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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jZ9SXnnLdSBQTGC5HnZTsZr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000900308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atividades de Vida Di&#225;ria, Atividade F&#237;sica, Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica e Qualidade de Vida em Crian&#231;as com Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita: Um Estudo de Caso-Controle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1589-6666</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ki&#351;in</surname>
            <given-names>Berfin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Savci</surname>
            <given-names>Sema</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kahraman</surname>
            <given-names>Buse Ozcan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanriverdi</surname>
            <given-names>Aylin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bozyer</surname>
            <given-names>Hazer Er&#231;an</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6228-6556</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gen&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Halise Zeynep</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kir</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Health Science Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University &#8211; Health Science Institute, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ac&#305;badem University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ac&#305;badem University - Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University &#8211; School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">&#199;ank&#305;r&#305; Karatekin University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#199;ank&#305;r&#305;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#199;ank&#305;r&#305; Karatekin University - Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, &#199;ank&#305;r&#305; &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pediatric Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University &#8211; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am and Sakura City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pediatric Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am and Sakura City Hospital &#8211; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Berfin Ki&#351;in &#8226; Dokuz Eylul University Health Science Institute &#8211; Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy &#8211; Mithatpa&#351;a Cad. No:1606 Inciralt&#305; Bal&#231;ova Izmir 35330 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>kisinberfin@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230022</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Figura Central</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <caption>
              <title>: Atividades de Vida Di&#225;ria, Atividade F&#237;sica, Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica e Qualidade de Vida em Crian&#231;as com Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita: Um Estudo de Caso-Controle</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Atividades de vida di&#225;ria, atividade f&#237;sica, aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e qualidade de vida em crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis e crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/jZ9SXnnLdSBQTGC5HnZTsZr/0c624eed2a953ba9b96b15ad9e592c477f26298a.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/jZ9SXnnLdSBQTGC5HnZTsZr/012736ec2666d2ed43d400ed36e8566bfbf4644f.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Apesar dos relatos de redu&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica em crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CC), n&#227;o foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de desempenho para atividades de vida di&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O objetivo foi comparar as atividades de vida di&#225;ria, qualidade de vida, postura, aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica entre crian&#231;as com CC e controles saud&#225;veis (CS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O estudo incluiu 30 crian&#231;as, de 6 a 14 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de CC moderada ou grave e 30 consideradas CS pareadas por idade e sexo. Os dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos dos participantes foram registrados. Todos os participantes realizaram diversos testes: teste de TGlittre-P para atividades de vida di&#225;ria; teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) para capacidade funcional; bateria de testes Fitnessgram para aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica; dinam&#244;metro de m&#227;o para medir a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o; ped&#244;metro para medir a atividade f&#237;sica; al&#233;m disso, a crian&#231;a e os pais completaram o <italic>Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory</italic> (PedsQL) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida, al&#233;m de an&#225;lises posturais. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Indiv&#237;duos com CC apresentaram um tempo de conclus&#227;o do teste TGlittre-P mais longo e uma dist&#226;ncia de TC6M mais curta em compara&#231;&#227;o com o CS (TGlittre-P: CC 3,45 [3,24-4,02] min vs. CS 3,10 [2,57-3,23] min, TC6M: CC 514,00 [412,50-566,00] m vs. CS 591,50 [533,00-631,00] m). Para o grupo CC, os resultados dos testes de <italic>sit-ups</italic>, flex&#245;es, eleva&#231;&#227;o do tronco e sentar e alcan&#231;ar, dentro da bateria do Fitnessgram, al&#233;m de for&#231;a de preens&#227;o, postura e qualidade de vida foram menores do que os do grupo CS. Os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica foram semelhantes entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O desempenho das atividades de vida di&#225;ria, a capacidade funcional, a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, a postura e a qualidade de vida de crian&#231;as com CC moderada e grave foram afetados em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus pares saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade Motora</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividades Cotidianas</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Casos e Controles</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas abrangem uma ampla variedade de defeitos card&#237;acos, de comprometimentos menores, n&#227;o percebidos at&#233; a idade adulta ou detectados durante exerc&#237;cios vigorosos, at&#233; malforma&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares graves que podem ser fatais. Estudos documentaram redu&#231;&#245;es na capacidade funcional, nas habilidades motoras e na for&#231;a muscular perif&#233;rica em crian&#231;as com CC complexa devido a causas multifatoriais, como cianose, aumento da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, interven&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e diagn&#243;sticos m&#250;ltiplos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica s&#227;o importantes preditores da sa&#250;de cardiovascular. Uma aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aprimorada nos est&#225;gios iniciais da vida est&#225; associada a um perfil cardiovascular mais saud&#225;vel na idade adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora poucos estudos avaliem a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica em crian&#231;as com CC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica diferem entre os estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Baixos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica e sedentarismo foram associados a defeitos posturais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a resist&#234;ncia cardiovascular, a resist&#234;ncia muscular, a for&#231;a muscular, a flexibilidade e a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, que s&#227;o par&#226;metros de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, s&#227;o componentes necess&#225;rios para a obten&#231;&#227;o da postura ideal. Estudos na literatura mostraram o desenvolvimento frequente de escoliose e deformidades cif&#243;ticas ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de esternotomias medianas em crian&#231;as com CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, embora interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas sejam frequentemente realizadas em crian&#231;as com CC moderada e grave, os estudos que avaliam a postura s&#227;o muito limitados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os avan&#231;os no setor de sa&#250;de aumentaram a expectativa de vida dos indiv&#237;duos com CC e, portanto, a import&#226;ncia da qualidade de vida tamb&#233;m aumentou. Estudos que avaliam a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de em pacientes com CC enfatizam que a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de f&#237;sica diminui devido &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a e o n&#250;mero de interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas nesses indiv&#237;duos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica pode afetar as atividades de vida di&#225;ria. Um estudo avaliou as atividades de vida di&#225;ria (AVD) de crian&#231;as com CC complexa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No entanto, o referido estudo utilizou apenas um question&#225;rio, em vez de um teste de desempenho espec&#237;fico, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de AVD. Diante de todos esses fatores, nosso estudo objetivou comparar as atividades de vida di&#225;ria, a qualidade de vida, a postura, a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica entre crian&#231;as com CC e crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis (CS).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo de caso-controle em crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CC). O protocolo do estudo foi aceito pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa N&#227;o Intervencionista da Universidade de Dokuz Eyl&#252;l, com o n&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o 2020/29-58, em 12/07/2020. O estudo foi realizado entre novembro de 2020 e maio de 2022 no Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Dokuz Eyl&#252;l, Departamento de Pediatria, Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica. O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes e seus respons&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>O grupo CC incluiu 30 crian&#231;as com quadro cl&#237;nico est&#225;vel, com idades entre 6 e 14 anos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> com diagn&#243;stico de CC moderada ou grave (Defeito do Septo Atrial, Defeito do Septo Ventricular, Defeito do Septo Atrioventricular, Persist&#234;ncia do Canal Arterial, Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da Aorta, Insufici&#234;ncia A&#243;rtica, Tetralogia de Fallot, Transposi&#231;&#227;o das Grandes Art&#233;rias, Dupla Via de Sa&#237;da do Ventr&#237;culo Direito, Retorno Venoso Pulmonar An&#244;malo Total, Ventr&#237;culo &#218;nico, Atresia Pulmonar, Estenose Pulmonar, Atresia Mitral, Dextrocardia). Utilizando o estudo de Warnes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> crian&#231;as com CC moderada a grave foram inclu&#237;das em nosso estudo e defeitos card&#237;acos menores isolados que n&#227;o necessitaram de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foram exclu&#237;dos. Problemas ortop&#233;dicos ou neurol&#243;gicos que afetassem os testes, dist&#250;rbios mentais ou psicol&#243;gicos, infec&#231;&#227;o aguda ou fadiga geral, cirurgia card&#237;aca nos &#250;ltimos seis meses e recusa em participar do estudo foram os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o utilizados. As crian&#231;as do grupo controle saud&#225;vel foram selecionadas entre indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis que se inscreveram no Departamento de Pediatria do Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Dokuz Eyl&#252;l e n&#227;o haviam sido diagnosticados com qualquer doen&#231;a. Trinta crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis volunt&#225;rias de faixa et&#225;ria e sexo semelhantes, n&#227;o atletas, foram inclu&#237;das no estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o das Atividades de Vida Di&#225;ria</title>
