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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">p4fQWyZRw8DhjXL8mDNSBWm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230086</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prescri&#231;&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cio Aer&#243;bio na Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Baseada na Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca dos Est&#225;gios do Teste da Fala e do Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5359-7977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Althoff</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Ariany Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Santos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2476-7981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karsten</surname>
            <given-names>Marlus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">PPGFT</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Fisioterapia (PPGFT) &#8211; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">GEPCardio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular e Exerc&#237;cio (GEPCardio) &#8211; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Montreal Behavioral Medicine Centre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">CIUSSS du Nord-de-l&#8217;&#206;le-de-Montr&#233;al</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Montreal</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Montreal Behavioral Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l&#8217;&#206;le-de-Montr&#233;al, Montreal &#8211; Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">PPGCMH</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Movimento Humano (PPGCMH) &#8211; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Marlus Karsten &#8226; Grupo de Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular e Exerc&#237;cio, GEPCardio &#8211; Rua Pascoal Simone, 358. CEP 88080-350, Coqueiros, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marlus.karsten@udesc.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230086</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Figura Central</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: Prescri&#231;&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cio Aer&#243;bio na Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Baseada na Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca dos Est&#225;gios do Teste da Fala e do Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p4fQWyZRw8DhjXL8mDNSBWm/1b255df15fbd41544d70e753fd5a5f77599641b9.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p4fQWyZRw8DhjXL8mDNSBWm/da7e10e2adad9b1f28d78a9cdcb585b04447048b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p4fQWyZRw8DhjXL8mDNSBWm/caf81c4172a36d071ae2ad8dd94d6efc858be246.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Embora o Teste da Fala (TF) seja um teste confi&#225;vel e de baixo custo, seu uso para prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio ainda &#233; limitado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) dos est&#225;gios do TF e no pico do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6min) como par&#226;metro para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio comparando com a FC no primeiro e segundo limiares ventilat&#243;rios (LV1 e LV2) do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular compareceram a 3 dias de avalia&#231;&#227;o: 1) anamnese e TCPE; 2) TC6min; e 3) TF. Foram usados ANOVA unidirecional de medidas repetidas ou teste de Friedman para comparar a FC no LV1 e LV2 com a FC nos est&#225;gios do TF: &#250;ltimo positivo (TF+), primeiro equ&#237;voco (TF&#177;) e negativo (TF&#8722;) e no pico do TC6min. O teste de Pearson ou Spearman avaliou se h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o entre FC em LVs, est&#225;gios do TF e TC6min. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi fixada em 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O estudo incluiu 22 pacientes card&#237;acos (13 homens, 61 &#177; 8 anos). A FC no LV1 foi semelhante &#224; FC no TF+ (p = 0,987) e TF&#177; (p = 0,154), e moderadamente correlacionada com o TF+ (r = 0,479, p = 0,024). A FC no LV2 foi semelhante ao TF&#8722; (p = 0,383), com forte correla&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,757, p &lt; 0,001). A FC no pico do TC6min foi significativamente diferente da FC no TF+, TF&#177; e LV1 (p = 0,001, p = 0,005 e p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente), mas semelhante ao TF&#8722; (p = 0,68).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A FC no TF+ e TF&#8722; reflete a FC no LV1 e LV2, respectivamente, diferentemente do TC6min, que foi semelhante apenas ao LV2. O TF pode ser um teste objetivo para auxiliar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio na reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste da Fala</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</funding-source>
          <award-id>PIC2018030000146</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - CAPES - Brasil (PROAP/AUXPE) e Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (PRO-BIC/UDESC, PIC2018030000146).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O principal objetivo da reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular &#233; melhorar a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria por meio do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio (EA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A recomenda&#231;&#227;o geral para a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, segundo a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, &#233; de 150 minutos semanais divididos em 3 a 5 sess&#245;es semanais. A pr&#225;tica adequada de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico visa reduzir a press&#227;o arterial, o risco de eventos cardiovasculares e o risco de mortalidade em pacientes cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) &#233; o teste de refer&#234;ncia para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e prescrever a intensidade do EA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise do TCPE permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis mais adequadas e recomendadas, como consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio, carga de trabalho, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) m&#225;xima, FC de reserva e limiares ventilat&#243;rios (LVs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, esse teste ainda tem acesso limitado, principalmente em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, devido aos altos custos, &#224; necessidade de profissionais altamente capacitados e &#224;s an&#225;lises complexas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, m&#233;todos alternativos ao TCPE t&#234;m sido utilizados, como equa&#231;&#245;es para predizer a FC m&#225;xima e escalas relacionadas &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Outros m&#233;todos utilizam valores de FC absolutos ou relativos obtidos durante testes subm&#225;ximos, como o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6min)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e o teste da fala (TF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O TF &#233; um teste validado e acess&#237;vel, baseado em um protocolo de carga incremental e utiliza a percep&#231;&#227;o do conforto de fala como marcador da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Recentemente, o TF tem sido recomendado para avaliar a capacidade funcional e prescrever EA por diretrizes nacionais e internacionais de preven&#231;&#227;o e reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O TF pode ser aplicado em cicloerg&#244;metro ou esteira, comumente de forma semelhante ao protocolo do TCPE. Ao final de cada est&#225;gio, o paciente tem seu conforto de fala questionado, geralmente lendo um par&#225;grafo padr&#227;o e respondendo &#224; pergunta &#8220;Est&#225; confort&#225;vel para falar?