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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8LrVpPbDQcJJxLdgDxhgNBL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220768</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto de um Programa de Redu&#231;&#227;o do Estresse, Medita&#231;&#227;o e <italic>Mindfulness</italic> em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica: Um Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Randomizado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3322-3708</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Vaisnava Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carla Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Jacqueline Sampaio dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Pugian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bandeira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucio Martins da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2270-7886</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Lais Marcelle Rufino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ven&#226;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella Christina Diniz de Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalia Manoela Condeixa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Maria Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tress</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muccillo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Bergamin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Einstoss Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Cristina Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fundamentos de Enfermagem e Administra&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Departamento de Fundamentos de Enfermagem e Administra&#231;&#227;o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i (CHN), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Vaisnava Nogueira Cavalcante &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Rua Miguel de Frias, 9. CEP 24220-900, Icara&#237;, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>vaisnava.cavalcante@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220768</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Figura Central</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: Impacto de um Programa de Redu&#231;&#227;o do Estresse, Medita&#231;&#227;o e Mindfulness em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica: Um Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Randomizado</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Resumo dos principais resultados do Programa de Redu&#231;&#227;o do Estresse, Medita&#231;&#227;o e Aten&#231;&#227;o Plena. As vari&#225;veis estresse percebido, qualidade de vida, aten&#231;&#227;o plena e qualidade do sono foram medidas em pontos dos respectivos escores das escalas. A vari&#225;vel capacidade funcional foi medida em metros.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8LrVpPbDQcJJxLdgDxhgNBL/dba0a64b79ceb7f28d75f3451d64c1a3ddb4bd8e.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8LrVpPbDQcJJxLdgDxhgNBL/1fffba6566fcd0896256b1daafaf52aaccd5584e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8LrVpPbDQcJJxLdgDxhgNBL/a317ca8c15b42fa7679e78d3960dd9f7d72ccd44.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, que leva &#224; alta carga de sintomas f&#237;sicos e psicol&#243;gicos, apesar da terapia otimizada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar primariamente o impacto de um Programa de Redu&#231;&#227;o de Estresse, Medita&#231;&#227;o e Aten&#231;&#227;o plena na redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse de pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado e controlado que avaliou o impacto de um programa de redu&#231;&#227;o de estresse comparado ao atendimento multidisciplinar convencional, em dois centros especializados no Brasil. O per&#237;odo de coleta de dados ocorreu entre abril e outubro de 2019. Um total de 38 pacientes foram alocados nos grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o ou controle. A interven&#231;&#227;o aconteceu ao longo de 8 semanas. O protocolo consistiu na avalia&#231;&#227;o das escalas de estresse percebido, depress&#227;o, qualidade de vida, ansiedade, aten&#231;&#227;o plena, qualidade do sono, teste de 6 minutos de caminhada e biomarcadores por um grupo cego, considerando um p-valor &lt;0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A interven&#231;&#227;o resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no estresse percebido de 22,8 &#177; 4,3 para 14,3 &#177; 3,8 pontos na escala de estresse percebido no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o vs. 23,9 &#177; 4,3 para 25,8 &#177; 5,4 no grupo controle (p-valor&lt;0,001). Foi observada melhora significativa na qualidade de vida (p-valor=0,013), aten&#231;&#227;o plena (p-valor=0,041), qualidade do sono (p-valor&lt;0,001) e no teste de 6 minutos de caminhada (p-valor=0,004) no grupo sob interven&#231;&#227;o comparado com o controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O Programa de Redu&#231;&#227;o de Estresse, Medita&#231;&#227;o e Aten&#231;&#227;o plena reduziu efetivamente o estresse percebido e melhorou desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina Comportamental</kwd>
        <kwd>Mindfulness, Medita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="51"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica que afeta 26 milh&#245;es de pessoas no mundo, com proje&#231;&#227;o de aumento em sua preval&#234;ncia com o envelhecimento populacional e sobrevida prolongada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ela &#233; respons&#225;vel por sobrecarga do sistema de sa&#250;de, pelas altas taxas de morbidade, mortalidade, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e custos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos apontam altos &#237;ndices de transtornos emocionais em pacientes com IC, o que piora sua morbidade, qualidade de vida e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>O estresse psicossocial e seus componentes est&#227;o associados a maior ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes com IC convivem com elevado estresse psicossocial e existencial, explicado pela doen&#231;a progressiva, limitante, que altera o status de trabalho e o conv&#237;vio social e impacta suas qualidades de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma coorte prospectiva avaliou 6.985 indiv&#237;duos e demostrou que o baixo senso de prop&#243;sito est&#225; significativamente associado &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas. Isso mostra a necessidade de pesquisas que avaliem interven&#231;&#245;es que promovam uma vida com significado para melhora de desfechos em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diversas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas sobre as intera&#231;&#245;es c&#233;rebro-cora&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m levado ao crescimento de pesquisas na cardiologia comportamental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Estudos exemplificaram a conex&#227;o entre condi&#231;&#245;es de estresse psicossocial em humanos e aumento da atividade pro-inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>A indu&#231;&#227;o do estresse leva &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico (SNA) e ao aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A IC, por sua vez, &#233; caracterizada por um estado inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico e pelo desequil&#237;brio do SNA, o que contribui para a sua progress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre quadros depressivos e IC poderia, assim, contribuir para o aumento do risco de mortalidade nestes pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tem sido demostrado que, por meio das emo&#231;&#245;es e pensamentos, o SNA tem um papel relevante na conex&#227;o c&#233;rebro-cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ao atuarem por meio do SNA, as pr&#225;ticas mente-corpo podem beneficiar o funcionamento endotelial, neuroend&#243;crino e imunol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A aten&#231;&#227;o plena (<italic>mindfulness</italic>) &#233; definida como capacidade de prestar aten&#231;&#227;o no momento presente, intencionalmente e sem julgamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Interven&#231;&#245;es envolvendo a pr&#225;tica de aten&#231;&#227;o plena s&#227;o efetivas na redu&#231;&#227;o de depress&#227;o, atividade simp&#225;tica, ansiedade, estresse psicossocial, dor, melhora de capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> N&#237;veis elevados de aten&#231;&#227;o plena est&#227;o relacionados a menores n&#237;veis de ansiedade em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Poucos estudos foram desenvolvidos avaliando o impacto de interven&#231;&#245;es baseadas em aten&#231;&#227;o plena nos pacientes com IC. Discute-se assim, a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de mais estudos com rigor metodol&#243;gico e que avaliem o impacto destas interven&#231;&#245;es no estresse percebido, na capacidade funcional bem como nos n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o plena destes indiv&#237;duos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo prim&#225;rio avaliar o impacto do Programa de Redu&#231;&#227;o do Estresse, Medita&#231;&#227;o e Aten&#231;&#227;o