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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HJKty35Cq3G6DtrRpHn3fZD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230100</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Transcraniana por Corrente Cont&#237;nua no Tratamento da Hipertens&#227;o: Uma Hip&#243;tese Plaus&#237;vel?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2068-2606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ar&#234;as</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Zanela da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kuster</surname>
            <given-names>Elizangela</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Lenon Corr&#234;a de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domingues</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner Jorge Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serudo</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;z Henrique Aquino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7083-8314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ar&#234;as</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Peixoto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo &#8211; Neuroci&#234;ncias &#8211; Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Amazonas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Zootecnia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas &#8211; Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Zootecnia, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Amazonas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas &#8211; Departamento de Fisiologia, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Amazonas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Henrique Aquino Serudo &#8226; Universidade Federal do Amazonas &#8211; Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Av.General Rodrigo Octavio Jord&#227;o Ramos, 1200. CEP 69067-005, Coroado I, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>luizhenriquea.s.lh@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230100</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica Nervosa Transcut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEAM</funding-source>
          <award-id>010/2021</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo de Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS) &#233; a doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica mais prevalente em todo o mundo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sendo um dos mais importantes fatores de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Dentre as diversas vari&#225;veis que controlam a press&#227;o arterial (PA), aquelas que interagem diretamente com os mecanismos neurais envolvem m&#250;ltiplas &#225;reas do sistema nervoso central (SNC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a atividade cerebral e a hipertens&#227;o foi demonstrada por estudos neurofisiol&#243;gicos em animais, mostrando que a estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ou qu&#237;mica direta de diferentes estruturas do c&#233;rebro e do c&#243;rtex cerebral pode modificar significativamente a PA e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, os sistemas simp&#225;tico e renal parecem contribuir para as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares que ocorrem inicialmente na hipertens&#227;o, como aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular basal mantida pelo remodelamento dos vasos e redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de vasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ademais, a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA perif&#233;rica normalmente falha em reverter as altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o, estrutura e organiza&#231;&#245;es cerebrais associadas &#224; doen&#231;a, sugerindo que as influ&#234;ncias no c&#233;rebro n&#227;o s&#227;o secund&#225;rias &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As causas iniciais exatas da hipertens&#227;o permanecem obscuras, e a origem multifatorial &#233; a principal hip&#243;tese. Assim, n&#227;o podemos dizer que o c&#233;rebro inicia a hipertens&#227;o, mas &#233; claro que a hipertens&#227;o prejudica o funcionamento do c&#233;rebro. Portanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar se a hipertens&#227;o se origina principalmente como uma doen&#231;a cerebral ou uma doen&#231;a da vasculatura perif&#233;rica.</p>
    <p>A revis&#227;o de Jennings e Zanstra (2009)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstra que a hipertens&#227;o est&#225; associada ao suporte do fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral (FSC) alterado para o processamento cognitivo. Em suma, a hipertens&#227;o parece induzir uma leve redu&#231;&#227;o do FSC, que pode ser mais acentuada nas regi&#245;es frontal e subcortical.</p>
    <p>Dada a rela&#231;&#227;o entre PA e atividade cortical, as t&#233;cnicas de estimula&#231;&#227;o cerebral parecem ser uma ferramenta potencialmente &#250;til a ser explorada. A estimula&#231;&#227;o transcraniana por corrente cont&#237;nua (ETCC) &#233; um tipo de t&#233;cnica de estimula&#231;&#227;o cerebral n&#227;o invasiva (ECNI) que se refere &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de uma corrente cont&#237;nua atrav&#233;s de um par de eletrodos de superf&#237;cie (&#226;nodo e c&#225;todo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos em animais e humanos forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os mecanismos subjacentes aos efeitos da ETCC na neuroplasticidade e mostraram que a ETCC pode induzir altera&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas na atividade neuropsicol&#243;gica, psicofisiol&#243;gica e motora, dependendo da &#225;rea cerebral alvo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica mostrou que a heterogeneidade dos estudos impossibilitou a extra&#231;&#227;o de evid&#234;ncias conclusivas sobre os efeitos da ECNI nos sistemas cardiovascular e auton&#244;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Isso ocorre principalmente porque a maioria dos estudos existentes foi desenvolvida para entender a seguran&#231;a da ECNI usando par&#226;metros cardiovasculares e n&#227;o para estudar a conex&#227;o c&#233;rebro-cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As t&#233;cnicas de ECNI que t&#234;m sido mais intensamente estudadas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e cardiovascular s&#227;o a estimula&#231;&#227;o magn&#233;tica transcraniana repetitiva (rTMS) e a ETCC. A ETCC modula a atividade espont&#226;nea da rede neural aplicando correntes el&#233;tricas fracas em diferentes &#225;reas corticais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No n&#237;vel neuronal, o principal mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o &#233; a indu&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es dependentes da polaridade na excitabilidade cortical.