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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yRwC8Cg3nJyJrhCxBfkgWnp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023001000303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220440</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acompanhamento de Dois Anos de Pacientes com Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica Cr&#244;nica em um Centro Especializado no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7404-2110</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Martelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3973-7523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinesi</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Trombini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8752-2175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7574-757X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pitta</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Grunspun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bolta</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Mathias Paulino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2029-3093</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Segre</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alexandre Wainrober</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5470-0326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6304-1673</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rached</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Hanna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3166-6054</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady Armindo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8501-9867</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1033-3672</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8701-8972</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garzillo</surname>
            <given-names>Cibele Larrosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9171-1224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Vicente Serrano Jr. &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cvserranojr@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220440</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Figura Central</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: Acompanhamento de Dois Anos de Pacientes com Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica Cr&#244;nica em um Centro Especializado no Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Desenho e principais conclus&#245;es do artigo. IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/yRwC8Cg3nJyJrhCxBfkgWnp/af05cbd63da13dd8d9c609cef7c5a6e02a8204f1.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/yRwC8Cg3nJyJrhCxBfkgWnp/34131aab379b7ffcbc71ef0adfe3ffb18ce6b260.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/yRwC8Cg3nJyJrhCxBfkgWnp/bc630c32fe6149a99492afdb311edc6d92351818.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica (DCIC) pode variar significativamente entre os pa&#237;ses. Embora populoso, o Brasil &#233; frequentemente sub-representado nos registros internacionais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a qualidade do atendimento e a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares em dois anos, al&#233;m de fatores progn&#243;sticos associados em pacientes com DCIC em um centro terci&#225;rio de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pacientes com DCIC que compareceram para avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) foram cadastrados e acompanhados por dois anos. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi um composto de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou morte. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 foi adotado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> De janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2018, 625 participantes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas basais mostram que 33,1% eram mulheres, a idade mediana era de 66,1 [59,6 &#8211; 71,9], 48,6% tinham diabetes, 83,1% tinham hipertens&#227;o, 62,6% tinham IM pr&#233;vio e 70,4% passaram por algum procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Em um acompanhamento mediano de 881 dias, 37 (7,05%) desfechos prim&#225;rios foram observados. Ap&#243;s ajustes, idade, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio e colesterol LDL foram independentemente associados ao desfecho prim&#225;rio. Comparando a linha de base com o acompanhamento, os participantes relataram al&#237;vio da angina com base na escala da Sociedade Cardiovascular Canadense (SCC) de acordo com as seguintes porcentagens: 65,7% vs. 81,7% eram assintom&#225;ticos e 4,2% vs. 2,9% eram SCC 3 ou 4 (p &lt; 0,001). Eles tamb&#233;m relataram melhor qualidade na prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos: 65,8% vs. 73,6% (p &lt; 0,001). No entanto, n&#227;o houve melhora no colesterol LDL ou no controle da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O presente estudo mostra que pacientes com DCIC apresentaram uma incid&#234;ncia de 7,05% do desfecho prim&#225;rio composto em um per&#237;odo de dois anos, sendo a diminui&#231;&#227;o do colesterol LDL o &#250;nico fator de risco modific&#225;vel associado ao progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>LDL-Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade da Assist&#234;ncia &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Das 55,9 milh&#245;es de mortes registradas globalmente em 2017, 17,8 milh&#245;es foram atribu&#237;das a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, predominantemente doen&#231;as coronarianas e cerebrovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, essas enfermidades respondem por cerca de um ter&#231;o do total de mortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar de as taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas cr&#244;nicas (DCIC) padronizadas para o Brasil serem compar&#225;veis &#224;s dos Estados Unidos e do Reino Unido, as marcantes discrep&#226;ncias em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sistemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, Produto Interno Bruto, preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco e outras particularidades regionais podem apresentar desafios &#250;nicos para o manejo adequado da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O Brasil tem participado de registros internacionais de DCIC, embora com menos pacientes do que seria esperado devido ao tamanho de sua popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Consequentemente, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o adequada de pacientes brasileiros com DCIC &#233; insatisfat&#243;ria. As sociedades cardiovasculares brasileiras e outros pesquisadores tamb&#233;m reconheceram essa necessidade n&#227;o atendida e j&#225; publicaram alguns de seus dados, por&#233;m ainda subsistem aspectos essenciais pendentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> que incluem os resultados de m&#233;dio e longo prazo desses pacientes. Por exemplo, o maior registro brasileiro de pacientes com DCIC, o Registro de Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica em Pacientes com Alto Risco Cardiovascular (REACT), publicou apenas recentemente seus resultados de um ano, relatando uma incid&#234;ncia de morte de 4,92%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira indicaram baixas taxas de alcance dos objetivos terap&#234;uticos adequados e de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos que influenciam o progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Contudo, tais estudos foram conduzidos com a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral ou pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular, n&#227;o se focando especificamente em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
      <p>Portanto, buscamos melhorar a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com DCIC no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; apresentar os n&#250;meros de ocorr&#234;ncias de &#243;bito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ao longo de dois anos em pacientes brasileiros com DCIC que foram acompanhados em um centro de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica de n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio. Como objetivo secund&#225;rio, tentamos identificar fatores determinantes para o progn&#243;stico e avaliar o uso de medicamentos e o controle dos fatores de risco nesses pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um relato de acompanhamento de dois anos sobre um registro observacional prospectivo. O registro est&#225; atualmente em uso e este relat&#243;rio refere-se a esse per&#237;odo espec&#237;fico. Procuramos estar em conformidade com as diretrizes STROBE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Ambiente e pacientes</title>
