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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PjFKLZvRh4CMYWjRTCFnyfg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230235</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Escore de Selvester QRS &#233; um Preditor de Mortalidade na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1998-361X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sivri</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Icen</surname>
            <given-names>Yahya Kemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6232-4567</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koca</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Co&#351;kun</surname>
            <given-names>M&#252;kremin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ard&#305;n&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Deniz</surname>
            <given-names>Orshan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arici</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih Necip</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koc</surname>
            <given-names>Mevl&#252;t</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ng&#246;r</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Nazilli State Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aydin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Nazilli State Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Aydin &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Adana Health Practice and Research Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Adana Health Practice and Research Center &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Adana &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Adnan Menderes University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aydin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Adnan Menderes University &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Aydin &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Fatih Sivri &#8226; Adnan Menderes Universitesi &#8211; Efeler Aydin 09010 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>fatih2014sivri@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230235</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Figura Central</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: O Escore de Selvester QRS &#233; um Preditor de Mortalidade na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>O diagrama mostra a sele&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de estudo.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PjFKLZvRh4CMYWjRTCFnyfg/9fb00dd7dedc5bd9af85983ddc040308eb4a9f95.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PjFKLZvRh4CMYWjRTCFnyfg/ad2ac4c313383564ce3a1eea04cb925dcbb057d1.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PjFKLZvRh4CMYWjRTCFnyfg/f1ed1440ec461312e235568a36c57fc022b27f62.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O escore Selvester QRS (S-QRS) em um eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es est&#225; associado tanto &#224; quantidade de cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica quanto ao mau progn&#243;stico em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Entretanto, seu valor progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) &#233; desconhecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar o valor preditivo do escore S-QRS para mortalidade na ICFEp.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> 359 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos retrospectivamente neste estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais dos pacientes foram registradas. O escore S-QRS simplificado foi medido e registrado. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento dos pacientes foi de 38,1&#177;9,5 meses. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dos 359 pacientes, 270 estavam no grupo sobrevivente e 89 no grupo falecido. Idade, PCR-us, troponina, pro-BNP, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), &#237;ndice de volume do AE, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, Tpe e escore do S-QRS foram estatisticamente altos no grupo falecido. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, idade, PCR-us, NT-proBNP, di&#226;metro do AE, &#237;ndice de volume do AE, Tpe e escore S-QRS mostraram-se fatores de risco independentes para mortalidade. Na an&#225;lise da caracter&#237;stica operacional do receptor (ROC), o valor de corte do escore S-QRS foi de 5,5, a sensibilidade foi de 80,8% e a especificidade foi de 77,2% (AUC: 0,880, p:0,00). Na an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier, verificou-se que a mortalidade foi maior no grupo com escore S-QRS &#8805; 5,5 do que no grupo com escore S-QRS &lt; 5,5. (Long-rank, p:0,00)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Acreditamos que o escore S-QRS pode ser usado como um indicador progn&#243;stico de mortalidade a longo prazo em pacientes com ICFEp.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Selvester QRS</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; detectada em 1-2% dos adultos. Sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade. Enquanto &#233; de 1% em indiv&#237;duos &lt;55 anos, &#233; de aproximadamente 10% em indiv&#237;duos &gt; 70 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> De acordo com a &#250;ltima diretriz, a IC &#233; basicamente dividida em 3 classes: IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp), IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o leve (ICFEm) e IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o lim&#237;trofe (ICFEl). A ICFEp apresenta-se clinicamente com sintomas de IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal ou quase normal (FE &gt; 50%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Representa aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes atendidos em hospitais por IC. Em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, &lt; 70% dos pacientes com ICFEp t&#234;m mais de 65 anos, e ICFEp &#233; observada em quase todos os pacientes com IC acima de 90 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e mioc&#225;rdica, dano endotelial microvascular e infarto, estresse oxidativo e fibrose intersticial mioc&#225;rdica foram observados como fatores fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes na ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estudos demonstraram que a fibrose intersticial mioc&#225;rdica &#233; um dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos mais importantes da doen&#231;a e um indicador progn&#243;stico de longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora dispositivos m&#233;dicos avan&#231;ados tenham nos fornecido informa&#231;&#245;es novas e importantes, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es ainda &#233; o principal m&#233;todo que fornece informa&#231;&#245;es cruciais. Em 1970, Selvester et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> desenvolveram um sistema de escore de 31 pontos (QRS) que avaliou a mudan&#231;a na despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular devido &#224; cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica em um ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Cada escore correspondeu a 3% da massa do m&#250;sculo ventricular esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em estudos de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca de cicatrizes mioc&#225;rdicas, foi detectado que a escore Selvester QRS (S-QRS) se correlaciona altamente com o tamanho da cicatriz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em muitos estudos cl&#237;nicos, um escore S-QRS alto demonstrou fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o tamanho do infarto que se desenvolve ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e o progn&#243;stico de longo prazo dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Seu valor progn&#243;stico foi relatado em muitos estudos cardiovasculares doen&#231;as, como cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, estenose a&#243;rtica e cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sua associa&#231;&#227;o com ICFEp.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar o valor preditivo do escore S-QRS para mortalidade na ICFEp.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>Este estudo retrospectivo incluiu pacientes com ICFEp tratados para sintomas de IC em condi&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em um &#250;nico centro entre 2018 e 2022 ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica local. Mil e doze pacientes com IC foram examinados e 359 pacientes foram diagnosticados com ICFEp. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por uma m&#233;dia de 38,1&#177;9,5 meses. Esses crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos foram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8805;50%, pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal (NT-proBNP) &gt; 125 pg/m, e tamb&#233;m um dos dois crit&#233;rios, (1) hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ou aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), (2) disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (E/e &#8805; 13 e m&#233;dia e&#8217; septal e parede lateral &lt; 9 cm/s ao ecocardiograma Doppler).</p>