        <p>O teste TGlittre-P &#233; a vers&#227;o pedi&#225;trica do teste original de Glittre-ADL desenvolvido para avaliar as atividades de vida di&#225;ria dos indiv&#237;duos. O teste foi considerado v&#225;lido e confi&#225;vel para crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis de 6 a 14 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O fisioterapeuta explicou o teste para cada crian&#231;a, em seguida o mostrava e pedia para que experimentassem. Esse teste de desempenho exigia que a crian&#231;a completasse cinco voltas no menor tempo carregando uma mochila,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> com peso entre 0,5 kg e 2,5 kg, determinado de acordo com idade e sexo do indiv&#237;duo. O teste iniciava-se quando a crian&#231;a se levantava de uma cadeira com a sola dos p&#233;s tocando o solo. Em seguida, caminhavam por 5 metros, subiam e desciam dois lances de escada (17 cm de altura e 27 cm de largura) e caminhavam mais 5 metros. Tr&#234;s pinos de boliche coloridos, pesando 0,5 kg, foram retirados um a um da prateleira, ajustados na altura dos olhos pela crian&#231;a, e recolocados na prateleira enquanto eram ajustados de acordo com o n&#237;vel do umbigo, depois no ch&#227;o, na prateleira no n&#237;vel do umbigo e, finalmente, de volta &#224; prateleira no n&#237;vel dos olhos. Voltando do mesmo percurso e sentando na cadeira, a bateria de exerc&#237;cios era conclu&#237;da, e a pr&#243;xima era iniciada imediatamente. Durante as cinco rodadas, as crian&#231;as moviam os pinos de boliche com uma das m&#227;os &#224; escolha delas enquanto um ox&#237;metro de pulso era acoplado ao dedo indicador da outra m&#227;o. Durante o teste, as crian&#231;as receberam comandos verbais padr&#227;o, como &#8220;sente-se&#8221;, &#8220;levante-se&#8221; e &#8220;continue&#8221;. O tempo esperado do teste desenvolvido por Martins et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> foi calculado e comparado com os dados de desempenho do teste das crian&#231;as.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Capacidade Funcional</title>
        <p>O teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) foi utilizado para avaliar a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio funcional. Solicitou-se &#224;s crian&#231;as que caminhassem o mais rapidamente poss&#237;vel por um corredor de 30 m de comprimento, usando comandos verbais padr&#227;o como &#8220;voc&#234; est&#225; indo muito bem&#8221; e &#8220;continue assim&#8221; ao final de cada minuto. Antes e ap&#243;s o teste, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida foram registradas. Al&#233;m disso, calculou-se a dist&#226;ncia esperada de caminhada, conforme relatada por Geiger et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> comparando-a com os dados de desempenho no teste das crian&#231;as.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</title>
        <p>Os testes de <italic>sit-ups</italic>, flex&#245;es, eleva&#231;&#227;o do tronco e sentar e alcan&#231;ar, da bateria de testes Fitnessgram,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> foram utilizados para avaliar a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica das crian&#231;as. O n&#250;mero m&#225;ximo de repeti&#231;&#245;es conclu&#237;das corretamente foi medido para os testes de flex&#245;es e <italic>sit-ups</italic>. A dist&#226;ncia na posi&#231;&#227;o de teste foi medida e registrada em cent&#237;metros para os testes de eleva&#231;&#227;o de tronco e de sentar e alcan&#231;ar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da For&#231;a de Preens&#227;o Manual</title>
        <p>A for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual foi avaliada por meio do dinam&#244;metro de m&#227;o Jamar (Modelo 5030J1, Sammons Preston Rolyan, Bolingbrook, IL, EUA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> As crian&#231;as estavam sentadas com as costas eretas. Pediu-se que elas apertassem o dinam&#244;metro de m&#227;o com o m&#225;ximo de for&#231;a poss&#237;vel, com o cotovelo em 90&#176; de flex&#227;o, o bra&#231;o pr&#243;ximo ao corpo e o punho em posi&#231;&#227;o neutra. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram repetidas tr&#234;s vezes para as m&#227;os direita e esquerda, com intervalo de 15 segundos, sendo os maiores valores registrados em quilogramas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Postural</title>
        <p>A ficha de an&#225;lise postural de Corbin et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> foi utilizada para determinar dist&#250;rbios posturais. O formul&#225;rio baseia-se na identifica&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios posturais com observa&#231;&#227;o posterior e lateral, al&#233;m de classifica&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a gravidade (0, nenhum; 1, leve; 2, moderado; 3, grave). Ele tamb&#233;m permite classificar o estado postural de acordo com o escore total. As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, sem sapatos e com roupas leves e confort&#225;veis, adequadas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da postura, e os achados apurados foram registrados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Atividade F&#237;sica</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica das crian&#231;as foram avaliados por meio de um ped&#244;metro (Yamax CW700 Digi-walker Pedometer, Yamax Corp, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Os dispositivos foram usados para registrar o comprimento normal da passada e o peso corporal das crian&#231;as. Ped&#244;metros foram fixados em suas roupas, determinando-se a proje&#231;&#227;o do ponto m&#233;dio da patela at&#233; a superf&#237;cie anterior da pelve. As crian&#231;as foram solicitadas a usar o ped&#244;metro continuamente por sete dias, exceto ao tomar banho e dormir. Ap&#243;s sete dias de uso, uma contagem m&#233;dia de passos em um dia foi calculada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Qualidade de Vida</title>
        <p>O PedsQL &#233; uma escala de 23 itens que inclui fun&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, emocional, social e escolar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Escores mais altos indicam melhor qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de da crian&#231;a. O formul&#225;rio PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> para crian&#231;as de 5-7, 8-12 e 13-18 anos de idade e seus pais, foram usados em nosso estudo. O escore total da escala, o escore de fun&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e o escore de sa&#250;de psicossocial foram calculados, consistindo em escores de funcionalidade escolar, social e emocional.</p>
        <p>Foi explicado &#224;s crian&#231;as que deveriam dizer se sentiam tontura, palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor no peito, dificuldade para respirar ou cansa&#231;o excessivo durante todos os testes. Elas poderiam descansar e continuar ou encerrar o teste, conforme necess&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos Estat&#237;sticos</title>
      <p>Com base no estudo que compara o teste TGlittre-ADL em pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e um grupo controle de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o menor tamanho de amostra foi calculado usando o programa G*Power 3.1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Calculou-se que 36 participantes, incluindo pelo menos 18 crian&#231;as em cada grupo, devem ser inclu&#237;dos no estudo, com um tamanho de efeito calculado de 0,97, probabilidade de erro alfa de 0,05 e um poder de 80%.</p>
      <p>O programa IBM SPSS Statistics (Vers&#227;o 26.0) foi utilizado para analisar os dados obtidos dos participantes. Foram usados valores de curtose/assimetria, testes de Shapiro-Wilk, gr&#225;fico Q-Q normal sem tend&#234;ncia e gr&#225;ficos de histograma para determinar a conformidade das vari&#225;veis com a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. A diferen&#231;a entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi analisada pelo teste qui-quadrado. O teste de Mann-Whitney U foi usado para comparar as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos para condi&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o se conformavam com a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Um teste t para grupos independentes foi usado para comparar as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos para condi&#231;&#245;es que se conformavam &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em valores absolutos e percentuais. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal foram expressas como mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos participantes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o grupo CC e o grupo controle em termos de idade, sexo e altura. O peso corporal e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal do grupo CC foram menores do que o grupo controle. Todas as crian&#231;as foram obrigadas a frequentar a escola remotamente devido &#224;s restri&#231;&#245;es impostas pela pandemia da COVID-19 durante o per&#237;odo em que foram inclu&#237;das no estudo. Consequentemente, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a entre o &#237;ndice de frequ&#234;ncia escolar das crian&#231;as.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos participantes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th>Grupo CC (n = 30)</th>
                <th>Grupo controle (n = 30)</th>
                <th>Valor de x<sup>2</sup> /z</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo Menina/Menino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11/19 (36,7/63,3)</td>
                <td align="center">11/19 (36,7/63,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000 <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">9,50 (8,00-12,25)</td>
                <td align="center">9,50 (8,00-13,00)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,037 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,970</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">134,50 (128,50-145,00)</td>
                <td align="center">137,00 (130,00-149,25)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,710 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,477</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">27,50 (25,00-45,00)</td>
                <td align="center">36,50 (27,75-52,25)</td>
                <td align="center">-2,058 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,040*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">16,18 (14,11-20,26)</td>
                <td align="center">19,87 (16,71-22,06)</td>
                <td align="center">-2,728 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,006**</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>a: Teste qui-quadrado de Yates; b: Teste Mann Whitney U; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, p &lt; 0,05*, p &lt; 0,01**</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do grupo CC s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do grupo CC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">Tipo de CC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Acian&#243;tica</td>
                <td align="center">20 (66,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cian&#243;tica</td>
                <td align="center">10 (33,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Gravidade da CC*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">16 (53,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grave</td>
                <td align="center">14 (46,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Tratamento cir&#250;rgico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">27 (90%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo m&#233;dio da cirurgia at&#233; a inclus&#227;o no estudo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">8,11 anos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo M&#233;dio de Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">98,84 min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Diagn&#243;stico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSA</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSAV</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TGA</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TF</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CA</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia A&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSV + DVSVD + EP + Dextrocardia</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros**</td>