        <p>O estudo foi realizado no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. O InCor &#233; um centro terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia para pacientes cardiopatas de alta complexidade e alto risco. Esses pacientes possuem plano de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico e prov&#234;m principalmente do estado de S&#227;o Paulo, bem como de outras partes do pa&#237;s. De janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2018, registramos pacientes com DCIC est&#225;vel que realizaram tratamento e atendimento em nosso ambulat&#243;rio. Para serem eleg&#237;veis, os pacientes deveriam ter hist&#243;rico de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou les&#245;es documentadas da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &gt; 50%. Nesta an&#225;lise, n&#227;o inclu&#237;mos pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. No entanto, esses pacientes eram eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta, caso fossem acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>Nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico de diabetes foi baseado em pacientes com hemoglobina glicada igual ou superior a 6,5% ou em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antidiab&#233;tica. Hipertens&#227;o foi definida como uso de qualquer agente anti-hipertensivo.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento assinado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es e resultados</title>
        <p>A coleta de dados foi padronizada e os pacientes foram avaliados na linha de base e a cada ano depois disso. O acompanhamento foi feito pessoalmente sempre que poss&#237;vel ou remotamente por meio de liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas.</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi o composto de morte, IM ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico. N&#227;o houve comiss&#227;o julgadora do evento. Em vez disso, confiamos em registros de sa&#250;de e relat&#243;rios de pacientes. Como o InCor &#233; refer&#234;ncia no tratamento da DCIC, muitos desses pacientes foram atendidos em nossas instala&#231;&#245;es. Quando n&#227;o, eram solicitados que trouxessem registros de sa&#250;de de outros prestadores. A morte foi verificada duas vezes em bancos de dados governamentais. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios compreenderam a incid&#234;ncia de morte ou IM, al&#233;m do composto de morte e IM. Todas as an&#225;lises foram de natureza explorat&#243;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os dados cont&#237;nuos n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e, portanto, foram descritos por meio de mediana e intervalo interquartil (percentil 25 &#8211; 75). Os dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o apresentados como valores absolutos e porcentagens. Este &#233; um registro cont&#237;nuo de pacientes com DCIC, sem tamanho de estudo pr&#233;-especificado.</p>
        <p>Os desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios s&#227;o relatados como incid&#234;ncias de Kaplan-Meier em dois anos e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Hazard ratios (HR) dos fatores progn&#243;sticos foram estimados de acordo com a modelagem de riscos proporcionais de Cox. A modelagem multivariada foi feita com um algoritmo de sele&#231;&#227;o regressiva de vari&#225;veis com <italic>p-to-remove</italic> de 0,05. Todos os fatores com valor de p &lt; 0,10 nas an&#225;lises univariadas foram inclu&#237;dos no modelo multivariado inicial. Foram analisadas as altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es utilizando os testes de McNemar e McNemar-Bowker para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, al&#233;m do teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram feitas no software R (vers&#227;o 4.2.2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 foi adotado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2018, 625 participantes com DCIC conhecida foram inclu&#237;dos no registro, e as caracter&#237;sticas basais est&#227;o ilustradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. No tempo mediano de 881 dias (IIQ: 613-1071), 553 pacientes foram reavaliados.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Global (n=625)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres, n</td>
                <td align="center">207 (33,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">66,1 [59,6 &#8211; 71,9]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27,3 [24,7 &#8211; 30,8]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM pr&#233;vio, n</td>
                <td align="center">391 (62,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM pr&#233;via, n</td>
                <td align="center">202 (32,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP pr&#233;via, n</td>
                <td align="center">296 (47,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP ou CRM pr&#233;vias, n</td>
                <td align="center">423 (67,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio, n</td>
                <td align="center">33 (5,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP, n</td>
                <td align="center">34 (5,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;vios, n</td>
                <td align="center">543 (86,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n</td>
                <td align="center">517 (83,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n</td>
                <td align="center">304 (48,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, n*</td>
                <td align="center">205 (34,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40%, n</td>
                <td align="center">110 (24,8%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o descritas como medianas [intervalo interquartil]. Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica: depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina pelo m&#233;todo de Cockroft-Gault &lt; 60 ml/min. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> compara o uso de medicamentos na linha de base e durante o acompanhamento. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na prescri&#231;&#227;o global de agentes antitromb&#243;ticos (96,6% para 95,3%, p = 0,32). O uso de estatinas diminuiu (96,6% para 93,7%, p = 0,02). Por outro lado, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) ou bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina (BRA) aumentou (69,4% para 79,7%, p &lt; 0,001). O uso de metformina e sulfonilureias tamb&#233;m aumentou (36,7% para 43,9%, p &lt; 0,001; 18,3% para 22,4%, p = 0,01, respectivamente). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na prescri&#231;&#227;o de insulina (11,2% para 13,4%, p = 0,11) ou outros antidiab&#233;ticos (2,7% para 2,7%, p = 1,00). Considerando a prescri&#231;&#227;o combinada de medicamentos com benef&#237;cio cardiovascular conhecido para a popula&#231;&#227;o com DCIC (IECA ou BRA mais estatina, mais qualquer agente antitromb&#243;tico), uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de pacientes estava em tratamento m&#233;dico ideal no acompanhamento, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a linha de base: 65,8% vs. 73,6%, p &lt; 0,001.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medicamentos na linha de base e no acompanhamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Linha de base (n = 553)</th>
                <th>Acompanhamento (n = 553)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS</td>
                <td align="center">516 (93,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">491 (88,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outro agente antiplaquet&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">133 (24,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (11,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulantes orais</td>
                <td align="center">28 (5,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Qualquer agente antitromb&#243;tico</td>
                <td align="center">534 (96,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">527 (95,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">534 (96,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">518 (93,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ezetimiba</td>
                <td align="center">15 (2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibratos</td>
                <td align="center">31 (5,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA ou BRA</td>
                <td align="center">384 (64,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">441 (79,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">492 (89,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">468 (84,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador de canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">208 (37,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">227 (41,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitratos</td>
                <td align="center">163 (29,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (21,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ivabradina</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trimetazidina</td>
                <td align="center">5 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Metformina</td>
                <td align="center">203 (36,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">243 (43,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sulfonilureias</td>