        <p>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal ou hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, estenose a&#243;rtica e mitral moderada e grave, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, IC cong&#234;nita complexa, uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos, ritmo de marca-passo, IC com baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE &lt; 50%), s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, c&#226;ncer, sepse e n&#237;veis anormais de eletr&#243;litos s&#233;ricos foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, foi assegurado nos pacientes que o tra&#231;ado do ECG era de boa qualidade, ou seja, sem bloqueio de ramo esquerdo ou direito, sem bloqueio fascicular anterior ou posterior esquerdo, sem hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ou direita, sem s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White, sem baixa voltagem ou estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular que pudesse interferir na determina&#231;&#227;o do escore S-QRS. A sele&#231;&#227;o do grupo de estudo &#233; resumida na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">ilustra&#231;&#227;o central</xref>.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram exaustivamente questionados sobre hipertens&#227;o, hiperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e acidente vascular cerebral. Os valores hematol&#243;gicos, bioqu&#237;micos e sorol&#243;gicos foram determinados e registrados a partir do sangue perif&#233;rico coletado ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum.</p>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica foi definida como uma taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular inferior a 60 por mais de 3 meses. Um diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o foi aceito se os pacientes estivessem em tratamento anti-hipertensivo ou tivessem uma press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica superior a 140 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica de 90 mmHg em pelo menos tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es. Diabetes foi diagnosticado se os pacientes estivessem tomando medica&#231;&#227;o antidiab&#233;tica, tivessem pelo menos duas medi&#231;&#245;es de glicemia p&#243;s-prandial acima de 126 mg/dl ou tivessem um n&#237;vel de HbA1c &gt; 6,5. Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) &gt; 160 mg/dl ou uso de estatinas foi aceito como diagn&#243;stico de hiperlipidemia. Para o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, assumiu-se estenose &gt; 50% em pelo menos uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica. O estado atual dos pacientes foi determinado e registrado entrando em contato com os controles do hospital e por telefone.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Imagens bidimensionais e coloridas de Doppler nas visualiza&#231;&#245;es paraesternal padr&#227;o de eixo longo, eixo curto e apical foram obtidas e analisadas on-line por um ecocardiologista experiente cego para os dados cl&#237;nicos. O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico de todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foi realizado com um sistema de ultrassom card&#237;aco iE33 (Phillips Healthcare, Best, Holanda) e um sistema de sonda de 2,5-5 MHz. Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas relatadas foram calculadas a partir de tr&#234;s ciclos consecutivos. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo direito foi medida como a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) usando a diferen&#231;a bidimensional entre as linhas diast&#243;lica final e sist&#243;lica final (em cm) entre o centro da origem do ventilador do ultrassom e a jun&#231;&#227;o do anel tric&#250;spide lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito no corte apical quatro c&#226;maras. As imagens da veia cava inferior (VCI) foram adquiridas na vis&#227;o subxifoide, e o di&#226;metro transverso (VCId) foi medido anterior a 2 cm posterior da jun&#231;&#227;o atrial direita da VCI com o modo M no di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo durante a expira&#231;&#227;o. A velocidade de pico da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide foi medida e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi estimada da seguinte forma: 4 (velocidade de pico do TR) 2 a ecocardiografia com Doppler pulsado para avaliar as velocidades de enchimento diast&#243;lico dos ventr&#237;culos foi realizada no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras. Assim, a velocidade m&#225;xima do enchimento diast&#243;lico inicial (onda E) e a velocidade m&#225;xima do enchimento diast&#243;lico tardio (onda A) foram registradas. O volume m&#225;ximo AE foi determinado a partir das visualiza&#231;&#245;es apicais de quatro c&#226;maras e duas c&#226;maras no final da s&#237;stole usando o m&#233;todo modificado do disco de Simpson e, em seguida, normalizado para a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal para derivar o &#237;ndice de volume do AE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Os ECGs superficiais de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es de todos os pacientes (dispositivo Nihon Kohden Cardiofix V modelo ECG-1550K 25mm/s e padr&#227;o 1mv/10mm) foram registrados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o inicial e antes do tratamento da IC e avaliados por dois cardiologistas independentes que n&#227;o conheciam as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes. Manualmente, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, intervalo PR, intervalos QT e QTc, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e escore do S-QRS foram medidos e registrados. O intervalo PR foi medido em milissegundos pelo tempo entre o in&#237;cio da onda P e o in&#237;cio do complexo QRS. A dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS foi medida em milissegundos pelo tempo entre o in&#237;cio da onda Q ou R e o final da onda R ou S. O intervalo QT foi medido em milissegundos pelo tempo entre o in&#237;cio do complexo QRS e o final da onda T. O intervalo QT corrigido foi medido usando a f&#243;rmula de Bazett. O intervalo Tpe foi medido do pico da onda T at&#233; o final da onda T. O final da onda T foi definido como a interse&#231;&#227;o da tangente ao declive da onda T e a linha isoel&#233;trica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de escore do QRS Selvester</title>
        <p>Os ECGs foram pontuados manualmente de acordo com o sistema simplificado de escore de 37 crit&#233;rios e 29 pontos de Bounous et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>. Dois cardiologistas experientes calcularam manualmente a escore S-QRS dependendo de um algoritmo relatado anteriormente. Se os dois escores n&#227;o concordassem, o terceiro cardiologista calculava o escore do S-QRS de forma cega e o finalizava. O sistema de escore &#233; baseado em crit&#233;rios para 10 das 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es de um ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (aVL, aVF, I, II, V1-6). Principalmente, os pontos s&#227;o dados para a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda Q, amplitudes e dura&#231;&#227;o R e rela&#231;&#227;o R/S ou R/Q.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os pacotes estat&#237;sticos IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (vers&#227;o 25.0) (NY, EUA) e Amos (vers&#227;o 24.0) (WA, EUA) foram usados para analisar os dados. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi realizado para determinar se os dados eram normalmente distribu&#237;dos. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o) se a vari&#225;vel for parametricamente distribu&#237;da. As vari&#225;veis foram comparadas por meio de testes t independentes. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens. O teste do qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher foram realizados para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As vari&#225;veis para as quais o p-valor n&#227;o ajustado no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi &lt; 0,05 foram identificadas como potenciais marcadores de risco e inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado completo. An&#225;lises multivariadas de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com elimina&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada foram realizadas por meio de teste de raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a para elimina&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis. A curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi usada para determinar a sensibilidade e especificidade do escore S-QRS e o valor de corte ideal para prever a mortalidade. As curvas de sobrevida foram estimadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. As taxas livres de eventos card&#237;acos foram comparadas entre os grupos por meio do teste de log-rank.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 359 pacientes, 270 pertenciam ao grupo sobrevivente e 89 ao grupo falecido. Quando comparados os dados demogr&#225;ficos, a idade foi estatisticamente maior no grupo de falecidos. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi encontrada entre os grupos quando os hist&#243;ricos m&#233;dicos e tratamentos do paciente foram comparados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de dados demogr&#225;ficos, medicamentos e hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Vivos (n=270)</th>
                <th>Falecidos (n=89)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anos de idade)</td>
                <td align="center">68,8&#177;12,0</td>
                <td align="center">74,3&#177;12,04</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (27,7)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (34,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">30,5&#177;6,4</td>
                <td align="center">29,9&#177;6,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,545</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65(24,0)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (33,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,320</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">155(57,4)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (60,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,450</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HT, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">200(74)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (69,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HPL, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52(19,2)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (22,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,582</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">112(41,4)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (44,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,741</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECA (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (44,8)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (49,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,520</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (33,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,410</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#914; bloqueador (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (23,3)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Furosemida (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">267 (98,8)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (97,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,254</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulante (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,512</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxina (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,254</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASA (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (12.3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,355</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DM: diabetes melito; HT: hipertens&#227;o; HPL: hiperlipidemia; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina; ASA: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quando os dados laboratoriais foram comparados, os valores de PCR-us e NT-proBNP foram estatisticamente maiores no grupo falecido (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados laboratoriais do paciente</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Vivos n=270</th>