                <td align="center">11 (36,6%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>*Gravidade da CC de acordo com o American College of Cardiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> **Outros: Atresia mitral, EP, VU, DSA+AP, DSV+AP, DSV+PCA, DSV+PCA+EP, DSAV+RVPAT, DSAV+DVSVD, PCA+CA, VU+TGA. DSA: defeito do septo atrial; DSAV: defeito do septo atrioventricular; CA: coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta; CC: cardiopatia cong&#234;nita; DVSVD: dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito; AP: atresia pulmonar; PCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial; EP: estenose pulmonar; VU: ventr&#237;culo &#250;nico; RVPAT: retorno venoso pulmonar an&#244;malo total; TGA: transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias; TF: Tetralogia de Fallot; DSV: defeito do septo ventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es do grupo CC e controles saud&#225;veis s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>. O grupo controle completou o teste TGlittre-P em um tempo significativamente menor do que o grupo CC. Uma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada entre as dist&#226;ncias do TC6M para os dois grupos. No grupo CC, 11 crian&#231;as apresentaram dessatura&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> nos testes TGlittre-P e TC6M. Dessas crian&#231;as, 10 apresentavam CC cian&#243;tica e 1 atresia mitral, todas operadas. Observou-se uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos nos testes de <italic>sit-ups</italic>, flex&#245;es, eleva&#231;&#227;o de tronco e sentar e alcan&#231;ar. Houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s for&#231;as de preens&#227;o manual da m&#227;o dominante e n&#227;o dominante. Houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os escores de postura dos dois grupos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica dos dois grupos. Os escores de qualidade de vida avaliados pelo PedsQL foram significativamente maiores no grupo controle do que no grupo CC, tanto na forma infantil quanto na forma parental.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o do grupo CC com controles saud&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s atividades de vida di&#225;ria e capacidade funcional</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Grupo CC (n = 30)</th>
                <th>Grupo controle (n = 30)</th>
                <th>Valor de z/t</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>TGlittre-P</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de conclus&#227;o do teste (min)</td>
                <td align="center">3,45 (3,24-4,02)</td>
                <td align="center">3,10 (2,57-3,23)</td>
                <td align="center">-4,984 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% de Dura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">122,67 (113,13-136,04)</td>
                <td align="center">104,88 (100,67-113,23)</td>
                <td align="center">-4,576 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> pr&#233;-teste</td>
                <td align="center">98,00 (94,00-99,00)</td>
                <td align="center">98,00 (98,00-99,00)</td>
                <td align="center">-2,357 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,018*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> p&#243;s-teste</td>
                <td align="center">94,5 (83,25-97,00)</td>
                <td align="center">98,00 (97,00-99,00)</td>
                <td align="center">-4,700 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8710; SpO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">-3,00 ((-9,75) &#8211; (-1,00))</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 ((-1,25)-0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">-4,606 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC pr&#233;-teste</td>
                <td align="center">93,86 &#177; 12,19</td>
                <td align="center">93,83 &#177; 16,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,274 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,785</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC p&#243;s-teste</td>
                <td align="center">120,00 (92,75-138,75)</td>
                <td align="center">147,00 (136,00-154,25)</td>
                <td align="center">4,274 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8710; FC</td>
                <td align="center">26,50 (4,50-46,00)</td>
                <td align="center">57,50 (36,00-66,25)</td>
                <td align="center">-4,237 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% de FC m&#225;x.</td>
                <td align="center">53,60 &#177; 15,81</td>
                <td align="center">69,14 &#177; 6,79</td>
                <td align="center">-4,947 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>TC6M</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#226;ncia de Caminhada (m)</td>
                <td align="center">514,00 (412,50-566,00)</td>
                <td align="center">591,50 (533,00-631,00)</td>
                <td align="center">-4,081 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% de Dist&#226;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">81,63 (62,24-87,23)</td>
                <td align="center">90,56 (86,74-100,35)</td>
                <td align="center">-4,066 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> pr&#233;-teste</td>
                <td align="center">98,00 (94,00-98,00)</td>
                <td align="center">98,00 (98,00-99,00)</td>
                <td align="center">-3,328 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> p&#243;s-teste</td>
                <td align="center">94,50 (84,75-97,00)</td>
                <td align="center">98,00 (98,00-99,00)</td>
                <td align="center">-5,264 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8710; SpO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">-3,00 ((-10,00) &#8211; (-1,00))</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 ((-1,00)-1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">-4824 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC pr&#233;-teste</td>
                <td align="center">92,86 &#177; 13,53</td>
                <td align="center">90,23 &#177; 14,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,730 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,468</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC p&#243;s-teste</td>
                <td align="center">111,43 &#177; 30,25</td>
                <td align="center">139,96 &#177; 21,18</td>
                <td align="center">-4,231 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8710; FC</td>
                <td align="center">18,56 &#177; 29,00</td>
                <td align="center">49,73 &#177; 25,23</td>
                <td align="center">-4,440 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% de FC m&#225;x.</td>
                <td align="center">53,11 &#177; 14,54</td>
                <td align="center">66,73 &#177; 10,35</td>
                <td align="center">-4,176 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>b: Teste de Mann Whitney U; c: Teste t de amostra independente; CC: cardiopatia cong&#234;nita; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; SpO<sub>2</sub>: Satura&#231;&#227;o; TC6M: teste de caminhada de seis minutos, p &lt; 0,05*, p &lt; 0,01**</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o do grupo CC com controles saud&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, postura, for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e qualidade de vida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th scope="col">Grupo CC (n = 30)</th>
                <th scope="col">Grupo controle (n = 30)</th>
                <th scope="col">Valor de z/t</th>
                <th scope="col">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Sit-ups (repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima)</td>
                <td>5,00 (0,75-11,25)</td>
                <td>15,00 (10,00-21,75)</td>
                <td>-4,756 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td>0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Flex&#245;es de Bra&#231;o (repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima)</td>
                <td>1,00 (0,00-8,25)</td>
                <td>5,00 (3,00-7,25)</td>
                <td>-2,537 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td>0,011*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Eleva&#231;&#227;o do Tronco (dist&#226;ncia em cm)</td>
                <td>21,00 (18,00-23,25)</td>
                <td>25,50 (22,75-27,25)</td>
                <td>-2,993 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td>0,003**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Sentar e Alcan&#231;ar (dist&#226;ncia em cm)</td>
                <td>-10,00 ((-14,25)-1,00)</td>
                <td>-1,00 ((-9,00)-1,25)</td>
                <td>-2,282 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td>0,022*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>For&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Dominante (kg)</td>
                <td>14,51 (12,13-20,86)</td>
                <td>18,82 (15,64-23,58)</td>
                <td>-2,029 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td>0,042*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">N&#227;o dominante (kg)</td>
                <td>13,60 (11,33-18,48)</td>
                <td>18,14 (14,39-21,31)</td>
                <td>-2,609 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td>0,009**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Escore de postura</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,50 (0,00-3,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,00-1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">-2,862 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,004**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ped&#244;metro (n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de passos por dia)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5.909,71 (3.924,50-9.699,42)</td>
                <td align="center">6.566,35 (4.512,28-10.027,60)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,857 <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,391</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>PedsQL</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Escore total</td>
                <td>Crian&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">73,04 &#177; 14,23</td>
                <td align="center">87,24 &#177; 11,08</td>
                <td align="center">-4,313 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pais</td>
                <td align="center">69,94 &#177; 14,68</td>
                <td align="center">87,17 &#177; 12,78</td>
                <td align="center">-4,847 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Escore de Fun&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</td>
                <td>Crian&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">71,04 &#177; 16,01</td>
                <td align="center">91,04 &#177; 11,54</td>
                <td align="center">-5,549 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pais</td>
                <td align="center">70,77 &#177; 19,01</td>
                <td align="center">91,25 &#177; 14,50</td>
                <td align="center">-4,690 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Escore Total de Sa&#250;de Psicossocial</td>
                <td>Crian&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">74,11 &#177; 14,48</td>
                <td align="center">85,22 &#177; 11,74</td>
                <td align="center">-3,264 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,002**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pais</td>
                <td align="center">69,50 &#177; 14,17</td>
                <td align="center">85,00 &#177; 12,89</td>
                <td align="center">-4,430 <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001**</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>b: Teste de Mann Whitney U; c: Teste t de amostra independente; CC: cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, p &lt; 0,05*, p &lt; 0,01**</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que as atividades de vida di&#225;ria, a capacidade funcional, a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual, a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e a qualidade de vida de crian&#231;as com CC diminu&#237;ram em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo CS. Al&#233;m disso, elas tamb&#233;m apresentaram postura pior do que o CS, mas seus n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica eram semelhantes.</p>