&#8221;. Existem 3 alternativas de resposta: &#8220;sim&#8221;, a fala continua confort&#225;vel durante o exerc&#237;cio (TF positivo, TF+); &#8220;talvez&#8221;, o paciente percebe desconforto na fala (TF incerto ou equ&#237;voco, TF&#177;); e &#8220;n&#227;o&#8221;, o paciente n&#227;o consegue ler o par&#225;grafo confortavelmente (TF negativo, TF&#8722;). O &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio (TF&#8722;) &#233; considerado um crit&#233;rio para interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, estudos utilizando TF para prescrever EA s&#227;o escassos, mesmo em pessoas saud&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o se sabe se a FC alcan&#231;ada nos est&#225;gios do TF &#233; uma medida v&#225;lida para prescrever a intensidade do EA e se esses est&#225;gios podem ser comparados com a FC no pico do TC6min e nos LVs do TCPE. Acreditamos que a FC nos est&#225;gios do TF esteja associada ao padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, aos valores dos LVs, bem como com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pico (FCpico) alcan&#231;ada em um TC6min. Compreender as semelhan&#231;as e as associa&#231;&#245;es entre essas 3 diferentes ferramentas de prescri&#231;&#227;o pode facilitar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es sobre uma ferramenta adicional para prescrever EA, que pode fornecer um par&#226;metro de intensidade independente, individualizado e confi&#225;vel. Portanto, objetivamos analisar e comparar a FC nos est&#225;gios do TF e na FCpico no TC6min, bem como compar&#225;-las com a FC nos LVs do TCPE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (n&#250;mero 96032818.4.0000.0118) e conduzido de acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de e a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Uma amostra intencional e n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica de pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 40 e 80 anos, diagnosticados com doen&#231;a cardiovascular cr&#244;nica clinicamente est&#225;vel (sem hist&#243;ria de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ou mudan&#231;a de medica&#231;&#227;o nas 4 semanas anteriores ao estudo) foi recrutada no N&#250;cleo de Cardio-oncologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o para compreender suficientemente o TF e assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram altera&#231;&#245;es de fala ou musculoesquel&#233;ticas, acuidade visual comprometida que impedisse o paciente de ler o par&#225;grafo, dor intensa inespec&#237;fica ou angina durante os testes, doen&#231;a neurol&#243;gica diagnosticada por meio de teste cognitivo ou doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados em 3 dias. O primeiro dia consistiu em uma entrevista estruturada e medidas antropom&#233;tricas, incluindo &#237;ndice de massa corporal, avalia&#231;&#227;o cognitiva (mini exame do estado mental) e avalia&#231;&#227;o do TCPE. No segundo dia, foram realizados dois TC6min com intervalo de 30 minutos entre eles. O TF foi realizado no terceiro dia. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados dentro de 48 e 72 horas entre os testes e no mesmo per&#237;odo do dia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mini exame do estado mental</title>
        <p>O mini exame do estado mental foi utilizado como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o. Este exame foi aplicado com uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de 0 a 30 com pontos de corte de acordo com o n&#237;vel de educa&#231;&#227;o: analfabeto (20 pontos), 1 a 4 anos de estudo (25 pontos), 5 a 8 anos de estudo (26,5 pontos), 9 a 11 anos de estudo (28 pontos) e &gt; 11 anos de estudo (29 pontos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</title>
        <p>O TCPE foi realizado em esteira (ATL, Inbramed, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil) utilizando um protocolo de rampa individualizado. A velocidade e a inclina&#231;&#227;o variaram a cada minuto para permitir que o teste durasse entre 8 e 12 minutos. Os pacientes realizaram recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa ap&#243;s o protocolo (1 minuto usando a velocidade inicial).</p>
        <p>Utilizamos um circuito aberto computadorizado (Quark CPET, COSMED, It&#225;lia) para analisar os gases expirat&#243;rios e a ventila&#231;&#227;o, enquanto um frequenc&#237;metro de pulso (Polar&#174; RS800 CX, Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia) avaliou a FC durante o teste. O primeiro (LV1) e o segundo (LV2) LV foram identificados usando os m&#233;todos V-slope e PetO<sub>2</sub>-PetCO<sub>2</sub> (Quark CPET, COSMED, It&#225;lia).</p>
        <p>Para a seguran&#231;a dos pacientes, foram adotados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste: sinais ou sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio (dor ou desconforto tor&#225;cico, dispneia exacerbada, tontura ou confus&#227;o, ataxia, palidez, sudorese excessiva, cianose, claudica&#231;&#227;o ou c&#227;ibras), resposta cardiovascular inadequada (press&#227;o arterial e/ou FC), ou solicita&#231;&#227;o de interrup&#231;&#227;o pelo participante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos</title>
        <p>O TC6min foi aplicado de acordo com as diretrizes atuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Duas repeti&#231;&#245;es do TC6min foram realizadas em uma pista de 30 metros de extens&#227;o, e os pacientes foram solicitados a caminhar a maior dist&#226;ncia poss&#237;vel em 6 minutos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A FC (Polar&#174; RS800 CX, Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia), a press&#227;o arterial (Aneroid Calibra&#174;, MDF Instruments, Porto Rico, EUA), a satura&#231;&#227;o de pulso de oxig&#234;nio (AT101C, Bioland, Taiwan) e o esfor&#231;o percebido (escala Borg CR10)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> foram avaliados antes, imediatamente ap&#243;s e 2 minutos ap&#243;s os testes. A FC e a satura&#231;&#227;o de pulso de oxig&#234;nio tamb&#233;m foram avaliadas a cada minuto durante os testes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Para an&#225;lise, utilizamos a FCpico apresentada durante o teste com a maior dist&#226;ncia percorrida. Os crit&#233;rios para interrup&#231;&#227;o do TC6min foram semelhantes aos do TCPE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste da fala</title>
        <p>O TF foi realizado em esteira (Embreex 570 Pro, Brusque, SC, Brasil) usando um protocolo incremental independente e individualizado de acordo com a dist&#226;ncia predita do TC6min. A FC, press&#227;o arterial, satura&#231;&#227;o de pulso de oxig&#234;nio e esfor&#231;o percebido foram avaliados antes, imediatamente ap&#243;s e 2 minutos ap&#243;s o TF. Tamb&#233;m monitoramos a FC e a satura&#231;&#227;o de pulso de oxig&#234;nio durante o teste, enquanto o esfor&#231;o percebido foi questionado apenas ao final de cada est&#225;gio.</p>
        <p>A carga foi aumentada a cada 2 minutos durante o teste (est&#225;gios). Nos &#250;ltimos 30 segundos de cada est&#225;gio, solicitamos aos pacientes que recitassem o seguinte par&#225;grafo de 36 palavras:</p>
        <p>&#8220;Sa&#250;de &#233; um estado de completo bem-estar f&#237;sico, mental e social, e n&#227;o consiste apenas na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a ou de enfermidade. &#201; um direito fundamental, que deve ser assegurado sem distin&#231;&#227;o de ra&#231;a, religi&#227;o ou condi&#231;&#227;o social.&#8221;</p>
        <p>Logo ap&#243;s a leitura, foi perguntado aos pacientes &#8220;Est&#225; confort&#225;vel para falar?&#8221;, e as respostas poss&#237;veis eram &#8220;sim&#8221; (TF+); &#8220;mais ou menos&#8221; (TF&#177;); ou &#8220;n&#227;o&#8221; (TF&#8722;). O TF&#8722; foi considerado um crit&#233;rio para interromper o TF. Outros crit&#233;rios para interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste foram semelhantes ao TCPE e TC6min.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo do TF baseado no TC6min</title>
        <p>Um protocolo incremental cont&#237;nuo foi conduzido com incrementos de velocidade ou inclina&#231;&#227;o no in&#237;cio de cada est&#225;gio. Foi usada uma equa&#231;&#227;o para calcular a dist&#226;ncia predita do TC6min (TC6minpred).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mtable>