                <td align="center">101 (18,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (22,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina</td>
                <td align="center">62 (11,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (13,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros agentes antidiab&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">15 (2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA ou BRA + estatina + qualquer agente antitromb&#243;tico</td>
                <td align="center">364 (65,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">407 (73,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No acompanhamento, os pacientes estavam menos sintom&#225;ticos (p &lt; 0,001). A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o colesterol LDL e o colesterol HDL foram significativamente diferentes das medidas basais (p &lt; 0,05 para todas as an&#225;lises), embora apenas levemente em intensidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos e glicose n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes das medi&#231;&#245;es iniciais.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Achados cl&#237;nicos na linha de base e no acompanhamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Linha de base (n = 553)</th>
                <th>Acompanhamento (n = 553)</th>
                <th>Altera&#231;&#227;o mediana [25&#186; - 75&#186; percentil]</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Intensidade da angina, n</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem angina</td>
                <td align="center">358 (66%)</td>
                <td align="center">445 (82%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SCC 1</td>
                <td align="center">71 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (7%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SCC 2</td>
                <td align="center">93 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (8%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SCC 3 ou 4</td>
                <td align="center">23 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (3%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">130 [120 &#8211; 140]</td>
                <td align="center">130 [120 &#8211; 150]</td>
                <td align="center">0 [-10 &#8211; 20]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">80 [70 &#8211; 80]</td>
                <td align="center">80 [70 &#8211; 90]</td>
                <td align="center">0 [-10 &#8211; 10]</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">64 [60 &#8211; 72]</td>
                <td align="center">68 [61 &#8211; 72]</td>
                <td align="center">0 [-5 &#8211; 8]</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol s&#233;rico, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">152 [130 &#8211; 184]</td>
                <td align="center">155 [131 &#8211; 188]</td>
                <td align="center">1 [-16 &#8211; 22]</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">83 [64 &#8211; 108]</td>
                <td align="center">83,5 [64 &#8211; 112]</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 [-13 &#8211; 18]</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">43 [36 &#8211; 51]</td>
                <td align="center">41 [36 &#8211; 49,2]</td>
                <td align="center">-1 [-5 &#8211; 3]</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">119 [82 &#8211; 159]</td>
                <td align="center">118 [85 &#8211; 168]</td>
                <td align="center">-1 [-26,5 &#8211; 32,5]</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">115 [103 &#8211; 143]</td>
                <td align="center">115 [103 &#8211; 154]</td>
                <td align="center">0 [-11 &#8211; 13,5]</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o descritas como medianas [intervalo interquartil]. SCC: Sociedade Cardiovascular Canadense; Colesterol LDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; Colesterol HDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, mais pacientes estavam assintom&#225;ticos (definidos como SCC 0; 65,2% vs 81,7%, p &lt; 0,01) e menos pacientes atingiram a meta terap&#234;utica de PAS &lt; 140 mmHg (67,8% vs 61,0%, p = 0,01) no acompanhamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes atingiu a meta terap&#234;utica de LDL-c &lt; 70 mg/dL, tanto no in&#237;cio quanto no acompanhamento (p = 0,74). Dos 358 pacientes assintom&#225;ticos na linha de base, 47 (13,1%) desenvolveram angina durante o acompanhamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Por outro lado, 54/71 (76,1%), 65/93 (69,9%) e 15/23 (65,2%) daqueles com angina graus 1, 2 ou 3/4, respectivamente, tornaram-se assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#250;mero de pacientes com objetivos cl&#237;nicos alcan&#231;ados. IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; Antitromb&#243;ticos: antiplaquet&#225;rios e/ou anticoagulantes orais; LDL-c: colesterol lipoproteico de baixa densidade; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220440-20440-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Intensidade da angina na linha de base e no acompanhamento. SCC: Sociedade Cardiovascular Canadense; Assint.: assintom&#225;ticos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220440-20440-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s um acompanhamento mediano de 881 dias, 37 eventos foram registrados para o desfecho prim&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). A incid&#234;ncia de morte, IM ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico em dois anos foi de 7,05%. Na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>), idade (HR de 1,58 por cinco anos, IC de 95% 1,35 - 1,85), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico anterior (HR de 3,11, IC de 95% 1,38 - 7,00), colesterol LDL (HR de 1,20 por aumento de 10 mg/dL, IC de 95% 1,11 - 1,30) e colesterol total (HR de 1,14 por 10 mg/dL, IC de 95% 1,07 - 1,22) foram associados a um aumento no desfecho prim&#225;rio. Ap&#243;s ajustes, idade (HR de 1,61 por aumento de cinco anos, IC de 95% 1,32 - 1,97), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio (HR de 3,65, IC de 95% 1,48 - 9,00) e colesterol LDL (HR de 1,23 por 10 mg/dL, IC de 95% 1,14 - 1,33) foram independentemente associados ao desfecho prim&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Incid&#234;ncia de desfechos em dois anos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de eventos</th>
                <th>Incid&#234;ncia em 2 anos (IC de 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte, IM, ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">7,05% (4,81 - 9,23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte ou IM</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">6,67% (4,49 - 8,80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">5,87% (3,83 - 7,87)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox ajustados e n&#227;o ajustados para incid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou morte</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">N&#227;o ajustado</th>
                <th colspan="2">Ajustado*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Hazard Ratio (IC de 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
                <th>Hazard Ratio (IC de 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,52; 1,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, por 5 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1,58 (1,35; 1,85)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,005</td>
                <td align="center">1,61 (1,32; 1,97)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,83 (0,60; 1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (0,74; 2,67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">1,79 (1,00; 3,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 (0,40; 1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">3,11 (1,38; 7,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">3,65 (1,48; 9,00)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP</td>
                <td align="center">0,30 (0,04; 2,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 (0,49; 1,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, por 5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,79; 1,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,57; 1,89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,50 (0,59; 3,81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC, por 10 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 (0,55; 1,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c, 10 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 (1,11; 1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (1,14; 1,33)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c, 10 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (0,80; 1,41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol, por 10 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,14 (1,07; 1,22)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, por 10 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,94; 1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Os ajustes foram feitos de acordo com o algoritmo de sele&#231;&#227;o regressiva de vari&#225;veis, com p-to-enter &lt; 0,10 e p-to-remove 0,05, conforme resultados univariados. IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL-c: colesterol lipoproteico de baixa densidade; HDL-c: colesterol lipoproteico de alta densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Incid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou morte, estratificada por fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes. LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220440-20440-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; um dos maiores registros de DCIC realizados no Brasil envolvendo pacientes est&#225;veis. No geral, encontramos uma incid&#234;ncia de morte, IM ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico em dois anos de 7,05%. Idade, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio e colesterol LDL elevado foram os principais fatores de risco associados.</p>