plena (P.R.E.M.A.) no estresse percebido de pacientes portadores de IC em centros especializados. Escores de ansiedade, depress&#227;o, aten&#231;&#227;o plena, qualidade de vida, qualidade do sono, al&#233;m de capacidade funcional (teste de 6 minutos de caminhada), painel inflamat&#243;rio incluindo velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o (VHS) e prote&#237;na c-reativa (PCR) e painel neuro-hormonal (cortisol e NT -proBNP) foram avaliados secundariamente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado realizado em quatro grupos paralelos e distintos. Os grupos da interven&#231;&#227;o (I-CICCV e I-INC) participaram de um programa de 8 semanas de redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse. Os grupos controles (C-CICCV e C-INC) receberam o atendimento multidisciplinar convencional da Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cora&#231;&#227;o Valente (CICCV)/UFF e do departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC), de onde os pacientes foram recrutados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes ambulatoriais, acima de 18 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de IC pelos crit&#233;rios Framingham e/ou Boston; classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA I-II; Mini Mental &gt; 16, aderentes a pelo menos 80% dos encontros; alfabetizados ou com acompanhante alfabetizado; concordantes em participar das atividades propostas e em responder aos question&#225;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o; que possu&#237;ssem dispositivo de som para ouvir os &#225;udios com as pr&#225;ticas di&#225;rias.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles com participa&#231;&#227;o em outro estudo/terapia com interven&#231;&#227;o mente-corpo no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s; com descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica recente com interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ou altera&#231;&#227;o na prescri&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s; com cirurgia ou interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea planejada para o pr&#243;ximo ano; com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nos &#250;ltimos dois meses; com valvulopatia clinicamente significativa; com miocardite aguda; portadores de doen&#231;as osteo musculares que impedissem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de provas funcionais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O Programa de Redu&#231;&#227;o do Estresse, Medita&#231;&#227;o e Aten&#231;&#227;o plena (P.R.E.M.A.) &#233; baseado no trip&#233;: ferramentas de <italic>coping</italic> (enfrentamento), de aten&#231;&#227;o plena e de <italic>dharma</italic> (termo s&#226;nscrito para prop&#243;sito de vida). As sess&#245;es ocorreram ao longo de 8 encontros em grupo semanais de 2 horas de dura&#231;&#227;o, que constavam de 4 momentos:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Introdu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do tema.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Quest&#245;es para autoconsci&#234;ncia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pr&#225;tica guiada.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Os temas abordados foram: o estresse, a mente, resili&#234;ncia, autorregula&#231;&#227;o emocional, aceita&#231;&#227;o, autoefic&#225;cia, gratid&#227;o, conex&#227;o social e prop&#243;sito. Em cada sess&#227;o foi abordada uma ferramenta de enfrentamento relacionada ao tema.</p>
        <p>As pr&#225;ticas de aten&#231;&#227;o plena abordadas ao longo das sess&#245;es foram aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; respira&#231;&#227;o, comer consciente, invent&#225;rio de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s emo&#231;&#245;es negativas e positivas, medita&#231;&#227;o da compaix&#227;o, caminhar consciente, medita&#231;&#227;o da reciprocidade.</p>
        <p>As sess&#245;es ocorreram entre maio e junho de 2019 nas instala&#231;&#245;es da CICCV (para I-CICCV) e do INC (para I-INC). O per&#237;odo de coleta de dados ocorreu entre abril e outubro de 2019. O programa foi facilitado pela pesquisadora principal do estudo, cardiologista com 23 anos de experi&#234;ncia em medita&#231;&#227;o e <italic>bhakti yoga, internato</italic> em hospital com foco em terapias mente-corpo-esp&#237;rito (Bhaktivedanta Hospital &#8211; Mumbai/&#205;ndia), treinamento nas t&#233;cnicas SMART&#174; (Stress Management and Resilience Training) e Mindfulness pela Case Western Reserve University e certifica&#231;&#227;o em yoga pela VVY School.</p>
        <p>Materiais de apoio como apostila e CD de &#225;udio para pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria de 45 minutos foram fornecidos. A ades&#227;o &#224;s tarefas foi observada pelos relatos dos pacientes, di&#225;rio de medita&#231;&#227;o e por telemonitoramento.</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio avaliado foi o estresse percebido e os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram os escores de ansiedade, depress&#227;o, aten&#231;&#227;o plena, qualidade de vida, qualidade do sono, capacidade funcional (T6MC), painel inflamat&#243;rio (VHS, PCR) e neuro-hormonal (cortisol e NT-proBNP).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tamanho da amostra</title>
        <p>A amostra foi calculada com base em estudo pr&#233;vio que avaliou o desfecho &#8220;estresse percebido&#8221;, no qual se utilizaram os seguintes valores dos escores: antes da interven&#231;&#227;o (grupo controle=19,1/DP&#177;8,9; grupo interven&#231;&#227;o=25,8/DP&#177;4,6) e depois da interven&#231;&#227;o (grupo controle=20,5/DP&#177;10,3; grupo interven&#231;&#227;o=20,2/DP&#177;5,6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A amostra final foi de 36 pacientes, 18 para o grupo da interven&#231;&#227;o e 18 para o grupo controle, ap&#243;s considerar diferen&#231;a de 0,3 pontos, confian&#231;a 95%, perda 20% e poder de 80%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Randomiza&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A randomiza&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por meio do website http://randomization.com considerando 20% de perda. Um profissional externo ao grupo da pesquisa foi respons&#225;vel pela lista gerada para aloca&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. A propor&#231;&#227;o de aloca&#231;&#227;o foi de 1:1 para os grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o ou controle.</p>
        <p>Por se tratar de interven&#231;&#227;o comportamental, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel o cegamento do facilitador ou pacientes. Por&#233;m, houve cegamento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o, feita por um grupo de investigadores respons&#225;veis pela coleta de dados e armazenamento dos resultados dos question&#225;rios, teste funcional e biomarcadores.</p>
        <p>A equipe de pesquisa foi constitu&#237;da de grupo de avalia&#231;&#227;o, grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, grupo de acompanhamento do controle e grupo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o ocorreu uma semana antes do in&#237;cio da interven&#231;&#227;o e constou de consulta presencial com equipe multiprofissional das cl&#237;nicas especializadas.</p>
        <p>Na consulta presencial o paciente respondeu aos instrumentos de coleta de dados: 1) Mini exame do estado mental (Mini Mental); 2) Escala de estresse percebido, 14 itens (PSS-14); 3) Invent&#225;rio de depress&#227;o de Beck, segunda vers&#227;o (BDI-II); 4) Question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida de Minnesota (MLHFQ); Invent&#225;rio de ansiedade tra&#231;o-estado (IDATE) &#8211; IDATE-T (tra&#231;o) e IDATE-E (estado); &#205;ndice de qualidade do sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI); e a vers&#227;o brasileira do Invent&#225;rio Freiburg de Mindfulness (FMI-Br).</p>
        <p>O PSS-14 &#233; uma escala de autorrelato para mensura&#231;&#227;o do estresse percebido, composta por 14 itens com escores que v&#227;o de 0 a 56. Quanto mais elevados os escores, piores os n&#237;veis de estresse. O IDATE tra&#231;o ou estado tamb&#233;m &#233; uma escala de autorrelato que possui 20 itens, com escores que v&#227;o de 20 a 80. Altas pontua&#231;&#245;es em suas respectivas escalas significam maior tra&#231;o ou estado de ansiedade. O BDI-II &#233; uma escala de autoavalia&#231;&#227;o composta de 21 itens com escores que variam de 0 a 63. Quanto mais elevado o escore, mais grave a depress&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O MLHFQ &#233; uma escala de 21 itens com escore global que varia de 0 a 105 e escore mais baixo reflete melhor qualidade de vida. O PSQI avalia 7 componentes do sono com escore global que varia de 0 a 21. Quanto maior a pontua&#231;&#227;o, pior a qualidade do sono. O FMI-Br identifica a frequ&#234;ncia com que a pessoa vivencia comportamentos relacionados &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o plena. A pontua&#231;&#227;o varia de 14 a 56 pontos. Quanto maior a pontua&#231;&#227;o obtida, maior &#233; a percep&#231;&#227;o de aten&#231;&#227;o plena.</p>