      <p>Os pesos corporais e os &#237;ndices de massa corporal do grupo CC foram significativamente menores do que os do CS. As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o associadas com atraso no crescimento e desenvolvimento devido ao aumento das necessidades de energia e trabalho respirat&#243;rio, hip&#243;xia, que dificulta a ingest&#227;o de alimentos, desnutri&#231;&#227;o e m&#225; absor&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> De forma consistente com nosso estudo, Feldt et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> observaram pesos corporais mais baixos, alturas mais baixas e pesos mais afetados pela altura em compara&#231;&#227;o com crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Vinte e sete (27) crian&#231;as em nosso grupo CC tiveram cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e tr&#234;s n&#227;o tiveram interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. A inclus&#227;o de tr&#234;s pacientes que n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca em nosso estudo pode ter melhorado o desempenho do grupo CC, j&#225; que as interven&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas foram associadas a um pior desempenho f&#237;sico.</p>
      <p>Em um estudo que examinou as atividades de vida di&#225;ria de pacientes com CC complexa, a taxonomia de AVD foi utilizada, e observou-se que as AVDs dessas crian&#231;as foram significativamente prejudicadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, usamos o teste TGlittre-P, um m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o diferente, e obtivemos resultados semelhantes. Usando a taxonomia de AVD, as crian&#231;as s&#227;o avaliadas com base em sua capacidade de realizar 11 atividades, incluindo comer e beber, mobilidade, usar o banheiro, vestir-se, higiene pessoal, cuidados pessoais, comunica&#231;&#227;o, transporte, compras e limpeza, mas o desempenho da vida di&#225;ria n&#227;o pode ser avaliado. Nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro a avaliar as atividades de vida di&#225;ria em crian&#231;as com CC complexa e a usar o teste TGlittre-P, que &#233; um teste de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>O teste Glittre-ADL original &#233; um teste subm&#225;ximo desenvolvido para avaliar atividades (caminhar, movimentar os membros superiores, sentar-se e subir e descer escadas) que os indiv&#237;duos com DPOC frequentemente repetem em suas vidas di&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Quanto menor o tempo de conclus&#227;o do teste, melhor ser&#225; o desempenho da vida di&#225;ria do indiv&#237;duo. Martins et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> modificaram o teste original de Glittre-ADL para crian&#231;as e mostraram que o teste TGlittre-P era v&#225;lido e confi&#225;vel para crian&#231;as do grupo CS de 6 a 14 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em estudos realizados em diferentes grupos de doen&#231;as, observou-se que o tempo de conclus&#227;o do teste dos pacientes &#233; maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Scalo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> relataram que crian&#231;as com fibrose c&#237;stica necessitaram de mais tempo para concluir o teste em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. Fernandes-Andrade et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> avaliaram o teste Glittre-ADL em pacientes com idade entre 18-80 anos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular e os indiv&#237;duos completaram o teste em m&#233;dia em 3,24 min. Em nosso estudo, o grupo controle completou o teste TGlittre-P em 3,10 minutos, e as crian&#231;as com CC moderada e grave completaram o teste TGlittre-P em mais tempo (3,45 min). Ao final do teste TGlittre-P, o grupo controle atingiu 69,14% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima e completou o teste no n&#237;vel subm&#225;ximo. J&#225; o grupo CC atingiu 53,60% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima e completou o teste abaixo do n&#237;vel da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subm&#225;xima. Al&#233;m disso, no TC6M, um teste de campo subm&#225;ximo avaliado em nosso estudo, observou-se que a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima do grupo CC atingiu 53,11%, de forma semelhante ao teste TGlittre-P, e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subm&#225;xima permaneceu abaixo do n&#237;vel. Esses dois resultados corroboram um ao outro e podem ser explicados pelas respostas cronotr&#243;picas insuficientes de crian&#231;as com CC. O cora&#231;&#227;o menor das crian&#231;as resulta em um volume sist&#243;lico menor. Por esse motivo, as crian&#231;as aumentam principalmente seu d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, aumentando a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para atender &#224; maior demanda por oxig&#234;nio durante o exerc&#237;cio. No entanto, a atividade do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico e simp&#225;tico, que desempenham um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em crian&#231;as com CC, pode ser afetada por defeitos septais, procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e condi&#231;&#245;es induzidas por isquemia. Com isso, ocorre a incapacidade de aumentar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca frente ao aumento da demanda metab&#243;lica, ou seja, a insufici&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a dessatura&#231;&#227;o observada em 11 crian&#231;as do grupo CC nos testes TGlittre-P e TC6M indica que essas crian&#231;as n&#227;o foram capazes de regular o aumento da demanda metab&#243;lica em suas atividades de vida di&#225;ria. Devido &#224; patologia existente, esta situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; particularmente evidente em crian&#231;as com CC cian&#243;tica. Al&#233;m disso, o tempo de conclus&#227;o do grupo CC no teste TGlittre-P foi 22,67% maior do que o esperado, e o tempo de conclus&#227;o do grupo controle foi 4,88% maior do que o esperado em nosso estudo (tempo m&#233;dio esperado de conclus&#227;o do teste de 2,84 min). O fato de as atividades de vida di&#225;ria de crian&#231;as com CC serem inferiores tanto ao grupo controle quanto ao valor esperado &#233; resultado da incapacidade dessas crian&#231;as de aumentar suficientemente sua frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>De acordo com nosso estudo, a dist&#226;ncia do TC6M foi significativamente menor no grupo CC do que no CS. Na literatura, afirma-se que a CC est&#225; associada a uma menor capacidade funcional em crian&#231;as e adolescentes em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus pares saud&#225;veis, sendo afetada por uma resposta cronotr&#243;pica prejudicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, de modo semelhante &#224; literatura, observamos que houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, avaliada pela dist&#226;ncia do TC6M, em pacientes com CC.</p>
      <p>Embora saiba-se que as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas afetam as habilidades motoras, poucos estudos avaliam a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de dessas crian&#231;as. Esses estudos relataram que a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica n&#227;o foi afetada em crian&#231;as com doen&#231;a de baixa gravidade e diminuiu significativamente &#224; medida que a gravidade da doen&#231;a aumentava.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Em um estudo de Hock et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de deriva&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total foram avaliados por meio da bateria de testes Fitnessgram, e foi relatado que essas crian&#231;as apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia e flexibilidade dos m&#250;sculos abdominais em compara&#231;&#227;o com o CS. Tamb&#233;m obtivemos resultados semelhantes em nosso estudo. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade e resist&#234;ncia muscular em crian&#231;as com CC pode ser causada por raz&#245;es multifatoriais, como cirurgias card&#237;acas pr&#233;vias, gravidade da doen&#231;a, comprometimento das atividades f&#237;sicas e habilidades di&#225;rias da crian&#231;a, superprote&#231;&#227;o dos pais, recomenda&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;dicos para restri&#231;&#227;o de atividades e o senso de autoinsufici&#234;ncia da crian&#231;a em atividades f&#237;sicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de todos esses motivos, um estudo mostrou que adolescentes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita complexa com IMC baixo apresentaram menor aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, um dos fatores que causam diminui&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica no grupo CC pode ser o baixo IMC. A aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica &#233; muito importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento desses pacientes; o n&#250;mero limitado de estudos n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para esclarecer esta quest&#227;o, sendo necess&#225;rios mais estudos no futuro.</p>
      <p>Foi relatado que a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual &#233; um bom indicador da for&#231;a muscular perif&#233;rica, bem como da sobrevida na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> De acordo com dois estudos conduzidos em pacientes com CC leve e moderada, a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o foi semelhante &#224; de controles saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> A for&#231;a de preens&#227;o do nosso grupo composto por casos de CC moderada e grave diminuiu. De forma consistente com nossos resultados, no estudo conduzido por Holm et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> verificou-se que a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o estava reduzida em pacientes card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos complexos de 7 a 12 anos. Al&#233;m disso, resultados semelhantes foram relatados em um estudo abrangente comparando a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o de 385 pacientes card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos com idade m&#233;dia de 27,6 anos com controles saud&#225;veis. Os dados obtidos neste estudo revelaram que a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o foi afetada pelo tipo e gravidade da doen&#231;a, procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e intervencionistas anteriores, defeitos residuais e cianose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos da literatura relatam que escoliose e deformidades cif&#243;ticas frequentemente se desenvolvem em crian&#231;as com CC submetidas a esternotomia mediana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, embora interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas sejam frequentemente realizadas em crian&#231;as com CC moderada e grave, estudos que avaliam a postura s&#227;o muito limitados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nosso estudo &#233; um dos raros exemplos que mostram deteriora&#231;&#227;o da postura na CC. A causa do dist&#250;rbio pode ser devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia e flexibilidade muscular ou por procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos pr&#233;vios. Novas pesquisas, incluindo avalia&#231;&#245;es posturais est&#225;ticas e tridimensionais em pacientes com CC, orientar&#227;o as pr&#225;ticas de exerc&#237;cios a serem adicionadas ao conte&#250;do dos programas de fisioterapia.</p>
