2), and the presence of plaques (AUC = 0.649, sensitivity = 74.51) in the ROC curve analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The PWV value 8.2 m/s was more sensitive in early identifying the existence of cardiovascular biomarkers of TOD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>A high number of patients with hypertension have subclinical lesions in the early stages of the disease that are not identified by traditional assessment models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> According to the main hypertension guidelines, more specific complementary tests for biomarker analysis are used for the early identification of cardiovascular (CV) damage. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Carotid-femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is the gold standard for arterial stiffness measurement because it is non-invasive, simple, accurate, reproducible, and has predictive value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Stratified values of PWV are available for healthy individuals and those with increased CV risk. In addition, an association between PWV and target organ damage (TOD) has been established in patients with hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies have shown that PWV is a predictor of CV events and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The use of PWV in addition to the traditional CV risk factors improves risk stratification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A 10 m/s cut-off value for PWV was established as a definition of vascular TOD in previous studies and guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Additionally, PWV above 10 m/s has been associated with biomarkers of structural changes in the left ventricle chamber and carotid arteries, as well as with an increase in CV mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Arterial stiffness associated with age and sex and values stratified using the tonometric method have been established in previous studies, mostly conducted in Europe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A European study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> distinguished &#8220;normal&#8221; and &#8220;reference values.&#8221; While &#8220;normal&#8221; provides a physiological range, &#8220;reference&#8221; indicates the extent to which a population does not have noticeable CV diseases. Recently, reference values using the oscillometric method<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> were classified into with and without CV risk factors and stratified by age and sex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is a gap in the existing literature in determining the ideal percentile of PWV to identify the normal value or the beginning of CV damage. The present study was aimed to identify the PWV value, not as a TOD, but with the strongest association with the following biomarkers: carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), presence of atheromatous plaques, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2018 and March 2019 in a multidisciplinary outpatient service of a tertiary hospital. All the data at this study concerns to the first visit of a clinical trial designed to test both this hypothesis of association of PWV with TOD and other hypotheses to be tested in the longitudinal follow-up.</p>
        <p>The sample size for the clinical trial was calculated using the formula for comparing two groups. A type I error of 0.30, and a proportion of non-occurrence of cardiovascular events of 87.7% for the control group and 96.5% (with a plus percentage of 10% for non-events) for the experimental group were considered. Therefore, a sample of 35 participants was obtained for each group, but we have decided to expand the sample size due to possible loss of follow-up.</p>
        <p>Patients with hypertension, taking or not taking antihypertensive drugs, were recruited as participants.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Patients aged 18 years or above, having hypertension as assessed through office blood pressure (BP) measurement, and requiring pharmacological treatment<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> were included in the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The exclusion criteria were participation in other research protocols for less than one year; presence of chronic diseases in the terminal stages at the investigator&#8217;s discretion; previous cardiovascular diseases (known or symptomatic), including coronary artery disease (myocardial infarction, angina, previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery, or angioplasty), or stroke (ischemic or transient ischemic attack) during the last six months. Exclusion criteria for previous cardiovascular diseases were defined using information collected from the patients (direct interviews or complementary examinations).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and study procedures</title>
          <p>The participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements (weight and height). Additionally, information on sex, age, and the use of antihypertensive medications was collected. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared, and overweight was defined as BMI &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Peripheral BP categories were defined and measured using OMRON<sup>&#174;</sup> 1100 automatic devices according to the 2020 Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The average of the two BP measurements on the same arm, conducted at two-minute interval, was considered in this study. Uncontrolled BP was considered with mean systolic pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg.</p>
          <p>Central parameters were assessed non-invasively using the validated DynaMAPA AOP Cardios&#174; oscillometric method (IEM, Stolber, Germany). The procedures were performed by the same person and device using the C1 PWV-validated protocol including three measurements at same arm with 1-minute interval.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The person responsible for the measurements has more than five years of experience with central pressure measurement methodology.</p>
          <p>Carotid doppler ultrasound and echocardiographic evaluations were performed following the American<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and the European<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> consensus guidelines. These were conducted by a single observer, with more than 10 years of experience, using a Philips Affiniti 70 ultrasound system and a linear transducer with a 12-4 MHz frequency for carotid doppler and sectorial probe 4-2 MHz frequency for transthoracic echocardiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Target organ damage analyses</title>
          <p>TOD analyses included the assessment of CIMT, presence of atheromatous plaques, and LVH. CIMT was defined as a thickness greater than or equal to 0.9mm,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and presence of carotid plaques in carotid territory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> LVH was defined as left ventricular mass/body surface area (g/m<sup>2</sup>) &gt;115 (men) and &gt;95 (women).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>The present study followed the Brazilian Ethics Regulatory Resolution No. 466/12. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (CAAE:89488218.0.1001.5078). All study procedures were performed after obtaining written informed consent from the participants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using Stata software version 14.0. Descriptive statistics were calculated using absolute and relative frequencies for qualitative variables. The Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test was used to verify the data distribution of the variables.</p>
          <p>Mean and standard deviation were calculated for quantitative variables with a normal distribution, while median and interquartile range were calculated for those with a skewed distribution.</p>
          <p>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to determine the best PWV cut-off point for defining increased CIMT, presence of LVH, and presence of carotid plaques. For the construction of the ROC curve,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> sensitivity and specificity values were tested for the three variables that determined TOD (yes or no). For the construction of the curve, the cut-off point that presented the best combination of sensitivity and specificity in the three variables simultaneously was chosen. The PWV cut-off point was obtained through the ROC analysis to identify the best parameter for determining the three outcomes.</p>