        <p>Neste dia, tamb&#233;m foi realizado o T6MC por profissionais de fisioterapia que utilizaram a diretriz da <italic>American Thoracic Society</italic>, bem como coleta de sangue para an&#225;lise de painel inflamat&#243;rio e neuro-hormonal pelo laborat&#243;rio do INC.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o aconteceu uma semana ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da interven&#231;&#227;o, incluindo novamente os question&#225;rios citados, coleta de sangue para as provas laboratoriais realizadas inicialmente, bem como o T6MC. O grupo controle recebeu atendimento multidisciplinar habitual das cl&#237;nicas de IC. Por se tratar de centros de pesquisas especializadas, os pacientes tiveram garantia de continuidade no atendimento.</p>
        <p>Foi realizado estudo piloto com 3 pacientes da cl&#237;nica CICCV externos ao estudo, antes da interven&#231;&#227;o propriamente dita, objetivando avaliar a factibilidade do programa e realizar ajustes na interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Utilizou-se o <italic>software</italic> SPSS vers&#227;o 24 para confec&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos e an&#225;lises dos dados. Para resumir os dados utilizou-se a m&#233;dia acrescida de seu intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Os resumos dos dados foram dispostos em gr&#225;ficos que apresentam as combina&#231;&#245;es entre as duas categorias do tempo e as duas categorias do grupo, totalizando quatro barras.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas por medidas de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas com frequ&#234;ncias simples e percentual. O teste de normalidade para confirma&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi o Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
        <p>Aplicou-se a metodologia modelo linear generalizado (MLG) para medidas repetidas, para verifica&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos de intera&#231;&#227;o, tempo e grupo. Havendo resultados significantes nos efeitos, aplicou-se p&#243;s teste utilizando a corre&#231;&#227;o via Bonferroni para comparar quais m&#233;dias diferem entre si e adotou-se p-valor &lt;0,05 como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, parecer 3.224.212, bem como pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do INC, parecer 3.339.599, assim como foi registrada no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos, sob n&#250;mero RBR-7pzcyk.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram avaliados 221 pacientes para inclus&#227;o no estudo por meio de pesquisa em prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico. Destes, 133 eram eleg&#237;veis, sendo 101 pacientes contactados e os demais n&#227;o abordados por n&#227;o possu&#237;rem contato telef&#244;nico atualizado. O total de 38 pacientes concordaram em participar e foram randomizados para os grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o e controle. Dos 38, 32 pacientes completaram os protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, sendo 13 do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (I-CICCV=9 e I-INC=4) e 19 do grupo controle (C-CICCV=10 e C-INC=9). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ilustra a sele&#231;&#227;o e recrutamento dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do processo de sele&#231;&#227;o de participantes para o ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220768-20768-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A amostra foi composta predominantemente por homens, autodeclarados de ra&#231;a parda, NYHA II, com ensino m&#233;dio completo e portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ilustra as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas de base da amostra inicial de 38 pacientes:</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos grupos interven&#231;&#227;o (n=19) x controle (n=19). Brasil, 2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Interven&#231;&#227;o (n=19)</th>
                <th>Controle (n=19)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">58,0&#177;12,8<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">54,3&#177;9,8<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">12 (63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (68,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">7 (36,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (31,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a autodeclarada</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branco</td>
                <td align="center">6 (31,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negro</td>
                <td align="center">4 (21,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (21,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardo</td>
                <td align="center">9 (47,4)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (63,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe da NYHA</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">7 (36,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (26,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">12 (63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (73,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escolaridade Completa</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino fundamental</td>
                <td align="center">10 (52,6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (21,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">9 (47,4)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (73,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FE m&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">40,4&#177;16,3<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">41,2&#177;17,8<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center">12 (63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (52,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center">4 (21,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (26,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICFElr</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (21,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mini-Mental</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">27,6&#177;2,4<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27,4&#177;2,12<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association; FE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ICFElr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida. *M&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho prim&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estresse percebido (PSS-14), houve efeito significativo na intera&#231;&#227;o entre tempo e grupo. Os participantes do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o mostraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no estresse percebido em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle (-8,5 vs. +1,9; p-valor &lt;0,001). Avaliando o resultado obtido na an&#225;lise de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas (ACM) demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2-A</xref>, nota-se que existe diferen&#231;a entre os tempos no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (p-valor=0,001). O PSS-14 p&#243;s foi menor (14,3) do que no per&#237;odo pr&#233; (22,8). Existe diferen&#231;a entre os grupos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s (<italic>p</italic>-valor=0,001), o escore PSS-14 do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o foi menor (14,3) do que o do controle (25,8).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; M&#233;dia e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% das medidas: A) Escala de estresse percebido, 14 itens &#8211; PSS-14; B) Invent&#225;rio Freiburg de Mindfulness-Brasil &#8211; FMI-Br; C), Question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida de Minnesota &#8211; MLHFQ; D) &#205;ndice de qualidade do sono de Pittsburgh &#8211; PSQI; E) Teste de 6 minutos de caminhada &#8211; T6MC; F) Cortisol, todos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento cruzado de grupo e tempo (p-valor dentro do quadro para I: Intera&#231;&#227;o, G: Grupo, T: Tempo) e com p-valor nas chaves do resultado post-hoc &lt; 0,05 via Bonferroni. Todas as vari&#225;veis foram medidas em pontos dos respectivos escores das escalas, exceto capacidade funcional e cortisol, que foram medidos em metros e mcg/dL, respectivamente.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220768-20768-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos secund&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Na vari&#225;vel aten&#231;&#227;o plena (FMI-Br) houve efeito significativo na intera&#231;&#227;o. Os participantes do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o mostraram um aumento na aten&#231;&#227;o plena em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle (+3,8 vs. -0,6; p-valor=0,041), conforme <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">figura 2-B</xref>. Avaliando o resultado obtido na ACM, nota-se que existe diferen&#231;a entre os grupos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s (p-valor=0,033). O FMI-Br do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o foi maior (43,1) do que o controle (37,3).</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; qualidade de vida (MLHFQ) houve efeito significativo na intera&#231;&#227;o. Os participantes do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentaram um aumento na qualidade de vida em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (-11,5 vs.+2,5; p-valor=0,013). Avaliando o resultado obtido na ACM, nota-se que existe diferen&#231;a entre os tempos no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (p-valor=0,015). O MLHFQ p&#243;s foi menor (17,5) do que no per&#237;odo pr&#233; (29,0). Existe diferen&#231;a entre os grupos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s (p-valor=0,013), o MLHFQ do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o foi menor (17,5) do que o do controle (39,9) conforme <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2-C</xref>.</p>