      <p>Os resultados de estudos relacionados aos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica de crian&#231;as com CC em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus pares saud&#225;veis s&#227;o contradit&#243;rios. O fato de os resultados dos estudos serem diferentes pode ser devido ao resultado da escolha de diferentes m&#233;todos para avaliar a atividade f&#237;sica. Estudos usando question&#225;rios de atividade f&#237;sica relatados por crian&#231;as e seus pais mostram que os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica de crian&#231;as com CC s&#227;o mais baixos do que seus pares saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Embora existam diferen&#231;as entre os estudos, a maioria deles, especialmente aqueles que usam m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o objetivos, relataram que crian&#231;as com CC apresentam n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica semelhantes aos de seus pares saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi relatado que indiv&#237;duos com CC de gravidade diferente entre as idades de 8 a 19 anos apresentam n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica semelhantes aos controles saud&#225;veis, independentemente da gravidade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, enquanto o grupo controle realizou uma m&#233;dia de 7.455 (mediana de 6.566) passos di&#225;rios, o grupo CC deu 6.825 (mediana 5.909) passos, e os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica dos dois grupos foram semelhantes. Embora a princ&#237;pio possa parecer promissor que crian&#231;as com CC tenham n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica semelhantes aos de seus pares saud&#225;veis, &#233; preocupante que crian&#231;as na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral tenham baixos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica. O v&#237;cio em jogos de computador, o avan&#231;o da tecnologia e a transfer&#234;ncia dos ambientes sociais infantis para o mundo virtual est&#227;o entre os fatores que levam as crian&#231;as a uma vida mais sedent&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, o per&#237;odo coincidente de nosso estudo com a pandemia da COVID-19 ocasionou a restri&#231;&#227;o de atividades f&#237;sicas de todos os indiv&#237;duos. No Canad&#225;, observou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 21-24% na contagem di&#225;ria de passos de crian&#231;as com CC na fase inicial da pandemia de COVID-19, e a raz&#227;o para esta diminui&#231;&#227;o foram as medidas contra a COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Considerando que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica e o sedentarismo est&#227;o associados a todas as causas de mortalidade, medidas globais devem ser tomadas a esse respeito.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo determinou que houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na qualidade de vida do grupo CC de acordo com os escores totais da escala de qualidade de vida relatados por crian&#231;as e seus pais. Os resultados do nosso estudo s&#227;o bastante consistentes com os resultados do estudo em que 1.138 crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC entre 8 e 18 anos de idade, com diferentes gravidades da doen&#231;a, foram avaliados com o PedsQL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os baixos escores de funcionamento f&#237;sico relatados por crian&#231;as e seus pais em pacientes com CC refletem as limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas que enfrentam devido ao comprometimento de seus sistemas cardiovasculares. Al&#233;m disso, o fato de os escores de qualidade de vida relatados pelos pais em nosso grupo CC terem sido menores do que aqueles relatados pelas crian&#231;as provavelmente se deve &#224; atitude superprotetora dos pais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a de seus filhos. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para explicar essa situa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; que o per&#237;odo em que trabalhamos coincidiu com a pandemia da COVID-19 e medidas que afetam todos os indiv&#237;duos foram tomadas. Estudos futuros devem examinar os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica das crian&#231;as e de quais par&#226;metros eles dependem.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O desempenho das atividades de vida di&#225;ria, a capacidade funcional, a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual, a postura e a qualidade de vida de crian&#231;as com CC moderada e grave diminu&#237;ram em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus pares saud&#225;veis. Crian&#231;as com CC devem ser encaminhadas para programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o para melhorar seu desempenho f&#237;sico reduzido. Avalia&#231;&#245;es de atividades de vida di&#225;ria, da capacidade funcional, da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, da for&#231;a muscular, da postura, da atividade f&#237;sica e da qualidade de vida s&#227;o fundamentais e orientam a cria&#231;&#227;o de programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o para essa popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Berfin Ki&#351;in pelo Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2020/29-58. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Activities of Daily Living, Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Children with Congenital Heart Disease: A Case-Control Study</article-title>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis,</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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          <name>
            <surname>Bozyer</surname>
            <given-names>Hazer Er&#231;an</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6228-6556</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gen&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Halise Zeynep</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kir</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University &#8211; Health Science Institute, Izmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ac&#305;badem University - Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University &#8211; School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Izmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#199;ank&#305;r&#305; Karatekin University - Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, &#199;ank&#305;r&#305; &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University &#8211; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Izmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am and Sakura City Hospital &#8211; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Berfin Ki&#351;in &#8226; Dokuz Eylul University Health Science Institute &#8211; Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy &#8211; Mithatpa&#351;a Cad. No:1606 Inciralt&#305; Bal&#231;ova Izmir 35330 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: kisinberfin@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <title>Central Illustration</title>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <caption>
              <title>: Activities of Daily Living, Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Children with Congenital Heart Disease: A Case-Control Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Activities of daily living, physical activity, physical fitness and quality of life in healthy children and children with congenital heart disease.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-09-e20230022-30022-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Despite reports of reduced physical fitness in children with congenital heart disease (CHD), no specific performance evaluations for activities of daily living have been conducted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> The aim was to compare the activities of daily living, quality of life, posture, physical fitness and physical activity levels of children with CHD with healthy controls (HC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The study included 30 children aged 6-14 diagnosed with moderate or severe CHD and 30 age-sex-matched HC. The sociodemographic and clinical data of the participants were recorded. All participants went through several tests, namely the TGlittre-P test for activities of daily living, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) for functional capacity, the Fitnessgram test battery for physical fitness, the hand dynamometer for measuring grip strength, the pedometer for measuring physical activity, and both the child and parents reported the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) for evaluating the quality of life, in addition to posture analyses. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Individuals with CHD had a longer TGlittre-P test completion time and a shorter 6MWT distance than HC (TGlittre-P: CHD 3.45 [3.24-4.02]min vs. HC 3.10 [2.57-3.23]min, 6MWT: CHD 514.00 [412.50-566.00]m vs. HC 591.50 [533.00-631.00]m). For the CHD group, sit-ups, push-ups, trunk lift, and sit-and-reach test scores within the Fitnessgram battery, grip strength, posture, and quality of life scores were lower than those for the HC group. Physical activity levels were similar in the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The performance of activities of daily living, functional capacity, physical fitness, posture, and quality of life of children with moderate and severe CHD were affected compared to healthy peers.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>Motor Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Activities of Daily Living</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Case-Control Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Congenital heart diseases cover a wide range from minor cardiac defects that are not noticed until adulthood or are detected during vigorous exercise, to serious cardiovascular malformations that can be life-threatening. Studies have documented decreases in functional capacity, motor skills, and peripheral muscle strength in children with complex CHD due to multifactorial causes such as cyanosis, increased pulmonary circulation, cardiac interventions, and multiple diagnoses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Physical fitness and physical activity levels are important predictors of cardiovascular health. Improved physical fitness in the early stages of life is associated with a healthier cardiovascular profile in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> While very few studies evaluate physical fitness in children with CHD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> physical activity levels differ between studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Low levels of physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle have been reported to be associated with postural defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Additionally, cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, and body composition, which are physical fitness parameters, are necessary components to create the ideal posture. Studies in the literature have shown that scoliosis and kyphotic deformities often develop after median sternotomies have been performed on children with CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, although surgical interventions are frequently performed on children with moderate and severe CHD, studies evaluating posture are very limited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Developments in the healthcare sector have increased the life expectancy of individuals with CHD and, therefore, the importance of quality of life has also increased. Studies evaluating health-related quality of life in patients with CHD emphasize that especially physical health-related quality of life decreases due to disease severity and surgical interventions in these individuals compared to healthy individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Decreased functional capacity and physical fitness can affect activities of daily living. There is a study evaluating activities of daily living (ADL) in children with complex CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, in this study, only a questionnaire was used instead of a performance test specific to the ADL assessment. For all these reasons, our study aimed at comparing the activities of daily living, quality of life, posture, physical fitness, and physical activity levels among children with CHD and healthy children (HC).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We conducted a case-control study on children with CHD. The study protocol was accepted by Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee with the approval number 2020/29-58 on 07/12/2020. It was held between November 2020 and May 2022 at Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and their guardians.</p>
        <p>The CHD group included 30 children with stable clinical status, aged 6-14,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> diagnosed with moderate or severe CHD (Atrial Septal Defect, Ventricular Septal Defect, Atrioventricular Septal Defect, Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Coarctation of Aorta, Aortic Insufficiency, Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Double Outlet Right Ventricle, Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return, Single Ventricle, Pulmonary Atresia, Pulmonary Stenosis, Mitral Atresia, Dextrocardia). Using the study of Warnes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> we identified the children with moderate to severe CHD that we included in our study and excluded isolated minor cardiac defects that did not require surgical intervention. Orthopedic or neurological problems affecting the tests, mental or psychological problems, acute infection or general fatigue, cardiac surgery within the last six months, and refusal to participate in the study were determined as exclusion criteria. Healthy controls were selected from healthy individuals who applied to the Department of Pediatrics at Dokuz Eylul University Hospital and had not been diagnosed with any disease. Thirty healthy volunteer children of similar age and sex, non-athletes, were included in the study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Activities of Daily Living Assessment</title>
