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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">q3KqZNBwj9nhcSzqdTzWNSz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230634</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Atividade F&#237;sica e Qualidade de Vida de Crian&#231;as com Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas: Uma Quest&#227;o de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6971-2642</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vertematti</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica ao Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica ao Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual (IAMSPE), S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Silvana Vertematti &#8226; Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica ao Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual (IAMSPE) - Servi&#231;o de Medicina Esportiva &#8211; Rua Pedro de Toledo, 1800. CEP 04029-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>svertema@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>9</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230634</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A atividade f&#237;sica &#233; tanto uma forma de express&#227;o quanto um meio de promover o desenvolvimento das crian&#231;as. A divers&#227;o obtida por meio dessa atividade &#233; um dos fatores que mais contribuem para a inser&#231;&#227;o social da crian&#231;a, al&#233;m de garantir a manuten&#231;&#227;o da sua capacidade de executar movimentos. S&#227;o inequ&#237;vocos os ganhos f&#237;sicos, fisiol&#243;gicos, psicol&#243;gicos e sociais que a atividade f&#237;sica traz &#224;s crian&#231;as e aos adolescentes.</p>
    <p>A atividade f&#237;sica se define como qualquer movimento do corpo produzido pelos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos e que resulta em um gasto de energia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; uma atividade f&#237;sica planejada, estruturada dentro de um contexto esportivo e social, com repeti&#231;&#245;es l&#243;gicas e organizadas com o objetivo de manter o condicionamento f&#237;sico. O condicionamento, por sua vez, caracteriza-se por um conjunto de atributos f&#237;sicos relacionados &#224; melhora da sa&#250;de e da performance da crian&#231;a, e pode ser mensurado por meio de testes f&#237;sicos espec&#237;ficos realizados por profissionais habilitados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do metabolismo das fibras musculares demonstra que as crian&#231;as t&#234;m um predom&#237;nio de fibras do tipo I, com caracter&#237;sticas oxidativas, sobre as fibras do tipo II, mais especializadas no metabolismo anaer&#243;bico. Assim, as crian&#231;as possuem uma atividade glicol&#237;tica menos eficiente do que a dos adultos. Durante a adolesc&#234;ncia, h&#225; uma mudan&#231;a na propor&#231;&#227;o dos tipos de fibras musculares e uma matura&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica que far&#227;o com que o indiv&#237;duo adquira a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e as capacidades f&#237;sicas pr&#243;prias do adulto. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A partir da d&#233;cada de 40, observaram-se melhoras progressivas nas t&#233;cnicas de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e de manejo cl&#237;nico das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. Nesse sentido, os estudos da Blalock e Taussig, que buscaram desenvolver um tratamento para os conhecidos &#8220;beb&#234;s azuis&#8221;, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> contribu&#237;ram para que 90% das crian&#231;as que nascem atualmente com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas tenham boas chances de atingir a idade adulta com excelentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Entretanto, esses pacientes ainda necessitam de suporte do sistema de sa&#250;de para lidar com os eventuais desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, tanto decorrentes da anormalidade cong&#234;nita propriamente dita, quanto das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas ocasionados pela falta de atividade f&#237;sica, considerando-se que apenas 19% desses pacientes recebem orienta&#231;&#245;es de atividade f&#237;sica e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos formais para combaterem o sedentarismo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A superprote&#231;&#227;o dos pais e a inseguran&#231;a tanto de pais quanto de profissionais em prover &#224;s crian&#231;as uma orienta&#231;&#227;o correta respeito aos exerc&#237;cios recomendados s&#227;o algumas das causas dessa situa&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de serem fatores que contribuem para outro problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica: a obesidade e suas complica&#231;&#245;es. Pacientes nessas condi&#231;&#245;es tornam-se vulner&#225;veis &#224; rec&#233;m descrita tr&#237;ade da inatividade f&#237;sica pedi&#225;trica (TIP, ou &#8220;PIT&#8221; em ingl&#234;s), condi&#231;&#227;o que envolve tr&#234;s componentes distintos, por&#233;m interrelacionados: (1) o transtorno do d&#233;ficit de exerc&#237;cio, que acomete os indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o atingem a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de 60 minutos di&#225;rios de atividades f&#237;sicas com intensidade moderada a vigorosa proposta pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de para a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, (2) a dinapenia, e (3) o analfabetismo f&#237;sico, caracterizado por uma dificuldade no desenvolvimento das habilidades f&#237;sicas e da coordena&#231;&#227;o motora das crian&#231;as, criando um ambiente prop&#237;cio para o sedentarismo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cong&#234;nitas do cora&#231;&#227;o apresentam um espectro que vai desde defeitos m&#237;nimos, que podem passar despercebidos, at&#233; condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas complexas, que requerem uma corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica precoce. V&#225;rios estudos demonstram que as crian&#231;as portadoras de malforma&#231;&#245;es complexas sofrem uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, das habilidades motoras e da for&#231;a muscular decorrente da cianose, do aumento da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e de interven&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. O condicionamento f&#237;sico e o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica s&#227;o importantes preditores de sa&#250;de cardiovascular, e h&#225; necessidade de mais estudos que avaliem esses par&#226;metros na popula&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Al&#233;m dos riscos relacionados ao sedentarismo, esses indiv&#237;duos podem apresentar defeitos posturais, como a escoliose e cifose decorrentes da esternotomia realizada durante procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, al&#233;m de quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; sua qualidade de vida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em conformidade com as melhoras pr&#225;ticas dispon&#237;veis, os m&#233;dicos e profissionais assistentes devem buscar atingir tr&#234;s objetivos no manejo desses pacientes: (1) transmitir mensagens claras sobre as atividades f&#237;sicas e suas restri&#231;&#245;es, (2) seguir as diretrizes de prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios ao paciente e sua fam&#237;lia, (3) fornecer um seguimento m&#233;dico regular para acompanhar a ader&#234;ncia de seus pacientes a suas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, bem como o aumento do seu n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e sua toler&#226;ncia f&#237;sica individual. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Considerando-se as quest&#245;es biopsicossociais envolvidas no desenvolvimento do adolescente com uma cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, faz-se necess&#225;rio prover um suporte multiprofissional especializado a pacientes nessa fase da vida, para ajud&#225;-los a compreender suas capacidades individuais, seus sentimentos, suas experi&#234;ncias positivas, e tamb&#233;m suas frustra&#231;&#245;es e ansiedades em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas. Al&#233;m disso, esse suporte deve endere&#231;ar as quest&#245;es motivacionais envolvidas no manejo desses pacientes para promover sua capacidade de adapta&#231;&#227;o e de avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade de executarem as atividades que est&#227;o dentro de suas capacidades. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em suma, vari&#225;veis como desempenho nas atividades di&#225;rias, capacidade funcional e condicionamento f&#237;sico, for&#231;a muscular, postura e qualidade de vida em crian&#231;as com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas de moderada a severa complexidade devem ser devidamente endere&#231;adas. Al&#233;m disso, programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o assertivos devem ser criados e implementados para contribuir com uma melhora dos padr&#245;es de condicionamento f&#237;sico, fatores determinantes na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas, e que t&#234;m grande impacto na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Atividades de Vida Di&#225;ria, Atividade F&#237;sica, Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica e Qualidade de Vida em Crian&#231;as com Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita: Um Estudo de Caso-Controle</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Children with Congenital Heart Diseases: A Public Health Issue</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6971-2642</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vertematti</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica ao Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual (IAMSPE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Silvana Vertematti &#8226; Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica ao Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual (IAMSPE) - Servi&#231;o de Medicina Esportiva &#8211; Rua Pedro de Toledo, 1800. Postal Code 04029-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: svertema@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Children</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Physical activity is both a form of expression for children and a means for promoting their development. The fun derived from engaging in this activity is one of the main factors for promoting the social inclusion of children, in addition to ensuring their continued ability to perform movements. The physical, physiological, psychological, and social dividends physical activity brings to children and adolescents are unequivocal.</p>