        <p>Houve efeito significativo da intera&#231;&#227;o na qualidade do sono (PSQI). Os participantes do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentaram um aumento na qualidade do sono em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (-1,9 vs. +0,8; p-valor&lt;0,001). Avaliando o resultado obtido na ACM, nota-se diferen&#231;a entre os tempos no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (p-valor=0,001). O PSQI p&#243;s foi menor (3,5) do que no per&#237;odo pr&#233; (5,4). Existe diferen&#231;a entre os grupos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s (p-valor=0,008), o PSQI do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o foi menor (3,5) do que o controle (6,6), conforme <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2-D</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao T6MC houve efeito significativo na intera&#231;&#227;o. Os participantes do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o mostraram um aumento na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle (+70 vs. -33; p-valor=0,004), conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2-E</xref>. Avaliando o resultado obtido na ACM, existe diferen&#231;a entre os tempos no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (p-valor=0,003). O T6MC p&#243;s foi maior (385,1) do que no per&#237;odo pr&#233; (331,8).</p>
        <p>Sobre o cortisol houve efeito significativo na intera&#231;&#227;o. Os participantes do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentaram menor aumento do cortisol em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (+1,8 vs. +2,2; p-valor=0,004). Avaliando o resultado obtido na ACM, existe diferen&#231;a entre os tempos no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (p-valor=0,014). O cortisol p&#243;s foi maior (13,3) do que no per&#237;odo pr&#233; (11,5), por&#233;m seu aumento foi menor que no grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2-F</xref>).</p>
        <p>Para as medidas de ansiedade tra&#231;o e estado (IDATE-T e IDATE-E) e depress&#227;o (BDI-II) n&#227;o houve resultados significativos, com p-valores da intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,126, 0,137 e 0,151, ou seja, seu comportamento n&#227;o foi influenciado pelo efeito tempo e grupo.</p>
        <p>Nas medidas PCR e NT-proBNP, n&#227;o houve efeitos significativos em nenhum dos fatores, intera&#231;&#227;o (PCR p-valor=0,098; NT-proBNP p-valor=0,538), grupo (PCR p-valor=0,561; NT-proBNP p-valor= 0,302) e tempo (PCR p-valor=0,551; NT-proBNP p-valor=0,528). Observou-se, tamb&#233;m, grande variabilidade nestas medidas coletadas.</p>
        <p>Para a medida VHS n&#227;o houve resultados significativos na intera&#231;&#227;o (p-valor=0,444), por&#233;m houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos (p-valor=0,026). Observou-se grande variabilidade nessa medida.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> resume os principais resultados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo foi desenvolvido pela primeira vez um programa para redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse em pacientes com IC, combinando ferramentas de enfrentamento, aten&#231;&#227;o plena e prop&#243;sito. N&#227;o foram observados efeitos adversos importantes durante a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho prim&#225;rio, houve melhora significativa do estresse percebido no grupo da interven&#231;&#227;o (p-valor&lt;0,001), o que foi observado em estudos pr&#233;vios utilizando treinamento de redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse para pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste &#250;ltimo, tamb&#233;m foi observada melhora da aten&#231;&#227;o plena, desfecho alcan&#231;ado nos pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o no presente estudo (p-valor&lt;0,041), por&#233;m ainda n&#227;o identificado em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e controlados com pacientes portadores de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais desfechos secund&#225;rios, houve melhora significativa da qualidade de vida dos pacientes (p-valor&lt;0,013), o que &#233; associado a progn&#243;stico, mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Tal resultado foi demonstrado por apenas dois estudos pr&#233;vios envolvendo a pr&#225;tica de aten&#231;&#227;o plena em portadores de IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> sendo um deles estudo piloto, conforme apontado em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica pr&#233;via.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> H&#225; de se salientar que esta vari&#225;vel &#233; considerada mais importante do que a longevidade com a progress&#227;o da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os dist&#250;rbios do sono s&#227;o muito prevalentes em pacientes portadores de IC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup>e foi observada melhora da qualidade do sono no grupo da interven&#231;&#227;o (p-valor&lt;0,001), com piora de tal vari&#225;vel no grupo controle.</p>
      <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m melhorou significativamente a capacidade para o exerc&#237;cio (T6MC) em concord&#226;ncia com estudos pr&#233;vios que utilizaram ferramentas de gest&#227;o do estresse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Ainda assim, nenhum estudo havia demonstrado tal desfecho ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o baseada em aten&#231;&#227;o plena em pacientes com IC (31). Vale ressaltar que houve piora de tal desfecho no grupo controle e que valores do T6MC t&#234;m sido associados a morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pacientes do grupo controle apresentaram piora nos escores das vari&#225;veis citadas, demonstrando que a interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apenas trouxe melhorias como impediu a progress&#227;o do estresse percebido e a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida, da aten&#231;&#227;o plena, da qualidade do sono e da capacidade funcional com a progress&#227;o da IC.</p>
      <p>Foi observada tend&#234;ncia a melhora n&#227;o significativa nos desfechos ansiedade e depress&#227;o. Estudos futuros que avaliem interven&#231;&#245;es comportamentais destinadas &#224; melhora destas vari&#225;veis talvez necessitem de maior dura&#231;&#227;o para demonstrar efeitos significativos, conforme proposto previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sobre os biomarcadores PCR, VHS, NT-proBNP e cortisol, houve resultado significativo apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao cortisol, demonstrando tend&#234;ncia ao aumento desta vari&#225;vel ao longo do tempo em ambos os grupos, com varia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia maior no grupo controle em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o (2,2 vs. 1,8, p-valor&lt;0,04).</p>
      <p>A secre&#231;&#227;o de cortisol aumenta em resposta ao estresse e este biomarcador &#233; fator independente (p-valor=0,02) para predizer eventos card&#237;acos em portadores de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Estudo pr&#233;vio, controlado e n&#227;o randomizado, avaliando 45 pessoas saud&#225;veis, das quais 30 foram submetidas a um programa de redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse, mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do cortisol salivar ap&#243;s 4 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, em rela&#231;&#227;o a pacientes portadores de IC, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel de cortisol s&#233;rico desta popula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o baseada em medita&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudo brasileiro avaliando o impacto de um programa de medita&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas nos n&#237;veis de outro horm&#244;nio relacionado ao estresse (norepinefrina) demonstrou melhora significativa na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis deste marcador no grupo da interven&#231;&#227;o (p-valor=0,008) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle, com p-valor=0,009.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A diferen&#231;a entre esses resultados, comparando as popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas (68,4% em classe funcional II de NYHA no presente estudo <italic>vs.</italic> 84,2% em classe funcional I de NYHA no estudo pr&#233;vio), sugere que, com a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, portadores de IC possam apresentar status auton&#244;mico basal que n&#227;o seria alterado pelas pr&#225;ticas meditativas. Outra hip&#243;tese &#233; que seria necess&#225;rio maior tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o para haver melhora significativa em marcadores do estresse, conforme sugerido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos futuros destinados aos portadores de IC sintom&#225;tica, utilizando protocolos de interven&#231;&#227;o com maior dura&#231;&#227;o, ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar o impacto de programas de redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos e biomarcadores analisados.</p>