          <p>The TGlittre-P test is the pediatric version of the original Glittre-ADL test developed to evaluate individuals&#8217; activities of daily living. It was found valid and reliable in healthy children aged 6-14.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The physiotherapist explained the test to each child, showed it, and asked them to try it. This performance test required the child to complete five laps in the shortest amount of time while carrying a backpack,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> weighing between 0.5 kg and 2.5 kg, determined according to age and sex. It was initiated when the child got up from a chair with the soles of their feet touching the ground. Then, they walked for 5 m, went up and down two flights of stairs (17 cm high and 27 cm wide), and walked for another 5 m. Three colored bowling pins that weigh 0.5 kg were removed one by one from the shelf, adjusted at eye level by the child, and were placed back on the shelf while being adjusted according to the umbilicus level, then on the floor, then on the shelf at the level of the umbilicus, and finally back on the shelf at eye level. Returning from the same route and sitting on the chair, the tour ended, and the next tour started immediately. During the five rounds, the children moved the bowling pins with their chosen hand while a pulse oximeter device was attached to the other hand&#8217;s index finger. During the test, children were given standard voice instructions such as &#8220;sit,&#8221; &#8220;stand up,&#8221; and &#8220;keep going.&#8221; The expected test time developed by Martins et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> was calculated and compared with the test performance data of the children.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Functional Capacity Assessment</title>
          <p>The 6-minute walk test was used to evaluate functional exercise capacity. The children were asked to walk as fast as they could down a 30 m-long corridor, using the standard words &#8220;you&#8217;re doing very well&#8221; and &#8220;keep going&#8221; at the end of each minute. Before and after the test, the heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, and distance walked were recorded. In addition, the expected distance walked reported by Geiger et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> was calculated, and the test performance data of the children were compared and evaluated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physical Fitness Assessment</title>
          <p>Sit-ups, push-ups, trunk lift and sit-and-reach tests within the Fitnessgram<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> test battery were used to evaluate children&#8217;s physical fitness. The maximum number of repetitions correctly completed was measured for the sit-ups and push-ups tests. The distance in the test position was measured and recorded in centimeters for the trunk lift and sit-and-reach tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hand Grip Strength Evaluation</title>
          <p>Hand grip strength was evaluated using the Jamar hand dynamometer (Model 5030J1, Sammons Preston Rolyan, Bolingbrook, IL, USA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The children were seated in an upright position. They were asked to squeeze the hand dynamometer with their maximum strength, with the elbow in 90&#176; flexion, the arm close to the body, and the wrist in the neutral position. Measurements were repeated three times for the right and left hands, with an interval of 15 seconds, and the highest values were recorded in kilograms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Posture Evaluation</title>
          <p>The postural analysis form of Corbin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> was used to determine postural disorders. The form is based on identifying postural disorders with posterior and lateral observation and scoring them according to severity (0, none; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe). It also allows us to classify the postural status according to the total score. Evaluations were made in the standing position without shoes and wearing a thin, comfortable dress suitable for the assessment of posture, and the determined findings were recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physical Activity Assessment</title>
          <p>Children&#8217;s physical activity levels were evaluated using a pedometer (Yamax CW700 Digi-walker Pedometer, Yamax Corp, Tokyo, Japan).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The devices were used to record the children&#8217;s normal stride lengths and body weights. Pedometers were attached to their clothes by determining the projection of the kneecap&#8217;s midpoint to the pelvis&#8217;s anterior surface. The children were asked to use the pedometer continuously for seven days, except for bathing and sleeping hours. After seven days of use, a one-day average step count was calculated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality of Life Assessment</title>
          <p>PedsQL is a 23-item scale including physical, emotional, social and school functionality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Higher scores indicate a better health-related quality of life for the child. The PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> 5-7, 8-12 and 13-18 age child and parent forms were used in our study. The total scale score, physical functionality score, and psychosocial health score consisting of emotional, social, and school functionality scores were calculated.</p>
          <p>It was explained to the children that they should say if they felt dizzy, palpitations, chest pain, difficulty breathing or excessive fatigue during all the tests. They could rest and continue or finish the test if necessary.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Method</title>
          <p>Based on the study comparing the TGlittre-ADL test in chronic obstructive pulmonary patients and healthy controls, the smallest sample size was calculated using the G*Power 3.1 program.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> It was calculated that 36 participants, including at least 18 children in each group, should be included in the study, with a calculated effect size of 0.97, an alpha error probability of 0.05, and a power of 80%.</p>
          <p>IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 26.0) program was used to analyze the data obtained from the participants. Kurtosis/skewness values, Shapiro-Wilk tests, detrended normal Q-Q plot, and histogram graphs were used to determine the conformity of the variables to the normal distribution. The difference between categorical variables was analyzed by the Chi-square test. The Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test was used to compare the differences between groups for conditions that did not conform to the normal distribution. A t-test for independent groups was used to compare the differences between groups for conditions that conformed to the normal distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute values and percentages. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and continuous variables with non-normal distribution were expressed as median and interquartile range. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The demographic characteristics of the participants are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. There was no statistically significant difference between the CHD group and the control group in terms of age, sex, and height. The body weight and body mass index of the CHD group were found to be lower than the control group. All children were required to attend school remotely due to restrictions imposed by the Covid-19 pandemic during the period when they were included in the study. Consequently, there is no difference between the children&#8217;s school attendance status.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic characteristics of the participants</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                  <th>CHD group (n = 30)</th>
                  <th>Control group (n = 30)</th>
                  <th>x<sup>2</sup> /z-Value</th>
                  <th>p-Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex Girl/Boy (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11/19 (36.7/63.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11/19 (36.7/63.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000 <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (year)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.50 (8.00-12.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.50 (8.00-13.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.037 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.970</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">134.50 (128.50-145.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">137.00 (130.00-149.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.710 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.477</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.50 (25.00-45.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.50 (27.75-52.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.058 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.040*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.18 (14.11-20.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.87 (16.71-22.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.728 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.006**</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>a: Yates&#8217; chi-square test; b: Mann Whitney U test; BMI: body mass index; CHD: congenital heart disease, p &lt; 0.05*, p &lt; 0.01**</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The clinical characteristics of the CHD group are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of the CHD group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Type of the CHD</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acyanotic</td>
                  <td>20 (66.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cyanotic</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (33.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>CHD Severity*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (53.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (46.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Surgical Treatment</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (90%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean time from surgery to inclusion in the study</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8.11 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean Cardiopulmonary Bypass Time</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">98.84 min</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Diagnosis</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASD</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVSD</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TGA</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ToF</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CoA</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic Insufficiency</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSD + DORV + PS + Dextrocardia</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others**</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (36.6%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>*CHD severity according to the American College of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> **Others: Mitral Atresia, PS, SV, ASD+PA, VSD+PA, VSD+PDA, VSD+PDA+PS, AVSD+TAPVR, AVSD+DORV, PDA+CoA, SV+TGA. ASD: atrial septal defect; AVSD: atrioventricular septal defect; CoA: coarctation of aorta; CHD: congenital heart disease; DORV: double outlet right ventricle; PA: pulmonary atresia; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; PS: pulmonary stenosis; SV: single ventricle; TAPVR: total anomalous pulmonary venous return; TGA: transposition of the great arteries; ToF: Tetralogy of Fallot; VSD: ventricular septal defect.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Comparisons of the CHD group and healthy controls are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>. The control group completed the TGlittre-P test in a significantly shorter time than the CHD group. A significant difference was found between the 6MWT distances of the two groups. In the CHD group, 11 children were desaturated<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> in the TGlittre-P and 6MWT tests. Of these children, 10 had cyanotic CHD, and 1 had mitral atresia, all of whom had undergone surgery. There was a significant difference between the groups in sit-ups, push-ups, trunk lifts and sit-and-reach tests. There was a significant difference between the groups in dominant and non-dominant hand grip strengths. There was a significant difference between the posture scores of the two groups. There was no significant difference between the physical activity levels of the two groups. Quality of life scores assessed by PedsQL were significantly higher in the control group than in the CHD group in both the child and parent forms.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of the CHD group with healthy controls in terms of activities of daily living and functional capacity</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>CHD group (n = 30)</th>
