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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HH3RKPtJCHhtythZL7MyBHc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230626</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nossos Pacientes Merecem Mais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0113-9234</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Muniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botafogo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano, Botafogo, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Muniz Ferreira &#8226; Hospital Samaritano, Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Bambina 98. CEP 22251-050, Botafogo, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>betomf@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230626</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Hidroxicloroquina</kwd>
        <kwd>Azitromicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica implica que m&#250;ltiplas op&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o poss&#237;veis para qualquer situa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. Felizmente, a ci&#234;ncia est&#225; em constante evolu&#231;&#227;o e continuar&#225; a faz&#234;-lo de forma incremental. Assim, os m&#233;dicos devem analisar rotineiramente resultados anteriores de circunst&#226;ncias semelhantes para aumentar a probabilidade de selecionar a alternativa mais apropriada. Discernir os dados que podem ajudar na tomada de decis&#245;es a partir de informa&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas inconsistentes &#233; um requisito fundamental da medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias (MBE).</p>
    <p>H&#225; mais de 40 anos, a MBE tem sido a pedra angular da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, melhorando a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a envolvidas nas decis&#245;es m&#233;dicas, de acordo com o conhecimento cient&#237;fico mais atual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, as publica&#231;&#245;es nem sempre aderem a conceitos metodol&#243;gicos validados e podem basear-se apenas em motiva&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cient&#237;ficas. Quando as cren&#231;as pessoais ofuscam a ci&#234;ncia m&#233;dica, isso ocorre invariavelmente em detrimento do cuidado ao paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a MBE fornece um m&#233;todo sistem&#225;tico e organizado para avaliar informa&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas em diversas formas de literatura m&#233;dica.</p>
    <p>Gerir a incerteza &#233; um dos principais desafios da pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, especialmente em situa&#231;&#245;es sem precedentes. A ci&#234;ncia tem limita&#231;&#245;es e mesmo uma investiga&#231;&#227;o extensa pode n&#227;o eliminar a incerteza. Mais importante ainda, lidar com a incerteza &#233; crucial para evitar que os pacientes sejam expostos a respostas potencialmente inadequadas por parte dos m&#233;dicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Reconhecer quando aceitar a espera vigilante e n&#227;o adotar impulsivamente tratamentos n&#227;o comprovados &#233; vital para evitar que as interven&#231;&#245;es se tornem um perigo maior do que a pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>A pandemia da Doen&#231;a do Coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19) revelou muitas inseguran&#231;as relacionadas &#224; MBE na comunidade m&#233;dica. Num cen&#225;rio de desespero e inseguran&#231;a, os profissionais de sa&#250;de difundiram v&#225;rios medicamentos n&#227;o comprovados e potencialmente prejudiciais como tratamentos eficazes. V&#225;rios m&#233;dicos enfrentaram a incerteza ao aventurarem-se numa abordagem de &#8220;tentativa e erro&#8221;, acreditando que tais circunst&#226;ncias justificavam qualquer conduta m&#233;dica, independentemente dos riscos potenciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Neste contexto, a hidroxicloroquina/cloroquina (HCQ/CQ), a ivermectina e a azitromicina (AZT) foram massivamente empregados como tratamentos supostamente eficazes. Notavelmente, mesmo depois de v&#225;rias publica&#231;&#245;es terem sugerido os potenciais danos destas drogas, muitos confiaram em cren&#231;as pessoais e coletivas infundadas como pilares da tomada de decis&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O artigo publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia fornece mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as consequ&#234;ncias das tomadas de decis&#227;o sem suporte que ocorreram durante a pandemia. Os autores apresentaram dados retrospectivos de 673 pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 no Brasil tratados com HCQ/CQ, com ou sem AZT, entre mar&#231;o e setembro de 2020. O estudo fez parte do Registro Brasileiro de COVID-19, uma iniciativa multic&#234;ntrica que inscreveu consecutivamente pacientes com doen&#231;a confirmada laboratorialmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O objetivo foi comparar os resultados cl&#237;nicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos intra-hospitalares com controles adequadamente pareados. Ao longo do per&#237;odo de estudo de 6 meses, mais de 145 mil mortes por COVID-19 foram registradas no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os pacientes eram em sua maioria mulheres (55,9%), com idade m&#233;dia de 58 anos. A hipertens&#227;o estava presente em 49% e aproximadamente 30% eram diab&#233;ticos. Diferentes regimes de hidroxicloroquina foram administrados a 90% dos pacientes, enquanto 9,9% e 88,1% foram tratados com cloroquina e AZT, respectivamente. Um eletrocardiograma (ECG) estava dispon&#237;vel em apenas 42% dos pacientes internados, embora 60% tivessem doen&#231;a cardiovascular. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na preval&#234;ncia de achados basais anormais no ECG em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle.</p>