              <mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtd/>
                <mml:mtd>
                  <mml:mtext> TC6minpred </mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>890</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>46</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>6</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>11</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mtext> idade </mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>0345</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:msup>
                      <mml:mtext> idade </mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                    </mml:msup>
                    <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mtd>
              </mml:mtr>
              <mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtd/>
                <mml:mtd>
                  <mml:mstyle scriptlevel="0">
                    <mml:mspace width="1em"/>
                  </mml:mstyle>
                  <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>48</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>87</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mtext> sexo </mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>4.87</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mtext> &#237;ndice de massa corporal </mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                </mml:mtd>
              </mml:mtr>
            </mml:mtable>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>Conhecendo o TC6minpred, a velocidade m&#233;dia foi estimada da forma seguinte:<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> TFvelocidade </mml:mtext><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>h</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mtext> TC6minpred </mml:mtext><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>1000</mml:mn></mml:math></inline-formula>; equivalente a 100% da velocidade m&#233;dia estimada durante o TC6min. Tamb&#233;m calculamos os percentuais correspondentes a cada est&#225;gio do TF, iniciando em 70% e aumentando 10 pontos percentuais a cada 2 minutos at&#233; 110% da TFvelocidade. A inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira foi mantida em 2% at&#233; o primeiro est&#225;gio em 110% da velocidade. A partir da&#237;, foram aumentados 2 pontos percentuais a cada est&#225;gio at&#233; o final do protocolo (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2023-0086_AO_fg-1S_Material-Suplementar.pdf">Figura 1S, Material Suplementar</ext-link>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados usando o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, vers&#227;o 20.0 (SPSS, IBM Corporation, Armonk, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico, de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi verificada com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas por meio da ANOVA de medidas repetidas, seguida do post-hoc de Bonferroni, enquanto o teste de Friedman foi usado para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou Spearman avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado usando o GPower 3.1 em um estudo piloto com 5 participantes, considerando n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bidirecional (&#945;) de 5% e poder de 80% (&#946; = 0,20). Com base na correla&#231;&#227;o entre FC durante os est&#225;gios do TF (TF+ e TF&#177;) e LV1 (TF+: r = 0,95; TF&#177;: r = 0,96) e FCpico no TC6min (TF+: r = 0,56; TF&#177;: r = 0,57), o tamanho amostral m&#237;nimo estimado foi de 20 pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Avaliamos 30 pacientes, dos quais 8 foram exclu&#237;dos devido a altera&#231;&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas (n = 3), erro de medida (n = 3), angina (n = 1) e dor periumbilical (n = 1). Dos 22 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 13 eram do sexo masculino (59,1%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas descritivas dos sujeitos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">61,1 (8,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">29,5 (4,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FC (bpm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Repouso (antes do TCPE)</td>
                <td align="center">73,6 (1,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Repouso (antes do TC6min)</td>
                <td align="center">74,4 (2,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Repouso (antes do TF)</td>
                <td align="center">74,1 (1,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LV1</td>
                <td align="center">100,9 (14,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LV2</td>
                <td align="center">119,0 (16,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TC6min</td>
                <td align="center">119,4 (20,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TF+</td>
                <td align="center">101,1 (14,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TF&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">105,4 (15,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TF&#8722;</td>
                <td align="center">121,4 (18,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dist&#226;ncia prevista no TC6min (m)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">530,7 (42,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dist&#226;ncia real no TC6min (m)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">577,8 (87,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dist&#226;ncia real em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; prevista no TC6min (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">108,9 (14,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diagn&#243;stico card&#237;aco</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">86,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana + insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">40,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;as das v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">40,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">68,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">86,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">40,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">40,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Angioplastia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">59,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cirurgia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">45,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo no programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o (meses)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#8211;6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6&#8211;12</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12&#8211;24</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">18,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;24</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">27,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; LV1: primeiro limiar ventilat&#243;rio; LV2: segundo limiar ventilat&#243;rio; TC6min: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio; TF: teste da fala; TF+: &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio positivo da TF; TF&#177;: primeiro est&#225;gio equ&#237;voco do TF. Fonte: elaborada pelos autores.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa entre a FC de repouso antes do TCPE, TF e TC6min (p = 1,0).