      <p>Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles and resulting in energy expenditure. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Physical exercise is a planned physical activity. It is structured within a sports and social context, involves logical and organized repetitions, and is designed to maintain physical fitness. Fitness, in turn, is characterized by a set of physical attributes related to improving the child&#8217;s health and performance and can be measured by specific physical tests conducted by trained professionals. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Analysis of muscle fiber metabolism shows that children have a predominance of type I fibers&#8212;which have oxidative characteristics&#8212;over type II fibers&#8212;more specialized in anaerobic metabolism. As a result, children have less efficient glycolytic activity than adults. Adolescence brings about metabolic maturation and changes in the proportion of muscle fibers that make the individual acquire an adult&#8217;s body composition and physical capabilities. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As of the 1940s, progressive improvements have occurred in surgical correction techniques and the clinical management of congenital heart diseases. Accordingly, the studies conducted by Blalock and Taussig, which sought to develop a treatment for the so-called &#8220;blue babies,&#8221; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> contributed to the current state of affairs where 90% of children born with congenital heart defects have a good chance of reaching adulthood with excellent clinical conditions. However, these patients still need the support of the health system to deal with any unfavorable outcomes arising from both the congenital abnormality per se and the chronic-degenerative diseases caused by lack of physical activity, considering that only 19% of them receive guidance on physical activity and formal physical exercises to fight a sedentary lifestyle. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Overprotective parents and the insecurity displayed by both parents and professionals in providing children with correct guidance for recommended exercises are some of the causes of this situation, as well as factors that contribute to yet another public health issue: obesity and its complications. Patients in these situations become vulnerable to the recently described pediatric inactivity triad (PIT), a condition that involves three distinct but interrelated components: (1) an exercise deficit disorder, which affects individuals who fail to meet the recommendation of 60 minutes of daily physical activity with moderate to vigorous intensity proposed by the World Health Organization for the pediatric population, (2) dynapenia, and (3) physical illiteracy, characterized by the impaired development of the child&#8217;s physical skills and motor coordination, which create an environment conducive to a sedentary lifestyle. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Congenital heart diseases range from minimal defects, which may go unnoticed, to complex clinical conditions requiring early surgical correction. Several studies show that children with complex malformations suffer a decrease in functional capacity, motor skills, and muscle strength due to cyanosis, increased pulmonary circulation, and cardiac interventions. The levels of physical conditioning and physical activity are important predictors of cardiovascular health, and further investigation is needed to assess these parameters in children and adolescents. In addition to the risks related to a sedentary lifestyle, these individuals may have postural defects, such as scoliosis and kyphosis, resulting from the sternotomy performed during surgical procedures and issues related to their quality of life. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Consistent with the best available practices, physicians and assisting professionals should strive to achieve three goals when managing these patients: (1) convey clear messages about physical activities and their restrictions, (2) comply with guidelines on how to prescribe exercises to patients and their families, (3) provide regular medical follow-up to monitor the patient&#8217;s adherence to their recommendations, as well as their increase in physical activity, and individual physical tolerance. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Bearing in mind the biopsychosocial issues involved in the development of adolescents with congenital heart disease, it becomes apparent that specialized multidisciplinary support should be provided to patients in this phase of life to help them comprehend their capacities, their feelings, their positive experiences, and also their frustrations and anxieties toward their physical limitations. Furthermore, this support should address the motivational issues involved in managing these patients so that they can better adapt and assess the feasibility of performing activities within their capabilities. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In summary, the variables of performing daily activities, functional capacity and physical fitness, muscle strength, posture, and quality of life in children with moderate to severe congenital heart disease must be properly addressed. In addition, assertive rehabilitation programs must be created and implemented to help improve physical fitness standards, which are determining factors in the prevention of chronic degenerative diseases and which significantly impact public health. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Activities of Daily Living, Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Children with Congenital Heart Disease: A Case-Control Study</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