    <p>O grupo tratado apresentou maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (9,0 dias vs. 8,0 dias, p&lt;0,001) e tend&#234;ncia &#224; necessidade adicional de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (27% vs. 22,3%, p=0,074), mesmo ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o daqueles que receberam apenas os medicamentos ap&#243;s a intuba&#231;&#227;o. Novas altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG foram identificadas principalmente no mesmo grupo (13,2% vs. 8,2%, p=0,004), primariamente devido ao prolongamento do intervalo QTc (3,6% vs. 0,4%, p&lt;0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na admiss&#227;o em terapia intensiva, arritmias ventriculares ou mortalidade hospitalar entre os dois grupos (18,9% vs. 18,0%, p=0,682).</p>
    <p>Embora os resultados refiram-se a uma era pr&#233;-vacina&#231;&#227;o, os autores devem ser elogiados por apresentarem um reflexo das perigosas vias de tratamento adotadas desde o in&#237;cio da pandemia de COVID-19. &#192; primeira vista, a falta de uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente maior de resultados adversos em pacientes tratados com HCQ/CQ e AZT pode aparentemente fornecer garantias de que nenhum dano foi associado a estes medicamentos. No entanto, al&#233;m das limita&#231;&#245;es dos dados retrospectivos, qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o s&#243; deve ser implementada quando a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia tiverem sido consistentemente demonstradas atrav&#233;s dos requisitos apropriados da MBE. O presente estudo fornece evid&#234;ncias de dados da vida real de que estes pr&#233;-requisitos n&#227;o foram alcan&#231;ados para HCQ/CQ e AZT na COVID-19.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s anos depois, as consequ&#234;ncias de desconsiderar a ci&#234;ncia numa crise de sa&#250;de t&#227;o devastadora tornaram-se cada vez mais evidentes. Quando os recursos s&#227;o escassos, as despesas desnecess&#225;rias com interven&#231;&#245;es ineficazes e possivelmente perigosas n&#227;o devem ser ignoradas ou esquecidas. Devemos questionar o que poderia ter sido realizado e quantas vidas poderiam ter sido salvas de outra forma. Como m&#233;dicos, apenas acreditar que algo foi aprendido com os erros anteriores n&#227;o &#233; suficiente. &#201; obrigat&#243;ria uma reflex&#227;o profunda sobre o que ocorreu e como melhorar para as gera&#231;&#245;es futuras. Nossos pacientes merecem mais.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>9. Souza-Silva MVR, Pereira DN, Pires MC, Vasconcelos IM, Schwarzbold AV, Vasconcelos DH, et al. Real-Life Data on Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine with or Without Azithromycin in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Analysis in Brazil. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220935">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220935</ext-link>. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(9):e20220935.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MVR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>DN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pires</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwarzbold</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Real-Life Data on Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine with or Without Azithromycin in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Analysis in Brazil</article-title>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220935">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220935</ext-link>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20220935</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Brazil: Who coronavirus disease (covid-19) dashboard with vaccination data [Internet]. World Health Organization; [cited 2023 Sept 3]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://covid19.who.int/region/amro/country/br">https://covid19.who.int/region/amro/country/br</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <source>Brazil: Who coronavirus disease (covid-19) dashboard with vaccination data</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2023 Sept 3</date-in-citation>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://covid19.who.int/region/amro/country/br">https://covid19.who.int/region/amro/country/br</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Dados de Vida Real sobre o Uso da Hidroxicloroquina ou da Cloroquina Combinadas ou N&#227;o &#224; Azitromicina em Pacientes com Covid-19: Uma An&#225;lise Retrospectiva no Brasil</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Our Patients Deserve More</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0113-9234</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Muniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano, Botafogo, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Roberto Muniz Ferreira &#8226; Hospital Samaritano, Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Bambina 98. Postal code 22251-050, Botafogo, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: betomf@terra.com.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxychloroquine</kwd>
        <kwd>Azithromycine</kwd>
        <kwd>Evidence-Based Medicine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Clinical decision-making implies that multiple options are possible for any given medical situation. Fortunately, science is constantly evolving and will continue to do so incrementally. Thus, physicians should routinely analyze previous outcomes of similar circumstances to increase the probability of selecting the most appropriate alternative. Discerning data that may assist in decision-making from inconsistent scientific information is a fundamental requirement of evidence-based medicine (EBM).</p>