</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o entre a FC nos LVs, TF+, TF&#177;, TF&#8722; e FCpico no TC6min. Encontramos uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre a FCpico no TC6min e a FC no LV1, TF+ e TF&#177; (p &lt; 0,001, p = 0,001 e p = 0,005, respectivamente). N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre a FC no LV1 e TF+ (p = 0,987) e TF&#177; (p = 0,154) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>) ou entre LV2 e TF&#8722; (p = 0,383). A FCpico no TC6min foi semelhante &#224; FC no TF&#8722; (p = 0,68) e LV2 (p = 0,92) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A: Compara&#231;&#227;o da FC entre LV1, est&#225;giosTF+ e TF&#177; e TC6min. B: Compara&#231;&#227;o da FC entre LV2, TF- e TC6min. Fonte: elaborada pelos autores. Nota: devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal e normal, foi usado o teste de Friedman para as vari&#225;veis da Figura 1A e ANOVA de medidas repetidas para as vari&#225;veis da Figura 1B, respectivamente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230086-30086-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada foi verificada entre TF+ e LV1. No entanto, a FC no TF&#177; n&#227;o se correlacionou com a FC no LV e a FCpico no TC6min. A FC no TF&#8722; foi fortemente correlacionada com o LV2. A FCpico no TC6min n&#227;o foi correlacionada com a FC no LV1, mas sim com a FC no VT2 e TF&#8722;. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta todas as correla&#231;&#245;es da FC nos est&#225;gios do TF, LV e FCpico no TC6min.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#245;es da FC nos est&#225;gios do TF, LV1 e FCpico no TC6min</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">FC no LV1</th>
                <th colspan="2">FCpico (TC6min)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>rho</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>TF+</td>
                <td align="center">0,479</td>
                <td align="center">0,024*</td>
                <td align="center">0,384</td>
                <td align="center">0,078</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TF&#177;</td>
                <td align="center">0,412</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
                <td align="center">0,357</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>LV1: primeiro limiar ventilat&#243;rio; TC6min: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; TF: teste da fala; TF+: &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio positivo da TF; TF&#177;: primeiro est&#225;gio equ&#237;voco do TF. *p &lt; 0,05. Fonte: elaborada pelos autores.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo que compara a FC avaliada nos LVs do TCPE com a FC nos est&#225;gios de um protocolo de TF independente e individualizado e durante um teste de campo (TC6min). A FC no TF+ e TF&#177; foi semelhante &#224; FC no LV1, enquanto a FC no TF&#8722; e a FCpico no TC6min foram semelhantes &#224; FC no LV2. A FC no TF+ e TF&#8722; se correlacionou com a FC no VT1 e VT2, respectivamente. N&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FCpico no TC6min e a FC nos est&#225;gios do TF.</p>
      <p>Os m&#233;todos individualizados de prescri&#231;&#227;o de EA mais reconhecidos s&#227;o o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio e os LVs identificados pelo TCPE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Se um TCPE n&#227;o estiver dispon&#237;vel, o teste ergom&#233;trico pode ser usado para obter par&#226;metros cardiovasculares m&#225;ximos. Na aus&#234;ncia desses testes, a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e a prescri&#231;&#227;o de EA geralmente s&#227;o realizadas com base em um teste de campo, como o TC6min e o TF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora os est&#225;gios do TF estejam fisiologicamente relacionadas aos LVs, seu uso para prescri&#231;&#227;o de EA ainda &#233; escasso, principalmente para pacientes card&#237;acos.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, investigamos um protocolo de TF e encontramos correla&#231;&#245;es entre a FC no LV1 e TF+ e TF&#177;. O TF n&#227;o possui um protocolo padronizado e pode ser realizado com diferentes equipamentos, progress&#245;es de carga e dura&#231;&#245;es dos est&#225;gios, e a fala pode ser desafiada usando par&#225;grafos ou contagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Apesar de utilizarem m&#233;todos diferentes, estudos demonstraram semelhan&#231;as entre a FC e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio nos est&#225;gios do TF e LV em pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, sugerindo que os est&#225;gios do TF podem ser usadas para prescrever EA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados foram semelhantes aos de Brawer et al. (2006), que aplicaram o TF em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel e demonstraram nenhuma diferen&#231;a na estimativa do LV1 e na viabilidade da prescri&#231;&#227;o de EA pela FC de acordo com o TF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi encontrada uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FC no TF&#8722; e LV2. Embora haja escassez de estudos comparando a FC entre esses dois momentos em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular, associa&#231;&#245;es entre o consumo de oxig&#234;nio e a FC no TF&#8722; e LV2 foram encontradas em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e atletas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> sugerindo, portanto, que o TF&#8722; pode orientar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de EA e refletir a prescri&#231;&#227;o com base no LV2.</p>
      <p>Outro m&#233;todo comumente utilizado em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular para prescri&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de EA &#233; baseado no TC6min. Gremeaux et al. (2011) compararam os efeitos de 3 prescri&#231;&#245;es individualizadas de treinamento f&#237;sico em indiv&#237;duos treinando em intensidade moderada. Encontraram valores semelhantes entre a FCpico no TC6min e a FC alvo recomendada. Outro estudo de Calegari et al. compararam a FC no LV1 durante os &#250;ltimos 30 segundos do TC6min em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em tratamento com betabloqueadores. Os autores encontraram concord&#226;ncia entre a FC avaliada ao final do TC6min e o LV1, sugerindo que a FC ao final do TC6min foi adequada para prescrever e monitorar o EA nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses achados corroboram a ideia de utilizar a FC no TC6min como m&#233;todo de prescri&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio, a FC medida no TC6min sendo semelhante &#224; FC avaliada no LV1. No entanto, encontramos diferen&#231;as entre a FCpico no TC6min e a FC no LV1 em nosso estudo, enquanto a FCpico no TC6min foi semelhante &#224; FC no LV2 e no TF&#8722;. De acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais recentes, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de EA deve ser realizada entre o primeiro e o segundo VT;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> nossos dados sugerem que a FCpico no TC6min pode n&#227;o ser adequada para prescrever o limite inferior de intensidade de EA em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular cr&#244;nica. Al&#233;m disso, a FCpico no TC6min, como LV2 e TF&#8722;, pode representar o limite superior da prescri&#231;&#227;o de EA.</p>
      <p>Essa semelhan&#231;a nunca foi descrita na literatura e alguns aspectos do presente estudo podem ter influenciado esse resultado. Os pacientes faziam parte de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular que realiza regularmente o TC6min. Al&#233;m disso, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dist&#226;ncia percorrida, nossa amostra atingiu uma dist&#226;ncia percorrida acima de 100% do previsto, demonstrando pouco comprometimento da capacidade funcional. Al&#233;m disso, o TC6min foi realizado em campo aberto, enquanto o TCPE e o TF foram realizados em ambientes controlados. Adicionalmente, estudos anteriores utilizaram a FC do minuto final do TC6min em vez da FCpico durante o teste, que foi utilizada em nossas an&#225;lises.</p>