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora o posicionamento dos eletrodos ainda n&#227;o esteja totalmente resolvido devido a influ&#234;ncias em &#225;reas adjacentes ap&#243;s o est&#237;mulo, o seguinte posicionamento &#233; o International EEG 10-20 System. &#201; onde um eletrodo &#226;nodo e um eletrodo c&#225;todo s&#227;o colocados na pele visando a modula&#231;&#227;o de uma &#225;rea focal pr&#233;-determinada do c&#243;rtex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A principal teoria &#233; que a ECNI poderia modular o fluxo simp&#225;tico do tronco cerebral a partir da atividade neural de &#225;reas corticais aut&#244;nomas, como o c&#243;rtex sens&#243;rio-motor, o c&#243;rtex pr&#233;-frontal medial (CPFM) e o c&#243;rtex insular ou regi&#245;es hipotal&#226;micas por meio de proje&#231;&#245;es do c&#243;rtex pr&#233;-frontal. O CPFM pode ser o alvo mais adequado para a aplica&#231;&#227;o da ECNI, pois possui v&#225;rias proje&#231;&#245;es para as principais localiza&#231;&#245;es do tronco encef&#225;lico envolvidas na fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e tamb&#233;m porque a estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e qu&#237;mica direta do CPFM est&#225; associada a respostas simp&#225;ticas inibit&#243;rias. Nesta estrutura, pode-se supor que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de ETCC an&#243;dica de excitabilidade aumentada ativaria essa &#225;rea-alvo, que modularia a PA por inibi&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Portanto, a justificativa para nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que o uso de ETCC pode ser capaz de modular a PA sist&#234;mica por meio de est&#237;mulos no c&#243;rtex cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Dessa forma, procuramos elucidar, de forma experimental, o melhor entendimento desse mecanismo de controle e investigar uma poss&#237;vel nova alternativa para o controle da PA e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Um primeiro estudo de Rodrigues et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> composto por 13 participantes com HAS, avaliou a efetividade de uma interven&#231;&#227;o aguda de ETCC. Confirmou-se a hip&#243;tese de que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de ETCC pode reduzir a atividade simp&#225;tica e melhorar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular levando a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da PA por 24 horas.</p>
    <p>Outro estudo que avaliou a efic&#225;cia a curto prazo da ETCC em 20 participantes foi realizado por Silva-Filho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> onde os autores observaram redu&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica durante o sono e tr&#234;s horas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, nada sugeriu mudan&#231;as significativas nos valores de variabilidade.</p>
    <p>Um terceiro estudo de Rodrigues et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> envolveu 13 participantes com HAS resistente. Com um intervalo de pouco menos de 1 m&#234;s, avaliou uma interven&#231;&#227;o aguda e uma interven&#231;&#227;o de curto prazo. Durante a interven&#231;&#227;o aguda, observou-se que a estimula&#231;&#227;o leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores hemodin&#226;micos, como d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e PA sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e m&#233;dia. Esses resultados foram mantidos 24 horas ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o. Em contraste, a interven&#231;&#227;o de curto prazo n&#227;o forneceu evid&#234;ncias suficientemente fortes de redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores hemodin&#226;micos ligados &#224; PA, mas a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica teve respostas positivas ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Todos os autores citados encontraram dificuldades n&#227;o relatadas na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos estudos. No entanto, um ponto comum entre os artigos &#233; que os resultados &#224;s vezes s&#227;o inconclusivos, provavelmente devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra, curto tempo de interven&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o padroniza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de aplica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O c&#243;rtex cerebral &#233; uma estrutura fundamental para o controle cardiovascular, pois o sistema nervoso est&#225; relacionado ao controle da PA e &#224; patog&#234;nese de diversas formas de hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante destacar o papel do hipot&#225;lamo, especificamente o n&#250;cleo paraventricular, na media&#231;&#227;o das respostas end&#243;crinas e auton&#244;micas que mant&#234;m a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e a homeostase do fluido corporal por meio de fen&#243;tipos neuronais distintos que controlam os eixos end&#243;crinos e o fluxo simp&#225;tico. Embora existam alguns tratamentos para hipertens&#227;o, uma porcentagem substancial de pacientes sofre de hipertens&#227;o &#8220;resistente a medicamentos&#8221;, uma condi&#231;&#227;o associada ao aumento da ativa&#231;&#227;o cerebral dos receptores de angiotensina, aumento da atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e n&#237;veis elevados de vasopressina.</p>