      <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi a perda de parte da amostra de pacientes. Tal fator pode ter representado aus&#234;ncia de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em alguns desfechos analisados. A principal causa apontada para sa&#237;da do estudo foi a dist&#226;ncia dos domic&#237;lios ao centro de interven&#231;&#227;o. Tal resultado salienta a necessidade de se estabelecer um limite de dist&#226;ncia dos domic&#237;lios dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao centro de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A presente pesquisa demonstrou que o Programa de Redu&#231;&#227;o do Estresse, Medita&#231;&#227;o e Aten&#231;&#227;o plena levou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do Estresse Percebido em pacientes portadores de IC em centros especializados. Melhora significativa na qualidade de vida, na aten&#231;&#227;o plena, na qualidade do sono e na capacidade funcional foi observada nestes pacientes. Foi observada tend&#234;ncia a melhora n&#227;o significativa nos desfechos ansiedade e depress&#227;o. Observou-se menor aumento do cortisol nos indiv&#237;duos submetidos ao programa em compara&#231;&#227;o ao controle e n&#227;o se observou altera&#231;&#227;o nos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e no NT-proBNP. A presente pesquisa demonstrou potencial de fornecer op&#231;&#227;o de terapia comportamental que possa contribuir para a melhora deste relevante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, por meio de um m&#233;todo efetivo, simples e seguro.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>A Howard Resnick, PhD, por sua orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre os conceitos de Dharma da filosofia v&#233;dica e medita&#231;&#227;o da reciprocidade. Aos coordenadores dos departamentos de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - Dr. Guilherme Oliveira e de Medicina Integrativa - Dra. Fran&#231;oise Adam, por tornarem poss&#237;vel os treinamentos em gerenciamento do estresse SMART&#174; e Mindfulness, bases desta pesquisa, junto &#224; Case Western Reserve University. Ao Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia pelo apoio com os exames laboratoriais. Ao Instituto de Arte e Comunica&#231;&#227;o Social da UFF e a Carlos Canano pela mixagem do CD de medita&#231;&#227;o e a F&#225;bio Silva pela locu&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;udios. &#192; equipe de fisioterapia da CICCV pela realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes funcionais, &#224; Dra. Sandra Marina Ribeiro de Miranda, pela contribui&#231;&#227;o na capta&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, a Hari Nogueira Cavalcante pela tradu&#231;&#227;o deste artigo para o ingl&#234;s e &#224; minha fam&#237;lia, mentores, pacientes e amigos pelos ensinamentos, apoio e amor.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Vaisnava Nogueira Cavalcante pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3.224.212 e do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3.339.599. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of a Stress Reduction, Meditation, and Mindfulness Program in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3322-3708</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Vaisnava Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carla Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Jacqueline Sampaio dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Pugian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bandeira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucio Martins da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2270-7886</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Lais Marcelle Rufino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ven&#226;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella Christina Diniz de Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalia Manoela Condeixa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Maria Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tress</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muccillo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Bergamin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Einstoss Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Cristina Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Departamento de Fundamentos de Enfermagem e Administra&#231;&#227;o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i (CHN), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Vaisnava Nogueira Cavalcante &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Rua Miguel de Frias, 9. Postal Code 24220-900, Icara&#237;, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: vaisnava.cavalcante@cardiol.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Central Illustration</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>: Impact of a Stress Reduction, Meditation, and Mindfulness Program in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Randomized Controlled Trial</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Summary of key Stress Reduction, Meditation, and Mindfulness Program results. The variables perceived stress, quality of life, mindfulness, and sleep quality were measured in points of the respective scale scores. The variable functional capacity was measured in meters.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220768-20768-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Heart Failure is a significant public health problem leading to a high burden of physical and psychological symptoms despite optimized therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate primarily the impact of a Stress Reduction, Meditation, and Mindfulness Program on stress reduction of patients with Heart Failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A randomized and controlled clinical trial assessed the effect of a stress reduction program compared to conventional multidisciplinary care in two specialized centers in Brazil. The data collection period took place between April and October 2019. Thirty-eight patients were included and allocated to the intervention or control groups. The intervention took place over 8 weeks. The protocol assessed the scales of perceived stress, depression, quality of life, anxiety, mindfulness, quality of sleep, a 6-minute walk test, and biomarkers analyzed by a blinded team, considering a p-value &lt;0.05 statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The intervention resulted in a significant reduction in perceived stress from 22.8 &#177; 4.3 to 14.3 &#177; 3.8 points in the perceived stress scale-14 items in the intervention group vs. 23.9 &#177; 4.3 to 25.8 &#177; 5.4 in the control group (p-value&lt;0.001). A significant improvement in quality of life (p-value=0.013), mindfulness (p-value=0.041), quality of sleep (p-value&lt;0.001), and the 6-minute walk test (p-value=0.004) was also observed in the group under intervention in comparison with the control.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The Stress Reduction, Meditation, and Mindfulness Program effectively reduced perceived stress and improved clinical outcomes in patients with chronic Heart Failure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stress, Psychological</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicine, Behavioral</kwd>
        <kwd>Mindfulness</kwd>
        <kwd>Meditation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is an important public health problem that affects 26 million people worldwide, with a projection for an increase in prevalence with population aging and prolonged survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is responsible for a high burden on the health system due to high morbidity, mortality, hospitalization, and costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies point out a high prevalence of emotional disorders in patients with HF, which contributes to worsening morbidity, quality of life, and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Psychosocial stress and its components are associated with increased neurohormonal activation and unfavorable outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients with HF live with increased psychosocial and existential stress, explained by the progressive and limiting disease, which changes work status and socialization and impacts their quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A prospective cohort evaluated 6985 individuals and showed that a low sense of purpose is significantly associated with all-cause mortality. It shows the need for research that assesses interventions that promote a meaningful life to improve health outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several scientific evidence regarding brain-heart interactions have led to the growth of the research field in behavioral cardiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Studies have exemplified the connection between human psychosocial stress conditions and increased proinflammatory activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The induction of stress leads to activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and increased production of