                  <th>Control group (n = 30)</th>
                  <th>z/t -Value</th>
                  <th>p-Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>TGlittre-P</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Test Completion Time (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.45 (3.24-4.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.10 (2.57-3.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.984 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% Duration</td>
                  <td align="center">122.67 (113.13-136.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">104.88 (100.67-113.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.576 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> pre-test</td>
                  <td align="center">98.00 (94.00-99.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">98.00 (98.00-99.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.357 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.018*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> post-test</td>
                  <td align="center">94.5 (83.25-97.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">98.00 (97.00-99.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.700 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8710; SpO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">-3.00 ((-9.75) &#8211; (-1.00))</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 ((-1.25)-0.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.606 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR pre-test</td>
                  <td align="center">93.86 &#177; 12.19</td>
                  <td align="center">93.83 &#177; 16.69</td>
                  <td align="center">0.274 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.785</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR post-test</td>
                  <td align="center">120.00 (92.75-138.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">147.00 (136.00-154.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.274 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8710; HR</td>
                  <td align="center">26.50 (4.50-46.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.50 (36.00-66.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.237 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max % HR</td>
                  <td align="center">53.60 &#177; 15.81</td>
                  <td align="center">69.14 &#177; 6.79</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.947 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>6 MWT</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Walking Distance (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">514.00 (412.50-566.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">591.50 (533.00-631.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.081 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% Distance</td>
                  <td align="center">81.63 (62.24-87.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.56 (86.74-100.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.066 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> pre-test</td>
                  <td align="center">98.00 (94.00-98.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">98.00 (98.00-99.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.328 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> post-test</td>
                  <td align="center">94.50 (84.75-97.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">98.00 (98.00-99.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.264 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8710; SpO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">-3.00 ((-10.00) &#8211; (-1.00))</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 ((-1.00)-1.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4824 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR pre-test</td>
                  <td align="center">92.86 &#177; 13.53</td>
                  <td align="center">90.23 &#177; 14.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.730 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.468</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR post-test</td>
                  <td align="center">111.43 &#177; 30.25</td>
                  <td align="center">139.96 &#177; 21.18</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.231 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8710; HR</td>
                  <td align="center">18.56 &#177; 29.00</td>
                  <td align="center">49.73 &#177; 25.23</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.440 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max % HR</td>
                  <td align="center">53.11 &#177; 14.54</td>
                  <td align="center">66.73 &#177; 10.35</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.176 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>b: Mann Whitney U test; c: Independent sample t-test; CHD: congenital heart disease; HR: heart rate; SpO<sub>2</sub>: saturation; 6MWT: six minute walking test,p &lt; 0.05*, p &lt; 0.01**</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of the CHD group with healthy controls in terms of physical fitness, posture, hand grip strength, physical activity level and quality of life</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Variable</th>
                  <th scope="col">CHD group (n = 30)</th>
                  <th scope="col">Control group (n = 30)</th>
                  <th scope="col">z/t -Value</th>
                  <th scope="col">p-Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Physical Fitness</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Sit-ups (maximum repetition)</td>
                  <td>5.00 (0.75-11.25)</td>
                  <td>15.00 (10.00-21.75)</td>
                  <td>-4.756 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td>0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Push-ups (maximum repetition)</td>
                  <td>1.00 (0.00-8.25)</td>
                  <td>5.00 (3.00-7.25)</td>
                  <td>-2.537 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td>0.011*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Trunk Lift (distance in cm)</td>
                  <td>21.00 (18.00-23.25)</td>
                  <td>25.50 (22.75-27.25)</td>
                  <td>-2.993 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td>0.003**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Sit-and-Reach (distance in cm)</td>
                  <td>-10.00 ((-14.25)-1.00)</td>
                  <td>-1.00 ((-9.00)-1.25)</td>
                  <td>-2.282 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td>0.022*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Hand grip strength</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Dominant (kg)</td>
                  <td>14.51 (12.13-20.86)</td>
                  <td>18.82 (15.64-23.58)</td>
                  <td>-2.029 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td>0.042*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Non-dominant (kg)</td>
                  <td>13.60 (11.33-18.48)</td>
                  <td>18.14 (14.39-21.31)</td>
                  <td>-2.609 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td>0.009**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Posture score</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.50 (0.00-3.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 (0.00-1.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.862 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.004**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Pedometer (average number of steps per day)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.909.71 (3.924.50-9.699.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.566.35 (4.512.28-10.027.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.857 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.391</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>PedsQL</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Total Score</td>
                  <td>Child</td>
                  <td align="center">73.04 &#177; 14.23</td>
                  <td align="center">87.24 &#177; 11.08</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.313 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parent</td>
                  <td align="center">69.94 &#177; 14.68</td>
                  <td align="center">87.17 &#177; 12.78</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.847 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Physical Functioning Score</td>
                  <td>Child</td>
                  <td align="center">71.04 &#177; 16.01</td>
                  <td align="center">91.04 &#177; 11.54</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.549 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parent</td>
                  <td align="center">70.77 &#177; 19.01</td>
                  <td align="center">91.25 &#177; 14.50</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.690 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Psychosocial Health Total Score</td>
                  <td>Child</td>
                  <td align="center">74.11 &#177; 14.48</td>
                  <td align="center">85.22 &#177; 11.74</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.264 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.002**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parent</td>
                  <td align="center">69.50 &#177; 14.17</td>
                  <td align="center">85.00 &#177; 12.89</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.430 <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.001**</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>b: Mann Whitney U test; c: Independent sample t-test; CHD: congenital heart disease, p &lt; 0.05*, p &lt; 0.01**</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study showed that the activities of daily living, functional capacity, hand grip strength, physical fitness, and quality of life of children with CHD decreased compared to HC&#8217;s. They also had worse posture than HC, but their physical activity levels were similar.</p>
        <p>The CHD group&#8217;s body weights and body mass indexes were significantly lower than the HC&#8217;s. Congenital heart diseases are associated with delayed growth and development due to increased energy requirements and respiratory workload, hypoxia that makes food intake difficult, malnutrition and malabsorption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Consistent with our study, in a study by Feldt et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> it was shown that children with CHD had lower body weights, shorter heights, and weights affected more by their height than healthy children.</p>
        <p>While 27 children in our CHD group had previous cardiac surgery, three had no surgical intervention. Including three patients who had not undergone cardiac surgery in our study may have improved the performance of the CHD group, as cardiac interventions have been reported to be associated with worse physical performance.</p>
