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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QwnKGNHZ6JKpd7kq3ZLtrgn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900901</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00901</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230115</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Suspens&#227;o dos Diur&#233;ticos Tiaz&#237;dicos na Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica Avan&#231;ada. Tempo de Rever um Antigo Conceito</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9719-3176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6937-5615</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Teles de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9983-4720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0003-5102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Laborat&#243;rio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco - Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Doen&#231;as do T&#243;rax</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Departamento de Doen&#231;as do T&#243;rax, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo Bezerra &#8226; Universidade de Pernambuco - Rua dos Palmares, S/N. CEP 50100-010, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rodrigobzrra@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230115</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Diur&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipocalcemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial das Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o (SBH) e Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (SBN) recomendam o uso de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a em substitui&#231;&#227;o dos tiaz&#237;dicos nos pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) est&#225;gios 4 e 5, ou seja, ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (RFG) &#8804; 30ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Esta orienta&#231;&#227;o est&#225; alinhada com outras diretrizes, como por exemplo, a Diretriz Europeia de Hipertens&#227;o (ESC/ESH 2018) que afirma que os diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos e tiaz&#237;dico-s&#237;mile s&#227;o menos efetivos em pacientes com RFG &lt; 45ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>e inefetivos quando o RFG &lt; 30ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, o estudo que estabeleceu este conceito data de 1961 e avaliou apenas 11 pacientes, sendo que apenas 5 destes apresentavam RFG &lt; 37ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>. A despeito disso, este conceito gerou um dogma exportado para os livros textos, propagado por d&#233;cadas como uma verdade incontest&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo ALLHAT em 2002 e a demonstra&#231;&#227;o do impacto positivo da clortalidona sobre o controle press&#243;rico e desfechos cardiovasculares, os tiaz&#237;dicos ganharam destaque no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA), sendo hoje considerados primeira linha de tratamento, seja em monoterapia ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com outros f&#225;rmacos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a HA e a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) frequentemente coexistem, seja como causa ou consequ&#234;ncia da perda de fun&#231;&#227;o renal e muitos dos estudos utilizados para nortear a produ&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o arterial utilizaram um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes com DRC. Como exemplo, nos estudos SPRINT e ALLHAT, 28% e 23,7% dos pacientes respectivamente, apresentavam DRC est&#225;gios 3 e 4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Recentemente nosso grupo publicou uma <italic>random-effects</italic> metan&#225;lise com o intuito de avaliar a efetividade dos diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos e tiaz&#237;dico-s&#237;mile sobre o controle da HA em pacientes com RFG &lt; 45ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> (DRC est&#225;gios 3b, 4 and 5). Nessa an&#225;lise foram inclu&#237;dos 5 ensaios cl&#237;nicos com um total de 214 pacientes e RFG que variou de 13,0 &#177; 5,9ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> a 26,8 &#177; 8,8ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>. Dentre os principais achados, foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na press&#227;o arterial (PA) m&#233;dia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>) que foi acompanhada de um aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e cloro e de uma redu&#231;&#227;o no RFG, n&#227;o sendo descritos epis&#243;dios graves de inj&#250;ria renal aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Dentre os estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta metan&#225;lise, destaca-se o CLICK Trial, um estudo duplo-cego, randomizado, controlado por placebo em pacientes portadores de DRC est&#225;gio 4 (GFR m&#233;dio no in&#237;cio do estudo de 23,2 &#177; 4,2ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>) e PA acima da meta, com achados de redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos com a clortalidona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Diferen&#231;a da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia antes e ap&#243;s o uso do diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico ou tiaz&#237;dico-like em paciente com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230115-30115-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m do controle da HA, o uso dos tiaz&#237;dicos na DRC est&#225;gios 4 e 5 tem mais algumas vantagens. Uma delas &#233; a tend&#234;ncia a um discreto aumento nos n&#237;veis de c&#225;lcio em consequ&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da calci&#250;ria. Tal efeito se contrap&#245;e &#224; tend&#234;ncia a hipocalcemia que ocorre nos est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da DRC, pela defici&#234;ncia de 25 (OH) vitamina D. Outra vantagem &#233; seu efeito espoliador de pot&#225;ssio, que poderia ajudar na manuten&#231;&#227;o de drogas importantes como os bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina (BRA) e inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), muitas vezes suspensos por hipercalemia. Alinhado com esta hip&#243;tese, destaca-se que no CLICK trial 60,5% dos pacientes do grupo clortalidona faziam uso concomitante de diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a. Neste sentido, pode-se especular que a adi&#231;&#227;o de tiaz&#237;dico a diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a na popula&#231;&#227;o com DRC avan&#231;ada poderia espoliar ainda mais o pot&#225;ssio e ter um efeito adjuvante na manuten&#231;&#227;o de drogas inibidoras do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona.</p>