      <p>Embora comumente utilizado na reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, o TC6min requer espa&#231;o f&#237;sico devido &#224; pista de 30 metros de extens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o teste &#233; auto-cadenciado e apresenta varia&#231;&#245;es inter e intraindividuais de velocidade e desempenho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o TF requer menos espa&#231;o f&#237;sico, pode ser realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro ou esteira, segue um protocolo de rampa incremental semelhante ao TCPE, e &#233; de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e equivalente ao padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o est&#225; isento de limita&#231;&#245;es. Os pacientes faziam parte de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular fase III e possivelmente apresentavam melhores condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas do que os pacientes nas fases iniciais da reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a percep&#231;&#227;o da fala confort&#225;vel &#233; subjetiva e foram perdidos alguns dados devido a erro de mensura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre o TF e o TCPE foram semelhantes &#224; literatura, exceto entre o TF e TC6min. Acreditamos que o TF apresente par&#226;metros associados a vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas e do TCPE (por exemplo, LVs). Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m mostraram a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica do TF como uma ferramenta f&#225;cil, segura e individualizada para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de EA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>De acordo com o protocolo proposto, a FC no TF+ e TF&#8722; reflete a FC no LV1 e LV2, respectivamente, demonstrando que o TF &#233; um teste objetivo e de baixo custo para auxiliar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de EA em pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares cr&#244;nicas. Por outro lado, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de EA utilizando a FCpico no TC6min deve ser realizada com cautela, pois alguns estudos mostraram sua correla&#231;&#227;o com o LV1, diferentemente do que foi verificado em nosso estudo, no qual a FCpico no TC6min foi semelhante &#224; FC no LV2 e TF&#8722;. Sugerimos futuros ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados usando par&#226;metros do TF para prescrever EA em pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Ariany Marques Vieira e Amanda Althoff pela Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 96032818.4.0000.0118. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
        <p><sup>*</sup>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2023-0086_AO_fg-1S_Material-Suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - CAPES - Brasil (PROAP/AUXPE) e Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (PRO-BIC/UDESC, PIC2018030000146).</p>
      </fn>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aerobic Exercise Prescription in Cardiac Rehabilitation Based on Heart Rate from Talk Test Stages and 6-Minute Walk Test</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5359-7977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Althoff</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Ariany Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Santos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2476-7981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karsten</surname>
            <given-names>Marlus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Fisioterapia (PPGFT) &#8211; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular e Exerc&#237;cio (GEPCardio) &#8211; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Montreal Behavioral Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l&#8217;&#206;le-de-Montr&#233;al, Montreal &#8211; Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Movimento Humano (PPGCMH) &#8211; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Marlus Karsten &#8226; Grupo de Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular e Exerc&#237;cio, GEPCardio &#8211; Rua Pascoal Simone, 358. Postal Code 88080-350, Coqueiros, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil E-mail: marlus.karsten@udesc.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Central Illustration</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>: Aerobic Exercise Prescription in Cardiac Rehabilitation Based on Heart Rate from Talk Test Stages and 6-Minute Walk Test</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230086-30086-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Although the Talk Test (TT) is a reliable and low-cost test, its use for aerobic exercise prescription is still limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To analyze the heart rate (HR) in the stages of the TT and at the peak of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) as a parameter to prescribe aerobic exercise compared with HR at the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) of cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Individuals with cardiovascular disease attended three assessment days: 1) anamnesis and CPET; 2) 6MWT; and 3) TT. One-way repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman&#8217;s test were used to compare HR at VT1 and VT2 with HR at TT stages: last positive (TT+), first equivocal (TT&#177;), and negative (TT&#8722;), and at the peak of the 6MWT. Pearson&#8217;s or Spearman&#8217;s test assessed correlations between HR at VTs, TT stages, and 6MWT. Statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study included 22 cardiac patients (13 men, 61 &#177; 8 years). HR at VT1 was similar to HR at TT+ (p = 0.987) and TT&#177; (p = 0.154), and moderately correlated with TT+ (r = 0.479, p = 0.024). HR at VT2 was similar to TT&#8722; (p = 0.383), with a strong correlation (r = 0.757, p &lt; 0.001). HR at the peak of the 6MWT was significantly different from HR at TT+, TT&#177;, and VT1 (p = 0.001, p = 0.005, and p &lt; 0.001, respectively) but similar to TT&#8722; (p = 0.68).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> HR at TT+ and TT&#8722; reflect HR at VT1 and VT2, respectively, differently from 6MWT, which was similar only to VT2. TT may be an objective test to assist aerobic exercise prescription in cardiac rehabilitation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Talk Test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The main goal of cardiovascular rehabilitation is to improve cardiorespiratory fitness using aerobic exercise (AE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The general recommendation for the practice of physical exercise, according to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, is 150 minutes per week divided into 3 to 5 weekly sessions. The appropriate practice of physical exercise aims to reduce blood pressure, risk of cardiovascular events and risk of mortality in cardiovascular patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is the reference test to assess cardiorespiratory function and prescribe AE intensity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> CPET analysis allows identification of the most adequate and recommended variables, such as maximal oxygen uptake, workload, maximal heart rate (HR), HR reserve, and ventilatory thresholds (VTs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, this test still has limited access, especially in developing countries, due to high costs, the need for highly trained professionals, and complex analyses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this sense, alternative methods to CPET have been used, such as equations to predict the maximal HR and scales related to subjective perceived exertion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Another method uses absolute or relative HR values achieved during submaximal tests, such as the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and the talk test (TT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The TT is a validated and accessible test, based on an incremental load protocol, and it uses the perception of speech comfort as a marker for exercise intensity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Recently, the TT has been recommended to assess functional capacity and prescribe AE by national and international cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The TT can be applied using a cycle ergometer or treadmill, commonly in a similar way to the CPET protocol. At the end of each stage, patients have their speech comfort challenged, usually reading a standard paragraph, and answering the question &#8220;Can you speak comfortably?&#8221;. There are 3 answer alternatives: &#8220;yes,&#8221; the speech is still comfortable during exercise (TT positive, TT+); &#8220;maybe,&#8221; the patient notices discomfort in the speech (TT uncertain or equivocal, TT&#177;); and &#8220;no,&#8221; the patient is unable to read the paragraph comfortably (TT negative, TT&#8722;). The last stage (TT&#8722;) is considered a criterion for interrupting the test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nevertheless, studies using TT to prescribe AE are scarce, even in healthy people.</p>