      <p>Apesar dos esfor&#231;os que possam sugerir o contr&#225;rio, os registros internacionais podem representar sobre ou sub-representa&#231;&#227;o de pa&#237;ses e regi&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Portanto, relat&#243;rios como este s&#227;o valiosos para compreender melhor o fardo da DCIC nos n&#237;veis regional e mundial. Neste estudo, observamos que, apesar de um percentual elevado de prescri&#231;&#245;es de estatinas, menos de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes apresentavam colesterol LDL inferior a 70 mg/dL e menos de 10% apresentavam n&#237;veis inferiores a 50 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>O Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA), um registro brasileiro de alcance multirregional da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, relatou que 9,4% dos participantes com alto risco de doen&#231;a coronariana apresentaram n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL abaixo de 70 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Outro registro REACT, tamb&#233;m multic&#234;ntrico e brasileiro, que englobou pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica manifesta e de alto risco, revelou que mais de 90% dos participantes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria apresentavam valores de colesterol LDL superiores a 50 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esses dados evidenciam que a maioria dos pacientes n&#227;o atinge a meta estabelecida pelas diretrizes, de um n&#237;vel de colesterol LDL entre 50-55 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Quando se observa o colesterol n&#227;o-HDL, apenas uma parcela menor (16,7%) dos pacientes alcan&#231;ou a meta nacional de 80 mg/dL proposta pelas diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Isto &#233; um fato alarmante, pois nossos estudos, assim como estudos anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> mostraram que n&#237;veis mais elevados de colesterol LDL est&#227;o associados a eventos cardiovasculares. Estudos anteriores estimaram que cada redu&#231;&#227;o de 1 mmol/L (aproximadamente 38 mg/dL) no colesterol LDL leva a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 22% nos eventos cardiovasculares maiores ao longo de cinco anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Como compara&#231;&#227;o, estimamos um aumento de 20% no risco para cada 10 mg/dL &#8211; uma estimativa de efeito mais alta. Al&#233;m disso, identificamos que pouqu&#237;ssimos pacientes receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de ezetimiba (&lt; 5%) e nenhum paciente estava em uso de inibidores da PCSK-9. A ezetimiba tem sido proposta como medicamento de segunda linha para pacientes que n&#227;o atingiram n&#237;veis adequados de colesterol LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Atribu&#237;mos esse cen&#225;rio ao fato de esses medicamentos n&#227;o serem fornecidos pelo sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, usado pela maioria dos brasileiros (assim como nossos participantes). Acreditamos que os incluir no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de seria uma forma eficaz de melhorar a qualidade do atendimento aos pacientes com DCIC.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, o controle do LDL e do colesterol total durante o acompanhamento mostrou-se ruim (p &lt; 0,05). Apesar disso, seu impacto foi pequeno do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico (aumento de 4,1 mg/dL no LDL e aumento de 5 mg/dL no colesterol total). O mesmo pode ser observado para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (aumento de 3 mmHg no acompanhamento). Este decl&#237;nio no controle das comorbidades ocorreu apesar da alta taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas (acima de 90% na linha de base e no acompanhamento) e do aumento na prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da ECA ou BRA (p &lt; 0,001). Houve tamb&#233;m aumento na prescri&#231;&#227;o de antidiab&#233;ticos orais, que n&#227;o melhoraram o controle glic&#234;mico. Esses dados podem ser marcadores de m&#225; ades&#227;o ao tratamento.</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m pode acontecer que a diminui&#231;&#227;o do colesterol LDL seja um marcador de melhor ades&#227;o do paciente. Muitos estudos j&#225; demonstraram que a ades&#227;o do paciente representa um fator progn&#243;stico significativo, chegando a ser considerada como &#8220;a pr&#243;xima fronteira na melhoria da qualidade&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Relatos anteriores estimam que a falta de ader&#234;ncia est&#225; associada a um aumento de aproximadamente 18% nos eventos cardiovasculares graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Embora n&#227;o tenhamos avaliado isso de maneira formal, &#233; poss&#237;vel interpretar a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis baixos de colesterol LDL como um ind&#237;cio da ades&#227;o ao uso de estatinas (e possivelmente do tratamento como um todo). De fato, pesquisas anteriores mostraram que at&#233; 30% dos brasileiros com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis podem ser n&#227;o aderentes, e que os latino-americanos podem ser ainda mais n&#227;o aderentes do que pacientes norte-americanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Como a n&#227;o ades&#227;o poderia estar relacionada com problemas do sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e com os profissionais de sa&#250;de, investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais poder&#227;o ter um impacto sobre as pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Curiosamente, houve melhora no controle da angina. O n&#250;mero de pacientes sem angina aumentou (p &lt; 0,001) e todas as outras classes funcionais tenderam a diminuir.</p>
      <p>O Registro Prospectivo Observacional Longitudinal de Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Est&#225;vel (CLARIFY, <italic>ProspeCtive observational LongitudinAl RegIstry oF patients with stable coronary arterY disease</italic>), um registro internacional contempor&#226;neo de DCIC, relatou uma incid&#234;ncia de cinco anos de morte cardiovascular, IM ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico de 9,5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O Registro de Sa&#250;de Cont&#237;nua para a Redu&#231;&#227;o de Aterotrombose (REACH, <italic>REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health</italic>), um registro internacional maior, mas um pouco mais antigo, relatou taxas de eventos de morte vascular, IM ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico em um e tr&#234;s anos de 4,5% e 11,6%, respectivamente, para o subgrupo DCIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O registro REACT relatou um taxa de mortalidade anual de 4,9%. Compara&#231;&#245;es diretas entre estudos s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de interpretar devido a diferen&#231;as nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, popula&#231;&#227;o, per&#237;odo de tempo e fatores de risco analisados.</p>