                <th>Falecidos n=89</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">135,2 &#177; 75,5</td>
                <td align="center">132,1 &#177; 65,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,889</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GB (uL)</td>
                <td align="center">9,65 &#177; 3,45</td>
                <td align="center">11,12 &#177; 4,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hb (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 1,22</td>
                <td align="center">12,1 &#177; 1,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BUN (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">54,2 &#177; 21,2</td>
                <td align="center">53,0 &#177; 24,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,123</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cr (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,22 &#177; 0,45</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 &#177; 0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,123</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Na (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">137,5 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">136,1 &#177; 5,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>K (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,41 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">4,72 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,565</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gfr (mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">66,4 &#177; 25,2</td>
                <td align="center">58,6 &#177; 13,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,340</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 2,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,584</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na total (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">7,54 &#177; 1,11</td>
                <td align="center">6,54 &#177; 1,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,458</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 0,28</td>
                <td align="center">3,45 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,254</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#225;lcio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">8,44 &#177; 0,556</td>
                <td align="center">8,91 &#177; 0,457</td>
                <td align="center">0,234</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR-us (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,45</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">3520 &#177; 1225</td>
                <td align="center">4500 &#177; 1450</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TnT-us (pg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,121</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>GB: gl&#243;bulos brancos; Hb: hemoglobina; BUN: nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue; Cr: creatinina; Na: s&#243;dio; K: pot&#225;ssio; Gfr: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; TnT-us: troponina T altamente sens&#237;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao comparar as caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, di&#226;metro do AE, &#237;ndice de volume do AE, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, Tpe e escore do S-QRS foram estatisticamente maiores no grupo falecido (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Vivos n=270</th>
                <th>Falecidos n=89</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Achados ecocard&#237;ogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54,5&#177;5,22</td>
                <td align="center">54,5&#177;4,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">46,5 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,198</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">35,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">35,5 &#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,589</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EPPVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,131</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SVI (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,7 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">44,6&#177;4,1</td>
                <td align="center">45,9&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVAE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28,4&#177;9,1</td>
                <td align="center">41,2&#177;7,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">89,8&#177;23,7</td>
                <td align="center">92,2&#177;20,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,256</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">61,1&#177;21,3</td>
                <td align="center">62,7&#177;21,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade S (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">7,2&#177;1,98</td>
                <td align="center">7,38&#177;1,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,561</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade e' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">7,022&#177;1,82</td>
                <td align="center">7,01&#177;2,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,784</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade a' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">4,16&#177;1,74</td>
                <td align="center">3,83&#177;1,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">13,4&#177;5,1</td>
                <td align="center">13,9&#177;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,456</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PSAP (mmhg)</td>
                <td align="center">33,2&#177;8,6</td>
                <td align="center">32,2&#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,354</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE, (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7&#177;0,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,7&#177;0,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,259</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da VCI (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">24&#177;7,2</td>
                <td align="center">23&#177;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,125</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QRS (msn)</td>
                <td align="center">87,7&#177;18,2</td>
                <td align="center">94,8&#177;25,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P dura&#231;&#227;o (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">90,3&#177;6,8</td>
                <td align="center">89,1&#177;6,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo PR (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">160,7&#177;27,2</td>
                <td align="center">161,6&#177;31,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,541</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">388,1&#177;53,7</td>
                <td align="center">384,6&#177;61,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTC (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">440,4&#177;37,2</td>
                <td align="center">447,87&#177;46,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TPe (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">72,74&#177;17,7</td>
                <td align="center">86,12&#177;17,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore do QRS de Selvester</td>
                <td align="center">4,20&#177;1,71</td>
                <td align="center">7,213&#177;1,932</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; EPPVE: espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SVI: septo interventricular; DAE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; Tpe: T pico a fim; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide; VCI: veia cava inferior.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, idade, PCR-us, NT-proBNP, di&#226;metro do AE, &#237;ndice de volume do AE, Tpe e escore S-QRS mostraram-se fatores de risco independentes para mortalidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preditores independentes de mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEp</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC de 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>%95 IC</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1.059</td>
                <td align="center">1.012-1.109</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">1.022</td>
                <td align="center">1.012-1.035</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS</td>
                <td align="center">1.010</td>
                <td align="center">0,983-1,037</td>
                <td align="center">0,476</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAE</td>
                <td align="center">1.302</td>
                <td align="center">1.138-1.490</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1.220</td>
                <td align="center">1.110-1.350</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P</td>
                <td align="center">1.651</td>
                <td align="center">1.120-1.235</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">1.33</td>
                <td align="center">1.240-1.550</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tpe</td>