        <p>In a study examining the activities of daily living of patients with complex CHD, the ADL Taxonomy was used, and it was reported that the ADLs of these children were significantly lower.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>In our study, we used the TGlittre-P test, a different evaluation method, and obtained similar results. Using the ADL Taxonomy, children are assessed based on their ability to perform 11 activities, including eating and drinking, mobility, going to the toilet, dressing, personal hygiene, personal care, communication, transportation, shopping, and cleaning, but their daily life performance cannot be evaluated. Our study is the first to evaluate activities of daily living in children with complex CHD and to use the TGlittre-P test, which is an exercise test.</p>
        <p>The original Glittre-ADL test is a submaximal test developed to evaluate the activities (walking, upper extremity movements, sitting up, and going up and down stairs) that individuals with COPD frequently repeat in their daily living.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The shorter the test completion time, the better the individual&#8217;s daily living performance. Martins et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> modified the original Glittre-ADL test for children and showed that the TGlittre-P test was valid and reliable for HC aged 6-14.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In studies conducted in different disease groups, it has been reported that the test completion time of patients is longer compared to healthy controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Scalo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> reported that children with cystic fibrosis completed the test longer than healthy controls, but there was no statistical difference. Fernandes-Andrade et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> evaluated the Glittre-ADL test in patients aged between 18-80 years with cardiovascular disease, and individuals completed the test in an average of 3.24 min. In our study, while the control group completed the TGlittre-P test in 3.10 minutes, children with moderate and severe CHD completed the TGlittre-P test in a longer time (3.45 min) than the healthy children. At the end of the TGlittre-P test, the control group reached 69.14% of the maximum heart rate and completed the test at the submaximal level. The CHD group, on the other hand, reached 53.60% of the maximal heart rate and completed the test below the submaximal heart rate level. Additionally, in the 6MWT, a submaximal field test that we evaluated in our study, it was observed that the maximum heart rate of the CHD group reached 53.11%, similar to the TGlittre-P test, and the submaximal heart rate remained below the level. These two results support each other and can be explained by the insufficient chronotropic responses of children with CHD. Small heart size in children results in lower stroke volume. For this reason, children primarily increase their cardiac output by increasing their heart rate to meet the increased oxygen demand during exercise. However, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity, which plays an important role in heart rate regulation in children with CHD, may be affected by septal defects, surgical procedures and ischemia-induced conditions. As a result, the inability to increase the heart rate against the increased metabolic demand, that is, chronotropic insufficiency occurs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In our study, the desaturation observed in 11 children in the CHD group in the TGlittre-P and 6MWT tests indicates that these children could not regulate the increase in metabolic demand in their activities of daily living. Due to the existing pathology, this situation is particularly evident in children with cyanotic CHD. In addition, the completion time of the CHD group in the TGlittre-P test was 22.67% longer than expected, and the completion time of the control group was found to be 4.88% longer than expected in our study (expected mean test completion time of 2.84 min). The fact that the activities of daily living of children with CHD are lower than both the expected and control groups is a result of the inability of these children to raise their heart rates sufficiently.</p>
        <p>According to our study, the 6MWT distance was significantly shorter in the CHD group than in the HC. In the literature, it has been stated that CHD is associated with lower functional capacity in children and adolescents compared to their healthy peers and is affected by impaired chronotropic response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In our study, similar to the literature, it was shown that there was a decrease in functional capacity, evaluated by the 6MWT distance, in patients with CHD.</p>
        <p>Although it is known that congenital heart diseases affect motor skills, very few studies evaluate these children&#8217;s health-related physical fitness. These studies reported that physical fitness was not affected in children with low disease severity, and it decreased significantly as the disease severity increased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In a study by Hock et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> children and adolescents who had undergone total cavopulmonary shunt surgery were evaluated using the Fitnessgram test battery, and it was reported that these children had decreased abdominal muscle endurance and flexibility compared to HC. We also obtained similar results in our study. Decreased flexibility and muscle endurance in children with CHD may be caused by multifactorial reasons such as previous cardiac surgeries, the severity of the disease affecting the child&#8217;s daily physical activities and skills, parental overprotection, physicians&#8217; recommendations for activity restriction, and the child&#8217;s sense of self-insufficiency in physical activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In addition to all these reasons, it was reported in a study that adolescents with complex congenital heart disease with low BMI had lower physical fitness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In our study, one of the factors causing decreased physical fitness in the CHD group may be low BMI. Physical fitness is very important in the evaluation and treatment of these patients; the limited number of studies is not enough to illuminate this issue, and more studies are needed in the future.</p>
        <p>It has been reported that hand grip strength is a good indicator of peripheral muscle strength as well as survival in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> According to two studies conducted on patients with mild and moderate CHD, grip strength was similar to that of healthy controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> The grip strength of our group consisting of moderate and severe CHD cases decreased. Consistent with our results, in the study conducted by Holm et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> it was found that the grip strength was decreased in complex congenital heart patients aged 7-12. In addition, similar results were reported in a comprehensive study comparing the grip strengths of 385 congenital heart patients with a mean age of 27.6 years with healthy controls. The data obtained from this study revealed that grip strength was affected by the type and severity of the disease, previous surgical and interventional procedures, residual defects and cyanosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies in the literature report that scoliosis and kyphotic deformities often develop in children with CHD who underwent median sternotomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, although surgical interventions are frequently performed on children with moderate and severe CHD, studies evaluating posture are very limited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Our study is one of the rare studies showing deterioration of posture in CHD. The cause of the disorder may be due to decreased muscle endurance and flexibility or previous surgical procedures. Further research, including static and three-dimensional posture assessments in patients with CHD, will guide the exercise practices to be added to the content of physiotherapy programs.</p>
        <p>Results of studies related to physical activity levels of children with CHD compared to their healthy peers are contradictory. The fact that the results of the studies are different may be due to the result of choosing different methods to evaluate physical activity. Studies using physical activity questionnaires reported by children and their parents show that the physical activity levels of children with CHD are lower than their healthy peers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Although there are differences between studies, most of them, especially those using objective measurement methods, have reported that children with CHD have similar physical activity levels to their healthy peers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition, it has been reported that individuals with CHD of different severity between ages 8-19 have similar physical activity levels to healthy controls, regardless of disease severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In our study, while the control group took an average of 7455 (median 6566) daily steps, the CHD group took 6825 (median 5909) steps, and the physical activity levels of the two groups were found to be similar. Although it may seem promising at first that children with CHD have similar levels of physical activity as their healthy peers, it is worrisome that children in the general population have low levels of physical activity. Computer game addictions, the development of technology, and the transfer of children&#8217;s social environments to the virtual world are among the factors that lead children to a sedentary life. In addition, the coinciding period of our study with the Covid-19 pandemic caused the restriction of physical activities of all individuals. In Canada, it was stated that there was a 21-24% decrease in the daily step count of children with CHD in the early phase of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the reason for this decrease was due to Covid-19 measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Considering that decreased physical activity and sedentary life are associated with all causes of mortality, global measures should be taken in this regard.</p>
        <p>Our study determined that there was a decrease in the quality of life of the CHD group according to the total quality of life scale scores reported by both children and their parents. The results of our study are quite consistent with the results of the study in which 1138 children and adolescents with CHD between ages 8-18 with different disease severity were evaluated with PedsQL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The low physical functioning scores reported by both children and their parents in patients with CHD reflect the physical limitations they face due to their impaired cardiovascular systems. In addition, the fact that the quality of life scores reported by the parents in our CHD group was lower than that reported by the children is likely due to the parents&#8217; overprotective attitude against their child&#8217;s disease. Further studies are needed to explain this situation.</p>
        <p>The limitation of our study is that the period we are working on overlaps with the Covid-19 pandemic, and measures that affect all individuals have been taken. Future studies should examine children&#8217;s physical activity levels and what parameters it depends on.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The performance of activities of daily living, functional capacity, physical fitness, hand grip strength, posture, and quality of life of children with moderate and severe CHD decreased compared to their healthy peers. Children with CHD should be referred to rehabilitation programs to improve their reduced physical performance. Assessments for activities of daily living, functional capacity, physical fitness, muscle strength, posture, physical activity, and quality of life are very important and guide the creation of rehabilitation programs for these children.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Berfin Ki&#351;in, from Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University under the protocol number 2020/29-58. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