      <p>Ainda assim, nossos resultados parecem estar em linha com os registros internacionais e um pouco melhores que os registros brasileiros. Contudo, todos os estudos destacaram a varia&#231;&#227;o substancial dos resultados de acordo com a localiza&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica, enfatizando ainda mais a relev&#226;ncia das pesquisas regionais e da inclus&#227;o adequada de diferentes regi&#245;es nos estudos internacionais, sendo fundamental para uma compreens&#227;o mais abrangente do impacto da aterosclerose globalmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a polivascular demonstrou ser um importante fator de risco progn&#243;stico, tanto em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica quanto aguda em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O mesmo ocorre com eventos isqu&#234;micos pr&#233;vios, com um aumento de risco associado de 40-50% para novos eventos cardiovasculares maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Coincidentemente, o AVE pr&#233;vio foi um fator de risco independente em nosso registro. O AVE pr&#233;vio em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o denota doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica polivascular (j&#225; que todos os pacientes tinham DCIC, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o). Na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, o AVE pr&#233;vio foi o fator de risco mais fortemente associado, representando um aumento estimado de quase quatro vezes na incid&#234;ncia do evento. No entanto, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (dos membros inferiores) tiveram preval&#234;ncia muito baixa na nossa coorte: 5,3% e 5,4%, respectivamente. Esses valores s&#227;o inferiores aos relatados em outros estudos e podem indicar um grau de subdiagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, IM pr&#233;vio e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica s&#227;o marcadores t&#237;picos de mau progn&#243;stico em pacientes com DCIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> N&#227;o observamos essa correla&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em nosso estudo. Essa aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o poderia ser explicada, em parte, pelo n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes com essas comorbidades. Outro fator que poderia contribuir para esse resultado &#233; o acompanhamento mediano de dois anos e o baixo n&#250;mero de eventos em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresentou diversas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, inclu&#237;mos apenas pacientes de um centro especializado, portanto n&#227;o podemos pretender ser uma amostra representativa de DCIC no Brasil como um todo. Em segundo lugar, embora este seja um dos maiores registros de DCIC do pa&#237;s, ainda &#233; relativamente pequeno em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros registros internacionais. O baixo n&#250;mero de eventos (n=37) tamb&#233;m impede an&#225;lises mais precisas de subgrupos ou fatores de risco. Em terceiro lugar, n&#227;o tivemos um comit&#234; formal de julgamento de eventos &#8211; contamos com relat&#243;rios de pacientes, registros de sa&#250;de e dados administrativos sempre que poss&#237;vel. Portanto, alguns eventos podem ter passado despercebidos. Em quarto lugar, todas as an&#225;lises foram explorat&#243;rias e, portanto, h&#225; alta probabilidade de erro tipo I; sendo assim, deve-se ter cuidado ao interpret&#225;-los.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, mostramos que os pacientes com DCIC em nosso centro manifestaram uma taxa de 7,05% de mortalidade, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou IM ao longo de dois anos, alinhando-se aos principais registros internacionais. Ademais, identificamos o colesterol LDL como o principal fator de risco pass&#237;vel de modifica&#231;&#227;o, apontando para a possibilidade de este ser um alvo valioso para avan&#231;os nos cuidados em sa&#250;de.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os investigadores agradecem a Rog&#233;rio Prado pelo apoio estat&#237;stico e a Marisa Fernandes da Silva G&#243;es pela assist&#234;ncia operativa.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Two-Year Follow-Up of Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease Patients in a Specialized Center in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7404-2110</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Martelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3973-7523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinesi</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Trombini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8752-2175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7574-757X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pitta</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Grunspun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bolta</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Mathias Paulino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2029-3093</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Segre</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alexandre Wainrober</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5470-0326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6304-1673</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rached</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Hanna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3166-6054</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady Armindo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8501-9867</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1033-3672</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8701-8972</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garzillo</surname>
            <given-names>Cibele Larrosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9171-1224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing address: Carlos Vicente Serrano Jr. &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44.Postal code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: cvserranojr@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Central Illustration</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>: Two-Year Follow-Up of Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease Patients in a Specialized Center in Brazil</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Design and main findings of the article. MI: myocardial infarction; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220440-20440-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD) may vary significantly among countries. Although populous, Brazil is often underrepresented in international records.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to describe the quality of care and the two-year incidence of cardiovascular events and associated prognostic factors in CIHD patients in a tertiary public health care center in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Patients with CIHD who reported for clinical evaluation at Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) were registered and followed for two years. The primary endpoint was a composite of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or death. A significance level of 0.05 was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> From January 2016 to December 2018, 625 participants were included in the study. Baseline characteristics show that 33.1% were women, median age 66.1 [59.6 &#8211; 71.9], 48.6% had diabetes, 83.1% had hypertension, 62.6% had previous MI, and 70.4% went through some revascularization procedure. At a median follow-up (FU) of 881 days, we noted 37 (7.05%) primary endpoints. After adjustments, age, previous stroke, and LDL-cholesterol were independently associated with the primary endpoint. Comparing baseline versus FU, participants experienced relief of angina based on the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) scale according to the following percentages: 65.7% vs. 81.7% were asymptomatic and 4.2% vs. 2.9% CCS 3 or 4 (p &lt; 0.001). They also experienced better quality of medication prescription: 65.8% vs. 73.6% (p &lt; 0.001). However, there was no improvement in LDL-cholesterol or blood pressure control.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> This study shows that CIHD patients had a two-year incidence of the primary composite endpoint of 7.05%, and the reduction of LDL-cholesterol was the only modifiable risk factor associated with prognosis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Health Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Out of the 55.9 million deaths worldwide in 2017, 17.8 million were due to cardiovascular diseases, mainly coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, they account for almost a third of the total deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although Brazilian standardized death rates for chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD) are similar to those in the US and the United Kingdom, the vast differences in public health care, gross domestic product, prevalence of risk factors, and other regional characteristics may provide unique challenges for the adequate management of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Brazil has participated in international CIHD registries, albeit with fewer patients than it would be expected due to its population size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Consequently, adequate characterization of Brazilian CIHD patients is unsatisfactory. Brazilian cardiovascular societies and other investigators have also recognized this unmet need and have already published some of their data, but key points are still missing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Among those are the medium- and long-term outcomes of such patients. For instance, the largest Brazilian CIHD patient registry, the Registry of Clinical Practice in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk (REACT), has only recently published its one-year outcomes, reporting a 4.92% incidence of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Epidemiological studies within the Brazilian population have identified that the rates of adequate control of therapeutic goals and use of prognostic-modifying drugs are both low.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, these studies were performed in the general population or in patients at high cardiovascular risk, but not specifically in patients with coronary artery disease.</p>