                <td align="center">1.053</td>
                <td align="center">1.022-1.084</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1.131</td>
                <td align="center">1.088-1.175</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore do QRS de Selvester</td>
                <td align="center">2.446</td>
                <td align="center">1.783-3.555</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1.588</td>
                <td align="center">1.352-1.755</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR-us (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">1.655</td>
                <td align="center">1.256-2.122</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">1.436</td>
                <td align="center">1.115-1.848</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">1.211</td>
                <td align="center">1.108-1.324</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">1.431</td>
                <td align="center">1.306-1.696</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TnT-us (pg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">1.004</td>
                <td align="center">0,989-1,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,375</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVAE</td>
                <td align="center">1.056</td>
                <td align="center">1.024-1.078</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1.035</td>
                <td align="center">1.022-1.055</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>DAE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; ICFEp: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Tpe: T pico a fim; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo; PCR-us: prote&#237;na c-reativa de alta sensibilidade; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal; TnT-us: troponina T altamente sens&#237;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise ROC, o valor de corte do escore S-QRS foi 5,5, com sensibilidade de 80,8% e especificidade de 77,2% (AUC: 0,880) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Segundo a an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier, a mortalidade foi maior no grupo com escore S-QRS &#8805; 5,5 do que no grupo com escore S-QRS &lt; 5,5. (Long-rank, p:0,00) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise da curva ROC do escore Selvester QRS. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230235-30235-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise Kaplan Meier do escore Selvester QRS. A taxa de eventos card&#237;acos foi significativamente maior no grupo de escore alto (HS) (linha verde) do que no grupo de escore baixo (LS) (linha azul).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230235-30235-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo foi o primeiro a investigar o valor preditivo do escore S-QRS para mortalidade na ICFEp. A an&#225;lise ROC apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade de 80,8% e 77,2%, respectivamente. Ao final deste estudo, o escore S-QRS mostrou-se um fator de risco independente para mortalidade em longo prazo em pacientes com ICFEp.</p>
      <p>Semelhante a estudos anteriores, idade, PCR-us, NT-proBNP, di&#226;metro do AE, &#237;ndice de volume do AE e Tpe foram fatores de risco independentes para mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEp. Em estudos cl&#237;nicos, mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular, IC e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foram observadas com muito mais frequ&#234;ncia em idosos do que em jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Tromp et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> determinaram que a taxa de mortalidade era 6,9 vezes maior e a taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o era 16,9 vezes maior nos maiores de 85 anos do que nos menores de 55 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em muitos estudos, a PCR-us demonstrou ser um indicador progn&#243;stico muito importante de mortalidade por inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose na fisiopatologia da ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>L. Koller et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> relataram que a mortalidade por todas as causas aumentou 1,2 vezes e a mortalidade cardiovascular aumentou 1,32 vezes em pacientes com PCR-us elevada, resultando em um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 9,7 anos em 459 pacientes com ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Foi relatado que o NT-proBNP liberou durante o aumento do estresse da parede mioc&#225;rdica devido a um ventr&#237;culo esquerdo hipertr&#243;fico e pequeno, que &#233; o aspecto caracter&#237;stico da ICFEp, tem poder preditivo para morbidade e mortalidade a longo prazo em pacientes com ICFEp, tanto em termos de n&#237;veis basais quanto de altera&#231;&#245;es nesses n&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Embora se saiba que o valor preditivo dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos &#233; menor em pacientes com ICFEp do que em pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o baixa, eles mostraram ter o mesmo valor preditivo em ambos os grupos de IC no estudo de van Veldhuisen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tpe &#233; um marcador de ECG que tem recebido muita aten&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos. Em muitos estudos, a dispers&#227;o transmural foi aceita como um indicador de anormalidades da repolariza&#231;&#227;o e demonstrou estar associada a arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Estudos em pacientes com ICFEp conclu&#237;ram que o Tpe &#233; um importante marcador progn&#243;stico, proporcional &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a e um fator de risco independente para mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A medida do AE &#233; um par&#226;metro simples, reprodut&#237;vel e comumente utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e em pesquisas. Em estudos realizados em pacientes com ICFEp, o aumento do di&#226;metro e do &#237;ndice de volume do AE s&#227;o considerados indicadores progn&#243;sticos para muitas complica&#231;&#245;es, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Rossi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> apontaram em seu estudo prospectivo que o aumento do di&#226;metro do AE aumentou a mortalidade em 1,72 vezes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O estudo de Pate et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> descobriram que a mortalidade aumentou 0,9% a cada mil&#237;metro de aumento no &#237;ndice de volume do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O escore S-QRS fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o tamanho e a localiza&#231;&#227;o das cicatrizes mioc&#225;rdicas, examinando as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas do QRS que ocorrem devido a altera&#231;&#245;es da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular resultantes da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Muitas aut&#243;psias e estudos de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica encontraram um alto grau de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o S-QRS Escore QRS e tamanho da cicatriz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> O estudo prospectivo de Liu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> mostraram que a mortalidade cardiovascular aumentou 1,46 vezes em pacientes com escores S-QRS elevados. Isso resultou de um acompanhamento de 2 anos de 289 pacientes ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. No estudo de Bignoto et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> 228 pacientes submetidos &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar transcateter para estenose valvar a&#243;rtica foram acompanhados por 36,2 &#177; 21,2 meses e apresentaram uma taxa de mortalidade cardiovascular 1,59 vezes maior em pacientes com altos escores de S-QRS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No estudo de Hirawi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> uma taxa 1,32 vezes maior de eventos card&#237;acos fatais foi observada em pacientes com altos escores S-QRS ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de 4,5 &#177; 3,2 anos em 91 pacientes com cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. Al&#233;m disso, foi encontrada uma alta correla&#231;&#227;o com o escore S-QRS da fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno medida por bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Uyarel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> demonstraram o desenvolvimento de um fen&#244;meno de no-reflow e alta mortalidade em 30 dias ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em pacientes com alto escore S-QRS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> No estudo de Arisoy et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> foi demonstrado que um alto escore S-QRS &#233; um fator de risco independente para taquicardia ventricular e/ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> No estudo de Chen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> que comparou a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) card&#237;aca e o escore S-QRS em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica , notou-se que o escore S-QRS indicou a presen&#231;a e o tamanho da cicatriz com a mesma precis&#227;o da RM card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Netsi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> por outro lado, mostraram que o escore S-QRS antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) &#233; um dos mais importantes indicadores de resposta ao tratamento TRC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Muitos estudos revelaram que a fibrose card&#237;aca &#233; um dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos mais importantes em pacientes com ICFEp. O estudo da aut&#243;psia de Mohammed et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> provou que doen&#231;a arterial coronariana epic&#225;rdica, infartos microvasculares e cicatrizes macrosc&#243;picas e microsc&#243;picas eram mais prevalentes em pacientes com ICFEp em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> No estudo de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca de Garg et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> o tamanho da fibrose foi determinado como um risco independente indicador de mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Cho et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> relataram que o tamanho da fibrose foi um fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de arritmias ventriculares em pacientes com ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Em um estudo de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca de Kanagala et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> em pacientes com ICFEp, o tamanho da fibrose foi considerado um fator de risco independente para remodelamento biventricular e do AE, bem como hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> O escore S-QRS &#233; um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o simples, barato e amplamente aceito que mede o tamanho da cicatriz ventricular e &#233; obtido com um ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Em nosso estudo, o escore S-QRS foi considerado um fator de risco independente para mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEp.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo tem muitas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, o n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo &#233; pequeno e os registros de ECG n&#227;o foram examinados durante os exames de rotina. Al&#233;m disso, valores como PCR e troponina, que est&#227;o associados a dano mioc&#225;rdico subcl&#237;nico, n&#227;o foram acompanhados seriadamente. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, padr&#227;o-ouro para medir a fibrose ventricular, n&#227;o foi realizada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O escore S-QRS medido pelo ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi considerado um fator de risco independente para mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEp. Portanto, fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a mortalidade do paciente mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de acesso &#224; RM card&#237;aca e quando outros par&#226;metros de ECG s&#227;o normais. Recomendamos que o escore S-QRS n&#227;o seja negligenciado na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Adana Health Practice and Research Center sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1983. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Selvester QRS Score is a Predictor of Mortality in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1998-361X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sivri</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Icen</surname>
            <given-names>Yahya Kemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6232-4567</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koca</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Co&#351;kun</surname>
            <given-names>M&#252;kremin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ard&#305;n&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Deniz</surname>
            <given-names>Orshan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arici</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih Necip</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koc</surname>
            <given-names>Mevl&#252;t</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ng&#246;r</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Nazilli State Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology Aydin &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Adana Health Practice and Research Center &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Adana &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Adnan Menderes University &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Aydin &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Fatih Sivri &#8226; Adnan Menderes Universitesi &#8211; Efeler Aydin 09010 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: fatih2014sivri@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Central Illustration</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>: Selvester QRS Score is a Predictor of Mortality in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>The diagram shows the selection of the study groups.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230235-30235-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The Selvester QRS (S-QRS) score on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is associated with both the amount of myocardial scar and poor prognosis in myocardial infarction patients. However, its prognostic value in heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study aims to investigate the predictive value of the S-QRS score for mortality in HFpEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> 359 patients were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory features of the patients were recorded. The simplified S-QRS score was measured and recorded. The mean follow-up time of the patients was 38.1&#177;9.5 months. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Of 359 patients, 270 were in the survivor group, and 89 were in the deceased group. Age, Hs-CRP, troponin, pro-BNP, left atrial (LA) diameter, LA volume index, QRS duration, Tpe, and S-QRS score were statistically high in the deceased group. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, Hs-CRP, NT-proBNP, LA diameter, LA volume index, Tpe, and S-QRS score were shown to be independent risk factors for mortality. In the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the cut-off value of the S-QRS score was 5.5, the sensitivity was 80.8%, and the specificity was 77.2% (AUC:0.880, p:0.00). In Kaplan-Meier analysis, it was found that mortality was higher in the group with S-QRS score &#8805; 5.5 than in the group with S-QRS score &lt; 5.5. (Long-rank, p:0.00)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> We think that the S-QRS score can be used as a prognostic indicator of long-term mortality in patients with HFpEF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Selvester QRS</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is detected in 1-2% of adults. Its incidence increases with age. While it is 1% in individuals aged &lt; 55 years, it is approximately 10% in individuals aged &gt; 70 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> According to the latest guideline, HF is basically divided into 3 classes: HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), HF with mild-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF), and HF with low ejection fraction (HFlEF). Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction presents clinically with symptoms of HF and a normal or near-normal ejection fraction (EF &gt; 50%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It accounts for approximately 50% of patients treated in hospitals for HF. In epidemiological studies, &lt; 70% of HFpEF patients are over 65, and HFpEF is observed in almost all patients with HF over 90 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy, systemic and myocardial inflammation, microvascular endothelial damage and infarction, oxidative stress, and myocardial interstitial fibrosis have been observed as underlying pathophysiological factors in HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Studies have shown that myocardial interstitial fibrosis is both one of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and a long-term prognostic indicator.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although advanced medical devices have provided us with new and important information, the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is still the main method that provides crucial information. In 1970, Selvester et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> developed a 31-point scoring system (QRS) that assessed the change in ventricular depolarization due to myocardial scar on a standard 12-lead ECG. Each score corresponded to 3% of left ventricular muscle mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In cardiac magnetic resonance studies of myocardial scars, the Selvester QRS (S-QRS) score has been detected to correlate highly with scar size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In many clinical studies, a high S-QRS score has been shown to provide information about the infarct size that develops after myocardial infarction with ST elevation and the long-term prognosis of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Its prognostic value has been reported in many cardiovascular diseases, such as non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, there is no information on its association with HFpEF.</p>
        <p>This study aims to investigate the predictive value of the S-QRS score for mortality in HFpEF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient population</title>
          <p>This retrospective study included patients with HFpEF treated for HF symptoms under hospital conditions at a single center between 2018 and 2022 after approval by the local ethics committee. One thousand one hundred twelve patients with heart failure were examined, and 359 patients were diagnosed with HFpEF. Patients were followed up for a mean of 38.1&#177;9.5 months. These diagnostic criteria were left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8805;50%, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) &gt; 125 pg/m, and also one of two criteria, (1) left ventricular hypertrophy or enlargement of the left atrium, (2) diastolic dysfunction (E/e &#8805; 13 and a mean e&#8217; septal and lateral wall &lt; 9 cm/s on Doppler echocardiography).</p>
          <p>Patients with chronic renal or hepatic failure, moderate and severe aortic and mitral stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, complex congenital HF, use of anti-arrhythmic drugs, pacemaker rhythm, HF with low ejection fraction (EF &lt; 50%), acute coronary syndrome, cancer, sepsis, and abnormal serum electrolyte levels were excluded from the study. In addition, it was ensured in patients that the ECG trace was of good quality, i.e., with no left or right bundle branch block, no left anterior or posterior fascicular block, no left or right ventricular hypertrophy, no Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, no low voltage or ventricular pacing that could interfere with the determination of the S-QRS score. The selection of the study group is summarized in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central illustration</xref>.</p>