inflammatory cytokines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>HF is characterized by a chronic inflammatory state and ANS imbalance, contributing to its progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The association between depression and HF could thus contribute to increased mortality risk in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It has been shown that, through emotions and thoughts, the ANS plays a relevant role in the brain-heart connection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Mind-body practices can benefit endothelial, neuroendocrine, and immune functioning by acting through the ANS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mindfulness is the ability to pay attention to the present moment intentionally and without judgment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Mindfulness interventions are effective in reducing depression, sympathetic activity, anxiety, psychosocial stress, and pain and in improving functional capacity and quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> High levels of mindfulness are related to lower anxiety levels in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Few studies have been developed evaluating the impact of interventions based on Mindfulness in patients with HF. Therefore, it is discussed the need to carry out more studies with methodological rigor and assess the impact of these interventions on the perceived stress, functional capacity, and the levels of mindfulness of these individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Consequently, the present study aimed primarily to evaluate the impact of the Stress Reduction, Meditation, and Mindfulness Program on HF patients&#8217; perceived stress in specialized centers. Anxiety, depression, mindfulness, quality of life, quality of sleep, functional capacity (6-minute walk test), an inflammatory panel including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and c-reactive protein (CRP), and neurohormonal panel (cortisol and NT-proBNP) were evaluated secondarily.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried out in four parallel and distinct groups. The intervention groups (I-CICCV and I-INC) participated in the 8-week stress reduction program. The control groups (C-CICCV and C-INC) received conventional multidisciplinary care from the Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cora&#231;&#227;o Valente (CICCV)/UFF and the Department of Heart Failure and Transplantation of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC), from where patients in the groups were recruited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>Outpatients aged over 18 years, diagnosed with HF by the Framingham and/or Boston criteria; NYHA classification I-II; Mini-Mental &gt; 16; adherent to at least 80% of the meetings; who were literate or who have a literate caretaker; who agreed to participate in the proposed activities and to respond to the assessment questionnaires; who had a sound device to listen to the audios with daily practices were included in the study.</p>
          <p>Patients who had concomitant participation in another study/therapy involving mind-body intervention in the last month; with recent clinical decompensation with hospitalization or change in drug prescription in the previous month; who had surgery or percutaneous intervention planned for the next year; with a history of acute coronary syndrome or acute myocardial infarction in the last two months; with clinically significant valvular heart disease; with acute myocarditis; with musculoskeletal conditions that prevented the performance of functional tests such as the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervention</title>
          <p>The Stress Reduction Meditation and Mindfulness Program (PREMA) is based on the tripod: coping, mindfulness, and <italic>dharma</italic> (Sanskrit term for purpose in life) tools. The sessions took place over 8 weekly group meetings, each lasting 2 hours, consisting of 4 moments:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Introduction.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Theme presentation.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Self-awareness questions.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Guided practice.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The topics covered were stress, the Mind, resilience, emotional self-regulation, acceptance, self-efficacy, gratitude, social connections, and purpose. Each session addressed a coping tool related to the theme.</p>
          <p>The mindfulness practices addressed throughout the sessions were mindful breathing, mindful eating, mindful inventory of negative and positive emotions, compassion meditation, mindful walking, and reciprocity meditation.</p>
          <p>The sessions took place between May and July 2019 at the premises of the CICCV (for I-CICCV) and the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (for I-INC), and the data was collected from April to October 2019. The program was facilitated by the leading study researcher, a cardiologist with 23 years of experience in meditation and bhakti yoga, an internship in a hospital focusing on mind-body-spirit therapies (Bhaktivedanta Hospital &#8211; Mumbai/India), training in SMART&#174; (Stress Management and Resilience Training) and Mindfulness programs, both from Case Western Reserve University and certification in yoga from VVY School.</p>
          <p>Support materials such as a handout and an audio CD for 45 minutes of daily practice were provided. Adherence to weekly tasks was observed through patient reports, meditation diary, and telemonitoring.</p>
          <p>The primary outcome assessed was perceived stress, and secondary outcomes were scores for anxiety, depression, mindfulness, quality of life, quality of sleep, functional capacity (6MWT), inflammatory panel (ESR, CRP), and neurohormonal panel (cortisol and NT-proBNP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size</title>
          <p>The sample was calculated based on a previous study that used the &#8216;perceived stress&#8217; outcome, in which the following score values were used: before the intervention (control group=19.1/SD&#177;8.9; intervention=25.8/SD&#177;4.6) and after the intervention (control group=20.5 /SD&#177;10.3; intervention group=20.2/SD&#177;5.6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>The final sample consisted of 36 patients, 18 for the intervention group and 18 for the control group, after considering a difference of 0,3 points, 95% confidence, 20% loss, and 80% power.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Randomization</title>
          <p>Randomization was performed through the website http://randomization.com, considering a 20% loss. A professional external to the research group was responsible for the list generated for patient allocation. The allocation ratio was 1:1 for the intervention or control groups.</p>
          <p>As it is a behavioral intervention, it was not possible to blind the intervention facilitator or the patients. However, there was blinding concerning the evaluation of the patients, which was carried out by a group of investigators responsible for collecting data and storing the results of the questionnaires, functional tests, and biomarkers.</p>
          <p>The research team consisted of 1 evaluation group, 1 intervention group, 1 control follow-up group, and 1 randomization group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation</title>
          <p>The pre-intervention assessment took place one week before the beginning of the intervention. It consisted of a face-to-face consultation with the multidisciplinary team of the specialized clinics.</p>
          <p>At the time of the face-to-face consultation, the patient responded to the following data collection instruments: 1) Mini-mental state examination (Mini-Mental); 2) Perceived stress scale, 14 items (PSS-14); 3) Beck depression inventory, second version (BDI-II); 4) Minnesota living with HF questionnaire (MLHFQ); State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) &#8211; STAI-T (trace) and STAI-E (state); Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI); and the Brazilian version of Freiburg Mindfulness inventory (FMI-Br).</p>
          <p>The PSS-14 is a self-report scale measuring perceived stress, consisting of 14 items with scores ranging from 0 to 56. Higher scores indicate worse stress levels. The STAI trait or state is also a self-report scale with 20 items, with scores ranging from 20 to 80. High scores on their respective scales mean greater trait or state anxiety. The BDI-II is a self-assessment scale comprising 21 items with scores ranging from 0 to 63. Higher scores indicate more severe depression.</p>
          <p>The MLHFQ is a 21-item scale with a global score ranging from 0 to 105, with a lower score reflecting better quality of life. The PSQI assesses 7 sleep components with a global score of 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate worse sleep quality. The FMI-Br identifies the frequency with which the person experiences mindfulness-related behaviors. The score ranges from 14 to 56 points. Higher scores indicate the best perception of mindfulness.</p>
          <p>The 6MWT was also performed on this day by physiotherapy professionals who used the American Thoracic Society guideline, as well as blood collection for the analysis of inflammatory and neurohormonal panels by the INC laboratory.</p>