    <p>*********************</p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias mostram que os neur&#244;nios aumentam a express&#227;o do receptor de angiotensina Tipo 1a localizado dentro da l&#226;mina terminal por meio da regula&#231;&#227;o end&#243;crina e respostas comportamentais que est&#227;o envolvidas na manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase cardiovascular, revelando assim conex&#245;es excitat&#243;rias funcionais entre os neur&#244;nios sens&#237;veis &#224; angiotensina nos terminais da l&#226;mina e os neur&#244;nios da vasopressina no n&#250;cleo paraventricular do hipot&#225;lamo, indicando ainda que a ativa&#231;&#227;o desse circuito aumenta a PA. Assim, esses neur&#244;nios tamb&#233;m podem ser um alvo promissor para a terapia anti-hipertensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Por fim, resultados de estudos em animais obt&#234;m ampla margem de melhora na aplica&#231;&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas de ECNI. Assim, a aplica&#231;&#227;o dessas t&#233;cnicas em humanos para pesquisas e tratamentos cl&#237;nicos poderiam ser baseados nos achados que faremos para otimizar e refinar o protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agrade&#231;o ao apoio da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM) &#8211; Edital N. 010/2021 &#8211; CT&amp;I &#193;REAS PRIORIT&#193;RIAS.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
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  </back>
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        <article-title>Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Management of Hypertension: A Plausible Hypothesis?</article-title>
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            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serudo</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;z Henrique Aquino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7083-8314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ar&#234;as</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Peixoto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo &#8211; Neuroci&#234;ncias &#8211; Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas &#8211; Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Zootecnia,Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas &#8211; Departamento de Fisiologia, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Luiz Henrique Aquino Serudo &#8226;Universidade Federal do Amazonas &#8211; Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jord&#227;o Ramos, 1200. Postal Code 69067-005, Coroado I, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil E-mail: luizhenriquea.s.lh@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Hypertension (HTN) is the most prevalent chronic disease in the entire world,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> being one of the most significant cardiovascular risks factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Among several variables controlling blood pressure (BP), those directly interacting with neural mechanisms involve multiple areas of the central nervous system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The relationship between brain activity and HTN has been demonstrated by neurophysiological studies on animals showing that direct electrical or chemical stimulation of different structures of the brainstorm and cerebral cortex can significantly modify BP and heart rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In addition, the sympathetic and renal systems seem to contribute to the vascular changes that occur initially in HTN, such as increased basal vascular resistance maintained by remodeling the vessels and reducing the number of vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Furthermore, reducing peripheral BP normally fails to reverse changes in brain function, structure, and organizations associated with the disease, suggesting that influences on the brain are not secondary to elevation of BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The exact initial causes of HTN remain unclear, and a multifactorial origin is the main hypothesis. Thus, we cannot say that the brain initiates HTN, but it is clear that HTN harms the brain&#8217;s functioning. Therefore, more studies are needed to confirm whether HTN originates mainly as a brain disease or a disease of the peripheral vasculature.</p>
      <p>The review by Jennings and Zanstra (2009)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstrates that HTN is associated with the support of altered cerebral blood flow (CBF) for cognitive processing. In short, HTN seems to induce a slight reduction in CBF, which may be more accentuated in the frontal and subcortical regions.</p>
      <p>Given the relationship between BP and cortical activity, brain stimulation techniques appear to be a potentially useful tool to be explored. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a type of non-invasive brain stimulation technique (NIBS) that refers to the application of a direct current through a pair of surface electrodes (anode and cathode).