          <p>All patients were thoroughly questioned about hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, tobacco smoking, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Hematological, biochemical, and serological values were determined and recorded from peripheral blood drawn after 12 hours of fasting.</p>
          <p>Chronic renal failure was defined as a glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 for over 3 months. A diagnosis of hypertension was accepted if patients were taking antihypertensive treatment or had a systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg on at least three measurements. Diabetes was diagnosed if patients were taking antidiabetic medication, had at least two postprandial blood glucose measurements above 126 mg/dl, or had an HbA1c level &gt; 6.5. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) &gt; 160 mg/dl or taking statins was accepted as a diagnosis of hyperlipidemia. For the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, stenosis &gt; 50% in at least one epicardial coronary artery was assumed. The current status of patients was determined and recorded by contacting hospital controls and by telephone.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>Two-dimensional and color Doppler images in the standard parasternal long-axis, short-axis, and apical views were obtained and analyzed online by an experienced echocardiologist blinded to the clinical data. Echocardiographic examination of all patients included in the study was performed with an iE33 cardiac ultrasound system (Phillips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands) and a 2.5-5-MHz probe system. All reported echocardiographic measurements were averaged from three consecutive cycles. Global right ventricular systolic function was measured as the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion using the two-dimensional difference between the end-diastolic and end-systolic lines (in cm) between the center of the ultrasound fan origin and the junction of the right ventricular lateral tricuspid annulus in the apical four-chamber view. Images of the inferior vena cava (IVC) were acquired in the subxiphoid view, and transverse diameter (IVCd) was measured anterior to posterior 2 cm from the IVC right atrial junction with M-mode at maximal diameter during expiration. Peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitation was measured, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure was estimated as follows: 4 (TR peak velocity) 2 Pulsed Doppler echocardiography to assess diastolic filling velocities of the ventricles was performed in the apical four-chamber view. Thus, peak velocity of early diastolic filling (E-wave) and peak velocity of late diastolic filling (A-wave) were recorded. Maximal volume LA was determined from the apical four-chamber and two-chamber views at the end of systole using the modified Simpson disk method and then normalized to body surface area to derive left atrium volume index.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>The superficial 12-lead ECGs of all patients (N&#305;hon Kohden Cardiofix V model ECG-1550K device 25mm/s and standard 1mv/10mm) were recorded during the initial hospitalization and before treatment of HF and evaluated by two independent cardiologists who did not know the patients&#8217; characteristics. Manually, heart rate, P-R interval, QT and QTc intervals, QRS duration, and S-QRS score were measured and recorded. The P-R interval was measured in milliseconds by the time between the onset of the P-wave and the onset of the QRS complex. The QRS duration was measured in milliseconds by the time between the onset of the Q- or R-wave and the end of the R- or S-wave. The QT interval was measured in milliseconds by the time between the onset of the QRS complex and the end of the T-wave. The corrected QT interval was measured using the Bazett formula. The Tpe interval was measured from the peak of the T-wave to the end of the T-wave. The end of the T-wave was defined as the tangent&#8217;s intersection to the T-wave&#8217;s downslope and the isoelectric line.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Selvester QRS score measurement</title>
          <p>ECGs were manually scored according to the simplified 37-criterion 29-point scoring system of Bounous et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>. Two experienced cardiologists manually calculated the S-QRS score depending on an algorithm previously reported. If the two scores did not agree, the third cardiologist calculated the S-QRS score in a blinded fashion and finalized it. The scoring system is based on criteria for 10 of the 12 leads of a standard 12-lead ECG (aVL, aVF, I, II, V1-6). Mainly, points are given for Q-wave duration, R amplitudes and duration, and R/S or R/Q ratio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The statistical packages IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 25.0) (NY, USA) and Amos (version 24.0) (WA, USA) were used to analyze the data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to determine if the data were normally distributed. Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation) if the variable is parametrically distributed. Variables were compared using independent t-tests. Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentages. The chi-square and Fisher&#8217;s exact tests were performed to compare categorical variables. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Variables for which the unadjusted p-value in the logistic regression model was &lt; 0.05 were identified as potential risk markers and included in the full multivariate model. Multivariate logistic regression analyses with backward elimination were performed using a likelihood ratio test to eliminate variables. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the S-QRS score and the optimal cut-off value for predicting mortality. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The cardiac event-free rates were compared between groups using the log-rank test.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of 359 patients, 270 belonged to the survivor group and 89 to the deceased group. When demographic data were compared, age was statistically higher in the deceased group. No difference was found between the groups when the patient&#8217;s medical histories and treatments were compared (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of patients&#8217; demographic, medications, and medical history</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Living (n=270)</th>
                  <th>Deceased (n=89)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Demographics Features</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">68.8&#177;12.0</td>
                  <td align="center">74.3&#177;12.04</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender,n,(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (27.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (34.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.129</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.5&#177;6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">29.9&#177;6.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.545</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medical History</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65(24.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (33.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.320</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">155(57.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (60.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.450</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HT, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">200(74)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (69.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HPL, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52(19.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (22.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.582</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.321</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">112(41.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (44.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.741</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medication use</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (44.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (49.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.520</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (32.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (33.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.410</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#914; blocker (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (23.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (23.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.321</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemid (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">267 (98.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (97.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (31.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (26.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.253</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulant (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.512</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoksin (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (12.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.355</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; HT: hypertension; HPL: hyperlipidemia; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; ASA: acetyl salicylic acid.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When laboratory data were compared, Hs-CRP and NT-proBNP values were statistically higher in the deceased group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of patient&#8217;s laboratory findings</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Living n=270</th>
                  <th>Deceased n=89</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">135.2 &#177; 75.5</td>
                  <td align="center">132.1 &#177; 65.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.889</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC (uL)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.65 &#177; 3.45</td>