          <p>The post-intervention evaluation took place one week after the end of the intervention, including the initial protocols above. The control group received the usual multidisciplinary care of HF clinics. As these are research centers specializing in HF, patients were guaranteed continuity of care.</p>
          <p>A pilot study was carried out with 3 patients from the CICCV clinic external to the study, before the intervention itself, to evaluate the program&#8217;s feasibility and adjust the intervention methodology.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>SPSS software version 24 was used to create the graphs and analyze the data. The mean and 95% confidence interval were used to summarize the data. The data summaries were arranged in graphs that present the combinations between the two categories of time and the two categories of the group, totaling four bars.</p>
          <p>Continuous variables were described by mean and standard deviation. Categorical variables were described with simple frequencies and percentages. The normality test to confirm the normal distribution was the Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
          <p>The generalized linear model (GLM) methodology for repeated measures was applied to verify the effects of interaction, time, and group. If there were significant results in the effects, a post-test was applied using the correction via Bonferroni to compare which means differ from each other, and a <italic>p</italic>-value &lt;0.05 was adopted as the significance level in the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>This research was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Report 3,224,212, by the Ethics and Research Committee of the INC, Report 3,339,599, and registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, under number RBR-7pzcyk.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Two hundred twenty-one patients were evaluated for inclusion in the study using a medical record search. Among these, 133 were considered eligible, with 101 patients being approached and the others not because they did not have updated telephone contact. A total of 38 patients agreed to participate in the research and were randomized to intervention and control groups. Among 38 patients, 32 adhered to and completed the assessment protocols, 13 in the intervention group (I-CICCV=9 and I-INC=4) and 19 in the control group (C-CICCV=10 and C-INC=9). Figure 3 illustrates the selection and enrollment of patients.</p>
        <p>The sample was composed predominantly of males, self-declared brown race, NYHA II, having completed high school, and having heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> illustrates the sociodemographic baseline characteristics of the initial sample of 38 patients:</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the intervention (n=19) x control (n=19) groups. Brazil, 2019</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Intervention (n=19)</th>
                  <th>Control (n=19)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">58.0&#177;12.8<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">54.3&#177;9.8<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (63.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (68.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (36.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (31.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Self-declared race</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (31.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (21.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (21.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (47.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (63.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NYHA Class</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (36.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (26.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (63.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (73.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Complete Education</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Elementary School</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (52.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (21.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High school</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (47.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (73.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Postgraduate studies</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Average EF</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">40.4&#177;16.3<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">41.2&#177;17.8<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (63.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (52.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (21.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (26.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (21.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mini-Mental</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27.6&#177;2.4<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27.4&#177;2.12<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association; EF: ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection Fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction. *Mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary outcome</title>
          <p>Regarding perceived stress (PSS-14), there was a significant effect on the interaction between time and group. Participants in the intervention group showed decreased perceived stress compared to the control group (-8.5 vs. +1.9; p-value&lt;0.001). While evaluating the result obtained in the analysis of multiple comparisons (AMC) shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2-A</xref>, it is noted that there is a difference between the times in the intervention group (p-value=0.001). The post-PSS-14 was lower (14.3) than the pre-period (22.8). There is a difference between the groups in the post-period (p -value=0.001); the PSS-14 score of the intervention group was lower (14.3) than the control (25.8).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Selection process flowchart of the participants for the randomized controlled trial.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220768-20768-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Mean and 95% confidence interval of measurements: A) Perceived stress scale, 14 items &#8211; PSS-14; B) Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory - Brazil &#8211; FMI-Br; C) Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire &#8211; MLHFQ; D) Pittsburgh sleep quality index &#8211; PSQI; E) 6-minute walk test &#8211; T6MC; F) Cortisol, all concerning cross-group behavior and time (p-value within the frame for I: Interaction, G: Group, T: Time) and with a p-value of the in post-hoc results &lt; 0.05 via Bonferroni on the brackets. All the variables were measured in points of the respective scale scores, except for functional capacity and cortisol, measured in meters and mcg/dL, respectively.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220768-20768-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Secondary outcome</title>
          <p>Regarding mindfulness (FMI-Br), there was a significant effect on the interaction. Participants in the intervention group showed increased mindfulness compared to the control group (+3,8 vs. -0,6; p-value=0,041), as observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2-B</xref>. While evaluating the result obtained in the AMC, there is a difference between the groups in the post-period (p-value=0.033). The FMI-Br of the intervention group was higher (43.1) than the control (37.3).</p>
          <p>For the quality of life (MLHFQ), there was a significant effect on the interaction. Participants in the intervention group showed an increase in quality of life compared to the control group (-11,5 vs. +2,5; p-value=0,013). While evaluating the result obtained in the AMC, there is a difference between the times in the intervention group (p-value=0.015). The post-MLHFQ was lower (17.5) than the pre-period (29.0). There is a difference between the groups in the post-period (p-value=0.013); the MLHFQ of the intervention group was lower (17.5) than the control (39.9), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2-C</xref>.</p>
          <p>There was a significant effect of interaction on sleep quality (PSQI). Participants in the intervention group showed an increase in sleep quality compared to the control group (-1,9 vs. +0,8; p-value&lt;0.001). While evaluating the result obtained in the AMC, there is a difference between the times in the intervention group (p -value=0.001). The post-PSQI was lower (3.5) than in the pre-period (5.4). There is a difference between the groups in the post-period (p -value=0.008); the PSQI of the intervention group was lower (3.5) than the control group (6.6), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2-D</xref>.</p>
          <p>Regarding the 6MWT, there was a significant effect on the interaction. Participants in the intervention group showed increased exercise capacity compared to the control group (+70 vs. -33; p-value=0.004), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2-E</xref>. While evaluating the result obtained in the AMC, there is a difference between the times in the intervention group (p-value=0.003). The post-6MWT was higher (385.1) than in the pre-period (331.8).</p>