        <p>It is unknown whether HR achieved at TT stages is a valid measure to prescribe the AE intensity and whether these stages can be compared with the HR at the peak of the 6MWT and at the VTs from a CPET. We believe that the HR at the TT stages is associated with the reference standard, the values on the VTs, as well as with the peak heart rate (HRpeak) achieved in a 6MWT. Understanding the similarities and associations between these 3 different prescription tools can facilitate clinical practice by providing information about an additional tool to prescribe AE, which can provide an independent, individualized, and reliable intensity parameter. Therefore, we aimed to analyze and compare the HR at the TT stages and at the HRpeak in the 6MWT, as well as to compare them with HR at VTs of CPET.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (number 96032818.4.0000.0118) and conducted according to Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council and the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients signed the informed consent form.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>An intentional and non-probability sample of patients of both sexes, aged between 40 and 80 years, diagnosed with clinically stable chronic cardiovascular disease (i.e., no history of hospitalization or medication change within 4 weeks before the study) was recruited in the Center of Cardio-Oncology and Exercise Medicine of Santa Catarina State University</p>
          <p>Inclusion criteria were sufficient literacy to understand the TT and sign the informed consent form. Exclusion criteria were speech or musculoskeletal alterations, impaired visual acuity that prevented the patient from reading the paragraph, non-specific intense pain or angina during the tests, neurological disease diagnosed using a cognitive test, or respiratory diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Data were collected in 3 days. The first day consisted of a structured interview and anthropometric measurements, including body mass index, cognitive assessment (mini-mental state exam), and CPET assessment. On the second day, two 6MWT were performed with a 30-minute interval in between. The TT was performed on the third day. All patients were evaluated within 48 and 72 hours between the tests at the same period of the day.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mini-mental state exam</title>
          <p>The mini-mental state exam was used as an inclusion criterion. This exam was applied using a score from 0 to 30 with cut-off points according to educational level as follows: illiterate (20 points), 1 to 4 years of schooling (25 points), 5 to 8 years of schooling (26.5 points), 9 to 11 years of schooling (28 points), and &gt; 11 years of schooling (29 points).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
          <p>The CPET was performed on a treadmill (ATL, Inbramed, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) using an individualized ramp protocol. Speed and inclination varied each minute to enable the test to last between 8 and 12 minutes. Patients performed an active recovery after the protocol (1 minute using the initial speed).</p>
          <p>We used a computerized open circuit (Quark CPET, COSMED, Italy) to analyze expiratory gases and ventilation, while a pulse rate monitor (Polar&#174; RS800 CX, Kempele, Finland) assessed HR during the test. The first (VT1) and second (VT2) VT were identified using V-slope and PetO<sub>2</sub>-PetCO<sub>2</sub> methods (Quark CPET, COSMED, Italy).</p>
          <p>The following criteria for interrupting the test were adopted for the safety of patients: signs or symptoms of exercise intolerance (chest pain or discomfort, exacerbated dyspnea, dizziness or confusion, ataxia, pallor, excessive sweating, cyanosis, claudication, or cramps), inadequate cardiovascular response (blood pressure and/or HR), or if requested by the participant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6-minute walk test</title>
          <p>The 6MWT was applied according to current guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Two repetitions of the 6MWT were performed on a 30-meter-long track, and patients were requested to walk the longest distance possible in 6 minutes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>HR (Polar&#174; RS800 CX, Kempele, Finland), blood pressure (Aneroid Calibra&#174;, MDF Instruments, Puerto Rico, USA), pulse oxygen saturation (AT101C, Bioland, Taiwan), and perceived exertion (Borg CR10 scale)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> were assessed before, immediately after, and 2 minutes after the tests. HR and pulse oxygen saturation were also assessed each minute during the tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> For analysis we used the HRpeak presented during the test with the higher walked distance. Criteria for interrupting the 6MWT were similar to CPET.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Talk test</title>
          <p>The TT was performed on a treadmill (Embreex 570 Pro, Brusque, SC, Brazil) using an independent and individualized incremental protocol according to the predicted 6MWT distance. HR, blood pressure, pulse oxygen saturation, and perceived exertion were assessed before, immediately after, and 2 minutes after the TT. We also monitored HR and pulse oxygen saturation during the test, while perceived exertion was questioned only at the end of each stage.</p>
          <p>The load was increased every 2 minutes during the test (stages). In the last 30 seconds of each stage, we requested patients to recite the following paragraph of 36 words:</p>
          <p>&#8220;Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not only the absence of disease or illness. It is a fundamental right that must be ensured without distinction of race, religion, or social condition.&#8221;</p>
          <p>Right after reading, the patients were asked &#8220;Can you speak comfortably?&#8221;, and answers could be &#8220;yes&#8221; (TT+); &#8220;uncertain&#8221; (TT&#177;); or &#8220;no&#8221; (TT&#8722;). The TT&#8722; was considered a criterion to interrupt the TT. Other criteria for interrupting the test were similar to the CPET and 6MWT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TT protocol based on the 6MWT</title>
          <p>A continuous incremental protocol was conducted with speed or incline increments at the beginning of each stage. An equation was used to calculate the predicted 6MWT distance (6MWDpred).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <disp-formula id="e1001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mtable>
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mn>6</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>W</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>p</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mi/>
                    <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>890.46</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>6.11</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mtext> age </mml:mtext>
                    <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>0.0345</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:msup>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:msup>