                  <td align="center">11.12 &#177; 4.34</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 1.22</td>
                  <td align="center">12.1 &#177; 1.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.172</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BUN (mg/dL )</td>
                  <td align="center">54.2 &#177; 21.2</td>
                  <td align="center">53.0 &#177; 24.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.123</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cr (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.22 &#177; 0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21 &#177; 0.54</td>
                  <td align="center">0.123</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Na (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">137.5 &#177; 4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">136.1 &#177; 5.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.351</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>K (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.41 &#177; 0.66</td>
                  <td align="center">4.72 &#177; 0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.565</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gfr (mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.4 &#177; 25.2</td>
                  <td align="center">58.6 &#177; 13.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.340</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uricacid (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 2.81</td>
                  <td align="center">0.584</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total protein (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.54 &#177; 1.11</td>
                  <td align="center">6.54 &#177; 1.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.458</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 0.28</td>
                  <td align="center">3.45 &#177; 1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.44 &#177; 0.556</td>
                  <td align="center">8.91 &#177; 0.457</td>
                  <td align="center">0.234</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">3520 &#177; 1225</td>
                  <td align="center">4500 &#177; 1450</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hs-TnT (pg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.121</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>WBC: white blood cells; Hb: hemoglobin; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Cr: creatinine; Na: sodium; K: potassium; Gfr: glomerular filtration rate; Hs-CRP: high sensitive C reactive protein; NT-proBNP: N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide; Hs-TnT: high sensitive troponin T.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When comparing electrocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics, LA diameter, LA volume index, QRS duration, Tpe, and S-QRS score were statistically higher in the deceased group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of patients&#8217; echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Living n=270</th>
                  <th>Deceased n=89</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Echocardiographic findings</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54.5&#177;5.22</td>
                  <td align="center">54.5&#177;4.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.356</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.5 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">47.0 &#177; 3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.198</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVDS (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">35.5 &#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.589</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVPWT (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.131</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVSD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7 &#177; 2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">11.3 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.6&#177;4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">45.9&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAVI (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.4&#177;9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">41.2&#177;7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E velocity (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">89.8&#177;23.7</td>
                  <td align="center">92.2&#177;20.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.256</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A velocity (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.1&#177;21.3</td>
                  <td align="center">62.7&#177;21.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.356</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S velocity (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2&#177;1.98</td>
                  <td align="center">7.38&#177;1.92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.561</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>e' velocity (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.022&#177;1.82</td>
                  <td align="center">7.01&#177;2.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.784</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>a'velocity (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.16&#177;1.74</td>
                  <td align="center">3.83&#177;1.63</td>
                  <td align="center">0.231</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e'</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4&#177;5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">13.9&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.456</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAPs (mmhg)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.2&#177;8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">32.2&#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.354</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE, (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7&#177;0.35</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7&#177;0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">0.259</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVC diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;7.2</td>
                  <td align="center">23&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.125</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Electrocardiographic findings</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS (msn)</td>
                  <td align="center">87.7&#177;18.2</td>
                  <td align="center">94.8&#177;25.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P duration (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.3&#177;6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">89.1&#177;6.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PR interval (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">160.7&#177;27.2</td>
                  <td align="center">161.6&#177;31.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.541</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QT (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">388.1&#177;53.7</td>
                  <td align="center">384.6&#177;61.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTC (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">440.4&#177;37.2</td>
                  <td align="center">447.87&#177;46.93</td>
                  <td align="center">0.586</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TPe (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">72.74&#177;17.7</td>
                  <td align="center">86.12&#177;17.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Selvester QRS score</td>
                  <td align="center">4.20&#177;1.71</td>
                  <td align="center">7.213&#177;1.932</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>EF: ejection fraction; LVDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular end systolic diameter; LVPWT: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; IVSD: interventricular septum; LAD: left atrium diameter; LAVI: left atrium volume index; PAPs: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; Tpe: T peak to end; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; IVC: inferior vena cava</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, Hs-CRP, NT-proBNP, LA diameter, LA volume index, Tpe, and S-QRS score were shown to be independent risk factors for mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Independent predictors for mortality in patients with HFpEF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>%95 CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1,059</td>
                  <td align="center">1.012-1.109</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">1.022</td>
                  <td align="center">1.012-1.035</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS duration</td>
                  <td align="center">1.010</td>
                  <td align="center">0.983-1.037</td>
                  <td align="center">0.476</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">1.302</td>
                  <td align="center">1.138-1.490</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.220</td>
                  <td align="center">1.110-1.350</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P wave durat&#305;on</td>
                  <td align="center">1.651</td>
                  <td align="center">1.120-1.235</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33</td>
                  <td align="center">1.240-1.550</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tpe</td>
                  <td align="center">1.053</td>
                  <td align="center">1.022-1.084</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.131</td>
                  <td align="center">1.088-1.175</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Selvester QRS score</td>
                  <td align="center">2.446</td>
                  <td align="center">1.783-3.555</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.588</td>
                  <td align="center">1.352-1.755</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hs-CRP(mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.655</td>