          <p>For the cortisol measure, there was a significant effect on the interaction. Participants in the intervention group showed a lower increase in cortisol compared to the control group (+1,8 vs. +2,2; p-value=0.004). While evaluating the result obtained in the AMC, there is a difference between the times in the intervention group (p-value=0.014). The post-cortisol was higher (13.3) than in the pre-period (11.5), but its increase was lower than in the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2-F</xref>).</p>
          <p>For measures of trait and state anxiety (STAI-T and STAI-E) and depression (BDI-II), it was not possible to detect significant results, with p-values of interaction = 0.126, 0.137, and 0.151; in other words, the behavior of these measures was not influenced by the time and group effect.</p>
          <p>In the CRP and NT-proBNP measurements, it was not possible to detect significant effects in any of the factors, interaction (CRP p-value=0.098; NT-proBNP p-value=0,538), group (CRP p-value=0.561; NT-proBNP p-value= 0,302) and time (CRP p-value=0.55; NT-proBNP p-value=0,528). It was also observed great variability in the collected measures.</p>
          <p>For the ESR measure, it was not possible to detect significant results in the interaction (p-value=0.444). However, there were differences between the groups (p-value=0.026). It should be noted that there is great variability in this measure.</p>
          <p>The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> resumes the main findings of this study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, a program was developed for the first time to reduce perceived stress in HF patients, combining coping, mindfulness, and purpose in life tools. No serious adverse events were observed during the intervention.</p>
        <p>Regarding the primary outcome, there was a significant improvement in perceived stress in the intervention group (p-value&lt;0.001), observed in previous studies using stress management training for patients with coronary heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the latter, a significant improvement was also observed in the variable mindfulness, a secondary outcome achieved in patients under intervention in the present study (p-value &lt;0.041) not yet identified in RCTs assessing patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the other secondary outcomes, there was a significant improvement in the patients&#8217; quality of life (p -value&lt;0.013), which was associated with prognosis, mortality, and hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> This result was demonstrated by only two previous studies involving mindfulness practice in patients with HF, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> one of which was a pilot study, as pointed out in a previous systematic review.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> It should be noted that this variable is considered more important than longevity with the progression of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sleep disorders are prevalent in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> and an improvement in sleep quality was observed in the intervention group (p-value&lt;0.001), with a worsening of this variable in the control group.</p>
        <p>The intervention also significantly improved the exercise capacity (6MWT), in agreement with previous studies that used stress management tools.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Still, no RCT had demonstrated such an outcome using a mindfulness-based intervention in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> It is essential to point out that there was a worsening of this outcome in the control group and that 6MWT values have been associated with morbidity and mortality in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The control group presented a worsening in the scores of the variables above, showing that the intervention not only brought improvements but also prevented the progression of perceived stress and deterioration of life quality, Mindfulness, sleep quality, and functional capacity with the progression of HF.</p>
        <p>A trend towards non-significant improvement was observed in anxiety and depression outcomes. Future studies that evaluate behavioral interventions to improve these variables may need to last longer to demonstrate significant effects, as proposed in a previous study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the biomarkers CRP, ESR, NT-proBNP, and cortisol, a significant result was found only concerning cortisol, demonstrating a tendency for this variable to increase over time in both groups, with a wider average variation in the control group in relation to the intervention (2.2 vs. 1.8, p-value&lt;0.04).</p>
        <p>Cortisol secretion increases in response to stress, and this biomarker is an independent factor (p-value=0.02) in predicting cardiac events in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> A previous, controlled, and non-randomized study evaluating 45 healthy people, of which 30 were submitted to a stress reduction program, showed a significant reduction in salivary cortisol after 4 weeks of intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> However, concerning patients with HF, no alteration was observed in this population&#8217;s serum cortisol level after intervention based on meditation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A Brazilian study evaluating the impact of a 12-week meditation program on the levels of another stress-related hormone (norepinephrine) demonstrated a significant improvement in the reduction of levels of this marker in the intervention group (p-value=0.008) compared to the control, with a p-value=0.009.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The difference between these results comparing the populations studied (68.4% in NYHA functional class II in the present study <italic>vs.</italic> 84.2% in NYHA functional class I in the 2005 study) suggests that, as the disease progresses, patients with HF may present a basal autonomic status that meditative practices would not alter. Another hypothesis is that it would require a longer time of exposure to the intervention to observe a significant improvement in stress-related markers, as previously suggested.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Future studies aimed at patients with symptomatic HF, using longer intervention protocols, will be necessary to assess the impact of stress reduction programs on the clinical outcomes and biomarkers analyzed. The study&#8217;s limitation was the loss of part of the sample of patients. This factor may have represented the absence of statistical significance in some of the outcomes analyzed. The main reason given by the patients for leaving the study was the distance from their homes to the intervention center. This result highlights the need to establish a distance limit between the patients&#8217; homes and the intervention center.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present research demonstrated that the Stress Reduction, Meditation, and Mindfulness Program significantly reduced perceived stress in patients with HF in specialized centers. A significant improvement was also observed in these patients&#8217; quality of life, mindfulness, quality of sleep, and functional capacity. A trend towards non-significant improvement was observed in anxiety and depression outcomes. A smaller increase in cortisol was observed in individuals submitted to the program compared to the control, and no significant changes were observed in inflammatory markers and NT-proBNP. The present research demonstrated the potential to provide a behavioral therapy option to improve this relevant public health problem through an effective, simple, and safe method.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>To Howard Resnick, Ph.D, for his guidance on Dharma concepts of Vedic philosophy and reciprocity meditation. To the coordinators of the Heart Failure Department - Dr. Guilherme Oliveira and the Integrative Medicine Department - Dr. Fran&#231;oise Adam from Case Western Reserve University, for making it possible to participate in the SMART&#174; Stress management and Mindfulness trainings, which are part of the foundations of this research. To the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia for their support with laboratory tests. To the UFF Institute of Art and Social Communication and the professional Carlos Canano for mixing the meditation CD, and to Fabio Silva for the audio voiceover. To the Cl&#237;nica Cora&#231;&#227;o Valente physiotherapy team for conducting the functional tests, to Dr. Sandra Marina Ribeiro de Miranda for her contribution in enrolling the patients, to Hari Nogueira Cavalcante for the translating of this paper into English, and for my family, mentors, patients, and friends for all the teachings, love and support.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the master&#8217;s thesis submitted by Vaisnava Nogueira Cavalcante, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro under the protocol number 3.224.212 and Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia under the protocol number 3.339.599. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