                      <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd/>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mi/>
                    <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>48.87</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mtext> sex </mml:mtext>
                    <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>4.87</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
              </mml:mtable>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Knowing the 6MWDpred, mean speed was estimated as follows: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> TTspeed </mml:mtext><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>h</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>6</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>1000</mml:mn></mml:math></inline-formula>; equivalent to 100% of estimated mean speed during the 6MWT. We also calculated the percentages corresponding to each TT stage, initiating at 70% and increasing 10 percentage points every 2 minutes until 110% of TTspeed. The treadmill incline was maintained at 2% until the first stage at 110% of TTspeed. After that, 2 percentage points were increased each stage until the end of the protocol (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2023-0086_AO_fg-1S_Supplementary-Material.pdf">Figure 1S, Supplementary Material</ext-link>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software, version 20.0 (SPSS, IBM Corporation, Armonk, USA). Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range, according to data normality. The normality of the data distribution was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
          <p>Variables with normal distribution were compared using the repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni&#8217;s post-hoc, while the Friedman&#8217;s tests was used for variables with non-normal distribution. Pearson&#8217;s or Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficient assessed association between variables. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size calculation</title>
          <p>The sample size was calculated using GPower 3.1 in a pilot study with 5 participants, considering bidirectional significance level (&#945;) of 5% and power of 80% (&#946; = 0.20). Based on the correlation between HR during TT stages (TT+ and TT&#177;) and VT1 (TT+: r = 0.95; TT&#177;: r = 0.96) and HRpeak at 6MWT (TT+: r = 0.56; TT&#177;: r = 0.57), the minimal estimated sample size was 20 patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>We evaluated 30 patients, and 8 of them were excluded due to musculoskeletal alterations (n = 3), measurement error (n = 3), angina (n = 1), and periumbilical pain (n = 1). Of the 22 included patients, 13 were males (59.1%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descriptive characteristics of subjects</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Mean (SD)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">61.1 (8.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29.5 (4.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HR (bpm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rest (before CPET)</td>
                  <td align="center">73.6 (1.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rest (before 6MWT)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.4 (2.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rest (before TT)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.1 (1.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VT1</td>
                  <td align="center">100.9 (14.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VT2</td>
                  <td align="center">119.0 (16.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6MWT</td>
                  <td align="center">119.4 (20.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TT+</td>
                  <td align="center">101.1 (14.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TT&#177;</td>
                  <td align="center">105.4 (15.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TT&#8722;</td>
                  <td align="center">121.4 (18.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Predicted distance in 6MWT (m)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">530.7 (42.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Real distance in 6MWT (m)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">577.8 (87.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Real distance in relation to predicted in the 6MWT (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">108.9 (14.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiac diagnosis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">86.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease + heart failure</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">40.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart valve diseases</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">40.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">68.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">86.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">40.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-smoker</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">40.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Angioplasty</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">59.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiac surgery</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myocardial revascularization</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">45.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valve replacement</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Time in the rehabilitation program (months)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1&#8211;6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">50.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6&#8211;12</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12&#8211;24</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">18.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;24</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">27.3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; HR: heart rate; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test; TT: talk test; TT+: last positive stage of TT; TT&#177;: first stage of TT equivocal; VT1: first ventilatory threshold; VT2: second ventilatory threshold. Source: elaborated by the authors.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, no significant difference was found between HR at rest before the CPET, TT, and 6MWT (p = 1.0).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> presents the comparison between HR at VTs, TT+, TT&#177;, TT&#8722;, and HRpeak in the 6MWT. We found a significant difference between HRpeak in the 6MWT and HR at VT1, TT+, and TT&#177; (p &lt; 0.001, p = 0.001, and p = 0.005, respectively). No difference was observed between HR at VT1 and TT+ (p = 0.987) and TT&#177; (p = 0.154) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>) and between VT2 and TT&#8722; (p = 0.383). HRpeak in the 6MWT was similar to HR at TT&#8722; (p = 0.68) and VT2 (p = 0.92) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A: Comparison of HR between VT1, stages TT+ and TT&#177;, and 6MWT. B: Comparison of HR between VT2, TT&#8211; and 6MWT. Source: elaborated by the authors. Note: Due to non-normal and normal distribution, Friedman&#8217;s test was used for Figure 1A variables, and repeated measures ANOVA was used for Figure 1B variables, respectively.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230086-30086-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A moderate correlation was found between TT+ and VT1. Nonetheless, HR at TT&#177; was not correlated with HR at VT, and HRpeak in the 6MWT. HR at TT&#8722; was strongly correlated with VT2. HRpeak in the 6MWT did not correlate with HR at VT1 but correlated with HR at VT2 and TT&#8722;. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents all the correlations of HR at TT stages, VT, and HRpeak in the 6MWT.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlations of HR at TT stages, VT1, and HRpeak in the 6MWT</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">HR at VT1</th>