    <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o que a HA &#233; a segunda causa de DRC no mundo e que 10% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial t&#234;m algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, o uso deste ponto de corte de 30ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> impede que milhares de pacientes se beneficiem dos j&#225; demonstrados efeitos protetores cardiovasculares dos diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos. Algumas diretrizes mais recentes como as do KDIGO Work Group j&#225; n&#227;o concordam com a limita&#231;&#227;o do uso dos tiaz&#237;dicos em pacientes com RFG &gt; 30ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Desta forma, baseado na produ&#231;&#227;o de novas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, sugerimos que a recomenda&#231;&#227;o ao uso apenas de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a ou mesmo de n&#227;o utilizar os tiaz&#237;dicos em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal grave seja revista pelas sociedades cient&#237;ficas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Suspension of Thiazide Diuretics in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Time to Review an Old Concept</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9719-3176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6937-5615</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Teles de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9983-4720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0003-5102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Laborat&#243;rio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco - Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Departamento de Doen&#231;as do T&#243;rax, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Rodrigo Bezerra &#8226; Universidade de Pernambuco - Rua dos Palmares, S/N. Postal Code 50100-010, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rodrigobzrra@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Diuretics</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypocalcemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The Hypertension Guidelines of the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> (SBC), Brazilian Society of Hypertension (BSH), and Brazilian Society of Nephrology (BSN) recommend the use of loop diuretics to replace thiazides in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 4 and 5, who have glomerular filtration rate (GFR) &#8804; 30ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>These guidelines are in line with other guidelines, such as the European Hypertension Guideline (ESC/ESH 2018), which states that thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics are less effective in patients with GFR &lt; 45ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> and ineffective when GFR &lt; 30ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, the study that established this concept dates from 1961 and evaluated only 11 patients, among whom 5 had GFR &lt; 37ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>. Despite this, this concept generated a dogma exported to textbooks, which has been propagated for decades as an incontestable truth.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>After the publication of the ALLHAT study in 2002 and the demonstration of the positive impact of chlorthalidone on blood pressure (BP) control and cardiovascular outcomes, thiazides gained prominence in the treatment of arterial hypertension (AH) and are now considered the first line of treatment, whether in monotherapy or association with other drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition, AH and CKD often coexist as a cause or consequence of loss of renal function, and many of the studies used to guide the elaboration of AH guidelines used a substantial number of patients with CKD. For example, in the SPRINT and ALLHAT studies, 28% and 23.7% of the patients, respectively, had CKD stages 3 and 4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recently, our group published a random-effects meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics on controlling AH in patients with GFR &lt; 45ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> (CKD stages 3b, 4, and 5). This analysis included five clinical trials with 214 patients and GFR ranging from 13.0 &#177; 5.9ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> to 26.8 &#177; 8.8ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>. Among the main findings, a significant reduction in mean arterial BP was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>), followed by an increase in the excretion fraction of sodium and chlorine and a reduction in GFR, with no description of severe episodes of acute kidney injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Among the studies included in this meta-analysis, the CLICK Trial stands out: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study including patients with stage 4 CKD (mean GFR at baseline of 23.2 &#177; 4.2ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>) and BP above the target, which found a significant reduction in BP levels with chlorthalidone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Difference in mean arterial pressure before and after the use of a thiazide or thiazide-like diuretic in a patient with advanced chronic kidney disease.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230115-30115-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In addition to AH control, the use of thiazides in CKD stages 4 and 5 has some other advantages. One is the trend towards a slight increase in calcium levels due to the reduction in calciuria. This effect contrasts with the trend towards hypocalcemia that occurs in the more advanced stages of CKD due to 25(OH) vitamin D deficiency. Another advantage is its potassium-wasting effect, which could help maintain essential drugs such as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, often suspended due to hyperkalemia. In this sense, it can be speculated that adding a thiazide to a loop diuretic in the population with advanced CKD could further deplete potassium and have an adjuvant effect in the maintenance of drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In line with this hypothesis, it should be noted that 60.5% of the patients in the chlorthalidone group used a loop diuretic concomitantly in the CLICK trial.</p>
      <p>Considering that AH is the second cause of CKD in the world and that 10% of the world&#8217;s population has some degree of renal dysfunction, the use of this cutoff point of 30ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> prevents thousands of patients from benefiting from the acknowledged cardiovascular protective effects of thiazide diuretics. Some more recent guidelines, such as those of the KDIGO Work Group, no longer agree with limiting the use of thiazides in patients with GFR &gt; 30ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, based on the production of new scientific evidence over the last few decades, we suggest that the recommendation to use only loop diuretics or even not to use thiazides in patients with severe renal dysfunction should be reviewed by scientific societies.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