        <p>Therefore, we sought to improve the characterization of CIHD patients in Brazil. This study aims to report the two-year incidence of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke in Brazilian CIHD patients followed in a tertiary public health care center. As a secondary objective, we attempted to identify prognostic determinants and evaluate medication use and risk factor control in such patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a two-year follow-up report on a prospective observational registry. The registry is currently in use, and this report refers to this specific period. We sought to conform to the STROBE guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Setting and patients</title>
          <p>The study was conducted at the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. InCor is a tertiary reference center for high-complexity and high-risk patients with heart disease. These patients have public health insurance and proceed mainly from the state of S&#227;o Paulo, as well as from other parts of the country. From January 2016 to December 2018, we registered patients with stable CIHD who underwent treatment and care at our outpatient clinic. To be eligible, patients must have had a history of previous coronary artery bypass surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, or documented coronary artery lesions &gt; 50%. In this analysis, we did not include patients with acute coronary syndromes. However, these patients were eligible for inclusion after discharge if they were to be monitored at the clinic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>In this investigation, diagnosis of diabetes was based on patients with glycated hemoglobin equal to or greater than 6.5% or those in use of antidiabetic medication. Hypertension was defined as use of any antihypertensive agent.</p>
          <p>All patients provided signed consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurements and outcomes</title>
          <p>Data collection was standardized and patients were evaluated at baseline and each year afterward. Follow-up was done personally whenever possible, or remotely via phone calls.</p>
          <p>The primary endpoint was the composite of death, MI, or stroke. There was no event adjudication committee. Instead, we relied on health records and patient reports. Since InCor is a benchmark center for the treatment of CIHD, many of those patients were treated at our facilities. Whenever they were not, they were asked to bring health records from other providers. Death was double-checked on governmental databases. Secondary endpoints comprehended the incidence of death or MI, and the composite of death and MI. All analyses were exploratory in nature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Normality was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous data did not present a normal distribution and, therefore, were described using median and interquartile range (25<sup>th</sup> &#8211; 75<sup>th</sup> percentile). Categorical data is presented as absolute values and percentages. This is an ongoing registry of CIHD patients, with no prespecified study size.</p>
          <p>Primary and secondary endpoints are reported as two-year Kaplan-Meier incidences and their respective 95% confidence interval. Hazard ratios (HR) of the prognostic factors were estimated according to the Cox Proportional Hazards modeling. Multivariate modeling was done with a backward stepwise regression algorithm with a p-to-remove of 0.05. All factors with a p-value &lt; 0.10 in the univariate analyses were included in the initial multivariate model. Changes in clinical and laboratorial parameters between evaluations were assessed using McNemar&#8217;s and McNemar-Bowker&#8217;s tests for categorical variables and using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for continuous ones.</p>
          <p>All analyses were done with R software (version 4.2.2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A significance level of 0.05 was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From January 2016 to December 2018, 625 participants with known CIHD were included in the registry, and the baseline characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. At the median time of 881 days (IQR: 613-1071), 553 patients were reevaluated.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Overall (n=625)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women, n</td>
                  <td align="center">207 (33.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">66.1 [59.6 &#8211; 71.9]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27.3 [24.7 &#8211; 30.8]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous MI, n</td>
                  <td align="center">391 (62.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous CABG, n</td>
                  <td align="center">202 (32.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous PCI, n</td>
                  <td align="center">296 (47.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous PCI or CABG, n</td>
                  <td align="center">423 (67.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous stroke, n</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (5.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD, n</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (5.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous MI, stroke, or revascularization procedure, n</td>
                  <td align="center">543 (86.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n</td>
                  <td align="center">517 (83.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n</td>
                  <td align="center">304 (48.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney failure, n*</td>
                  <td align="center">205 (34.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection fraction &lt; 40%, n</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (24.8%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Continuous variables are described as median [interquartile range]. Chronic kidney failure: creatinine clearance per Cockroft-Gault method &lt; 60mL/min. BMI: body mass index; MI: myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; PAD: peripheral artery disease.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> compares the use of medications at baseline and during follow-up. There was no significant difference in the overall prescription of antithrombotic agents (96.6% to 95.3%, p = 0.32). The use of statins decreased (96.6% to 93.7%, p = 0.02). On the other hand, the prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) increased (69.4% to 79.7%, p &lt; 0.001). The use of metformin and sulfonylureas also increased (36.7% to 43.9%, p &lt; 0.001; 18.3% to 22.4%, p = 0.01, respectively). There was no difference in the prescription of insulin (11.2% to 13.4%, p = 0.11) or other antidiabetic agents (2.7% to 2.7%, p = 1.00). Considering the combined prescription of medications with known cardiovascular benefit to the CIHD population (ACEi or ARB plus statin plus any antithrombotic agent), a greater proportion of patients were on optimal medical treatment at FU, compared to baseline: 65.8% vs. 73.6%, p &lt; 0.001.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medications at baseline and follow-up</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Baseline (n = 553)</th>
                  <th>Follow-up (n = 553)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA</td>
                  <td align="center">516 (93.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">491 (88.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other antiplatelet agent</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (24.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (11.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oral anticoagulants</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (5.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Any antithrombotic agent</td>
                  <td align="center">534 (96.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">527 (95.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">534 (96.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">518 (93.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ezetimibe</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (2.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrates</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (5.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi or ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">384 (64.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">441 (79.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">492 (89.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">468 (84.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">208 (37.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">227 (41.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrates</td>