          <p>Sensitivity and specificity (ROC) were analyzed to estimate the discriminating power of the independent variables to identify the PWV value associated with LVH, increased IMT, and the presence of carotid plaques. When comparing the cut-off values, the best combination of sensitivity and specificity was verified by generating a defined value. Accordingly, the PWV was categorized as less than or greater than the defined value for comparisons with several sample variables established using the following tests: chi-square (qualitative variables), unpaired t-test (quantitative variables with normal distribution), or Mann&#8211;Whitney U test (quantitative variables with skewed distribution). Statistical significance was set at p &lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the characteristics of the 119 patients included in this study.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the participants</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Average &#177; SD or Median (IQR)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60.38 &#177;10.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body mass index (Kg/m2)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29.07 (26.67-32.89)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Variable</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Men</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (30.25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (69.75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Overweight</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (80.95)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (19.05)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Central blood pressure parameters (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Central SBP</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (114 - 133)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Central DBP</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (78 - 94)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peripheral SBP</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (121 - 142)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peripheral DBP</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (77 - 93)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Central pulse pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (30 - 44)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Augmentation index</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (15 - 25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peripheral vascular resistance</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28 (1.16 &#8211; 1.46)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulse wave velocity (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9 &#177; 1.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CIMT</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (37.82)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thickened</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (62.18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CIMT (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89 &#177; 0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Carotid plaques</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (57.14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (42,86)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left ventricular mass index (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (71.3 &#8211; 113.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uncontrolled blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (41.18)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The cut-off points for the PWV indicating increased CIMT, presence of LVH, and presence of carotid plaques defined using the ROC were 8.7 m/s, 8.2 m/s, and 8.1, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Analysis of ROC curves.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220934-20934-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>An analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of each biomarker was performed at the cut-off points of the three variables that were found through the ROC curve analysis &#8211; CIMT (8.7), LVMI (8.2), and carotid plaques (8.1). When comparing the cut-off points, the best combination of sensitivity and specificity was verified for the 8.2 value (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sensitivity and specificity of pulse wave velocity values found through the ROC analysis for carotid intima-media thickness (CIMTC), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and presence of carotid plaques</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Cut-off</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IMT</th>
                  <th colspan="2">LVH</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Carotid plaques</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Sen. (%) (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>Spe. (%) (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>Sen. (%) (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>Spe. (%) (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>Sen. (%) (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>Spe. (%) (95% CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">75.68 (64.3-8.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">55.56 (40.0-70.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">*-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">80.39 (66.9-90.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">48.53 (36.2-61.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">68.92 (57.1-79.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.78 (42.2-72.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">87.18 (72.6-95.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">55.00 (43.5-66.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.51 (60.4-85.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">52.94 (40.4-65.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">62.16 (50.1-73.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.56 (60.5-87.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.36 (57.9-87.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.00 (53.5-75.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.78 (46.1-74.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.76 (49.2-73.3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; Sen.: sensitivity; Spe.: specificity. * There was no participant with LVH at a speed of 8.1m/s</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A summary is found in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref>.</p>
        <p>The comparison of sociodemographic characteristics, clinical variables, pressure, and central hemodynamic values between individuals above or below the cut-off point of 8.2 showed a low frequency of overweight and high frequency of carotid plaques among patients with PWV <underline>&gt;</underline> 8.2 m/s. Additionally, this group of were older and had higher central hemodynamic parameters, LVH, and CIMT than individuals with &lt; 8.2 m/s PWV value (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sample characteristics and comparison according to the PWV value above or below the cut-off value of 8.2 m/s, n=119, 2018&#8211;2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>PWV &lt; 8.2</th>
                  <th>PWV &#8805; 8.2</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.090</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (38.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (24.29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (61.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (75.71)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Overweight</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (91.84)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (72.86)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (27.14)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (57.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (42.22)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altered</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (31.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (68.92)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Carotid plaques</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (73.47)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (45.71)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (26.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (54.29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51.59 &#177;5.85</td>