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Studies on animals and humans have provided information on the mechanisms underlying the effects of tDCS on neuroplasticity and have shown that tDCS can induce specific changes in neuropsychological, psychophysiological, and motor activity depending on the targeted brain area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, a systematic review showed that the heterogeneity of the studies made it impossible to extract conclusive evidence about the effects of NIBS on the cardiovascular and autonomic systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This is mainly because most existing studies were developed to understand the safety of NIBS using cardiovascular parameters and not to study brain-heart connection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The NIBS techniques that have been most intensively studied regarding the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and tDCS. The tDCS modulates the neural network&#8217;s spontaneous activity by applying weak electrical currents in different cortical areas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>. At the neuronal level, the main mechanism of action is the induction of polarity-dependent changes in cortical excitability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although the positioning of the electrodes is not yet completely resolved due to influences on adjacent areas after the stimulus, the following positioning is the International EEG 10-20 System. This is where an anode electrode and a cathode electrode are placed on the skin targeting the modulation of a predetermined focal area of the cortex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The main theory is that NIBS could modulate sympathetic brain stem flow from the neural activity of autonomic cortical areas such as the sensorimotor cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), and the insular cortex, or hypothalamic regions via projections of the prefrontal cortex. MPFC may be the most suitable target for the application of NIBS since it has several projections for the main brain stem locations involved in autonomic function, and also because direct electrical and chemical stimulation of MPFC are associated with inhibitory sympathetic responses. In this structure, it can be assumed that the application of anodic tDCS of increased excitability would activate this target area, which would modulate BP by inhibiting sympathetic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Therefore, the rationale for our hypothesis is that the use of tDCS may be able to modulate systemic BP through stimuli in the cerebral cortex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In this way, we attempt to elucidate, in an experimental approach, the best understanding of this control mechanism and investigate a possible new alternative for controlling BP and treating HTN.</p>
      <p>A first study by Rodrigues et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> composed of 13 participants with arterial HTN, evaluated the effectiveness of an acute intervention of tDCS. It confirmed the hypothesis that a single session of tDCS can reduce sympathetic activity and improve cardiovascular autonomic modulation leading to a reduction in BP for 24 hours.</p>
      <p>Another study that evaluated the short-term effectiveness of tDCS in 20 participants was performed by Silva-Filho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> where the authors observed a reduction in systolic and diastolic BP during sleep and three hours after the intervention. However, nothing suggested significant changes in the variability values (HRV).</p>
      <p>A third study by Rodrigues et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> involved 13 participants with resistant arterial HTN. At an interval of just under 1 month, it evaluated an acute intervention and a short-term intervention. During the acute intervention, it was observed that stimulation leads to a reduction in hemodynamic values, such as cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, and systolic, diastolic, and mean BP. These results were maintained 24 hours after stimulation. In contrast, the short-term intervention did not provide strong enough evidence of a reduction in hemodynamic values linked to BP, but the autonomic modulation had positive responses after the sessions.</p>
      <p>All the cited authors found unreported difficulties in carrying out the studies. However, a common point among the articles is that the results are sometimes inconclusive, probably due to the low sample size, short intervention time, and non-standardization of the application protocol.</p>
      <p>The cerebral cortex is a fundamental structure for cardiovascular control because the nervous system is related to controlling BP and the pathogenesis of various forms of HTN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> It is also important to highlight the role of the hypothalamus, specifically the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), in mediating the endocrine and autonomic responses that maintain BP and body fluid homeostasis through distinct neuronal phenotypes that control endocrine axes and sympathetic outflow. Although there are some treatments for HTN, a substantial percentage of patients suffer from &#8220;drug resistant&#8221; HTN, a condition associated with increased brain activation of angiotensin receptors increased sympathetic nervous system activity and elevated vasopressin levels.</p>
      <p>Evidence has shown that neurons increase the expression of the Type 1a angiotensin receptor located within the terminal lamina through endocrine regulation and behavioral responses that are involved in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis, Thereby revealing functional excitatory connections between angiotensin-sensitive neurons at the lamina terminals and vasopressin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and further indicating that the activation of this circuit increases BP. Thus, these neurons may also be a promising target for antihypertensive therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Finally, results of studies in animals obtain a wide margin of improvement in the application of NIBS techniques. Thus, the application of these techniques in humans for research and clinical treatments could be based on the findings that we will make to optimize and refine the stimulation protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>Thank you for the support of <italic>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</italic> (CAPES) and of <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas</italic> (FAPEAM) &#8211; Edital N. 010/2021 &#8211; CT&amp;I &#193;REAS PRIORIT&#193;RIAS.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo de Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