                  <td align="center">163 (29.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (21.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ivabradine</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trimetazidine</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Metformin</td>
                  <td align="center">203 (36.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">243 (43.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sulfonylureas</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (18.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (22.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (11.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (13.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other antidiabetic agents</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (2.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (2.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi or ARB + statin + any antithrombotic agent</td>
                  <td align="center">364 (65.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">407 (73.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>At follow-up, patients were less symptomatic (p &lt; 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol were significantly different from baseline measurements (p &lt; 0.05 for all analyses), albeit only mildly in intensity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were not significantly different from baseline measurements.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical findings at baseline and follow-up</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Baseline (n = 553)</th>
                  <th>Follow-up (n = 553)</th>
                  <th>Median [25th &#8211; 75th percentile] change</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Angina intensity, n</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No angina</td>
                  <td align="center">358 (66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">445 (82%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCS 1</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCS 2</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCS 3 or 4</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">130 [120 &#8211; 140]</td>
                  <td align="center">130 [120 &#8211; 150]</td>
                  <td align="center">0 [-10 &#8211; 20]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">80 [70 &#8211; 80]</td>
                  <td align="center">80 [70 &#8211; 90]</td>
                  <td align="center">0 [-10 &#8211; 10]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">64 [60 &#8211; 72]</td>
                  <td align="center">68 [61 &#8211; 72]</td>
                  <td align="center">0 [-5 &#8211; 8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Serum cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">152 [130 &#8211; 184]</td>
                  <td align="center">155 [131 &#8211; 188]</td>
                  <td align="center">1 [-16 &#8211; 22]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">83 [64 &#8211; 108]</td>
                  <td align="center">83.5 [64 &#8211; 112]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 [-13 &#8211; 18]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">43 [36 &#8211; 51]</td>
                  <td align="center">41 [36 &#8211; 49.2]</td>
                  <td align="center">-1 [-5 &#8211; 3]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">119 [82 &#8211; 159]</td>
                  <td align="center">118 [85 &#8211; 168]</td>
                  <td align="center">-1 [-26.5 &#8211; 32.5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">115 [103 &#8211; 143]</td>
                  <td align="center">115 [103 &#8211; 154]</td>
                  <td align="center">0 [-11 &#8211; 13.5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>Continuous variables are described as median [interquartile range]. CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; LDL-cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Compared to baseline evaluation, more patients were asymptomatic (defined as CCS 0; 65.2% vs 81.7%, p &lt; 0.01) and fewer met the SBP &lt; 140 mmHg therapeutic goal (67.8% vs 61.0%, p = 0.01) at follow up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). Roughly a third of patients met the LDL-c &lt; 70 mg/dL therapeutic goal both at baseline and follow-up (p = 0.74). Out of the 358 asymptomatic patients at baseline, 47 (13.1%) developed angina during follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). Conversely, 54/71 (76.1%), 65/93 (69.9%), and 15/23 (65.2%) of those with angina grades 1, 2, or 3/4, respectively, became asymptomatic.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Number of patients that achieved clinical goals. ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; Antithrombotic: antiplatelets and/or oral anticoagulants; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220440-20440-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Angina intensity at baseline and follow-up. CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; Asymptom.: asymptomatic.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220440-20440-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>After a median follow-up of 881 days, 37 events were recorded for the primary endpoint (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). The two-year incidence of death, MI, or stroke was 7.05%. On unadjusted analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>), age (HR 1.58 per five years, 95% CI 1.35 - 1.85), previous stroke (HR 3.11, 95% CI 1.38 - 7.00), LDL-cholesterol (HR 1.20 per 10 mg/dL increase, 95% CI 1.11 - 1.30), and total cholesterol (HR 1.14 per 10 mg/dL, 95% CI 1.07 - 1.22) were associated with an increase in the primary endpoint. After adjustments, age (HR 1.61 per five-year increase, 95% CI 1.32 - 1.97), previous stroke (HR 3.65, 95% CI 1.48 - 9.00), and LDL-cholesterol (HR 1.23 per 10 mg/dL, 95% CI 1.14 - 1.33) were independently associated with the primary endpoint (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Two-year incidence of endpoints</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Number of events</th>
                  <th>2-year incidence (95% CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death, MI, or stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">7.05% (4.81 - 9.23)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death or MI</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">6.67% (4.49 - 8.80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">5.87% (3.83 - 7.87)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>MI: myocardial infarction; CI: confidence interval.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Unadjusted and adjusted Cox Proportional Hazards models for incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Unadjusted</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Adjusted*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Hazard Ratio (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>Hazard Ratio (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 (0.52; 1.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, per 5 years</td>
                  <td align="center">1.58 (1.35; 1.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">1.61 (1.32; 1.97)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, per 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.83 (0.60; 1.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous MI</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 (0.74; 2.67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">1.79 (1.00; 3.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous PCI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72 (0.40; 1.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">3.11 (1.38; 7.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">3.65 (1.48; 9.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30 (0.04; 2.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88 (0.49; 1.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection fraction, per 5%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (0.79; 1.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 (0.57; 1.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">1.50 (0.59; 3.81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR, per 10 bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79 (0.55; 1.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c, per 10 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.20 (1.11; 1.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23 (1.14; 1.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c, per 10 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06 (0.80; 1.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cholesterol, per 10 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14 (1.07; 1.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride, per 10 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98 (0.94; 1.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>Adjustments were made pursuant to the backward stepwise algorithm with p-to-enter &lt; 0.10 and p-to-remove 0.05, according to univariate results. MI: myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; PAD: peripheral artery disease; HR: heart rate; BMI: body mass index; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death, stratified by independent prognostic factors. LDL: low-density lipoprotein.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-10-e20220440-20440-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is one of the largest CIHD registries carried out in Brazil involving stable patients. Overall, we found a two-year incidence of death, MI, or stroke of 7.05%. Age, previous stroke, and high LDL-cholesterol were the main associated risk factors.</p>