                  <td align="center">66.54 &#177;8.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (Kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29.33 (26.99&#8211;32.88)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.45 (26.31&#8211;32.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.205</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cSBP</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (112&#8211;125)</td>
                  <td align="center">126.5 (117&#8211;143)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cDBP</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (76&#8211;92)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (78&#8211;96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.338</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pSBP</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (119&#8211;131)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (125&#8211;149)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pDBP</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (76&#8211;92)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (77&#8211;94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.595</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cPP</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (28&#8211;39)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,5 (34&#8211;47)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIX</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (10&#8211;29)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.5 (21&#8211;37)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.26 (1.16&#8211;1.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 (1.2&#8211;1.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.114</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVH</td>
                  <td align="center">78.9 (68.1&#8211;93.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (79&#8211;123.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMT</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78 &#177; 0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 +0.38</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AIX: augmentation index; BMI: body mass index; cDBP: central diastolic blood pressure; cPP: central pulse pressure; cSBP: central systolic blood pressure; IMT: intima-media thickness; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; pDBP: peripheral diastolic blood pressure; pSBP: peripheral systolic blood pressure; PVR: peripheral vascular resistance; PWV: pulse wave velocity.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, a PWV above 8.2 m/s was statistically associated with increased CIMT, presence of carotid plaques, and LVH. According to the ROC analysis, the cut-off point showed better sensitivity than the other PWV values.</p>
        <p>Evidently, risk assessment models capable of identifying individuals who are most likely to have complications in the early stages of the disease are desirable and required to reduce residual risk. A meta-analysis showed that the PWV value as a biomarker (TOD) presents important clinical differences in individuals with moderate or intermediate risk, demonstrating a 13% increase in the global risk classification within 10 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies defining PWV reference values in healthy and CV risk populations have been published since the early 2000&#8217;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> PWV values above 10 m/s have already been established by the main guidelines as TOD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Some studies have addressed the distribution of percentiles, however, there is a lack of research concerning cut-off points for normality and CV risk markers.</p>
        <p>A meta-analysis identified thresholds for predictive performance of PWV, the cut-off points were 10.7 m/s for CV mortality (AUC 0.75 [95% CI, 0.69&#8211;0.81]) and 11.5 m/s for all-cause mortality (AUC 0.78 [95% CI, 0.74&#8211;0.83]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> A cohort study found a PWV cut-off point &gt; 9.4 m/s to be associated with a higher incidence of mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> These values are higher than those found in the present study. The SPARTE study used a value of PWV &lt; 10 m/s to guide drug treatment; however, it did not show a reduction in major CV events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Also, it is questionable whether the stratified PWV values, rather than the value defined as TOD (10 m/s) were used to guide the treatment, due to the difference in results. Furthermore, the SPARTE study had a sample loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have affected their results.</p>
        <p>Various other parameters have been studied to identify lesions. A Chinese study found an optimal blood pressure cut-off point to identify atherosclerosis; the blood pressure indexes had a high predictive performance with an optimal cut-off point of 123.5/73.5 mmHg at p&lt;0.01.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> The PWV has been used to assess subclinical atherosclerosis scores in asymptomatic individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> The association of PWV with CIMT, combined with a vascular aging index (Vascular Aging Index, VAI) promotes better prediction of CV events by reclassifying patients with no previous CV events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> This early identification facilitates an individualized approach.</p>
        <p>A European study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> distinguished &#8220;normal&#8221; and &#8220;reference values&#8221; for PWV; however, the PWV value that has the greatest association with biomarkers remains poorly understood. The current study found that a PWV of 8.2 m/s may enable early identification of increased cardiovascular risk and help establish values that can be considered normal. The PWV analysis has advantages over diagnostic tests, such as it reduces demands on the healthcare system and is highly accessible, less invasive, less dangerous, less expensive, less time-consuming, and less physically and psychologically uncomfortable for patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study did not analyze a new threshold for TOD, but determined a cut-off point for PWV from the previously established reference values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The study defined a value that can identify early TOD development and establish values of PWV that may be considered abnormal.</p>
        <p>A significant association was found between the biomarkers and PWV values &gt; 8.2 m/s. These findings indicate that a PWV lower than 10 m/s but higher than 8.2 m/s should be considered as the cut-off point associated with increased CIMT, presence of carotid plaques, and LVH. Furthermore, it may help establish values that can be considered abnormal in the previously published reference population studies.</p>
        <p>This study had some limitations. One of the limitations was the sample size, which may have been responsible for the AUC values, although they were statistically significant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Future studies with a large sample size, multiple centers, and longer study duration may provide percentile values of PWV related to TOD.</p>
        <p>We point out that the BP measurement was performed in only one arm, but since the differences between the right and left arms are rare, we believe that it was not relevant to what we found. Glucose and cholesterol levels, the presence or not of diabetes and race/color data were not available for all patients and were not considered for the analysis of this study.</p>
        <p>Further studies are required to determine the percentile that should be considered to identify the onset of subclinical lesions, and the values that should be used in reports of central pressure measurements, described as normal and abnormal PWV values.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>A significant association was found between the biomarkers and PWV values &gt; 8.2 m/s. These findings indicate that a PWV above 8.2 m/s should be considered as a cut-off point associated with increased CIMT and the presence of carotid plaques and LVH. The 8.2 m/s value may be more sensitive in early identifying the existence of biomarkers.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Sayuri Inuzuka, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s under the protocol number CAAE:89488218.0.1001.5078. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