      <p>For over 40 years, EBM has been the cornerstone of clinical practice, improving the efficacy and safety involved with medical decisions, according to the most current scientific knowledge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nevertheless, publications do not always adhere to validated methodological concepts and may rely solely on non-scientific motivations. When personal beliefs overshadow medical science, it invariably occurs to the detriment of patient care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Conversely, EBM provides a systematic and organized method to appraise scientific information in various medical literature forms.</p>
      <p>Managing uncertainty is one of the main challenges of medical practice, especially in unprecedented situations. Science has limitations, and even extensive research may not eliminate uncertainty. Most importantly, coping with uncertainty is crucial to prevent patients from becoming exposed to potentially maladaptive responses by physicians.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Recognizing when to accept watchful waiting and not impulsively adopt unproven treatments is vital to preclude interventions from becoming a greater hazard than the disease itself.</p>
      <p>The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic uncovered many EBM-related insecurities within the medical community. In a scenario of despair and insecurity, healthcare professionals disseminated various unproven and potentially detrimental medications as efficacious treatments. Several physicians confronted uncertainty by venturing into a &#8220;trial and error&#8221; approach, believing that such circumstances justified any medical conduct, regardless of potential risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this context, hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine (HCQ/CQ), ivermectin, and azithromycin (AZT) were massively employed as allegedly effective treatments. Remarkably, even after various publications suggested the potential harms of these drugs, many relied on unfounded personal and collective beliefs as the pillars of decision-making.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The article published in this Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia issue provides further insight into the consequences of unsupported decision-making that transpired during the pandemic. The authors presented retrospective data on 673 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Brazil treated with HCQ/CQ, with or without AZT, between March and September 2020. The study was part of the Brazilian COVID-19 Registry, a multicenter initiative that enrolled consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The objective was to compare in-hospital clinical and electrocardiographic outcomes with appropriately matched controls. Throughout the 6 month study period, over 145 thousand COVID-19 deaths were registered in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Patients were mostly female (55.9%), with an average age of 58. Hypertension was present in 49%, and approximately 30% were diabetic. Different regimens of hydroxychloroquine were administered to 90% of patients, whereas 9.9% and 88.1% were treated with chloroquine and AZT, respectively. An electrocardiogram (ECG) was available in only 42% of admitted patients, although 60% knowingly had cardiovascular disease. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of abnormal ECG baseline findings compared to the control group.</p>
      <p>The treated group experienced a greater length of hospital stay (9.0 days vs. 8.0 days, p&lt;0.001) and a trend towards additional mechanical ventilation requirements (27% vs. 22.3%, p=0.074), even after excluding those who only received the drugs after intubation. Novel ECG abnormalities were mostly identified in the same group (13.2% vs. 8.2%, p=0.004), mainly due to QTc prolongation (3.6% vs. 0,4%, p&lt;0.001). There were no differences in intensive care admission, ventricular arrhythmias, or in-hospital mortality between both groups (18.9% vs. 18.0%, p=0.682).</p>
      <p>Although the results relate to a pre-vaccination era, the authors should be commended for presenting a portrayal of the hazardous treatment pathways adopted since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. At first glance, the lack of a significantly greater incidence of adverse outcomes in patients treated with HCQ/CQ and AZT may seemingly provide reassurance that no harm was associated with these medications. However, aside from the limitations of retrospective data, any intervention should only be implemented when safety and effectiveness have been consistently demonstrated through the appropriate requirements of EBM. The current study provides evidence from real-life data that these prerequisites were not achieved for HCQ/CQ and AZT in COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Three years later, the consequences of disregarding science in such a devastating health crisis have become increasingly apparent. When resources are scarce, unnecessary expenditures with ineffective and possibly hazardous interventions should not be ignored or forgotten. We must question what could have been accomplished and how many lives may have been saved otherwise. As physicians, merely believing that something was learned from previous mistakes is not enough. A profound reflection on what occurred and how to improve for future generations is mandatory. Our patients deserve more.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Real-Life Data on Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine with or Without Azithromycin in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Analysis in Brazil</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