        <p>Despite efforts that may suggest otherwise, international registries may over- or underrepresent countries and regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Therefore, reports like this are valuable to better understand the burden of CIHD both regionally and worldwide. In this study, we found that, despite a high percentage of statin prescriptions, less than a third of the patients had LDL-cholesterol lower than 70 mg/dL, and less than 10% had levels lower than 50 mg/dL.</p>
        <p>The <italic>Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto</italic> (ELSA) study, a Brazilian multi-regional general-population registry, reported that 9.4% of high-risk coronary heart disease participants had LDL-cholesterol lower than 70 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The REACT registry, another multicentric Brazilian registry of high-risk and manifest atherosclerotic disease patients, also reported that &gt; 90% of its participants in secondary prevention had LDL-cholesterol &gt; 50 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This data shows that most patients do not meet the LDL-cholesterol goal of 50-55 mg/dL defined by the guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> When considering non-HDL-cholesterol, even fewer (16.7%) patients met the national goal of 80 mg/dL proposed by the guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This is alarming, as our and previous studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> have shown that higher LDL-cholesterol levels are associated with cardiovascular events. Previous studies estimated that each 1 mmol/L (roughly 38 mg/dL) reduction in LDL-cholesterol leads to a 22% reduction in major cardiovascular events over five years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As a comparison, we estimated a 20% increase in risk per 10 mg/dL &#8211; a higher effect estimate. Furthermore, we identified that very few patients were prescribed ezetimibe (&lt; 5%) and none of the patients were using PCSK-9 inhibitors. Ezetimibe has been proposed as a 2<sup>nd</sup> line drug for those who have not reached adequate LDL-cholesterol levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> We attribute such a scenario to the fact that these medications are not provided by the public health care system, on which most Brazilians (and our participants) rely. We believe that including them in the public health care system would be an effective way of improving the quality of care for CIHD patients.</p>
        <p>In our study, LDL and total cholesterol control during follow-up proved to be poor (p &lt; 0.05). Despite this, its impact was small from a clinical point of view (4.1mg/dL increase in LDL and 5mg/dL increase in total cholesterol). The same can be seen in systolic blood pressure (a 3 mmHg increase at follow-up). This decline in the control of comorbidities occurred despite a high statin prescription rate (above 90% at baseline and at follow-up) and an increase in the prescription of ACE inhibitors or ARBs (p &lt; 0.001). There was also an increase in the prescription of oral antidiabetics, which did not improve glycemic control. These data can be markers of poor adherence to treatment.</p>
        <p>It could also be the case that LDL-cholesterol decrease is a marker of better patient adherence. Many studies have already demonstrated that patient adherence is an important prognostic factor, and it has even been called &#8220;the next frontier in quality improvement.&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Previous reports estimate that non-adherence increases major cardiovascular events by about 18%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Although we have not formally evaluated it, one could interpret low LDL-cholesterol as a proxy of statin adherence (and perhaps the treatment as a whole). Indeed, previous inquiries showed that as much as 30% of Brazilians with chronic non-communicable diseases may be non-adherent, and that Latin Americans may be even more non-adherent than their North American counterparts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> As non-adherence could be related to health system- and provider-related issues, further investigations may have an impact on public health policies. Interestingly, there was an improvement in the control of angina. The number of patients without angina increased (p &lt; 0.001) and all other functional classes tended to decrease.</p>
        <p>The ProspeCtive observational LongitudinAl RegIstry oF patients with stable coronary arterY disease (CLARIFY) registry, a contemporary international CIHD registry, reported a five-year incidence of cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke of 9.5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry, a larger but slightly older international registry, reported one- and three-year event rates of vascular death, MI, or stroke of 4.5% and 11.6%, respectively, for the CIHD subgroup.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The REACT registry reported a one-year mortality rate of 4.9%. Direct comparisons between studies are difficult to interpret due to differences in inclusion criteria, population, timeframe, and analyzed risk factors.</p>
        <p>Yet, our results seem to be in line with international registries, and slightly better than the Brazilian one. Nonetheless, all studies reported that outcomes vary significantly according to geographical region, which further underscores the importance of regional studies and adequate representation in international ones to have a better grasp of the burden of atherosclerosis worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Polyvascular disease has been shown to be an important prognostic risk factor, both in chronic and acute coronary syndrome patients worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> So has a previous ischemic event, with an associated 40-50% risk increase in further major cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Coincidentally, previous stroke was an independent risk factor in our registry. Previous stroke in our population denotes polyvascular atherosclerotic disease (as all patients had CIHD per inclusion criteria). In our population, previous stroke was the most strongly associated risk factor, representing an estimated almost four-fold increase in event incidence. Nonetheless, previous stroke and peripheral (that is, lower limb) artery disease had very low prevalence in our cohort: 5.3% and 5.4%, respectively. These values are lower than those reported in other studies, and could indicate a degree of underdiagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Typically, reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction, previous MI, and chronic kidney disease are markers of poor prognosis in patients with CIHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In our study, we did not observe this prognostic correlation. This absence of correlation could be explained, in part, by the small number of patients with these comorbidities. Another factor that could contribute to this result is the median follow-up of two years and the low number of events in our population.</p>
        <p>Our study has several limitations. First of all, we only included patients from one specialized center, so we cannot claim to be a representative sample from CIHD in Brazil as a whole. Second, although this is one of the largest CIHD registries in the country, it still is relatively small in comparison to other international registries. The low number of events (n=37) also precludes more accurate subgroup or risk factor analyses. Third, we did not have a formal event adjudication committee &#8211; we relied on patient reports, health records, and administrative data whenever possible. Hence, some events may have gone undetected. Fourth, all analyses were exploratory and there is a high probability of type I error; therefore, care should be taken while interpreting them.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, we have shown that CIHD patients in our center presented a two-year incidence of death, stroke, or MI of 7.05%, which is in accordance with major international registries. In this setting, we also identified LDL-cholesterol as the main modifiable risk factor and possible valuable target for further improvement in health care.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The investigators would like to thank Rog&#233;rio Prado for his statistical support and Marisa Fernandes da Silva G&#243;es for her operative assistance.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 1.648.933. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