                  <th colspan="2">HRpeak (6MWT)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>rho</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>TT+</td>
                  <td align="center">0.479</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.384</td>
                  <td align="center">0.078</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TT&#177;</td>
                  <td align="center">0.412</td>
                  <td align="center">0.057</td>
                  <td align="center">0.357</td>
                  <td align="center">0.103</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>HR: heart rate; HRpeak: peak heart rate; 6MWT: six-minute walk test; TT+: last positive stage of TT; TT&#177;: first stage of TT equivocal; VT1: first ventilatory threshold. *p &lt; 0.05. Source: elaborated by the authors.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is the first study comparing the HR assessed at VTs of the CPET with the HR at stages of an independent and individualized TT protocol, and during a field test (6MWT). HR at TT+ and TT&#177; were similar to HR at VT1, while HR at TT&#8722; and HRpeak in the 6MWT were similar to HR at VT2. HR at TT+ and TT&#8722; correlated with HR at VT1 and VT2, respectively. No correlation was found between HRpeak in the 6MWT and HR at TT stages.</p>
        <p>The most recognized individualized AE prescription methods are the maximal oxygen uptake and VTs identified using the CPET.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> If a CPET is unavailable, graded exercise test may be used to obtain maximal cardiovascular parameters. In the absence of these tests, a functional assessment and AE prescription are usually carried out based on a field test, such as 6MWT and TT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Although the TT stages are physiologically related to the VTs, their use for AE prescription is still scarce, mainly for cardiac patients.</p>
        <p>In the present study, we explored a TT protocol and found correlations between HR at VT1 and TT+ and TT&#177;. The TT does not have a standardized protocol and may be performed with different equipment, load progressions, and stage lengths, and the speech can be challenged using paragraphs or counting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Despite using different methods, studies have demonstrated similarities between HR and oxygen uptake at TT stages and VTs in patients with cardiac disease, suggesting that TT stages may be used to prescribe AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our results were similar to Brawer et al. (2006), who applied the TT in patients with stable coronary artery disease and demonstrated no difference in estimating VT1 and the viability of prescribing AE using HR according to TT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In addition, a strong correlation was found between HR at TT&#8722; and VT2. Although there is a lack of studies comparing HR between these two moments in patients with cardiovascular disease, associations between oxygen uptake and HR at TT&#8722; and VT2 were found in healthy individuals and athletes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> therefore suggesting that TT&#8722; may guide AE prescription and reflect the prescription based on VT2.</p>
        <p>Another method commonly used at cardiovascular rehabilitation programs for prescribing AE intensity is based on the 6MWT. Gremeaux et al. (2011) compared the effects of 3 individualized exercise training prescriptions in individuals training at a moderate intensity. They found similar values between HRpeak in the 6MWT and the recommended target HR. Another study by Calegari et al. (2021) compared HR at VT1 during the last 30 seconds of the 6MWT in patients with coronary artery disease on &#946;-blockers treatment. The authors found an agreement between HR assessed at the end of the 6MWT and VT1, suggesting that HR at the end of the 6MWT was adequate to prescribe and monitor AE in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These findings support the idea of using the HR at 6MWT as an exercise intensity prescription method, with HR measured in the 6MWT being similar to HR assessed at VT1. However, we found differences between HRpeak in the 6MWT and HR at VT1 in our study, while HRpeak in the 6MWT was similar to HR at VT2 and at TT&#8722;. According to the most recent recommendations, AE prescription should be performed between the first and second VTs;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> our data suggest that HRpeak in the 6MWT could not be adequate to prescribe lower limit AE intensity in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, the HRpeak at 6MWT, such as VT2 and TT&#8722;, may represent the upper limit of AE prescription.</p>
        <p>This similarity has never been described in the literature, and some aspects of the present study may have influenced this outcome. Patients were part of a cardiovascular rehabilitation program that regularly performs the 6MWT. In addition, regarding the walked distance, our sample reached a distance walked above 100% of the predicted, demonstrating little impairment of functional capacity. Moreover, the 6MWT was performed in an open field, whereas CPET and TT were performed in controlled environments. In addition, previous studies used HR from the final minute of the 6MWT instead of HRpeak during the test, which was used in our analyses.</p>
        <p>Although commonly used in cardiovascular rehabilitation, the 6MWT requires physical space because of the 30-meter-long track. Furthermore, the test is self-paced and presents inter- and intra-individual variations of speed and performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> On the other hand, the TT requires less physical space, may be performed in a cycle ergometer or treadmill, follows an incremental ramp protocol similar to CPET, and is easy to apply and equivalent to the reference standard.</p>
        <p>This study is not free of limitations. Patients were part of a phase III cardiovascular rehabilitation program and possibly presented better physical conditions than patients in the earlier phases of rehabilitation. Moreover, the perception of comfort speech is subjective, and data were lost due to measurement error.</p>
        <p>Comparisons between TT and CPET were similar to the literature, except between TT and 6MWT. We believe that TT presents parameters associated with physiological and CPET variables (e.g., VTs). Our results also showed the clinical applicability of TT as an easy, safe, and individualized tool for AE prescription.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>According to the proposed protocol, HR at TT+ and TT&#8722; reflect HR at VT1 and VT2, respectively, demonstrating that TT is an objective and low-cost test to assist AE prescription in patients with chronic cardiovascular conditions. In contrast, AE prescription using HRpeak in the 6MWT must be carried out with caution since some studies have shown its correlation with VT1, differently from what was found in our study, in which HRpeak in the 6MWT was similar to HR at VT2 and TT&#8722;. We suggest further randomized clinical trials using TT parameters to prescribe AE in patients with cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ariany Marques Vieira and Amanda Althoff, from Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina under the protocol number 96032818.4.0000.0118. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><sup>*</sup>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12009/2023-0086_AO_fg-1S_Supplementary-Material.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding : This study was partially funded by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - CAPES - Brasil (PROAP/AUXPE) and Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (PRO-BIC/UDESC, PIC2018030000146).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