                  <td align="center">1.256-2.122</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.436</td>
                  <td align="center">1.115-1.848</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP(pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.211</td>
                  <td align="center">1.108-1.324</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.431</td>
                  <td align="center">1.306-1.696</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hs-TnT(pg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.989-1.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.375</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">1.056</td>
                  <td align="center">1.024-1.078</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.035</td>
                  <td align="center">1.022-1.055</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>LAD: left atrium diameter; HFpEF: heart failure preserved ejection fraction; Tpe: Tpeak to end; LAVI: left atrial volume index; Hs-CRP: high sensitivity c-reactive protein; NT-proBNP: N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide; Hs-TnT: high sensitive troponin T.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the ROC analysis, the cut-off value of the S-QRS score was 5.5, with a sensitivity of 80.8% and a specificity of 77.2% (AUC: 0.880) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, mortality was higher in the group with an S-QRS score of &#8805; 5.5 than in the group with an S-QRS score of &lt; 5.5.(Long-rank, p:0.00) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curve analysis of Selvester QRS score. AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230235-30235-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan Meier analysis of Selvester QRS score. The cardiac event rate was significantly higher in the high score (HS) group (green line) than in the low score (LS) group (blue line).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230235-30235-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study was the first to investigate the predictive value of the S-QRS score for mortality in HFpEF. The ROC analysis showed a sensitivity and specificity of 80.8% and 77.2%, respectively. At the end of this study, the S-QRS score was found to be an independent risk factor for long-term mortality in patients with HFpEF.</p>
        <p>Similar to previous studies, age, Hs-CRP, NT-proBNP, LA diameter, LA volume index, and Tpe were independent risk factors for mortality in patients with HFpEF. In clinical studies, mortality from all causes, mortality due to cardiovascular disease, HF, and hospitalization, were observed much more frequently in the elderly than in the young.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Tromp et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> determined that the mortality rate was 6.9-fold higher, and the hospitalization rate was 16.9-fold higher in those over 85 years of age than in those under 55.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In many studies, Hs-CRP has been shown to be a very important prognostic indicator of mortality due to inflammation and fibrosis in the pathophysiology of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>L. Koller et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> reported that mortality from all causes increased 1.2-fold and cardiovascular mortality increased 1.32-fold in patients with elevated Hs-CRP, resulting from a mean follow-up of 9.7 years in 459 HFpEF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> It has been reported that NT-proBNP released during increased myocardial wall stress due to a hypertrophic and small left ventricle, which is the characteristic feature of HFpEF, has predictive power for long-term morbidity and mortality in HFpEF patients, both in terms of basal levels and changes in these levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Although the predictive value of natriuretic peptides is known to be lower in HFpEF patients than in HF low ejection fraction patients, they were shown to have the same predictive value in both HF groups in the study by van Veldhuisen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Tpe is an ECG marker that has received much attention in recent years. In many studies, transmural dispersion has been accepted as an indicator of repolarization abnormalities and has been shown to be associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>Studies in HFpEF patients have concluded that Tpe is an important prognostic marker, proportional to disease severity and an independent risk factor for mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Measurement of the LA is a simple, reproducible, and commonly used parameter in clinical practice and research. In studies performed in HFpEF patients, increased LA diameter and volume index are considered prognostic indicators for many complications, such as atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>Rossi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> pointed out in their prospective study that increased LA diameter increased mortality by 1.72-fold.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The study by Pate et al. found that mortality increased by 0.9% with each millimeter increase in the LA volume index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The S-QRS score provides information about the size and location of myocardial scars by examining the QRS morphologic changes that occur due to ventricular depolarization changes resulting from myocardial fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Many autopsies and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have found a high degree of correlation between the S-QRS score and scar size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The prospective study by Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> showed that cardiovascular mortality increased 1.46-fold in patients with elevated S-QRS scores. This resulted from a 2-year follow-up of 289 patients after MI with ST elevation compared to patients without it. In the study by Bignoti et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> 228 patients who underwent transcatheter valve replacement for aortic valve stenosis were followed up for 36.2 &#177; 21.2 months and showed a 1.59-fold higher cardiovascular mortality rate in patients with high S-QRS scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In the study by Hirawi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> a 1.32-fold higher rate of fatal cardiac events was observed in patients with high S-QRS scores after a mean follow-up of 4.5 &#177; 3.2 years in 91 patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. In addition, a high correlation with the S-QRS score of collagen fraction measured by endomyocardial biopsy was found.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Uyarel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> demonstrated the development of a no-reflow phenomenon and high 30-day mortality after MI with ST elevation in patients with a high S-QRS score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> In the study by Arisoy et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> it was shown that a high S-QRS score is an independent risk factor for ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In the study by Chen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> which compared cardiac MRI and the S-QRS score in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, it was noted that the S-QRS score indicated the presence and size of the scar as accurately as cardiac MRI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Netsi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> on the other hand, showed that the S-QRS score before implantation of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is one of the most important indicators of response to CRT treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Many studies have revealed that cardiac fibrosis is one of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms in patients with HFpEF. The autopsy study by Mohammed et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> proved that epicardial coronary artery disease, microvascular infarcts, and gross and microscopic scars were more prevalent in HFpEF patients compared with the control group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In the cardiac MRI study by Garg et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> fibrosis size was determined to be an independent risk indicator for mortality in patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Cho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> reported that fibrosis size was an independent risk factor for developing ventricular arrhythmias in HFpEF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> In a cardiac MRI study by Kanagala et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> in patients with HFpEF, fibrosis size was found to be an independent risk factor for biventricular and LA remodeling, as well as hospitalization and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> The S-QRS score is a simple, inexpensive, and widely accepted scoring system that measures ventricular scar size and is obtained with a standard 12-lead ECG. In our study, the S-QRS score was found to be an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with HFpEF.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has many limitations. First, the number of patients included in the study is small, and the ECG records were not examined during routine examinations. In addition, values such as CRP and troponin, which are associated with subclinical myocardial damage, were not serially followed up. Cardiac MRI, the gold standard for measuring ventricular fibrosis, was not performed.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The S-QRS score measured by standard 12-lead ECG was found to be an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with HFpEF. Therefore, it provides information on patient mortality even in the absence of cardiac MRI access and when other ECG parameters are normal. We recommend that the S-QRS score should not be neglected in evaluating high-risk patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Adana Health Practice and Research Center under the protocol number 1983. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
